FP-14_Eng.pdf

STANDARD

SPECIFICATIONS

FOR CONSTRUCTION OF

ROADS AND BRIDGES

ON FEDERAL HIGHWAY

PROJECTS

FP-14

U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration

Federal Lands Highway

Standard Specifications for Construction of

Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects

FP-14

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT

OF TRANSPORTATION

Federal Highway Administration i

PREFACE

These Standard Specifications for the Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects are issued primarily for constructing roads and bridges on Federal Highway projects under the direct administration of the Federal Highway Administration. These specifications are cited as "FP-14" indicating "Federal Project" Standard Specifications issued in 2014 and contain both United States Customary and Metric units of measure.

When designated in a contract, the FP-14 becomes part of the contract and binding upon all parties to the contract. Construction contracts of the Federal Highway Administration are also governed by the following regulations:

● Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), Title 48, Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter 1; and

● Transportation Acquisition Regulation (TAR), Title 48, Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter 12.

The FAR and TAR regulations are not included in the FP-14. A complete copy of the FAR is available from the Superintendent of Documents, Congressional Sales Office, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

U.S. Customary units of measure are used in the FP-14 as provided in the November 25, 2008 Memorandum from Jeffrey F. Paniati entitled Update on Metric Use Requirements for FHWA Documents.

Metric units are noted in parentheses following the U.S. Customary Units. The references to Metric or Metric units apply only when the project or portion of the project expressly calls for Metric units of measure.

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METRIC TO U.S. CUSTOMARY CONVERSION FACTORS (approximate) Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol

LENGTH

µm micrometers 3.9 × 10-5 inches in mm millimeters 0.039 inches in m meters 3.28 feet ft m meters 1.09 yards yd km kilometers 0.621 miles mi

AREA

mm2 square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in2 m2 square meters 10.764 square feet ft2 m2 square meters 1.195 square yards yd2 ha hectares 2.47 acres ac km2 square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi2

VOLUME

mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz L liters 0.264 gallons gal m3 cubic meters 35.31 cubic feet ft3 m3 cubic meters 1.308 cubic yards yd3

MASS

g grams 0.035 ounces oz kg kilograms 2.2046 pounds lb Mg megagrams 1.1023 short tons T

(or "t") (or "metric ton") (2000 lb)

TEMPERATURE (exact) °C Celsius temperature 1.8C +32 Fahrenheit temperature °F

ILLUMINATION

lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc cd/m2 candela/m2 0.2919 foot-Lamberts fl

MISCELLANEOUS

J joule 0.7376 foot·poundforce ft·lbf N newtons 0.225 poundforce lbf kPa kilopascals 0.145 Poundforce per square inch lbf/in2 iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DIVISION 100 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Section 101. — TERMS, FORMAT, AND DEFINITIONS

Section 102. — BID, AWARD, AND EXECUTION OF CONTRACT

Section 103. — SCOPE OF WORK

Section 104. — CONTROL OF WORK

Section 105. — CONTROL OF MATERIAL

Section 106. — ACCEPTANCE OF WORK

Section 107. — LEGAL RELATIONS AND RESPONSIBILITY TO THE PUBLIC

Section 108. — PROSECUTION AND PROGRESS

Section 109. — MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

DIVISION 150 PROJECT REQUIREMENTS

Section 151. — MOBILIZATION

Section 152. — CONSTRUCTION SURVEY AND STAKING

Section 153. — CONTRACTOR QUALITY CONTROL

Section 154. — CONTRACTOR SAMPLING AND TESTING

Section 155. — SCHEDULES FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS

Section 156. — PUBLIC TRAFFIC

Section 157. — SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL

Section 158. — WATERING FOR DUST CONTROL

DIVISION 200 EARTHWORK

Section 201. — CLEARING AND GRUBBING

Section 202. — ADDITIONAL CLEARING AND GRUBBING

Section 203. — REMOVAL OF STRUCTURES AND OBSTRUCTIONS

Section 204. — EXCAVATION AND EMBANKMENT

Section 205. — ROCK BLASTING

Section 206. — RESERVED

Section 207. — EARTHWORK GEOSYNTHETICS

Section 208. — STRUCTURE EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL

FOR SELECTED MAJOR STRUCTURES

Section 209. — STRUCTURE EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL

Section 210. — RESERVED

Section 211. — ROADWAY OBLITERATION

Section 212. — LINEAR GRADING

Section 213. — SUBGRADE STABILIZATION iv

DIVISION 250 SLOPE REINFORCEMENT AND RETAINING WALLS

Section 251. — RIPRAP

Section 252. — ROCKERY, SPECIAL ROCK EMBANKMENT, AND ROCK BUTTRESS

Section 253. — GABIONS AND REVET MATTRESSES

Section 254. — RESERVED

Section 255. — MECHANICALLY-STABLILIZED EARTH WALLS

Section 256. — PERMANENT GROUND ANCHORS

Section 257. — CONTRACTOR-DESIGNED RETAINING WALLS

Section 258. — REINFORCED CONCRETE RETAINING WALLS

Section 259. — SOIL NAIL RETAINING WALLS

Section 260. — ROCK BOLTS AND DOWELS

Section 261. — REINFORCED SOIL SLOPES

DIVISION 300 AGGREGATE AND BASE COURSES

Section 301. — UNTREATED AGGREGATE COURSES

Section 302. — MINOR CRUSHED AGGREGATE

Section 303. — ROAD RECONDITIONING

Section 304. — FULL DEPTH RECLAMATION

Section 305. — FULL DEPTH RECLAMATION WITH CEMENT

Section 306. — FULL DEPTH RECLAMATION WITH ASPHALT

Section 307. — RESERVED

Section 308. — RESERVED

Section 309. — EMULSIFIED ASPHALT-TREATED BASE COURSE

Section 310. — COLD IN-PLACE RECYCLED ASPHALT BASE COURSE

Section 311. — STABILIZED AGGREGATE SURFACE COURSE

Section 312. — DUST PALLIATIVE

Section 313. — AGGREGATE-TOPSOIL COURSE

Section 314. — STOCKPILED AGGREGATES

DIVISION 400 ASPHALT PAVEMENTS AND SURFACE TREATMENTS

Section 401. — ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT BY GYRATORY

