J.8.1 WASH Initial Environmental Examination (IEE).pdf

AFR/TANZANIA/WASH PORTFOLIO ACTIVITIES

AUGUST 2021

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL

EXAMINATION

PROJECT DATA

Project Name: Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Portfolio Geographic Location(s) (Country/Region): Tanzania /East Africa Amendment (Yes/No), if Yes indicate # (1, 2...): No Implementation Start/End Date (FY or M/D/Y): 2021-2026 If Amended, specify New End Date:

Solicitation/Contract/Award Number(s):

Implementing Partner(s): Multiple, TBD Bureau Tracking ID: Tanzania WASH Portfolio IEE https://ecd.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=53474 Tracking ID of Related RCE/IEE (if any):

Tracking ID of Other, Related Analyses: Stewardship of Natural Resources Improved IEE

Amd. 1 https://ecd.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=51085

ORGANIZATIONAL/ADMINISTRATIVE DATA

Implementing Operating Unit(s):

(e.g. Mission or Bureau or Office)

USAID/Tanzania

Other Affected Operating Unit(s):

Lead BEO Bureau: AFR Funding Account(s) (if available):

Original Funding Amount: $101,000,000 Prepared by: USAID/Tanzania: Francis Mtitu, Boniphace Marwa, Dosteus Lopa, Andrew Read ECOS: Jaime Capron, Josh Habib, Stella Siegel, Ralph Grismala

Date Prepared: August 2021

ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE REVIEW DATA

Analysis Type: ☒Environmental Examination ☐Deferral Environmental Determination(s): ☒Categorical Exclusion(s)

☒Negative ☐Positive ☒Deferred (per 22 CFR 216.3(a)(7)(iv)

IEE Expiration Date (if applicable): May 2026 Additional Analyses/Reporting Required: EMMP, EMMR, WQAP, Resolution of Deferral Climate Risks Identified (#): Low ___17___ Moderate ___10___ High ___0___ Climate Risks Addressed (#): Low ___17___ Moderate ___10___ High ___0___

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THRESHOLD DETERMINATION AND SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

PROJECT SUMMARY

This IEE fulfils 22 CFR 216 and ADS201 Mal requirements for USAID/Tanzania’s Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Portfolio. This IEE provides environmental review for two activities, Water Resources Integration Development Initiative (WARIDI) (2016-2021) and the WASH Market Systems Activity (2020-2025).

The WARIDI activity was initially analyzed under USAID/Tanzania’s Stewardship of Natural Resources Improved IEE Amd. 1. This IEE now supersedes the previous governing IEE. The USAID/Tanzania Water Resources Integration Development Initiative (WARIDI), Contract No.

AID-OAA-I-14-00068 and Task Order No. AID-621-TO-16-00003 under the Water and Development IDIQ is a five-year (January 2016 – December 2021) program. The aim of WARIDI is to improve health, water resources management, agriculture practices and climate change adaptation in the Wami-Ruvu and Rufiji river basins in Tanzania. To work towards addressing interconnected water related challenges, WARIDI promotes integrated water resources management and delivery of services across multiple sectors, with the specific goal of improved water resources management, improved service access and climate change adaptation in Tanzania.

The WASH Market Systems Activity is a five-year, $39,000,000 activity with the goal of expanding and sustaining the provision and governance of WASH services. USAID/Tanzania would achieve this goal through four interrelated activity components: (1) increasing access to sustainable water services; (2) increasing access to finance for water, sanitation, and hygiene;

(3) strengthening the market for sanitation products and services; and (4) strengthening basin water boards and water user associations for stewardship of water resources.

Specific activities may include providing technical assistance to utilities on tariff structures, billing, financial management, and investment planning; strengthening sanitation supply chains and distribution networks engaging manufacturers and businesses; supporting local governments to monitor and manage contracts for rural water maintenance services with private sector providers. These interventions together would improve the provision of water and sanitation services, lay a foundation for sustainable service delivery, and move Tanzania further on its journey to self-reliance.

For ease of environmental review, this analysis is organized by intervention categories, table 1 below includes a column to indicate which activities include which interventions.

ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATIONS

Upon approval of this document, the determinations become affirmed, per Agency regulations

(22 CFR 216).

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TABLE 1: ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATIONS BY INTERVENTION CATEGORY

Interventions Categorical Exclusion Citation (if applicable)

Negative Determination

Positive Determination1

Deferral2 Mechanism

Intervention Cat. 1:

Capacity building of water resources governance institutions, businesses organizations and other stakeholders through consultations, advisory, training, and partnership-building

§216.2(c)(2)

(i) (iii) &(v)

☐ ☐ ☐ WARIDI

WASH

Market Systems

Intervention Cat. 2:

Assessments, studies, evaluations, surveys, analyses, appraisals, concept papers, meetings and workshops, data and information exchange

§216.2(c)(2)

(i) (iii) &(v)

☐ ☐ ☐ WARIDI

WASH

Market Systems

Intervention Cat. 3:

Classroom training, curriculum development, community and stakeholder outreach, mobilization, awareness building, behavior change communications, data and information dissemination

§216.2(c)(2)

(i) (iii) &(v)

☐ ☐ ☐ WARIDI

WASH

Market Systems

Intervention Cat. 4:

Activities facilitating access to capital/financing for WASH business

☒ with Conditions

☐ ☐ WARIDI

WASH

Market Systems

Intervention Cat. 5:

