J.7 Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation Plan.pdf

/TANZANIAUSAID/TANZANIA MISSION/MAJI NA USAFI WA MAZINGIRA (MUM) 1

ACTIVITY

EMMP TEMPLATE VERSION 3.1

ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING PLAN (EMMP)

PROJECT/ACTIVITY DATA

Project/Activity Name: Tanzania Maji na Usafi wa Mazingira (MUM) Activity Geographic Location(s) (Country/Region):

Tanzania – Iringa, Rukwa, Njombe, Morogoro

Implementation Start/End Dates:

The base period of performance for this contract is August 23, 2021, to August 22, 2022; and, subject to exercise, the following Option Years:

Option Year 1: August 23, 2022 – August 22, 2023 Option Year 2: August 23, 2023 – August 22, 2024 Option Year 3: August 23, 2024 – August 22, 2025 Option Year 4: August 23, 2025 – August 22, 2026, Contract/Award Number: GS00Q14OADU138/72062121N00001 Task Order No. REQ- 621-21-000012

Implementing Partner(s): Tetra Tech Inc., through the implementing subsidiary Tetra Tech ARD (ARD, Inc.)

Tracking ID:

Tracking ID/link of Related

IEE:

Tanzania WASH Portfolio IEE (53474)

Tracking ID/link of Other, Related Analyses:

Stewardship of Natural Resources Improved IEE Amd. 1 (51085)

ORGANIZATIONAL/ADMINISTRATIVE DATA

Implementing Operating Unit(s): (e.g., Mission or Bureau or Office)

USAID/Tanzania

Lead BEO Bureau: AFR Prepared by: Koronel Kema, DCOP-Technical Date Prepared: October 31, 2023 Submitted by: Lukas Kwezi, Chief of Party Date Submitted: October 31, 2023, ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE REVIEW DATA

Analysis Type: EMMP Additional Analyses/Reporting Required:

EMMR, WQAP, Resolution of Deferral

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PURPOSE

Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plans (EMMPs) are required for USAID-funded projects, as specified in ADS 204, when the 22 CFR 216 documentation governing the project (e.g., the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)) specifies mitigation measures are needed.

EMMPs are an important tool for translating applicable IEE conditions and mitigation measures into specific, implementable, and verifiable actions.

An EMMP is an action plan that clearly defines:

1. Mitigation measures. Actions that reduce or eliminate potential negative environmental impacts resulting directly or indirectly from a particular project or activity, including environmental limiting factors that constrain development.

2. Monitoring indicators.1 Criteria that demonstrate whether mitigation measures are suitable and implemented effectively.

3. Monitoring/reporting frequency. Timeframes for appropriately monitoring the effectiveness of each specific action.

4. Responsible parties. Appropriate, knowledgeable positions assigned to each specific action.

5. Field Monitoring/Issues. Field monitoring needs to be adequately addressed i.e., monitoring dates, observations, issues identified and resolution. This field is primarily for documentation during implementation.

Generally, EMMPs are developed by the IP (and updated at least annually) in conjunction with the Annual Work Plan. Some IEEs include a general EMMP, in such instances it is incumbent on the IP to tailor the general EMMP once activities are fully defined. Responsibility for ensuring IPs develop appropriate EMMPs and budget for their implementation rests with USAID CORs/AORs.

An EMMP is a living document. It should be reviewed against the IEE and updated/tailored as needed over the life of implementation, e.g., when new sites are identified or changes in scope are made through award modifications and IEE Amendments.

1.0 PROJECT/ACTIVITY SUMMARY

The USAID /Maji na Usafi wa Mazingira is a five-year (August 2021 – August 2026) follow-on Program after the Water Resources Integration Development Initiative (WARIDI) Program. The purpose of MUM is to expand and sustain the provision and governance of WASH services through four sub-objectives (SOs): (1) increasing access to sustainable water services; (2) increasing access to finance for water, sanitation, and hygiene; (3) strengthening the market for sanitation and hygiene products and services; and

1 Note: Monitoring indicators differ from performance indicators, which are the measures that USAID uses to detect progress towards the results included in a Results Framework.

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EMMP TEMPLATE VERSION 3.1

(4) strengthening basin water boards and water user associations for stewardship of water resources.