MIX DESIGN METHOD

Section 402. — ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT BY HVEEM OR

MARSHALL MIX DESIGN METHOD

Section 403. — ASPHALT CONCRETE

Section 404. — RESERVED

Section 405. — OPEN-GRADED ASPHALT FRICTION COURSE

Section 406. — FOG SEAL v

Section 407. — CHIP SEAL

Section 408. — RESERVED

Section 409. — MICRO SURFACING

Section 410. — SLURRY SEAL

Section 411. — ASPHALT PRIME COAT

Section 412. — ASPHALT TACK COAT

Section 413. — ASPHALT PAVEMENT MILLING

Section 414. — ASPHALT PAVEMENT CRACK SEALING AND FILLING

Section 415. — PAVING GEOTEXTILES

Section 416. — RESERVED

Section 417. — RESERVED

Section 418. — ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT PATCHING

DIVISION 500 RIGID PAVEMENTS

Section 501. — MINOR CONCRETE PAVEMENT

Section 502. — CONCRETE PAVEMENT RESTORATION

DIVISION 550 BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

Section 551. — DRIVEN PILES

Section 552. — STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

Section 553. — PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Section 554. — REINFORCING STEEL

Section 555. — STEEL STRUCTURES

Section 556. — BRIDGE RAILING

Section 557. — TIMBER STRUCTURES

Section 558. — DAMPPROOFING

Section 559. — WATERPROOFING

Section 560. — REMOVAL OF CONCRETE BY HYDRODEMOLITION

Section 561. — STRUCTURAL CONCRETE INJECTION AND CRACK REPAIR

Section 562. — TEMPORARY WORKS

Section 563. — PAINTING

Section 564. — BEARING DEVICES

Section 565. — DRILLED SHAFTS

Section 566. — SHOTCRETE

Section 567. — MICROPILES

Section 568. — HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE

Section 569. — CONCRETE OVERLAYS FOR BRIDGE DECKS vi

DIVISION 600 INCIDENTAL CONSTRUCTION

Section 601. — MINOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Section 602. — CULVERTS AND DRAINS

Section 603. — STRUCTURAL PLATE STRUCTURES

Section 604. — MANHOLES, INLETS, AND CATCH BASINS

Section 605. — UNDERDRAINS, SHEET DRAINS, AND

PAVEMENT EDGE DRAINS

Section 606. — CORRUGATED METAL SPILLWAYS

Section 607. — CLEANING, RELAYING, AND REPAIRING EXISTING

DRAINAGE STRUCTURES

Section 608. — PAVED WATERWAYS

Section 609. — CURB AND GUTTER

Section 610. — HORIZONTAL DRAINS

Section 611. — WATER SYSTEMS

Section 612. — SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS

Section 613. — SIMULATED STONE MASONRY SURFACE

Section 614. — LEAN CONCRETE BACKFILL

Section 615. — SIDEWALKS, PADS, AND PAVED MEDIANS

Section 616. — SLOPE PAVING

Section 617. — GUARDRAIL

Section 618. — CONCRETE BARRIERS AND PRECAST GUARDWALLS

Section 619. — FENCES, GATES, CATTLE GUARDS AND BOLLARD POSTS

Section 620. — STONE MASONRY

Section 621. — MONUMENTS AND MARKERS

Section 622. — RENTAL EQUIPMENT

Section 623. — GENERAL LABOR

Section 624. — TOPSOIL

Section 625. — TURF ESTABLISHMENT

Section 626. — PLANTS, TREES, SHRUBS, VINES, AND GROUNDCOVERS

Section 627. — SOD

Section 628. — RESERVED

Section 629. — ROLLED EROSION CONTROL PRODUCTS AND

CELLULAR CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS

Section 630. — RESERVED

Section 631. — RESERVED

Section 632. — RESERVED

Section 633. — PERMANENT TRAFFIC CONTROL vii

Section 634. — PERMANENT PAVEMENT MARKINGS

Section 635. — TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL

Section 636. — TRAFFIC SIGNAL, TRAFFIC COUNTER, LIGHTING, AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