Watershed/catchment/ land/water resource monitoring, mapping, modeling, inventory and database development

§216.2(c)(2)

(i) (iii) &(v)

☐ ☐ ☐ WARIDI

WASH

Market Systems

Intervention Cat. 6:

Integrated water resource management

☒ with Conditions

☐ ☐ WARIDI

WASH

1 Positive Determinations require preparation of a Scoping Statement and Environmental Assessment.

2 Deferrals must be cleared through an Amendment to this IEE prior to implementation of any deferred activities.

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Interventions Categorical Exclusion Citation (if applicable)

Negative Determination

Positive Determination1

Deferral2 Mechanism policy and plan development

Market Systems

Intervention Cat. 7:

Support for research and water and wastewater testing laboratories

☒ with Conditions

WARIDI

WASH

Market Systems

Intervention Cat. 8: Financial and technical support to water infrastructure construction/rehabilitation

8.1 Technical and

financial assistance for development of Multiple Use Water Systems (MUS) for domestic use

☒ with Conditions

Deferral to be resolved when scale and location of

MUS

clear.

WARIDI

WASH

Market Systems

8.2 Construction/rehabilita tion of drinking water systems (e.g. wells, boreholes, piped water distribution systems, water points, storage tanks, water purification systems, other)

☒ with Conditions

Deferral to be resolved when scale of constructi on clear.

WARIDI

WASH

Market Systems

8.3 Construction of

small WASH supporting structures (e.g. small buildings)

☒ with Conditions

Deferral to be resolved when scale of constructi on clear.

WARIDI

WASH

Market Systems

8.4 Technical and

financial assistance for development of wastewater treatment infrastructure (e.g.

decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DEWATS).

Establishment or supporting off-site fecal sludge management/treatmen t activities such pit-emptying, transportation, treatment, and

☒ with Conditions

Deferral to be resolved when scale of infrastruct ure clear.

WARIDI

WASH

Market Systems

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Interventions Categorical Exclusion Citation (if applicable)

Negative Determination

Positive Determination1

Deferral2 Mechanism disposal of treated wastewater/sludge 8.5: Construction of on-site sanitation systems (e.g. latrines and septic systems, hand washing stations, latrine servicing systems)

☒ with Conditions

☐ ☐ WARIDI

WASH

Market Systems

CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT

The Climate Risk Management (CRM) screening identifies climate-related risks to WASH activities that should be addressed to enhance resilience and safeguard activity development objectives. This screening was conducted as part of implementing the Reference for ADS Chapter 201 “Climate Risks Management for USAID Projects and Activities.” The results of the CRM screening are documented in Section 4.2 of this IEE. The Climate Risk Screening Matrix is provided in Annex 1.

BEO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS OF APPROVAL

In addition to the conditions specified in Sections 5.1 and 5.2, the Africa BEO has established the following conditions for IEE approval.

Reporting Conditions: The AFR BEO requests that the activity managers/AORs/CORs provide access to the Regional Environmental Advisor (REA) and to the AFR BEO Team to review (not approve) the Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plans/Reports (EMMPs/EMMRs) that will be written to implement the findings of this IEE. These should be uploaded into the appropriate sub-folder(s) of this Google Drive folder: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1q7HGMzgopJ- MuKxkQEJ4GSPp9R7Qzv-5?usp=sharing

This will facilitate access by all parties who need these documents, including the Mission Environmental Officer and the AOR/COR. This will allow the REA and the BEO Team to spot-check and review these documents to confirm that the mitigations seem appropriate and are cognizant of the specific design of the activities.

COVID-19: In order to reduce COVID-19 transmission during the implementation of these activities, USAID managers must:

● Ensure all activities addressed by this IEE adhere to current, applicable COVID-19 guidelines. Refer to the AFR COVID-19 PIEE (attached and linked here --https://ecd.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=52754) for links to U.S. and international guidance on appropriate measures to reduce COVID-19 transmission. Such measures may include, but are not limited to social distancing, use of personal protective equipment, limiting the size of gatherings and travel, and effective disinfection.

● Share with the partner:

o Applicable COVID-19 guidance from the USAID Mission or U.S. Embassy;

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o Applicable COVID-19 guidance from local authorities;

o The following Agency-wide “COVID-19 GUIDANCE FOR IMPLEMENTING

PARTNERS” page on the USAID website: https://www.usaid.gov/work-usaid/resources-for-partners/covid-19-guidance-implementing-partners.

● Ensure that partners have appropriate training, authorization, and resources to meet the expectations of the applicable guidance while implementing these activities.

IMPLEMENTATION

In accordance with 22 CFR 216 and Agency policy, the conditions and requirements of this document become mandatory upon approval. This includes the relevant limitations, conditions and requirements in this document as stated in Sections 3, 4, and 5 of the IEE and any BEO Specified Conditions of Approval.

Ongoing activities: All ongoing activities will review their EMMP(s) in the context of this IEE and determine - in consultations with the Mission Environmental Officer (MEO) - whether adjustments to their EMMPs are necessary.

Planned activities: Once underway, all IPs with awards must develop and implement an EMMP in accordance with the requirements of this IEE.

Future activities: New activities that are planned or awarded within the timeframe of this IEE validity must be evaluated by the MEO. If deemed by the MEO to not substantively differ from the activities that have already received an environmental determination in this IEE, these activities may be covered by this IEE (e.g., with a memo to the file). Otherwise, the new activities would require an Amendment to this IEE. The review and approach to added activities should be determined by the Mission, with consultation with the AFR BEO.

