EXHIBIT_K_-_Target_Protection_-_July_2017.pdf
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This file is a technical design guide for target protection at military training ranges, specifically the Target Protection section of the RTLP-MCX Range Design Guide (July 2017).
The document provides required berm (protective earthen barrier) dimensions necessary to protect target emplacements from weapon fire during training exercises. Berm thicknesses are determined based on projectile type, soil compaction levels, and in-place soil density. The guide establishes that berms must protect target equipment from all anticipated firing directions, with maximum thickness in the expected direction of fire and thinner protection for occasional firing directions and ricochets. Standard berm extensions are specified at one-quarter of the berm thickness. The berm, not the wall structure, provides the primary protection for target equipment. A minimum berm thickness of at least 4 feet is required to facilitate maintenance operations. The direction of fire (DOF) is defined as the horizontal angle from perpendicular to the target, with standard berms providing full thickness protection for DOF of ±20 degrees and adequate protection to ±30 degrees or more. The document notes that well-compacted berms designed with recommended widths typically require maintenance cycles of six months or more on heavily-used ranges such as small arms qualification ranges, MRF/ARF/AFF, and main gun target ranges.
The guide includes Target Protection Design Curves presented in both English and metric units for various weapon calibers: 105 and 120 mm projectiles, 25 mm cartridges, .50 caliber ball projectiles, and 5.56 and 7.62 mm caliber ball projectiles (including Enhanced Performance Rounds). Each curve accounts for different soil compaction levels (80%, 90%, 95%, and 100% compaction per ASTM D1557 Method D) and relative density conditions ranging from 40% to 80%.
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Purpose This section provides the required berm dimensions required to protect target emplacements. The berm, not the wall, provides the protection for the target equipment. The section covers the berm thicknesses required for varied soil types for different weapons. The berm must protect the emplacement from all anticipated directions of fire, but is thickest in the expected direction of fire. Use thinner berms to protect the emplacement from occasional directions of fire and ricochets. The standard berm extensions are ¼ of the berm thickness; see figure below. Refer to the individual target emplacement sections in the RDG for additional information including wall heights, angle of fire, and direction of fire requirements/limitations.
Target Berms The Target Protection Design Curves at the end of this section provide the recommended minimum berm thicknesses required to protect the target emplacements from weapon firing during training. The curve thicknesses provide protection from many bullet impacts; the amount of soil needed to stop a single round is significantly less. The calculated thickness provides protection from repeated firing between maintenance cycles. The time between maintenance cycles varies depending on many things including soil types, compaction rates, weapons used, and training volume; heavily used targets usually require more maintenance.
Determine the berm thicknesses based on projectile type, soil compaction, and the in-place soil density. In addition, the designer must coordinate with the range trainer or user to determine the appropriate berm thickness for each target, since individual target siting may dictate added target protection. For example, when SIT emplacements are in front of or behind a MAT or SAT, the berm will need to withstand the largest weapon system that will engage that group of targets.
The standard curves allow some flexibility on the required thickness depending on the range type and other factors. The designer/installation must balance the cost of thicker berms against the amount of maintenance required and the risk of damage based on the weapons used and the target usage. The worst case for wear on target berms is often on small arms qualification ranges, MRF/ARF/AFF and the most used main gun targets. Historical experience shows that, under normal usage, well-compacted berms, designed with the recommended widths require maintenance cycles of 6-months or more on these type of ranges. Ranges without fixed firing positions like infantry battle courses and ranges with lower usage can use with thinner berms.
Target Protection Target Protection Curves
EXHIBIT K - Target Protection - July 2017
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Direction of Fire The direction of fire (DOF) is the horizontal angle from perpendicular to the target. The standard berm provides full thickness protection for DOF of +/- 20 degrees and adequate protection to +/- 30 degrees or more. Due to SDZ and range safety considerations, it is uncommon to engage targets regularly at larger DOF; coordinate with the RTLP MCX in those cases. The standard berm will protect the electronics and mechanism from errant rounds and ricochets to much higher DOF, up 90 degrees.
Minimum Use a berm thickness of at least 4 feet to facilitate ease of maintenance.
Target Protection Design Curves The following tables provide curves for various caliber weapons: 105 and 120 mm, 25mm, .50cal, and 7.62 and 5.56 mm. Use the appropriate curve the largest weapon that will engage the particular target. Note that the 7.62 and 5.56 table covers both standard ball and Enhanced Performance Rounds (EPR) rounds.
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| Purpose |
| Target Berms |
| Direction of Fire |
| Minimum |
| Target Protection Design Curves |
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