Section 637. — FACILITIES AND SERVICES

DIVISION 700 MATERIAL

Section 701. — CEMENT

701.01 Hydraulic Cement

701.02 Masonry and Mortar Cement

Section 702. — ASPHALT MATERIAL

702.01 Asphalt Binder

702.03 Material for Dampproofing and Waterproofing Concrete and Masonry Surfaces

702.04 Asphalt Mastic

702.05 Antistrip Additive

702.06 Mineral Fiber

Section 703. — AGGREGATE

703.01 Fine Aggregate for Concrete

703.02 Coarse Aggregate for Concrete

703.03 Granular Backfill

703.04 Reserved

703.05 Subbase, Base, and Surface Course Aggregate

703.06 Crushed Aggregate

703.07 Asphalt Concrete Aggregate

703.08 Open-Graded Asphalt Friction Course Aggregate

703.09 Chip Seal Aggregate

703.10 Slurry Seal and Micro Surfacing Aggregate

703.11 Reserved

703.12 Blotter

703.13 Aggregate for Aggregate-Topsoil Course

703.14 Sand

703.15 Aggregate for Lean Concrete Backfill

703.16 Shotcrete Aggregate

703.17 Granular Rock Backdrain

Section 704. — SOIL viii

704.01 Foundation Fill

704.02 Bedding Material

704.03 Backfill Material

704.04 Structural Backfill

704.05 Topping

704.06 Unclassified Borrow

704.07 Select Borrow

704.08 Select Granular Backfill

Section 705. — ROCK

705.01 Gabion and Revet Mattress Rock

705.02 Riprap

705.03 Rock for Masonry Structures

705.04 Rock for Special Rock Embankment

705.05 Rock for Buttresses

705.06 Rock for Rockeries

Section 706. — CONCRETE PIPE

706.01 Non-Reinforced Concrete Pipe

706.02 Reinforced Concrete Pipe

706.03 Perforated Concrete Pipe

706.04 Reinforced Arch-Shaped Concrete Pipe

706.05 Reinforced Elliptically-Shaped Concrete Pipe

706.06 Reinforced D-Load Concrete Pipe

706.07 Precast Reinforced Concrete Box Sections

706.08 Gaskets for Concrete Pipe

706.09 Supplemental Concrete Pipe Ties

Section 707. — METAL PIPE

707.01 Ductile Iron Culvert Pipe

707.02 Metallic-Coated Corrugated Steel Pipe

707.03 Aluminum-Alloy Corrugated Pipe

707.04 Asphalt-Coated Pipe

707.05 Steel Structural Plate Structures

707.06 Aluminum-Alloy Structural Plate Structures

707.07 Asphalt-Coated Structural Plate Structures

707.08 Polymer-Coated Steel Pipe

707.09 Reserved

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707.10 Slotted Drain Pipe

707.11 Metallic-Coated Spiral Rib Pipe

707.12 Aluminum-Alloy Spiral Rib Pipe

707.13 Concrete-Lined Corrugated Steel Pipe

707.14 Invert-Paved Corrugated Steel Pipe

707.15 Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings

707.16 Seamless Copper Water Tube and Fittings

707.17 Gaskets for Metal Pipe

707.18 Gaskets for Ductile Iron Pipe

Section 708. — PLASTIC PIPE

708.01 Smooth Wall Polyethylene Pipe

708.02 Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe

708.03 Profile Wall (Ribbed) Polyethylene Pipe

708.04 Corrugated Polyethylene Drainage Tubing

708.05 Smooth Wall Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe

708.06 Profile Wall (Ribbed) Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe

708.07 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Pipe

708.08 Gaskets for Plastic Pipe

Section 709. — REINFORCING STEEL AND WIRE ROPE

709.01 Reinforcing Steel

709.02 Prestressing Steel

Section 710. — FENCE AND GUARDRAIL

710.01 Barbed Wire

710.02 Woven Wire

710.03 Chain Link Fence

710.04 Fence Posts and Bollards

710.05 Fence Gates

710.06 Rail Elements

710.07 Guardrail Posts

710.08 Guardrail Blocks

710.09 Guardrail Nuts, Bolts, and Cables

710.10 Guardrail Hardware

710.11 Temporary Plastic Fence

Section 711. — CONCRETE CURING MATERIAL AND ADMIXTURES

711.01 Curing Material

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711.02 Air-Entraining Admixtures

711.03 Chemical Admixtures

711.04 Latex Emulsion

711.05 Concrete Coloring Agents

Section 712. — JOINT MATERIAL

712.01 Sealants, Fillers, and Seals

712.02 Mortar

Section 713. — ROADSIDE IMPROVEMENT MATERIAL

713.01 Topsoil

713.02 Agricultural Limestone

713.03 Fertilizer

713.04 Seed

713.05 Mulch

713.06 Plant Material

713.07 Cellular Confinement Systems

713.08 Miscellaneous Planting Material

713.09 Sod

713.10 Pegs for Sod

713.11 Tackifiers

713.12 Fiber Rolls and Socks

713.13 Gravel Bags

713.14 Sandbags

713.15 Temporary Culvert Pipe

713.16 Silt Fence

713.17 Temporary Rolled Erosion Control Products

713.18 Turf Reinforcement Mats

713.19 Sediment Filter Bags

713.20 Prefabricated Filter Insert

713.21 Floating Turbidity Curtains

Section 714. — GEOSYNTHETIC MATERIAL

714.01 Geotextile

714.02 Geocomposite Drain

714.03 Stabilization Geogrid

714.04 Reinforcement Geotextile and Geogrid

714.05 Geomembrane

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Section 715. — PILING

715.01 Untreated Timber Piles

715.02 Treated Timber Piles

715.03 Concrete Piles

715.04 Steel Shells

715.05 Steel Pipes

715.06 Steel H-Piles

715.07 Sheet Piles

715.08 Pile Shoes

715.09 Splices

Section 716. — MATERIAL FOR TIMBER STRUCTURES

716.01 Untreated Structural Timber and Lumber

716.02 Hardware

716.03 Treated Structural Timber and Lumber

716.04 Structural Glued Laminated Timber

Section 717. — STRUCTURAL METAL

717.01 Structural Steel

717.02 Steel Forgings

717.03 Pins and Rollers

717.04 Castings

717.05 Welded Stud Shear Connectors

717.06 Steel Pipe

717.07 Galvanized Coatings

717.08 Sheet Lead

717.09 Steel Grid Floors

717.10 Bearings

717.11 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Surfaces for Bearings

717.12 Aluminum Alloy for Bridge Rail

717.13 Aluminum Bolt Heads and Nuts

717.14 Aluminum Welding Wire

Section 718. — TRAFFIC SIGNING AND MARKING MATERIAL

718.01 Retroreflective Sheeting

718.02 Reserved

718.03 Panels

718.04 Sign Posts

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718.05 Object Marker and Delineator Posts

718.06 Hardware

718.07 Legends and Borders

718.08 Delineator and Object Marker Retroreflectors

718.09 Solventborne Traffic Paint

718.10 Waterborne Traffic Paint

718.11 Epoxy Markings

718.12 Thermoplastic Markings

718.13 Preformed Pavement Marking Tape

718.14 Glass Beads

718.15 Pavement Markers

718.16 Temporary Pavement Markings

718.17 Epoxy Resin Adhesives

Section 719. — PAINT

719.01 General

719.02 Paint for Timber Structures

719.03 Paint for Masonry Block Structures

719.04 Paint for Steel Structures

719.05 Paint for Concrete Structures

719.06 Paint for Aluminum Structures

719.07 Paint for Other Metal Structures

719.08 Penetrating Stain

719.09 Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)