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USAID APPROVAL OF INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

PROJECT NAME: Tanzania WASH Portfolio

Bureau Tracking ID: https://ecd.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=53474

Approval: Cleared 07/27/2021 Veeraya (Kate) Somvongsiri, Mission Director Date

Clearance: Cleared 06/14/2021 Boniphace Marwa, Activity Manager Date

Andrew Read, RFS Team Leader Date

Clearance:

Terhi Majanen, EG Office Director

Cleared

Date

06/15/2021

Dosteus Lopa, Mission Environmental Officer Date

Clearance: Cleared 06/15/2021 David Kinyua, Regional Environmental Advisor Date

Clearance: Cleared 06/13/2021

Clearance:

Nathan Tenny, Program Office Director

Cleared

Date

07/27/2021

John ‘Greg’ Butler, Regional Legal Officer Date

Clearance: Cleared 08/16/2021 Colin Quinn, Climate Integration Lead Date

Clearance: Cleared 07/27/2021 Anya Glenn, Program Office Director Date

Concurrence: Cleared 08/25/2021 Brian Hirsch, AFR Bureau Environmental Officer Date

DISTRIBUTION:

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INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL

EXAMINATION

CONTENTS

PROJECT DATA 1

ORGANIZATIONAL/ADMINISTRATIVE DATA 1

ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE REVIEW DATA 1

THRESHOLD DETERMINATION AND SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 2

PROJECT SUMMARY 2

ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATIONS 2

TABLE 1: ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATIONS BY INTERVENTION CATEGORY 3

CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT 5

BEO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS OF APPROVAL 5

IMPLEMENTATION 6

USAID APPROVAL OF INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION 7

1.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 10

1.1 PURPOSE OF THE IEE 10

1.2 PROJECT OVERVIEW 10

1.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 10

TABLE 2: DEFINED INTERVENTION CATEGORIES 11

2.0 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION 12

2.1 LOCATIONS AFFECTED AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT (ENVIRONMENT, PHYSICAL,

CLIMATE, SOCIAL, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES) 12

2.2 APPLICABLE AND APPROPRIATE PARTNER COUNTRY AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL

STANDARDS (E.G. WHO), ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL LAWS, POLICIES, AND

REGULATIONS 14

2.3 COUNTRY/MINISTRY/MUNICIPALITY ENVIRONMENTAL CAPACITY ANALYSIS 16

3.0 ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RISK 17

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATIONS 24

4.1 RECOMMENDED ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATIONS 24

TABLE 4: ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINATIONS BY INTERVENTION CATEGORY 24

4.2 CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT 26

METHODOLOGY 27

RISK RATINGS AND DEFINED ACTIONS 27

5.0 CONDITIONS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 30

5.1 CONDITIONS 30

5.2 AGENCY CONDITIONS 31

5.3 MITIGATION MEASURES 32

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TABLE 5. SUMMARY OF INTERVENTION SPECIFIC CONDITIONS AND ASSOCIATED

MITIGATION MEASURES 32

6.0 LIMITATIONS OF THIS INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION 44

7.0 REVISIONS 44

ATTACHMENTS: 44

ANNEX 1. ACTIVITY CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT SUMMARY TABLE 45

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1.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

1.1 PURPOSE OF THE IEE

The purpose of this document, in accordance with Title 22, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 216 (22 CFR 216), is to provide a preliminary review of the reasonably foreseeable effects on the environment of the USAID interventions described herein and recommend determinations and, as appropriate, conditions, for these activities. Upon approval, these determinations become affirmed, and specified conditions become mandatory obligations of implementation.

This IEE also documents the results of the Climate Risk Management process in accordance with USAID policy (specifically, ADS 201mal).

This IEE is a critical element of USAID’s mandatory environmental review and compliance process meant to achieve environmentally sound design and implementation. Potential environmental impacts should be addressed through formal environmental mitigation and monitoring plans (EMMPs) and/or Environmental Assessments (EAs), if needed.

1.2 PROJECT OVERVIEW

Access to basic water and sanitation services and improved management of water resources is critical to achieve and sustain Tanzania’s long-term development goals, including enabling economic prosperity and social well-being.

1.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Tanzania Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Market Systems is a key part of the water portfolio at the Mission. USAID/Tanzania has invested for many years in the water sector, and this activity will increase focus on partnering with the Government of Tanzania (GoT) and private sector to expand the provision and governance of WASH services and management of the water resources.

To work towards addressing these interconnected, water-related challenges, USAID’s Tanzania Water Resources Integration Development Initiative (WARIDI) promotes integrated water resources management and delivery of services across multiple sectors, with the specific goal of improvement of water resources management, improved service access and climate change adaptation in Tanzania. Specifically, in selected Local Government Authorities of the Rufiji and Wami-Ruvu river basins, the activity will work to:

● Component 1 – Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Services: Increase utilization of sustainable multiple-use water and sanitation services.

● Component 2 – Governance: Strengthen governance for sustainable and resilient management of water resources and services under a changing climate.

● Component 3 – Private Sector: Increase livelihoods through private sector investment opportunities for sustainable water services, agriculture and natural resource management.