Gender Integration and Youth Engagement (GIYE) are cross cutting aspects in each of the 4 SOs.

The Program is implemented in 4- administrative regions covering 10 -Districts and 4- Basins as follows:

Morogoro (Kilosa DC, Mlimba DC and Ifakara TC), Iringa (Mufindi-Mufindi District Council and Mafinga Town Council, Iringa DC and Kilolo DC), Njombe (Makete and Ludewa DCs) and Rukwa (Nkasi, Kalambo and Sumbawanga DCs). The 4- basins are Lake Nyasa, Lake Rukwa, Rufiji and Lake Tanganyika. MUM’s approach is to strengthen Tanzanian-led systems for planning, financing, and implementation. Key institutions involved directly include but not limited to the Ministry of Water, RUWASA, National Water Fund (NWF), 5- WSSAs (Mafinga, Ifakara, Makete, Ludewa and Namanyere), and 3- BWBs (Lake Rukwa, Lake Nyasa and Rufiji. MUM is fully integrated into the WSDP III, and it is geared at contributing to the achievement of the objectives and targets of the WSDP III, Tanzania’s FYDP -III and Vision (2025) and the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 6).

MUM works directly with 20 CBWSOs to sustain the provision of basic water services to 340,000 people in the former legacy WARIDI districts of Kilosa, Kilombero, Iringa, Kilolo and Mufindi. In addition, MUM has completed detailed designs of 43 water supply projects that depend on surface water in Njombe and Rukwa Regions. The detailed design of additional 18 water supply projects that depend on groundwater will be completed in June 2024, making a total of 61 water supply projects. These projects will provide 503,655 people across 119 villages with access to clean and safe water in the districts of Kalambo, Sumbawanga and Nkasi (in Rukwa region); Ludewa and Makete (In Njombe region).

Further, MUM has completed the designs of Fecal Sludge Treatment Plants (FSTPs) for the five towns of Ifakara, Mafinga, Ludewa, Makete and Namanyere. The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of the proposed FSTPs will be completed in June 2024.

During the implementation MUM ensures e that all interventions in all strategic objectives follow the principles of “no or minimum harm” to the environment, to maximize environmental benefits and help ensure environmental sustainability. To do this, MUM will comply to the extent practical to the environmentally sound design and management (ESDM) principles, which are critical to implementing successful water related development programming. MUM will apply, to the extent practical, USAID’s ESDM capacity building program’s three basic rules which are: i) be prevention-oriented; ii) apply best development environmental aspects of the activity, and iii) be systematic.

2.0 SITE SPECIFIC INFORMATION

All field-based activities will take place in the Rufiji River, Lake Rukwa, Lake Nyasa and part of Lake Tangayika water basins, which are overseen by their respective Basin Water Boards (BWB), and their implementing cadres of staff, and subsidiary catchment, sub-catchment, and community-level bodies.

Field activities will focus in ten administrative districts, Kilosa and Kilombero in Morogoro Region, Kilolo, Mufindi and Iringa in Iringa region, and Kalambo, Nkasi and Sumbawanga in Rukwa Regions (see Figure 1). Through introductory visits conducted in Rukwa region during the start-up phase, the MUM team learned that Kalambo district covers some catchments that fall in Lake Tanganyika basin.

Depending on findings from initial field assessments to be conducted before implementation, MUM team will determine the extent of work to be implemented in Lake Tanganyika basin.

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EMMP TEMPLATE VERSION 3.1

This EMMP therefore covers the Rufiji, Rukwa, Nyasa and part of Tanganyika basins and all potential activities MUM might conduct within this geographical area. Most activities are focused in and around MUM water supply schemes and sanitation.

Figure 1: MUM Activity Map

3.0 ANNUAL REPORTING

Annually, the Implementing Partner (Tetra Tech) prepares an Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Report (EMMR) to be submitted to the Activity Manager/AOR/COR and the USAID Environmental Compliance Database. This report will summarize the effectiveness of mitigation measures, issues encountered, resolutions, and lessons learned. As appropriate, attachments such as site photos, verification of local inspections, product warranties, etc., are included in the report.