Section 720. — STRUCTURAL WALL AND STABILIZED

EMBANKMENT MATERIAL

720.01 Mechanically-Stabilized Earth Wall Material

720.02 Gabion and Revet Mattress Material

Section 721. — ELECTRICAL AND ILLUMINATION MATERIAL

721.01 Electrical Material

721.02 Lighting Material

Section 722. — ANCHOR MATERIAL

722.01 Anchorage Devices

722.02 Anchor Tendons

722.03 Rock Bolts

722.04 Soil Nails

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Section 723. — RESERVED

Section 724. — RESERVED

Section 725. — MISCELLANEOUS MATERIAL

725.01 Water

725.02 Calcium Chloride, Magnesium Chloride, and Lignosulfonate

725.03 Lime

725.04 Pozzolans

725.05 Mineral Filler

725.06 Concrete Building Brick

725.07 Concrete Masonry Units

725.08 Paving Brick

725.09 Precast Concrete Units and Accessories

725.10 Frames, Grates, Covers, and Ladder Rungs

725.11 Corrugated Metal Units

725.12 Plastic Lining

725.13 Grout

725.14 Polymer Concrete and Mortar

725.15 Color Coating

725.16 Slurry (Drilling Fluids)

725.17 Reinforcing Fibers

725.18 Epoxy Resin Adhesives

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DIVISION 100

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Section 101

Section 101. — TERMS, FORMAT, AND DEFINITIONS

101.01 Meaning of Terms. These specifications are generally written in the imperative mood. In sentences using the imperative mood, the subject, "the Contractor", is implied. Also implied in this language are "shall", "shall be", or similar words and phrases. In material specifications, the subject may also be the supplier, fabricator, or manufacturer supplying material, products, or equipment for use on the project.

Wherever "directed", "required", "prescribed", or "ordered" are used, the "direction", "requirement", "prescription", or "order" of the Contracting Officer is intended. Wherever something is to be "submitted", "submitting to", the Contracting Officer is intended. Similarly, wherever "approved", "acceptable", "suitable", "satisfactory", or similar words are used, the words mean "approved by", "acceptable to", or "satisfactory to" the Contracting Officer.

The word "will" generally pertains to decisions or actions of the Contracting Officer.

101.02 Specifications Format. These specifications are divided into 10 Divisions.

Division 100 consists of general contract requirements for which no direct payment is made. The requirements contained in Division 100 are applicable to all contracts.

Division 150 consists of project contract requirements that are applicable to all contracts. Work under Division 150 is paid for directly or indirectly according to Subsection 109.05 and the Section ordering the work. When there is no pay item in the bid schedule, no direct payment is made.

Divisions 200 through 600 consist of construction contract requirements for specific items of work. Work under these Divisions is paid for directly or indirectly according to Subsection 109.05 and the Section ordering the work. When there is no pay item in the bid schedule, no direct payment is made.

Division 700 contains the material requirements for Divisions 150 through 600. No direct payment is made in Division 700. Payment for material is included as part of the work required in Divisions 150 through 600.

The first three digits of the pay item number in the bid schedule identify the Section under which the work is performed.

101.03 Abbreviations. Whenever these abbreviations are used in the contract, they represent the following:

(a) Acronyms.

AASHTO — American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

ACI — American Concrete Institute

AGC — Associated General Contractors of America

AISC — American Institute of Steel Construction

AITC — American Institute of Timber Construction

ANSI — American National Standards Institute

APWA — American Public Works Association

ARTBA — American Road and Transportation Builders Association

ASME — American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASTM — ASTM International

ATSSA — American Traffic Safety Services Association

AWPA — American Wood Protection Association

AWS — American Welding Society

AWWA — American Water Works Association

BMP — Best Management Practice

CFR — Code of Federal Regulations

CO — Contracting Officer and authorized representatives

CRSI — Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute

EPA — Environmental Protection Agency

FAR — Federal Acquisition Regulations (48 CFR Chapter 1)

FHWA — Federal Highway Administration

FICA — Federal Insurance Contributions Act

FLH — Federal Lands Highway

FSS — Federal Specifications and Standards

FED-STD — Federal Standards

FUTA — Federal Unemployment Tax Act

ISO — International Organization for Standardization

ISSA — International Slurry Surfacing Association

JMF — Job-Mix Formula

MASH — Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware

MPI — Master Painters Institute

MSDS — Material Safety Data Sheet

MUTCD — Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways

NCHRP — National Cooperative Highway Research Program

NEMA — National Electrical Manufacturers Association

NIST — National Institute of Standards and Technology

OSHA — Occupational Safety and Health Administration

PCI — Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute

PVC — Polyvinyl Chloride

PTI — Post-Tensioning Institute

SEP — Sand Equivalent Passing

SF — Standard Form

SI — International System of Units

SSPC — The Society for Protective Coatings

SWPPP — Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan

TAR — Transportation Acquisition Regulations (48 CFR Chapter 12)

UL — Underwriter's Laboratory

U.S. — United States of America

USC — United States Code

(b) U.S. Customary unit abbreviations and symbols.

°F — degree Fahrenheit temperature ft — feet length ft2 — square feet area ft3 — cubic feet volume in — inches length in2 — square inches area in3 — cubic inches volume lb — pound mass mi — mile length oz — ounces mass psi — pounds per square inch pressure

T — ton (2000 lb) mass yd — yards length yd2 — square yards area yd3 — cubic yards volume s — second time

° — degree plane angle

' — minute plane angle

" — second plane angle

(c) Metric unit abbreviations and symbols.

A — ampere electric current cd — candela luminous intensity

°C — degree Celsius temperature d — day time g — gram mass

H — Henry inductance ha — hectare area

Hz — hertz (s-1) frequency

J — joule (N•m) energy

K — kelvin temperature kg — kilogram mass

L — liter volume lx — lux illuminance m — meter length mm — millimeter length m2 — square meter area m3 — cubic meter volume min — minute time

N — newton (kg•m/s2) force

Pa — pascal (N/m2) pressure t — metric ton mass

V — volt (W/A) electric potential

W — watt (J/s) power

Ω — ohm V/A electric resistance

(d) Metric prefix symbols.