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TABLE 2: DEFINED INTERVENTION CATEGORIES

Intervention Cat. 1: Capacity building of water resources governance institutions, businesses organizations and other stakeholders through consultations, advisory, training, and partnership-building Intervention Cat. 2: Assessments, studies, evaluations, surveys, analyses, appraisals, concept papers, meetings and workshops, data and information exchange Intervention Cat. 3: Classroom training, curriculum development, community and stakeholder outreach, mobilization, awareness building, behavior change communications, data and information dissemination Intervention Cat. 4: Activities facilitating access to capital/financing for WASH business Intervention Cat. 5: Watershed/catchment/land/water resource monitoring, mapping, modeling, inventory and database development Intervention Cat. 6: Integrated water resource management policy and plan development Intervention Cat. 7: Support for research and water and wastewater testing laboratories Intervention Cat. 8: Financial and technical support to water infrastructure construction/rehabilitation

8.1 Technical and financial assistance for development of Multiple Use Water Systems (MUS) for domestic use

8.2 Construction/rehabilitation of drinking water Systems (e.g. wells, boreholes, piped water distribution systems, water points, storage tanks, water purification systems, other)

8.3 Construction of small WASH supporting structures (e.g. small buildings)

8.4 Construction and/or financial support to the operation of wastewater treatment infrastructure (e.g., decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DEWATS)). Establishment or supporting off-site fecal sludge management/treatment activities such as pit-emptying, transportation, treatment, and disposal of treated wastewater/sludge.

8.5: Construction of on-site sanitation systems (e.g. latrines and septic systems, hand washing stations, latrine servicing systems)

Will this project involve construction3 as defined by ADS 201 and 303? Yes ☒ No ☐

3 Construction, as defined by ADS 201 and 303, includes: construction, alteration, or repair (including dredging and excavation) of buildings, structures, or other real property and includes, without limitation, improvements, renovation, alteration and refurbishment. The term includes, without limitation, roads, power plants, buildings, bridges, water treatment facilities, and vertical structures. In the box below, describe any construction planned for this project. Refer to ADS 201maw for required Construction Risk Management procedures.

If yes, describe in the space below:

Construction or rehabilitation of:

wells boreholes water harvesting ponds diversion ponds water provision infrastructure (e.g., laying of pipes, construction of water points, storage tanks, water intakes, water purification systems) small WASH supporting structures (e.g., small buildings) wastewater treatment infrastructure (e.g., decentralized wastewater treatment systems) on-site sanitation systems (e.g., such as latrines and septic systems, hand washing stations, latrine servicing systems, small-buildings/structures).

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2.0 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION

2.1 LOCATIONS AFFECTED AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT (ENVIRONMENT, PHYSICAL,

CLIMATE, SOCIAL, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES)

Geography. The United Republic of Tanzania is located in East Africa. It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the North, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo to the West and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the South. The country's eastern border lies along the Indian Ocean and has a coastline of 1,424 km.

The Zanzibar Archipelago is part of the United Republic of Tanzania and consists of two main islands of Unguja and Pemba and a number of small islands. The Islands are located 40 km off the mainland coast of East Africa in the Indian Ocean. The two main islands are 40 kilometers apart, separated by the 700-meter deep Pemba Channel.4

Topography. Except for the islands and a coastal strip varying in width from 16 to 64 km (10– 40 mi), Tanzania lies at an altitude of over 200 m (660 ft). A plateau averaging 900–1,800 m (3,000–6,000 ft) in height makes up the greater part of the country. Mountains are grouped in various sections. The Pare range is in the northeast, and the Kipengere Range is in the southwest. Kilimanjaro (5,895 m/19,340 ft), in the north, is the highest mountain in Africa.

On the borders are three large lakes: Victoria, the second largest freshwater lake in the world, exceeded only by Lake Superior; Tanganyika, second only to Lake Baykal as the deepest in the world; and Lake Malawi. Lakes within Tanzania include Natron, Eyasi, Manyara, and Rukwa.

Tanzania has few permanent rivers. During half the year, the central plateau has no running water, but in the rainy season, flooding presents a problem.

Two-thirds of Zanzibar, to the center and the east, consists of low-lying coral country covered by bush and grass plains and is largely uninhabited except for fishing settlements on the east coast. The western side of the island is fertile and has several ridges rising above 60 m (200 ft).

Masingini Ridge, at 119 m (390 ft), is the highest point on the island. The west and center of Pemba Island consists of a flat-topped ridge about 9.5 km (6 mi) wide, deeply bisected by streams. Pemba is hilly, but its highest point is only 95 m (311 ft). Apart from the narrow belt of coral country in the east, the island is fertile and densely populated5.

Population and Economics. The current population of the United Republic of Tanzania is estimated at 60,101,100. With the total land area of 885,800 Km2 (342,009 sq.

miles) it has population density is 67 per Km2 (175 people per mi2). 37.0% of the population is urban. The median age in Tanzania is 18 years.6

Tanzania has sustained relatively high economic growth over the last decade, averaging 6–7% a year. While the poverty rate in the country has declined, the absolute number of poor citizens has not because of the high population growth rate. Government efforts to expand access to social services like education, health, and water have been undermined by their declining quality as the population rises faster than the supply of the services.7

4 https://www.embassyoftanzaniarome.info/en/about-tanzania/country-profile 5 https://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Tanzania-TOPOGRAPHY.html#ixzz6YiVjDcfn 6 https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/tanzania-population/#:~:text=The%20current%20population%20of%20the,year%20according%20to%20UN%20data.