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EMMP TEMPLATE VERSION 3.1

Project/Activit y/Sub Activity

Identified Environmental Aspects or Impacts

Mitigation Measure(s) Monitoring Indicator(s) Monitoring and Reporting Frequency

Responsi ble Parties

Field Monitoring/ Issues/Res olution

Borehole drilling

Over-extraction from drilled boreholes (i.e., Extraction exceeding safe yield)

A safe yield will be determined through hydrogeological analysis (Pump test), and MUM will encourage WSSAs and CBWSOs to obtain water use permits that restricts designs and users to abstract amounts that will exceed the safe yield of respective boreholes, in accordance with BWB guidance.

Minimum safe distance between boreholes maintained as per MoW guidelines.

Semi-Annual inspections by supervision team through mandatory reports.

MUM Site Engineers

Hydrological analysis completed corresponding to planned boreholes.

Change groundwater flow, deplete aquifer, or cause land subsidence

Wells and boreholes will be designed to maximize sustainable yields and will be tested to ensure that these yields are not exceeded.

Approved Designs

Water Quality Testing Reports (Refer to Annex 1, Water Quality Assurance Plan - WQAP)

Pump test is conducted/review ed once after borehole is drilled

Contaminate groundwater with human and animal pathogens including the effects of workmanship

Boreholes will be sited to avoid flood zones and proximity to contamination from human, industrial, mining, and agricultural sources.

Provision of sanitary seals

Borehole minimum distance to latrines (50 meters);

Visual inspection verifying absence of stagnant water and presence of contamination sources.

The boreholes will also be in sites away from the mining site, industrial areas and anthropogenic activities

Conduct annual sanitary inspections.

MUM,

engineers, For all well development, a sanitary seal shall be placed to prevent contaminated surface water from entering aquifer water as per the MoW Drilling Guidelines.

Approved Well completion reports by the BWBs

Perform water quality tests consistent with the requirements of the GoT, as detailed in the Water Quality Assurance Plan (WQAP)

Water Quality Testing reports (Refer Water Quality Assurance Plan (WQAP- Annex 1)

Conduct Annual inspection surveys

MUM,

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EMMP TEMPLATE VERSION 3.1

Establish protected area up-gradient from wellhead and train local management, organizations restrict destructive agricultural practices such as use of agrochemicals and grazing of animals.

Protected zone for each well established.

Community agricultural management plan developed.

Annual inspection survey.

MUM,

Train local management organizations and/or well mechanics to monitor and repair leaks in the hydraulic and pumping infrastructure that impede the safe delivery of drinking water to residents.

Number of trainings and awareness creation meetings conducted to local management organizations.

Non-revenue water measurements.

Conduct Annual inspection surveys

MUM,

Pools of stagnant water

Sanitary inspections of boreholes or intakes for gravity flow water systems carried out periodically by CBWSOs to assess water point hygiene condition, human activities in the surroundings, structural integrity, and potential leaks or parts of the system where ingress could occur

Sanitary inspection reports Conduct quarterly sanitary inspections.

MUM,

Construction of intake to abstract water

Damage sensitive ecosystems or endangered species

Define and survey to avoid wetlands, estuaries, or other ecologically sensitive sites in the project area.

Intake location meets environmental compliance standards (i.e., the selected site will not have negative impacts to the environment such as damage to vegetation or sedimentation at stream crossings, etc.

Stream flow measurements will be made to enable comparison of extraction/use to availability.

Carry out annual environmental surveys

MUM site engineers

Cause erosion and sedimentation

Implement erosion control measures into design such as controlled excavation and use of silt screens.

Environmental survey reports

Carry out annual environmental survey

Prioritize small-scale construction which will generate less significant

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Intake/abstraction designs with approved erosion, sedimentation, and/or flood mitigation interventions.

Implement flood control measures such as construction of terraces, planting user friendly vegetation, into design

Small scale infrastructure implemented to reduce soil erosion and vegetation damage

Over- extraction of water from surface and/or groundwater resources.

MUM will facilitate RUWASA, LGAs/Villages utilization of abstraction permitting procedures developed/enforced by BWBs.

MUM facilitation support to stakeholders.