E — exa 1018

P — peta 1015

T — tera 1012

G — giga 109

M — mega 106 k — kilo 103 c — centi 10-2 m — milli 10-3 µ — micro 10-6 n — nano 10-9 p — pico 10-12 f — femto 10-15 a — atto 10-18

(e) Slope notation (vertical : horizontal). For slopes flatter than 1V:1H, express the slope as the ratio of one unit vertical to a number of units horizontal. For slopes steeper than 1V:1H, express the slope as the ratio of a number of units vertical to one unit horizontal.

101.04 Definitions. The following definitions apply to this contract:

Award — The written acceptance of a bid by the CO.

Backfill — Material used to replace or the act of replacing material removed during construction. Material placed or the act of placing material adjacent to structures.

Base — The layer or layers of material placed on a subbase or subgrade to support a surface course.

Bid — A written offer by a bidder to perform work at a quoted price.

Bidder — An individual or legal entity submitting a bid.

Bid Guarantee — A form of security assuring that the bidder will not withdraw a bid within the period specified for acceptance and will execute a written contract and furnish required bonds.

Bid Schedule — The prepared schedule included with the bid forms, containing the estimated quantities of pay items for which unit bid prices are invited.

Bridge — A structure more than 20 feet (6 meters) long, including supports, spanning and providing passage over a depression, waterway, railroad, highway, or other obstruction.

Clear Zone — The portion of the roadside, including the shoulder, available for the safe use by an errant vehicle in which the driver may regain control of the vehicle.

Commercial Certification — See Subsection 106.03.

Construction Limits — The limits on each side of the project that establish the area disturbed by construction operations and beyond which no disturbance is permitted. Typically the construction limits are the same as the clearing limits, except when additional clearing is required.

Contract — The written agreement between the Government and the Contractor setting forth the obligations of the parties for the performance of and payment for the prescribed work.

Contracting Officer (CO) — An official of the Government with the authority to enter into, administer, and terminate contracts and make related determinations and findings. The term includes certain authorized representatives of the CO acting within the limits of their authority as delegated by the CO.

Contract Modification — A written change in the terms of the contract. Contract modifications are of the following forms:

(a) Administrative change. A unilateral contract change, in writing, that does not affect the substantive rights of the parties (such as a change in the paying office or the appropriation data).

(b) Change order. A written order, signed by the CO, directing the Contractor to make a change that FAR Clause 52.243-4 Changes authorizes the CO to order without the Contractor's consent.

(c) Supplemental agreement. A contract modification that is accomplished by the signature of the CO (unilateral contract modification) or by the signature of the CO and the Contractor (bilateral contract modification).

Contractor — The individual or legal entity contracting with the Government for performance of prescribed work.

Contract Time — The specified time allowed for completion of contract work.

Crashworthy — A highway feature that has been successfully crash tested under MASH or the NCHRP Report 350, Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features, or accepted through analysis by FHWA based on similarity to other crashworthy features.

Cross-Section — A vertical section of the ground or structure at right angles to the centerline or baseline of the roadway or other work.

Culvert — A structure, not classified as a bridge, that provides an opening under the roadway.

Day — A calendar day beginning and ending at midnight.

Density — Mass per unit volume of material. Specific gravity multiplied by the density of water.

Detour — A temporary rerouting of public traffic onto alternate existing roadways to avoid the work or part of the work.

Diversion — Defined as follows:

(a) A temporary rerouting of public traffic onto a temporary alignment within the project limits to bypass the work or a portion of the work.

(b) A temporary rerouting of water into a temporary channel or through a system of structures within the project limits to maintain water flow through or around the project.

Drawings — Design sheets or fabrication, erection, or construction details submitted to the CO by the Contractor according to FAR Clause 52.236-21 Specifications and Drawings for Construction. Also refers to submissions and submittals.

Federal Land Management Agencies — Federal agencies including the National Park Service, U.S.

Forest Service, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Bureau of Land Management, and Bureau of Reclamation.

Government — The Government of the United States of America.

Highway, Street, or Road — A general term denoting a public way for purposes of vehicular travel, including the entire area within the right-of-way.

Lane Mile (Lane Kilometer) — An area of pavement one mile (kilometer) long and one lane wide; not including turn lanes, turnouts, parking area lanes, or other auxiliary lanes.

Layer — See "lift".

Lift — Defined as follows:

(a) When placing and compacting soils, aggregates, or pavement; a lift is a single, continuous layer of material that receives the same compactive effort throughout during a single work operation.

(b) When installing culvert pipe less than or equal to 48 inches (1200 millimeter) in diameter; the backfill material placed on both sides of the pipe is considered to be contained in the same lift when the material is placed to the same elevation on both sides of the culvert, the compactive effort applied to one side of the culvert is the same as that applied to the other, and the compactive effort is applied to both sides of the pipe in a continuous operation.

Material — Substances specified or necessary to satisfactorily complete the contract work.

Measurement — The process of identifying the dimensions, quantity, or capacity of a pay item. See Section 109 for measurement methods, terms, and definitions.

Notice to Proceed — Written notice to the Contractor to begin the contract work.

Pavement Structure — The combination of subbase, base, paving geotextiles, and surface courses placed on a subgrade to support and distribute the traffic load to the roadbed.

Pay Item — A specific item of work for which a unit and price is provided in the contract.

Payment Bond — The security executed by the Contractor and surety or sureties and furnished to the CO to ensure payments as required by law to persons supplying labor or material according to the contract.

Performance Bond — The security executed by the Contractor and surety or sureties furnished to the CO to guarantee completion of the contract work.

Plans — The contract plans furnished by the Government showing the location, type, dimensions, and details of the work.

Production Certification — See Subsection 106.03.