7 https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tanzania/overview

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Tanzania remains predominantly agricultural, with three quarters of the population living in rural areas. Eighty percent of Tanzania’s poor live in rural households. Growth in the agricultural sector remains low, at around 4% per year, and in rural areas the growth in productivity struggles keep up with the country’s population growth.8 Achieving the country’s ambitious goals for economic growth will require improved water and sanitation services. However, Tanzania’s high rate of population growth and increasing rural-urban migration present significant challenges in providing adequate access to these basic services.

Natural Resources. Tanzania has a long coastline, three of the largest lakes in the African continent, ecologically significant wildlife parks (including Serengeti, Lake Manyara, Mikumi, Ruaha, Tarangire, and Ngorongoro), game reserves, and game-controlled areas. The country has about 33.5 million hectares of forests and woodlands with approximately 13 million hectares of this total forest cover protected under the forests reserve regime. Mining is one of the leading sectors in Tanzania. Diamonds, gold, nickel, and other gemstones play a key role in Tanzania’s growing minerals industry.9 Tanzania is estimated to have more than 55 trillion cubic feet of gas reserves.10

Tanzania’s freshwater ecosystems include natural and manmade lakes, rivers, and wetlands.

The country’s lakes, both saline and freshwater, occupy roughly six percent of Tanzania’s land area. Tanzania’s nine major river basins feed into an extensive network of seasonal and perennial rivers. Larger rivers include Rufiji, Kilombero, Ruaha, Wami, Ruvuma, Mara, Kagera, Malagarasi, and Pangani. The Rufiji is the largest of the river systems in Tanzania, with a catchment area of 177,429 km2 and approximately 600 km long.11 With the exception of the rivers in protected Montane Forests and Ramsar Wetland areas, few rivers in Tanzania are subject to any targeted protection.12

Found most frequently along major river systems, wetlands (including floodplain lakes and swamps) occupy 88,300 km2, roughly 10% of the mainland.13 Critical ecosystems for species biodiversity, wetlands host an estimated 650 animal species.14 Four of Tanzania’s expansive wetland ecosystems have been designated as Wetlands of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.

Diversity/Endangered Species: Tanzania is an incredibly ecologically and biologically diverse country, home to two of the 36 global Biodiversity Hotspots (the Eastern Afromontane and Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa), 149 distinct Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs), and 16 distinct ecoregions. The country’s diverse topographical and climatic conditions, combined with

8 https://um.dk/en/danida-en/strategies%20and%20priorities/country-policies/tanzania/current-and-future-challenges-and-opportunities-in-tanzania/ 9 http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/1405/nshalar042400.pdf 10 https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/country/TZA 11 Trettin, Carl, Zhaohua Dai, Stanley J. Zarnoch, Mwita Mangora, Marco Njana, Jared Otieno, Wenwu Tang, Wenpeng Fang, Temilola Fatoyinbo, Seung Kuk Lee, David Lagomasino, Marc Simard. “Assessment of Carbon Stocks in the Rufiji River Delta, Tanzania.” East African Mangrove Carbon Project, October 15, 2016.

12 The Vice President’s Office, URT. National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2015-2020. Dar es Salaam, URT, October 2015.

13 Ibid.

14 Ibid.

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distinct—and at times isolated—ecological and biological conditions support high rates of species endemism; Tanzania is home to as many as 3,000 reported endemic species.15

Tanzania has at least 55,266 known and confirmed species and is ranked in the top 15 countries globally for the highest number of endemic and threatened species, 12th globally for the greatest number of bird species, and home to one-third of total plant species and 20% of large mammal species in Africa.16 The current total number of faunal species in Tanzania is at least 44,610.

Climate: The country is characterized by a high degree of variability in temperatures, rainfall averages, elevations and soil types, resulting in seven distinct agro-climatic zones. Nationally, average temperatures are highest in February, at 26.6°C in the southwestern highlands and 33.1°C in northeastern highlands, and coldest in July, at 5.3°C in the southwestern highlands and 18.3°C in coastal areas. Average annual temperature increased by about 1°C between 1960 and 2012, likely due to climate change. Patterns of precipitation are largely affected by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which brings annual rains at separate times to different regions of Tanzania.17 Seasonal rainfall in northern Tanzania is bimodal, affecting the Lake Victoria Basin, northeastern highlands and northern coastal areas. Seasonal rains in southern, western and central Tanzania only occur once a year. Average annual rainfall varies but averages between 550 mm in central Tanzania to 2,500 mm to the north, with most of the country averaging below 1000 mm annually.18 A roughly 4.5 mm decrease in monthly mean rainfall from 2012 to 2016 may be an indication of changing annual rainfall patterns.19

2.2 APPLICABLE AND APPROPRIATE PARTNER COUNTRY AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL

STANDARDS (E.G. WHO), ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL LAWS, POLICIES, AND REGULATIONS

Tanzania’s legal and policy framework defines how the environment and natural resources should be managed. Tanzanian mainland and Zanzibar have separate legislation for management of these resources, as defined by the Constitution, however, commitments to Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) must be ratified by both the National Assembly of Tanzania Mainland and the House of Representatives of Zanzibar.

The National Environmental Policy (NEP) provides a framework for making fundamental changes that are needed to bring environmental considerations into the mainstream of decision-making in Tanzania. The National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) is mainstreaming environmental concerns into development policies, plans and strategies.

Tanzania’s main sources of environmental law are the common law and the statutory law in the form of principal legislation, subsidiary legislation and international law and the Constitution.

15 These figures come from: 1) The United Republic of Tanzania. Fifth National Report on the Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Dar es Salaam, URT, March 2015, and 2) Nkwabi, Ally, et al. Global Biodiversity, Volume 3, Selected Countries in Africa. “Chapter 11: An Overview of Biodiversity in Tanzania and Conservation Efforts.” Arusha: TAWIRI, December 2018.

16 Nkwabi, Ally, et al. Global Biodiversity, Volume 3, Selected Countries in Africa. “Chapter 11: An Overview of Biodiversity in Tanzania and Conservation Efforts.” Arusha: TAWIRI, December 2018.

17 Nkwabi, Ally, et al. Global Biodiversity, Volume 3, Selected Countries in Africa. “Chapter 11: An Overview of Biodiversity in Tanzania and Conservation Efforts.” Arusha: TAWIRI, December 2018.

18 Byers, Bruce, et al. Tanzania’s Environmental Threats and Opportunities Analysis (ETOA). USAID/Tanzania, 2012.

19 The United Republic of Tanzania. National Environmental Statistics Report (NESR), 2017 Tanzania Mainland. Dar es Salaam, URT, June 2018.

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The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania was amended in 1984 to provide for the Bill of Rights. Article 14 of the Bill of Rights, which stipulates that every person has a right to life and to the protection of life by society, was interpreted by the High Court to mean that persons are entitled to a healthy environment. In addition, Article 9 of the Constitution requires the Government to ensure that national resources are harnessed, preserved, and applied toward the common good.

The National Environment Management Council Act, 1983 was the first law to demonstrate the government’s interest in development that takes the environment into consideration. The Act created the National Environment Management Council (NEMC) in 1983 for the purpose of ‘acting as an advisory body to the government on all matters relating to the environment’.

The Environmental Management Act (EMA) was passed by the National Assembly in 2004 and in the beginning of 2005 the President assented to the Act. The Act repealed and replaced the National Environment Management Council Act, 1983.

Environmental Management (Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2005, as amended in 2018 provide rules relative to the procedures for carrying out environmental impact studies and environmental audits as provided for under the Environmental Management Act. They prohibit the execution of projects without an environmental impact assessment required under the Environmental Management Act and define the contents and form of an environmental impact assessment and the basic principles of an environmental audit.20

Tanzania has a number of other statutes sometimes referred to as environmental laws, but which are actually resource-exploitation statutes. These include the Mining Act (1998), Fisheries Act (1974), Water Utilization and Control Act (1974), and the Forest Ordinance (1959).21

The national parks are under the management of Tanzania National Parks Authority (TANAPA) a parastatal organization that derives its mandate from the National Parks Ordinance Cap 389.

The wildlife department is the main government department charged with the management of wildlife in areas outside the national parks and in particular the game reserve, game-controlled areas, and partial game reserves. The main law entrusting these powers to the wildlife department is the Wildlife Conservation Act No. 12 of 1974. The Act establishes three layers of authority in the wildlife management regime in the country.

Water Resources: Water is recognized as a cross-cutting enabler to the achievement of Tanzania’s Development Vision (TDV) 2025. The Water Sector Development Program (WSDP), Tanzania’s overall water sector guiding strategy, is aligned with the TDV 2025. The objective of the WSDP is to achieve universal access to water and sanitation by 2025.

The National Water Policy of 2002 guides the realization of the objectives of the water supply and sanitation sector. Two acts, the Water Resources Management Act of 2009 and the newly enacted Water and Sanitation Act of 2019, legislate the policy and strategy for the water and sanitation sector. The new Water and Sanitation Act introduced significant structural reforms that present an opportunity to accelerate the realization of WASH targets. The establishment of a new rural water services regulatory agency, the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (RUWASA), aims to centralize and improve accountability for rural service delivery.

20 https://ewsdata.rightsindevelopment.org/files/documents/70/WB-P162470.pdf 21 https://www.ecolex.org/

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2.3 COUNTRY/MINISTRY/MUNICIPALITY ENVIRONMENTAL CAPACITY ANALYSIS

Over the past several years the Government of Tanzania has embarked on a process of policy reform that had led to local communities having greater involvement and authority in the management of natural resources. The approach has led to the modification of existing legal and structural relationships, requiring changes in laws and land use designations to accommodate greater local control. The Government recognizes that decentralization and devolution of governance and fiscal powers and responsibilities to lower levels of government and rural communities would, on balance, be better for natural resources management and sustainable economic development. The Government recognizes that it has insufficient human and financial resources to manage resources that are becoming increasingly under threat from a growing population. The Government also understands that moving toward a new management process requires building capacity of local governments and communities in resource management and defining the roles and relationships of local organizations vis-à-vis central government.

The Water Sector Development Program (WSDP) seeks to achieve universal access to water and sanitation by 2025, in line with Tanzania’s Development Vision 2025 (TDV 2025). The first phase of the WSDP (WSDP-1) was implemented from 2006 to 2015, with a total investment of US $1.4 billion. In 2016, the GoT launched the second phase of the program (WSDP-2) with an ambitious target of achieving 80 percent access to improved water supply and 75 percent access to improved sanitation in rural areas by 2019. Tanzania did not meet these goals, with the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme reporting 57% access to basic drinking water services and 30% access to basic or safely managed sanitation services.