For surface waters, MUM will facilitate BWBs to carry out hydrographic/hydrological assessments for proposed sources to determine the allowable abstraction limits. BWBs issue water use permits to RUWASA, WSSAs/WLGAs/Villages based on these allowable limits.

Number of abstractions permits obtained through MUM facilitation.

For ground water, MUM will facilitate RUWASA/WSSAs/villages to obtain drilling permits and conducting pump tests for each borehole (BH) drilled.

Based on pump test results, a safe yield will be determined in consultation with BWBs & hydrogeologic studies and encourage RUWASA/WSSAs/villages to obtain water use permits to avoid exceeding the safe yield of respective BHs.

Number of drilling permits, pump test reports, and pump installation designs.

Integrate climate change projections into projections of water supply, water demand, water quality, and performance of WASH infrastructure

Damage to vegetation

Define impacts and develop intervention plan Restored vegetation to areas damaged

Carry out annual environmental survey

MUM staff

Revegetate areas damaged during construction according to plan

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EMMP TEMPLATE VERSION 3.1

Construction and rehabilitation of Water supply infrastructure (boreholes, storage tanks, piped water distribution systems water points (DPs) and water purification systems)

Erosion and sedimentation Include erosion control measures such as straw and silt screen materials into designs.

Approved designs with erosion control measures

Weekly site Inspections and action plans to address issues observed on site e.g., damage to vegetation, sedimentation and soil erosion.

Implement designed erosion control measures through contracted construction companies and/or BWBs, RUWASA/WSSAs/villages

Small scale structures constructed to mitigate soil erosion and vegetation damage

Evidence of restored vegetation to areas damaged

Prioritize small-scale construction which will generate insignificant erosion and vegetation damage control

Damage to vegetation

Prioritize small-scale construction which will cause insignificant damage to vegetation Revegetate areas damaged during construction, according to design.

Worsen or create pools of stagnant water (can be more severe when water table is high, clay soils are present, or population/tap density is high) Water supply systems constructed in environmental sensitive areas could adversely impact rare or endemic species

Train local management organizations to implement drainage structures such as soak way pits

Train RUWASA/CBWSOs to monitor and repair leaks from cracked containment structures, broken pipes, faulty valves, and similar structures.

Facilitate improved tariff collection and its effective use towards misuse of water resources and to maintain systems to prevent and quickly fix leaks.

Number of trainings conducted to Management Organizations on controlling stagnant water at DPs

Number of Management Organizations trained on controlling stagnant water at DPs

Number of CBWSOs trained on leakage repairs on water infrastructure

Quarterly site visits to monitor progress on stagnant water, leakage in the distribution system, CBWSO performance, water sales collection, water resources management and construction of water infrastructure.

Wastage of water resources due to improper management

Number of CBWSOs trained on revenue collection, water resources management and reduction of non-revenue water

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EMMP TEMPLATE VERSION 3.1

Extreme rainfall and flooding events impact WASH facilities

Identify, integrate and implement climate change into infrastructure design, construction, upgrades, performance monitoring, and operations include consideration of climate change and its potential impacts on the location (siting), design, functionality and sustainability of resulting infrastructure and infrastructure services Determination of safety factors or other measures of uncertainty will be carried through design including forecasting resources supply and demands.

Water supply structures installed on appropriate sites in cooperation with local government and community authorities.

Excavation sites such as ditches to be restored with appropriate measures such as back-filling.

Appropriate siting of infrastructure avoiding areas that are vulnerable to climate change impacts, e.g., extreme slopes, unstable soils, flood plains.

Use of appropriate technology disinfection such as drip chlorinators.

Install simple chlorination systems for treatment of supplied water

List or number of facilities constructed away from risk areas as per design manual

Water Quality Testing reports (Refer Water Quality Assurance Plan (WQAP- Annex 1 Trenches and other excavations are dug and backfilled as per design drawings

Annual water quality tests

Sub-Objective 3: Strengthen the market for sanitation and hygiene products and Services Development of city-wide inclusive sanitation

(CWIS)

planning for 5 towns.

Water and soil Contamination due to use of tools and reagents for wastewater laboratory works.

Use of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for handling and disposal of reagents after laboratory work.