Professional Engineer — Engineers holding valid state licenses permitting them to offer engineering services directly to the public. Engineers that are experienced in the work for which they are responsible, take legal responsibility for their engineering designs, and are bound by a code of ethics to protect the public health.

Profile Grade — The trace of a vertical plane intersecting a particular surface of the proposed road construction located according to the plans, usually along the longitudinal centerline of the roadbed.

Profile grade means either elevation or gradient of the trace according to the context.

Project — The specific section of the highway or other property on which construction is to be performed under the contract.

Right-of-Way — Real property necessary for the project, including roadway, buffer areas, access, and drainage areas.

Roadbed — The graded portion of a highway prepared as a foundation for the pavement structure and shoulders.

Roadside — The area between the outside shoulder edge and the right-of-way limits. The area between roadways of a divided highway may also be considered roadside.

Roadway — In general, the portion of a highway, including shoulders, for vehicular use. A divided highway has two or more roadways. In construction specifications, the portion of a highway within the construction limits.

Roadway Prism — The volume defined by the area between the original terrain cross-section and the final design cross-section multiplied by the horizontal distance along the centerline of the roadway.

Roller Pass— One trip of a roller in one direction over one spot.

Shoulder — A portion of the roadway contiguous with the traveled way that accommodates pedestrians, bicycles, stopped vehicles, and emergency use; as well as for lateral support of the subbase, base, and surface courses.

Sieve — See AASHTO M 92.

Solicitation — The complete assembly of documents (whether attached or incorporated by reference) furnished to prospective bidders.

Special Contract Requirements (SCR) — Additions and revisions to the standard specifications applicable to an individual project.

Specifications — The written requirements for performing work.

Standard Forms (SF) — Numbered forms issued by the General Services Administration for use as contract documents.

Standard Specifications — The Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects approved for general application and repetitive use.

Station — A precise location along a survey line.

Structures — Bridges, culverts, catch basins, drop inlets, retaining walls, cribbing, manholes, endwalls, buildings, sewers, service pipes, underdrains, foundation drains, and other constructed features that may be encountered in the work.

Subbase — The layer or layers of material placed on a subgrade to support a base.

Subcontract — The written agreement between the Contractor and an individual or legal entity prescribing the performance of a specific portion of the work.

Subcontractor — An individual or legal entity with which the Contractor sublets part of the work. This includes subcontractors in all tiers.

Subgrade — The top surface of a roadbed upon which the pavement structure, shoulders, and curbs are constructed.

Substantial Completion — The point at which the project is complete such that it can be safely and effectively used by the public without further delays, disruption, or other impediments. For conventional bridge and highway work, the point at which bridge deck, parapet, pavement structure, shoulder, drainage, sidewalk, major demolition, roadway obliteration, permanent signing and markings, traffic barrier, safety appurtenance, utility, and lighting work is complete.

Substructure — Components of a bridge below the bearings of simple and continuous spans, skewbacks of arches, and tops of footings of rigid frames including backwalls, wingwalls, and wing protection railings.

Suitable Material — Rock or earth material that will provide stable foundations, embankments, or roadbeds, and is free of organic matter, muck, frozen lumps, roots, sod, or other deleterious material.

Suitable material may require drying or adding water, root picking, and other methods of manipulation before use. Suitable material includes the classifications of material for which the project was designed.

Superintendent — The Contractor's onsite representative who has authority to act for the Contractor and is responsible for directing and supervising construction operations on behalf of the Contractor.

Superstructure — The entire bridge, except the substructure.

Surety — An individual or corporation legally liable for the debt, default, or failure of a Contractor to satisfy a contract obligation.

Surface Course — The top layer or layers of a pavement structure designed to accommodate the traffic load and resist skidding, traffic abrasion, and weathering.

Target Value — A number established as a center for operating a given process. Once established, adjustments should be made in the process as necessary to maintain a central tendency about the target value. Test results obtained from a well-controlled process should cluster closely around the established target value and the mean of the test results should be equal to or nearly equal to the established target value.

Traveled Way — The portion of the roadway designated for the movement of vehicles, exclusive of shoulders.

Unsuitable Material — Material not capable of creating stable foundations, embankments, or roadbeds.

Unsuitable material includes muck, sod, or soils with high organic contents.

Work — The furnishing of labor, material, equipment, and other incidentals necessary to complete the project according to the contract.

Section 102

Section 102. — BID, AWARD, AND

EXECUTION OF CONTRACT

102.01 Acquisition Regulations. Bid, award, and execution of the contract is governed by the FAR and

TAR.

102.02 Preparation of Bids. Follow the requirements of FAR Clause 52.214-18 Preparation of Bids - Construction.

Execute and submit required standard forms, bid schedules, and solicitation provisions contained in the solicitation as part of the bid.

Complete SF 1442, Solicitation, Offer, and Award, and sign as follows:

(a) Individuals. Sign your individual signature. For individuals doing business as a firm, follow the individual signature with the individual's typed, stamped, or printed name and the words, "an individual doing business as (name of firm) ".

(b) Limited liability partnerships and partnerships. Submit a list of partners having authority to bind the partnership. One of the listed partners must sign on behalf of the partnership.

(c) Corporations. Sign in the corporate name, followed by the word "by" and the signature and title of the person authorized to sign. Submit evidence from the corporation that the person signing has authority to bind the corporation.

(d) Joint ventures. Submit a copy of the Joint Venture agreement. Sign the SF 1442 according to the Joint Venture agreement.

(e) Limited liability company. Sign in the company name, followed by the word "by" and the signature of the person authorized to sign. Submit evidence that the individual executing the document has authority to bind the company.

(f) Agents. When an agent signs, other than as stated in Subsection 102.02(a) through (e), furnish satisfactory evidence that the agent has authority to bind the bidder.

Insert a numeric unit bid price for each pay item for which a quantity appears in the bid schedule. Multiply the unit bid price by the quantity for each pay item and show the amount bid. When mathematical checks made by the Government show a mistake in the amount bid, the corrected unit price extension governs.