Over the past decade, access to safe water sources in Tanzania has improved slowly. Non-functionality of existing water points (e.g., wells, water system distribution points) remains the most critical challenge for water services in Tanzania, with over 30 percent of rural water schemes non-functional and another 10 percent in need of significant rehabilitation. Many of these water points fail within only a few years, largely due to an absence of a clear strategy for ensuring professionalized management and maintenance of existing water points. Tanzania also remains behind schedule on reaching its goals for access to sanitation. While open defecation rates are low in Tanzania (11% as of 2019), most latrines in rural areas are of low quality and do not meet the standard for basic access (improved facilities that are not shared between households).

Tanzania’s water resources are abundant but are unevenly distributed across the country, rapidly declining, and in need of better management. While Tanzania currently has a much higher per capita renewable water resources endowment compared to neighboring countries, projections indicate that this may not continue due to the growing economy, increasing urbanization, and high population growth. Growing threats to water resources availability and quality are compounded by several additional factors including catchment mismanagement and unsustainable agricultural practices, pollution of water sources from the mining sector, increasing sedimentation of lakes, and climate change impacts. All of these growing water resource challenges present risks to the country’s economic growth trajectory.

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3.0 ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RISK

TABLE 3. POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF EACH INTERVENTION

Intervention categories Potential environmental and social impacts Intervention Cat. 1: Capacity building of water resources governance institutions, businesses organizations and other stakeholders through consultations, advisory, training, and partnership-building

No anticipated environmental or social impacts

Intervention Cat. 2: Assessments, studies, evaluations, surveys, analyses, appraisals, concept papers, meetings and workshops, data and information exchange

No anticipated environmental or social impacts

Intervention Cat. 3: Classroom training, curriculum development, community and stakeholder outreach, mobilization, awareness building, behavior change communications, data and information dissemination

No anticipated environmental or social impacts

Intervention Cat. 4: Activities facilitating access to capital/financing for WASH business

Where additional capital/financing can lead to WASH infrastructure activities, adverse environmental and social impacts are possible at the planning, design, construction, and operations and management stages. See Intervention Category 8.

Intervention Cat. 5:

Watershed/catchment/land/water resource monitoring, mapping, modeling, inventory, and database development

No anticipated environmental or social impacts

Intervention Cat. 6: Integrated water resource management policy, strategy, and plan development

Efforts to improve stakeholder collaboration for the management of water resources necessarily entails the formulation and implementation of policies, strategies, and plans. Policy, strategy, or plan development will likely include technical material related to specific management practices/objectives.

Integrated water resource management policies and planning is intended to improve the management and distribution of water resources, site selection for water infrastructure, planning for changes in water use/reuse, protect water sources, improve equitable distribution of water, and ensure sustained water quality. Effectively implemented, integrated water resource management is expected to be environmentally beneficial.

The principal risks from these types of activities include, however, lack of accurate data/information on the status of water availability/quality, failure to incorporate climate change predictions into future use planning, failure of planning to be fully based on principles of sustainable use, incomplete adoption of policies/plans, or not addressing the adverse social impacts on communities that can result from inadvertent inequitable distribution of the resource.

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Intervention categories Potential environmental and social impacts Intervention Cat. 7: Support for research and water and wastewater testing laboratories

Equipment and reagent purchases, and other commodities procured for water and wastewater laboratory work require proper handling and disposal.

Intervention Cat. 8: Financial and technical support to water infrastructure construction/rehabilitation

8.1 Technical and financial

assistance for development of Multiple Use Water Systems (MUS) for domestic use

Scale of MUS activities depend on the level of water access as defined by variables such as water quality and quantity, reliability of supply, and distance. Using characteristics of access, the following constitute small, medium, and large-scale MUS in this IEE22:

Small-scale: A MUS with capacity to service fewer than 500 people with 5-100 liters per capita per day.

Medium scale: A MUS with capacity to service between 500 and 3,300 people with 100 to 200 liters per capita per day.

Large-scale: A MUS with capacity to service more than 3,300 people and provide more than 200 liters per capita per day.

Any planned large-scale MUS activities are deferred by this IEE and require a resolution of deferral prior to implementation.

Because MUS incorporate both domestic and productive uses, the impacts of MUS will depend on the nature and scale of the system, the system location, the sources of water and water availability, construction needs, types of water use, ability of parties to the MUS to negotiate and meet competing demands, both at household and watershed level, and management of the MUS implementation. Adverse environmental and social impacts of MUS are possible at the planning, design, construction, and operations and management stages.

In general, at the planning and design stage impacts may be associated with:

● Resistance or slow adoption of an alternative water use model. When introducing MUS in areas where this approach has not been applied before, implementers may not be getting interest at the level of providers and users due to complexities of explaining the objectives, the context, and setting expectations and conditions for use.

● Faulty planning or design. For an optimal design of MUS, implementers should assess water resources, water infrastructure, water demand, and barriers to accessing water services. Data and information for such assessment may be difficult to obtain and strategies and plans based on this assessment may result in system design that further complicates adoption. Unplanned uses may result in system breakdowns, resource inefficiencies, poor cost-recovery, and conflicts.

At the construction stage, impacts of MUS will depend on the nature, scale, and location of construction.

● Construction of MUS. MUS may require sinking of boreholes, digging wells and canals, establishing piping systems and extensions, building storage tanks, livestock troughs and crossings, or other structures that may need to be constructed for the MUS. Environmental

22 MUS scale is based on a modified version of the MUS 'water services ladder' concept (a-c) and the drinking water definitions established under the US EPA Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) (d):

a. Renwick, M. et al. 2007. Multiple Use Water Services for the Poor: Assessing the State of Knowledge.

Arlington, VA: Winrock International.

b. van Koppen, B., Smits, S., Penning de Vries, F., Mikhail, M. and Boelee, E. 2009. Climbing the Water Ladder: Multiple-Use Water Services for Poverty Reduction, Technical Report 52. Delft: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, International Water Management Institute and CPWF.

c. van Koppen, B.; Smits, S.; Rumbaitis del Rio, C. and Thomas, J. 2014. Scaling up multiple use water services: Accountability in public water sector performance for health and wealth. Rugby: Practical Action Publishing.

d. United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2020, January 27). Small Drinking Water System Variances. Retrieved from US EPA: https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/small-drinking-water-system-variances

e. It should be noted that while this scale provides a good starting point, it should not be considered a definitive threshold. The Mission is encouraged to engage in a dialogue with the BEO to further evaluate what is most appropriate within the regional context of the project.

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Intervention categories Potential environmental and social impacts and social impacts of construction will depend on the water source and the type of the system being constructed.

Construction and associated earthworks may be responsible for a variety of environmental and social impacts depending on the nature, scale and location of the system being constructed.

Impacts associated with use of the MUS will depend on the types of uses and whether the system achieves integration, synergy and equity for users and stakeholders. Potential impacts include:

● Impact of water consumption. Sufficient water must be available to support MUS. Freshwater consumption can have environmental and social impacts on human health, ecosystem quality, and sustainable availability of water resources.

● Downstream impacts of quantity and quality.

Diverting water for domestic, agricultural, industrial, and other uses will have an impact on downstream users and ecosystems, including wetlands, mangroves, and coastal estuaries. This can potentially affect the quality (through increased concentration of pollutants) and quantity of water and ground water levels.

● Public health risks. Health risks may be associated with poor water drainage. For example, pooling of drainage water may provide vector breeding sites.

● Impacts associated with water use for potable need.

A public source of water that is intended for multiple uses in addition to potable water may not be protected from possible contamination and pollution.

● Impacts associated with water use for watering animals. Farm animals defecate in or around water sources. If animals are watered at the MUS, pollutants and pathogens from their feces and urine can leach or spread to the drinking water. Livestock can also cause physical impacts, for example through soil erosion and destroying surrounding vegetation.

● Impacts associated with water use for small business (e.g. food processing, other needs.

Contaminated runoff from the site may pollute nearby water and land.

Social impacts. Adequacy of the water resource and potential stress on scarce water resources, unresolved water rights issues, unwillingness to pay for water, potential for inadequate or inequitable distribution can aggravate stresses, tensions, and conflicts. MUS requires enforceable formal and informal rules to allocate water among competing uses and users and as such, planning, design and successful implementation and management of MUS requires capacity. The larger the complexity of the system and the desired scale, the greater is the need for capacity for management of the system.23

23 https://winrock.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Multiple-Use-Water-Services-for-the-Poor-Assessing-the-State-of- Knowledge.pdf

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Intervention categories Potential environmental and social impacts

Consequences of climate change on MUS. Reduced quality and/or availability or surface and groundwater resources as a result of climate change can lead to increased competition over water resources (e.g., for irrigation, livestock), increasing the risk of conflict and reducing total potable water availability.

Marginalized and vulnerable populations may experience exacerbated inequalities from climate-related impacts to water resource availability and access. Climate-related impacts could also lead to damage or premature deterioration of water supply infrastructure (e.g., wells, pumps), disrupt services, and/or increase maintenance and repair costs.

8.2 Construction/rehabilitation of

drinking water systems (e.g. wells, boreholes, piped water distribution systems, water points, storage tanks, water purification systems, other)

Scale of drinking water systems activities depend on the level of water access as defined by variables such as water quality and quantity, reliability of supply, and distance. Using characteristics of access, the following constitutes as small, medium, and large-scale MUS in this IEE24:

Small-scale: A MUS with capacity to fewer than 500 people with 5-100 liters per capita per day.

Medium scale: A MUS with capacity to service between 501 and 3,300 people with 100 and 200 liters per capita per day.

Large-scale: A MUS with capacity to service more than 3,300 people and provide more than 200 liters per capita per day.

The impacts of water supply and distribution infrastructure will depend on the nature and scale of the system, the system location, the sources of water and water availability, construction needs, ability of parties to the system to negotiate and meet competing demands, both at household and watershed level, and management of the system during implementation. Adverse environmental and social impacts are possible at the planning, design, construction, and operations and management stages.

In general, at the planning and design stage impacts may be associated with:

● Faulty planning or design. For an optimal design of MUS, implementers should assess water resources, water infrastructure, water demand, and barriers to accessing water services. Data and information for such assessment may be difficult to obtain and strategies and plans based on this assessment may result in system design that further complicates adoption. Unplanned uses may result in system breakdowns, resource inefficiencies, poor cost-recovery, and conflicts.

At the construction stage, impacts of MUS will depend on the nature, scale, and…