SOPs available and followed.

this is done during CWIS planning

MUM

Staff.

Use of reputable laboratories for wastewater testing.

Number of reputable laboratories used for wastewater testing during CWIS development for 5 towns.

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EMMP TEMPLATE VERSION 3.1

Construction and installation of Fecal Sludge

Treatment Plants (FSTPs)

Reg 216.

Recommended a Positive Determination for this intervention.

Environmental Assessment per Reg. 216 will be completed to inform the scope of impacts

Environmental Assessment as per Reg.

216 will inform the precise mitigation measures for the FSTPs

Operating fecal sludge management/tr eatment activities such as pit emptying, transportation, treatment, and disposal of treated wastewater/slu dge

See above See above

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EMMP TEMPLATE VERSION 3.1

Promoting improved pit /vault latrines and onsite septic treatment system through strengthening of supply chain of sanitation products

Increase transmission of vector borne diseases groundwater supply with pathogens water supplies, damage water quality and/or transmit disease at other locations

Promote latrine designs that utilize effective separation of effluent and human contact such as VIP and pour flush that also does not allow entry of insect vectors

Ensure that a minimum of one-meter distance is maintained between the seasonal high-water table and the bottom of a latrine pit or vault and more than 50 meters is maintained between latrines and any water point

Evaluate depth to water table, including seasonal fluctuations and groundwater hydrology.

VIP and emptiable pit latrines are constructed per design drawings and specifications.

Monitor sludge level in emptiable pits to identify when pit emptying service is needed.

Number of community groups trained on collection, transportation treatment and safe sludge disposal.

Annual Inspections to control sludge level and empty pit/chamber if needed

Monitor the quality of water in nearby sources annually to determine if contamination takes place or not.

Annual assessment/evalu field staff

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EMMP TEMPLATE VERSION 3.1

if waste is not properly handled and treated during or after servicing

Cause injury to people or animals surface water with nutrients, biological oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids (SS), and pathogens.

The size and composition of the unsaturated zone determines the residence time of effluent from the latrine, which is the key factor in removal and elimination of pathogens.

Pit latrines should not be installed where the water table is shallow or where the composition of the overlying deposits make groundwater or an aquifer vulnerable to contamination

For latrines with more than two pits or vaults, ensure that a technical and management system is developed for safely emptying pits or vaults and transporting the collected material off-site for final disposal

Train community management groups to ensure that collected material is adequately treated and not unhygienically applied to fields or otherwise disposed of improperly

Support Sanitation and hygiene promotion activities in communities to bring about community wide awareness of unhealthy habits

Promote personal responsibility for maintaining clean hands, covering food, and maintaining a clean and functioning latrine for the entire family’s use to eliminate open defecation

Promotions conducted to create awareness on unhealthy habits e.g., hands washing, covering food, maintaining clean and functional latrines and eliminating open defecation.

Designs carried out for systems appropriate to local conditions

Sludge level in septic tanks monitored

Distance of infiltration system location from water sources

Water Quality Assurance Plan (WQAP0- Annex 1

Refer Water Quality Testing reports

Training plan for households and personnel who service onsite treatment systems in proper management of fecal sludge to avoid direct contact and spillage.

ation reports

Annually to determine if emptying is needed

Support existing networks of community health workers to follow-up with communities to ensure sustainability of improved hygiene behaviors

Avoid siting latrines in flood prone areas, improve drainage around latrine

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EMMP TEMPLATE VERSION 3.1

facilities.

Encourage private sector to design flood proof latrines such as those that are elevated or use natural infrastructure which can help with flood management around latrine facilities

Wastewater from pour flush latrines will be directed to septic tanks. All septic tanks will be watertight to enable anerobic decomposition of wastes and separation of solids from liquids. Liquid effluent will be directed to infiltration systems such as galleries or chambers.

Locate infiltration system at least 50m from water sources

Evaluate depth to the water table, including seasonal fluctuations, soil characteristics, and groundwater hydrology.

Place bottom of infiltration systems at least three meters above highest water table and if water table is too high, line the pit bottom with clay or some other impermeable material to prevent leakage.

Carryout (baseline) water quality assessments for both surface and ground water sources within 50m from onsite treatment systems.