When the words "lump sum" appear as a unit bid price, insert an amount bid for each lump sum pay item.

When the words "contingent sum" or "fixed rate" appears as a unit bid price, include the Government inserted amount bid for the pay item in the total bid amount.

Total the amounts bid for each pay item and show the total bid amount.

The quantities listed in the bid schedule are approximate, unless designated as a contract quantity, and are used for the comparison of bids. Payment will be made for the actual quantities of work performed and accepted or material furnished according to the contract. The scheduled quantities may be increased, decreased, or deleted. Bid schedule quantities are considered the original contract quantities.

102.03 Bid Guarantee. Follow the requirements of FAR Clause 52.228-1 Bid Guarantee.

(a) General. Submit the bid guarantee on SF 24, Bid Bond. If the bid guarantee is other than a corporate or individual surety, sign the SF 24 as the principal and make a statement on the form pledging the security. Make checks or money orders payable to the agency issuing the solicitation.

(b) Power of attorney. A corporate surety shall submit a current power of attorney for the signing agent or attorney-in-fact with each SF 24.

(c) Evidence of guarantee assistance. A surety that has a guarantee of assistance from the Small Business Administration (SBA) shall submit a copy of SBA Form 990, Surety Bond Guarantee Agreement with each SF 24. In addition, submit a power of attorney for the surety representative identified in the agreement.

102.04 Individual Surety. Follow the requirements of FAR Clause 52.228-11 Pledges of Assets.

Complete and date the SF 28, Affidavit of Individual Surety after the solicitation date. The individual surety shall personally sign the SF 28. Bidders cannot serve as their own surety. See FAR 28.203 Acceptability of Individual Sureties.

After reviewing the SF 28, the surety may be requested to submit further documentation with respect to its assets, debts, or encumbrances. The information may be required to be furnished under oath. Failure of the surety to respond with the requested documentation within 7 days of receipt of the request is cause for rejection of the surety.

Any material misstatement by the surety, overstatement of assets (either as to ownership or value), or understatement of liabilities is cause for rejection of the surety. Substitution of individual sureties to support a bid bond after the bid opening will not be permitted.

Furnish documentary evidence as to the ownership and value of the assets pledged in support of the bond and details of the security interest in the assets by the individual sureties for the apparent low bidder within 14 days after the opening of bids. Failure to submit evidence within the time required will be grounds for declaring the surety unacceptable.

In addition the CO may, after reviewing the SF 28 and documentary information on the security interest and the assets pledged; request the surety to submit further information and documents with respect to the documents submitted. The CO may require such information to be furnished under oath. Failure of the surety to accept such mail or failure of the surety to respond with the requested information or documents within 7 days of receipt of the request; will be cause for rejection of the surety.

These requirements are in addition to the requirements in FAR Subpart 28.203, except where in conflict with the requirements in the FAR, in which case the FAR controls.

102.05 Public Opening of Bids. Bids will be publicly opened at the time specified in the SF 1442, Solicitation, Offer, and Award. Their contents will be made public information. The Government reserves the right to reject bids as set forth in the FAR, Part 14.

102.06 Performance and Payment Bonds. Follow the requirements of FAR Clause 52.228-15 Performance and Payment Bonds – Construction.

Use SF 25, Performance Bond and SF 25A, Payment Bond for submitting the bonds.

The requirements contained in Subsections 102.03 and 102.04 relating to power of attorney, evidence of guarantee assistance, and individual sureties also apply to performance and payment bonds.

Submit the documentary evidence for individual sureties at the same time as the Affidavit of Individual Surety and security interest in assets pledged. A Contractor submitting an unacceptable individual surety in satisfaction of a performance or payment bond before the issuance of the Notice to Proceed will be permitted one opportunity to substitute an acceptable surety or sureties within 7 days of receipt of notification that the surety is unacceptable.

The Government's right to direct the substitution of sureties to ensure the continuing acceptability of the bonds during the performance of the Contract according to FAR Clause 52.228-2 Additional Bond Security is not restricted.

These requirements are in addition to the requirements in FAR Subpart 28.203, except where in conflict with the requirements in the FAR, in which case the FAR controls.

Section 103

Section 103. — SCOPE OF WORK

103.01 Intent of Contract. The intent of the contract is to provide for the construction and completion of the work described. The precise details of performing the work are not described, except as considered essential for the successful completion of the work. Furnish labor, material, equipment, tools, transportation, and supplies necessary to complete the work according to the contract.

103.02 Disputes. Follow the requirements of FAR Clause 52.233-1 Disputes (Alternate I).

When requesting a CO's decision on an interpretation of contract terms for the recovery of increased costs;

quantify the amount and certify the amount if required by FAR Clause 52.233-1 Disputes (Alternate I).

Include an explanation of the interpretation of contract terms, the contract clause under which the claim is made, supporting documentation, and adequate cost data to support the amount claimed.

103.03 Value Engineering. Follow the requirements of FAR Clause 52.248-3 Value Engineering - Construction.

Before undertaking significant expenditures, submit a written description of the value engineering change proposal (VECP) concept. Within 14 days the CO will inform the Contractor as to whether the concept appears to be viable or if the concept is unacceptable. If the CO indicates that the concept appears to be viable, prepare and submit the formal VECP proposal.

103.04 Contractor Records. Upon request, provide records related to the contract to the Government for up to 3 years after final payment or for longer periods as provided by law.

Include a provision in subcontracts at all tiers giving the Government the same rights as provided above with respect to the subcontractor's records.

103.05 Partnering. To facilitate this contract, the CO offers to participate in a formal partnership with the Contractor. This partnership draws on the strengths of each organization to identify and achieve reciprocal goals. Partnering strives to resolve problems in a timely, professional, and non-adversarial manner. If problems result in disputes, partnering encourages, but does not require, alternative dispute resolution instead of the formal claim process. The objective is effective and efficient contract performance to achieve a quality project within budget and on schedule.

Acceptance of this partnering offer by the Contractor is optional, and the partnership is bilateral.

If the partnering offer is accepted, mutually agree with the CO on the level of organizational involvement and the need for a professional to facilitate the partnering process. Engage the facilitator and other resources for key Contractor representatives and the CO to attend a partnership development and team-building workshop usually between the time of award and the Notice to Proceed. Hold additional progress meetings upon mutual agreement.

Section 103

The direct cost of partnering facilities, professional facilitation, copying fees, and other miscellaneous costs directly related to partnering meetings will be shared by the Contractor and Government. Secure and pay for facilities, professional fees, and miscellaneous requirements. Submit invoices to the CO. The Government will reimburse the Contractor for 50 percent of the agreed costs incurred for the partnering process. The Government’s share will not exceed $5,000.

Each party is responsible for making and paying for its own travel, lodging, and meal arrangements. No time extension for the completion of the project will be made for the use of partnering.

Section 104

Section 104. — CONTROL OF WORK

104.01 Authority of the Contracting Officer (CO). The CO may delegate authority to representatives to decide on acceptability of work, progress of work, suspension of work, interpretation of the contract, and acceptable fulfillment of the contract. The term "CO" includes authorized representatives of the CO, including inspectors, acting within the limits of their authority as delegated by the CO.

104.02 Authority of Inspectors. Inspectors are authorized to inspect work including the preparation, fabrication, or manufacture of material for the project. The inspector is not authorized to alter or waive contract requirements, issue instruction contrary to the contract, act as foreman for the Contractor, or direct the Contractor's operations. The inspector has authority to identify non-conforming work until the issue can be referred to and decided by the CO. The inspector may take necessary action to prevent imminent and substantial risk of death or injury including stopping work.

104.03 Specifications and Drawings. Follow the requirements of FAR Clause 52.236-21 Specifications and Drawings for Construction.

(a) General. Review and submit documents required to construct the work for accuracy, completeness, and compliance with the contract for approval by the CO. Documents submitted without evidence of Contractor approval may be returned for resubmission. Time for approval starts over when documents are returned for revision or if additional information is requested by the CO. Do not perform work related to submitted documents or drawings before approval of the CO. Obtain written approval before changing or deviating from the approved drawings.

(1) Documents other than drawings. Documents other than drawings include descriptive literature, illustrations, schedules, performance and test data, and similar material submitted by the Contractor to certify or explain, in detail, specific portions of the work required by the contract.

Unless otherwise indicated in the contract, submit 3 paper copies and an electronic copy for review. Allow 14 days for approval by the CO unless otherwise specified.

(2) Drawings. Drawings include:

(a) Layouts that show the relative position (vertical and horizontal as appropriate) of work to be performed;

(b) Fabrication details for manufactured items and assemblies;

(c) Installation and erection procedures;

(d) Details of post-tensioning and other systems;

(e) Detailed trench and excavation procedures that conform to OSHA requirements;

(f) Traffic control implementation drawings; and

(g) Methods for performing work near existing structures or other areas to be protected.

Show drawing dimensions in the same units as shown in the plans. Limit drawings to a maximum size of 24 by 36 inches (610 by 920 millimeters). Include on each drawing and calculation sheet, the project number, name, and other identification as shown in the contract.

Submit 3 paper sets of drawings, an electronic set of the drawings, and supporting calculations.

Drawings will be reviewed in the order they are received. Allow 40 days for CO approval of railroad structure drawings and 30 days for approval of other drawings. Submit additional specific drawings for unique situations to clarify layout, construction details, or method when requested by the CO.

(b) Specific requirements for concrete and miscellaneous structures.

(1) Submit drawings for the following:

(a) Site-specific layouts for all wall types and gabion installations;

(b) Gabion and revet mattress details and installation procedures;

(c) Forms and falsework for cast-in-place non-bridge concrete structures and retaining walls less than or equal to 6 feet (1.8 meters) in height;

(d) Fabrication drawings for bridge railings and parapets;

(e) Fabrication drawings for prestressed members;

(f) Fabrication and installation drawings for expansion joint assemblies;

(g) Fabrication drawings for bearing assemblies;

(h) Construction joint location and concrete deck placement sequences not according to the plans;

(i) Erection diagrams for Soil-Corrugated Metal Structure interaction systems (multi-plate structures);

(j) Structural steel fabrication drawings;

(k) Utility hangar details;

(l) Fabrication and installation drawings for precast items; and

(m) Site-specific layouts for rockeries.

(2) Submit drawings that bear the seal and signature of a professional engineer proficient in the pertinent design field for the following:

(a) Forms and falsework for cast-in-place concrete structures greater than 6 feet (1.8 meters) in height;

(b) Shoring systems and cofferdams greater than 6 feet (1.8 meters) in height;

(c) Shoring systems that support traffic loadings;

(d) Bridge concrete forms, including deck forms; except for railings, parapets, and components less than 6 feet (1.8 meters) in height;

(e) Containment structures for bridge work;

(f) Girder erection plans;

(g) Partial demolition of structural bridge elements;

(h) Post-tensioning systems;

(i) Concrete box culvert and headwall details;

(j) Reinforced soil slopes details;

(k) Ground anchors, soil nail, rock bolt, driven pile, drilled shaft, and micropile assembly details, layout, and installation and testing procedures;

(l) MSE and tie back wall details;

(m) Alternate retaining wall details; and

(n) Details and installation procedures for proprietary wall systems.

(3) Submit drawings that bear the seal and signature of a professional engineer who is proficient in forms and falsework design and licensed in the state where the project will be constructed for the following:

(a) Falsework for structures with spans exceeding 16 feet (4.8 meters);

(b) Falsework for structures with heights exceeding 14 feet (4.3 meters);

(c) Falsework for structures where traffic, other than workers involved in constructing the structure, will travel under the structure; and

(d) Temporary bridge structures for public use.

(c) As-built drawings. Use one set of Government-provided plans exclusively for as-built drawings.

Use the color "red" to identify changes. Use approved methods to accurately and neatly record changes. Include details and notes on additional information discovered during construction.