Ensure that a reliable system is adopted for (1) hygienically removing sludge, (2) transporting the collected material to a treatment facility, and (3) promoting that collected material is not directly applied to fields or openly in the environment

Sub-Objective 4: Strengthen basin water boards and water user associations to enhance stewardship of water resources

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Catchment management

Land degradation and Deforestation

Promote adoption of land use practices that avoid land areas which are considered marginal, are located on steep hillsides, or prone to soils erosion.

Number of protected catchments

Quarterly and annual reporting/Visits

MUM

field staff

Deforestatio n

Soil erosion and sediments loads through agriculture practices

Support establishment of on-farm Agro-forestry in schemes and soil and water conservation measures.

Number of the tree planted, grown and raised

Soil erosion and sediments loads through agriculture practices

Carry out tree planting using suitable water conservation species in protective buffer zone of Rivers and tributaries of water sources (Total ha

Encroachment on wetlands and protected areas

Promote alternative livelihood activities such as bee keeping, tree nurseries

Types of alternative crops introduced around forests and protected areas

Develop and implement a program for establishment of 12 catchment Water Committees.

Strengthen the operations of 17 WUAs by providing office space, furniture, communication equipment protective gears, stationery, transport facilities and operational funds.

Degradation or destruction of protected habitats and water resources

Promote local and regional catchment management to support resilience.

A number of regions and districts supported the idea to promote catchments management.

Number and size of the demarcated water sources and protected habitants

Quarterly and annual reporting/Visits

Demarcate protected buffer zone with beacons at least along identified 10 water sources.

Construct contour bunds and stabilize them with suitable vegetative materials within buffer zones along five kilometers stretches of water sources.

Support at least 4 sectorial coordination meetings per annum between Catchment committees, WUAs, WSSA, RUWASA, CBWSO and LGAs Support at least 2 multi-sectorial coordination meetings involving stakeholders with vested interest and stake in water sources conservation.

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EMMP TEMPLATE VERSION 3.1

Increased competing sectoral and livelihoods of water demands.

Monitoring of water usage as per water permits

Number and size/scope of the demarcated water sources and protected habitants

Amount of water allocated.

Number of Water use permits issued.

Number of identified and registered water users

Number of the upgraded and modernized of installed gauge stations.

Number and modern hydroclimatic equipment’s and tools purchased

Number of technical staffs/hydrologist, hydrogeologist and water resources engineers trained

Quarterly and annual reporting/Visits

Increase an illegal abstraction of water uses and insufficient water use data and information.

Promote water conservation efforts through adoption of appropriate agricultural practices and improved farm management of water.

Water use mapping and abstraction survey and updating the water user’s registry

Expand spatial coverage monitoring of river flow discharges in the catchment as well as to carry out routine maintenance for gauging stations water quality assessment quarterly each year.

Support WUAs and Village

Natural Resources Committees to prepare water source protection and recharge plans using site-appropriate, low-cost green techniques including reforestation and riverbank restoration.

Number of WUAs and Village

Natural Resources Committees supported to prepare protection and recharge plans

Quarterly and annual reporting/Visits

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EMMP TEMPLATE VERSION 3.1

Pilot payment for environmental services (PES) models in three small towns to support catchment protection through WSSA payments to BWB/WUAs.

Amount of income generated by PES models piloted in small towns to support catchment protection through WSSA payment to BWBs/WUAs.

Encroachment on wetlands and protected areas

Promote improved crop varieties which are more productive and reduce pressure in and around forests and protected areas.

Types of alternative crops introduced and number of farms receiving support

Quarterly inspections/Visits

Establishments and promote of the alternative income generating activities which is friendly to ecosystem

Type and number of alternative income generation activities established and promoted.

Promote local and regional watershed management to support resilience.

Number of regions and districts supported to promote watershed management

Quarterly monitoring

USAID APPROVAL OF EMMP

Approval:

Francis Mtitu, Contracting Officer's Representatives Date

Clearance:

Dosteus Lopa, Mission Environmental Officer Date

Clearance:

David Kinyua, EA Regional Environmental Advisor Date

Clearance: N/A (Name), Bureau Environmental Officer [as appropriate] Date

DISTRIBUTION: