EIC-ESH-PLN-008 EIC Hazard Analysis Report 2025.pdf

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Electron-Ion Collider, Brookhaven National Laboratory

Doc No. EIC-ESH-PLN-008 Author: C. Schaefer Effective Date: September 16, 2025 Review Frequency: 5 years

Plan: Hazard Analysis Report for Electron-Ion Collider Revision: 05

Electron-Ion Collider Plan

Hazard Analysis Report for

Electron-Ion Collider

September 16, 2025 Prepared by:

__________________________________________ Date: __________________ Chuck Schaefer, ES&H Manager Electron-Ion Collider, Brookhaven National Laboratory

William Rainey, ES&H Manager Electron-Ion Collider, Thomas Jefferson National Laboratory

Reviewed by:

Luisella Lari, Project Manager Electron-Ion Collider, Brookhaven National Laboratory

Katherine Wilson, EIC Deputy Project Director (Interim) Electron-Ion Collider, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility

Approved by:

Jim Yeck, Project Director Electron-Ion Collider, Brookhaven National Laboratory

Docusign Envelope ID: 523AA072-4370-4B45-93D7-E4C7DA7E61AB

9/18/2025

9/22/2025

9/29/2025

9/25/2025

10/7/2025

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REVISION HISTORY

Revision # Effective Date List of Reviewers Summary of Change

01 12/15/2020 L. Stiegler, A. Lung, J. Yeck, R. Caradonna P. Collins

First Issue

02 9/27/2023 J. Fast, L. Lari

W. Rainey, C. Schaefer Updated for CD-3A

03 10/24/2023 J. Fast, L. Lari

W. Rainey, C. Schaefer Update to incorporate CD-3A Director’s Review Comments

04 9/27/2024 J. Fast, L. Lari

W. Rainey, C. Schaefer

Update to incorporate recent project changes and address comments from OPA CD-3A review

05 9/16/2025 K. Wilson, L. Lari

W. Rainey, C. Schaefer

Update to address OPA CD-3B review comments and Electron

Injector System

Docusign Envelope ID: 523AA072-4370-4B45-93D7-E4C7DA7E61AB

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

Purpose and Scope

BNL Environment, Safety, and Health

Introduction to the EIC

RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

HAZARD LIST

HAR-1 Electrical/Power Supplies

HAR-2 Ionizing Radiation

HAR-3 Non-Ionizing Radiation

HAR-4 Cryogenics/Oxygen Deficiency Hazard

HAR-5 Chemicals and Hazardous Materials

HAR-6 Noise

HAR-7 Material Handling

HAR-8 Fire

HAR-9 Elevated Work

HAR-10 Environmental/Waste

HAR-11 Confined Spaces

HAR-12 Mechanical Hazards

HAR-13 Natural Phenomena

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1 – HAR - 1 ELECTRICAL/POWER SUPPLIES

APPENDIX 2 – HAR - 2 IONIZING RADIATION

APPENDIX 3 – HAR - 3 NON-IONIZING RADIATION

APPENDIX 4 – HAR - 4 CRYOGENS/ODH

APPENDIX 5 – HAR - 5 CHEMICALS/HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

APPENDIX 6 – HAR - 6 NOISE

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APPENDIX 7 – HAR - 7 MATERIAL HANDLING

APPENDIX 8 – HAR - 8 FIRE

APPENDIX 9 – HAR - 9 ELEVATED WORK

APPENDIX 10 – HAR - 10 ENVIRONMENTAL/WASTE

APPENDIX 11 – HAR - 11 CONFINED SPACES

APPENDIX 12 – HAR – 12 MECHANICAL HAZARDS

4.13 APPENDIX 13 – HAR – 13 NATURAL PHENOMENA

4.15 APPENDIX 15 – HAR – 15 EXPERIMENTAL OPERATIONS

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LIST OF ACRONYMS

ACS

AED

AHJ

ALARA

ANSI

ASE

ASME

ASTM

BCNYS

BNL

C-AD

CAS

CBD

CD

CDR

CFR

CMS

CSA

DOE

EEI

EIC

ES(&)H

ESR

FC

FONSI

GeV

GERT

GHz

HAR

HSR

HMTM

ISM

ISMS

ISO

JLab

LOTO

Access Control System Automated External Defibrillator Authority Having Jurisdiction As Low as Reasonably Achievable American National Standards Institute Accelerator Safety Envelope American Society of Mechanical Engineers American Society for Testing Materials Building Code of New York State Brookhaven National Laboratory Collider Accelerator Department Contractor Assurance System Chronic Beryllium Disease Critical Decision Conceptual Design Report Code of Federal Regulations Chemical Management System Canadian Standards Association Department of Energy Electrical Equipment Inspection Electron-Ion Collider Environment, Safety, and Health Electron Storage Ring Fire Code Finding of No Significant Impact Giga Electron Volts General Employee Radiation Training Gigahertz Hazard Analysis Report Hadron Storage Ring Hazardous Materials Transportation Manual Integrated Safety Management Integrated Safety Management System International Organization for Standardization (Organisation Internationale de Normalisation) Jefferson Laboratory Lock Out/Tag Out

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Doc No. EIC-ESH-PLN-008 Author: C. Schaefer Effective Date: September 16, 2025 Review Frequency: 5 years

KHz MeV

MEWP

mT

NFPA

NIOSH

NRTL

ODH

OSHA

PCSS

PFHA

PFHAR

PPE

PTS

RCS

RF

RHIC

RPP

SAD

SBMS

SCOR

TJNAF

UL

USEPA

WBS

WSHP

Kilohertz Mega Electron Volts Mobile Elevated Work Platform milliTesla National Fire Protection Association National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory Oxygen Deficiency Hazard Occupational Safety and Health Administration Pressure and Cryogenic Safety Subcommittee Preliminary Fire Hazards Analysis Preliminary Hazards Analysis Report Personal Protective Equipment Permanent Threshold Shift Rapid Cycling Synchrotron Radio Frequency Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Radiation Protection Program Safety Assessment Document Standards Based Management System Safe Conduct of Research Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Underwriters Laboratories United States Environmental Protection Agency Work Breakdown Structure Worker Safety and Health Program

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Doc No. EIC-ESH-PLN-008 Author: C. Schaefer Effective Date: September 16, 2025 Review Frequency: 5 years

Hazard Analysis Report for Electron-Ion Collider

INTRODUCTION

Purpose and Scope

This Hazard Analysis Report (HAR) has been prepared for the EIC project and updated to reflect OPA CD- 3B review comments and the relocation of the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) Ring outside the tunnel in accordance with the requirements of DOE Order 413.3B, Program and Project Management for the Acquisition of Capital Assets. The HAR reflects that the project is being developed following 10 CFR 851, Worker Safety and Health, DOE P 450.4A, Integrated Safety Management (ISM) principles and the DOE Accelerator Safety Order, DOE O 420.2D. BNL and Jefferson Laboratory JLab are committed to the success of the mission objectives of the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) and to the safety of its users, staff, the public, and the environment. To assure this success, a HAR has been developed to identify and analyze the hazards that will be encountered during the project’s construction and the operational phase of the project.

All hazards identified for the EIC project are typical of those encountered at other construction and accelerator facilities across the DOE complex. The engineering design, administrative and operational criteria and controls to mitigate these hazards, resulting from many years of operational experience and lessons learned, will be applied to this project.

JLab has a significant role in constructing and providing equipment for the EIC Project. Where appropriate, the hazards encountered during these activities and the controls employed at JLab are discussed.

Table 1 below shows the Hazards list, with Pre-mitigation, and Post-mitigation Risk Levels. A description of each hazard is in Section 4, and the detailed risk assessment tables with associated controls are in the Appendices. The section which describes the hazard is in parenthesis.

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Table 1. Summary of Risk Levels Hazard Pre-Mitigation Risk

Category Post Mitigation Risk

Category

1. Electrical (4.1) High Low

2. Ionizing Radiation (4.2) High Low

3. Non-ionizing Radiation (4.3) Medium Extremely Low

4. Cryogens/ODH (4.4) High Low

5. Hazardous Materials/Chemicals (4.5) Medium Low

6. Noise (4.6) Medium Extremely Low

7. Material Handling and Rigging (4.7) High Low

8. Fire (4.8) High Low

9. Working at Heights (4.9) High Low

10. Environmental/Waste (4.10) Medium Extremely Low

11. Confined Space Hazards (4.11) High Extremely Low

12. Mechanical Hazards (4.12) Medium Extremely Low

13. Natural Phenomena Hazards (NPH) (4.13) Medium Extremely Low

14. Construction and Installation (4.14) High Low

15. Experimental Operations (4.15) Medium Low

BNL Environment, Safety, and Health

Brookhaven management is committed to the protection of workers, visitors, the public and the environment. Consistent with the prime contract requirements, the Brookhaven Science Associates (BSA), as operator of Brookhaven National Laboratory, maintains a Worker Safety and Health Program (WSHP), an Integrated Safety Management System (ISMS), and an Environmental Management System (EMS). The Lab also maintains a robust Contractor Assurance System (CAS) consistent with Prime Contract Clause H- 42 Contractor Assurance System, enabling reasonable assurance to the BSA and the DOE that objectives are accomplished and systems and controls are effective and efficient. Everyone at Brookhaven -including subcontractors- is required to comply with the applicable procedures, instructions and directives in order to perform safe, environmentally compliant work that protects the health and safety of the worker and the public while meeting quality requirements and preserving the integrity of DOE assets.

Brookhaven’s policy, consistent with 48 CFR 970.5223-1, Integration of Environment, Safety, and Health into Work Planning and Execution, and DOE P 450.4A, Integrated Safety Management Policy ensures the integration of ES&H protections into all levels of management and work practices. This policy is supplemented with the Lab’s “Safe Conduct of Research” (SCOR) principles which undergird the

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U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Rule 10 CFR Part 851, Worker Safety and Health Program, applies OSHA safety and health regulations and select industry consensus standards to contractors at DOE-controlled sites. Coupled with DOE Rule 10 CFR Part 835 for Occupational Radiation Protection, these provide the requirements for occupational safety protection of workers at Brookhaven. A component of these rules is the creation and approval of a Worker Safety and Health Program (WSHP) and a Radiation Protection Program (RPP). These provide the implementing strategies and the Standards Based Management System (SBMS) the site-wide implementing procedures to protect the public, workers and the environment.

The Laboratory-wide work planning and control process is coupled with local implementing procedures which identify how work planners incorporate requirements into work planning while involving employees and obtaining appropriate and statutory SME reviews. The Brookhaven Work Planning and Control Subject Area is used to develop work control documents that facilitate the identification of hazards, controls and appropriate SME reviews. Work planning for experimental work at BNL utilizes the online Experimental Safety Review process which allows principal investigators and users to identify the hazards and associated controls for their planned experiments. Subcontractor work activities are planned using a Job Hazard Analysis that is completed and reviewed by the appropriate SME disciplines along with corporate safety plans submitted for review and approval to allow the contractor to perform work under the Brookhaven ISMS/WSHP. Inclusion of the employees who will be performing the work in the work planning process is vital to ensure that the means and methods are properly captured with mitigating controls for hazards are workable for the tasks being performed.

Introduction to the EIC

Description of the Site

Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is a multidisciplinary scientific research institute located close to the geographical center of Suffolk County, New York, about 60 miles east of New York City. Figure 1 shows a regional view and Figure 2 shows an aerial view of BNL.

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Figure 1. Regional view of the location of Brookhaven National Laboratory

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Figure 2. Aerial photograph of BNL (2011) showing the C-AD Accelerator Complex

The Electron-Ion Collider is being built at BNL with partnership from Jefferson Laboratory (JLab). It will be an accelerator complex that will collide electrons with beams of hadrons. Data collected from the collisions will allow a comprehensive understanding of the internal structure of protons, neutrons, and nuclei revealing, in unprecedented detail, the arrangement and interaction of quarks and gluons making up the building blocks of atomic nuclei.

The project will utilize much of the existing facilities of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and build upon its successes. The RHIC Tunnel and its injector complex will remain, for the most part, unchanged. The arcs with their superconducting magnet structure will remain the same; other modifications are necessary or may be desirable. EIC hadrons will circulate in the “Yellow” ring, and the “Blue” ring will remain in place. Existing facilities may be improved or replaced to improve efficiency and long-term continued functionality. The existing facilities include all buildings, support structures (chillers, cooling towers, compressor houses, emergency generators, piping, drainage, sewage system, storm drains, etc.), and the existing ion accelerators of RHIC. Any upgrades/maintenance of the RHIC facilities would ensure the ion accelerators can operate up to 275 GeV beam energy for the life of the project.

In addition to the existing facilities, new facilities to support the science of electron-ion collisions will be necessary, including:

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• An electron injector consisting of a polarized, room temperature photo-electron gun and 750 MeV-

Band injector linac with corresponding source lasers and beamlines to connect the source to the linac will be constructed as part of the Electron Injector System immediately to the southeast of the 4 o’clock sector of the tunnel.

• An 18 GeV Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) with normal conducting magnets and superconducting RF cavities will be constructed outside the existing tunnel and immediately to the southeast of the 4 o’clock sector of the tunnel.

• A 5 GeV – 18 GeV electron storage ring (ESR) with normal conducting magnets and superconducting RF cavities will be constructed inside the RHIC tunnel.

• Modifications of the hadron RF system to allow for 1320 bunches including a superconducting high frequency RF holding system.

• An EIC interaction region with superconducting final focus magnets, crab-cavities for both hadrons and electrons and a pair of spin rotators for electrons to provide longitudinally polarized beams in collisions.

• A Low Energy Cooler will be constructed inside the RHIC tunnel at the 2 o’clock sector. The LEC will cool the hadron beam to enhance collision rates at the detector .

• Enhanced 2K LHe cooling capacity, enhanced water cooling capacity as well as air-conditioning in the tunnel.

• Two satellite cryogenic facilities located at the 2 0’clock and 6 o’clock sectors to facilitate distribution of 2 K cryogenic helium.

New facilities will include the necessary injector for the electron accelerator; at least one detector for capturing data resulting from the collision, and infrastructure supporting the EIC facility including, but not limited to:

• Buildings and structures that will house the scientific equipment and utility systems

• Utility services (electric, water, sanitary, com/data) required to power, cool, occupy and communicate among the science facilities

• Site infrastructure modifications needed to provide access roads, parking, and proper drainage for the EIC site and its facilities

A depiction of the proposed design is shown in Figure 3 below.

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Doc No. EIC-ESH-PLN-008 Author: C. Schaefer Effective Date: September 16, 2025 Review Frequency: 5 years

Figure 3. EIC Accelerator Complex

The existing yellow ring (HSR) magnets and a few blue ring magnets will remain, and a new electron storage ring (ESR) will be added inside the current RHIC tunnel. See Figure 4.

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Figure 4. Tunnel cross sections at the 3 o’clock and 9 o’clock sectors showing the locations of the yellow RHIC ion ring (HSR), and the Electron Storage Ring (ESR)

1.4 Codes and Standards

All EIC designs shall conform to the requirements of the EIC Code of Record which includes but is not limited to 10 CFR 851 listed codes and standards, the Occupational Safety and Health Standards 29 CFR 1910 and 29 CFR 1926 series, 10 CFR 835 - DOE Radiation Protection Program, 10 CFR 850 - Chronic Beryllium Disease Prevention Program, and the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, and any additional applicable codes or standards as implemented or referenced within the BNL SBMS. EIC equipment shall

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1.5 RHIC Ring Equipment Removals and Repurposing

The responsibility for decommissioning the RHIC facility and preparing the RHIC Ring for reuse by the EIC Project resides with BNL’s Collider-Accelerator Department. All equipment not required by EIC will be removed, repurposed, stored for reuse, given to other science programs, or wasted. Some EIC installation activities will occur simultaneously with the removals and repurposing efforts such as installation of beam screens. These activities will be carefully coordinated with the decommissioning work scope. Collider- Accelerator be responsible for tunnel and injector maintenance until the facility is fully turned over to EIC.

RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

This HAR was developed following the requirements of DOE Orders 420.2D, “Safety of Accelerator Facilities,” and 413.3B, “Program and Project Management for the Acquisition of Capital Assets.”

Occupational health and safety hazards, and environmental aspects of the project have been identified and controls described. A Preliminary Fire Hazard Analysis has been developed and includes the areas impacted by the APS Upgrade Project.

DOE Order 420.2D, Safety of Accelerator Facilities requires all operating accelerator facilities to have a Safety Assessment Document (SAD). A SAD represents the technical basis for the ASE, and is maintained current, and also must:

1. Identify hazards and associated onsite and offsite impacts to workers, the public, and the environment from the facility for both normal operations and credible accidents;

2. Contain sufficient descriptive information and analytical results pertaining to specific hazards and risks identified during the safety analysis process to provide an understanding of risks presented by the proposed operations;

3. Provide detailed descriptions of engineered controls (e.g., interlocks and physical barriers) and administrative measures (e.g., training) taken to eliminate, control, or mitigate hazards from operation; and

4. Include or reference a description of facility function, location, and management organization in addition to details of major facility components and their operation.

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The EIC Project is expected to commission its accelerators in a sequenced fashion, meaning that a SAD and ASE will be prepared and approved for each phase, but one final roll-up SAD and ASE will be approved at the conclusion of the EIC Project. The RHIC SAD will be used as a reference since the RHIC and EIC hazards and levels are similar but will not be used as the basis for the EIC SAD.

A hazards list was developed in conjunction with TJNAF as the first step in identifying the potential hazards for EIC, utilizing the best available information, including the EIC Conceptual Design Report (CDR), preliminary and/or final designs, existing Collider-Accelerator Department (C-AD) safety basis documentation, subject matter expertise (with conventional facilities, accelerator systems, and ESH), and lessons learned from the DOE accelerator community, including design criteria, regulatory requirements, and occurrences. The hazard list also includes a preliminary (pre-mitigation) risk assessment of the hazards at the sub system level. This pre-mitigation assessment is to demonstrate the risk before incorporating design features and engineering and administrative controls. Operations with mitigated risks that are High or Medium is prohibited by the BNL Accelerator Safety Subject Area. The identified hazards were further developed in this HAR by considering the proposed ESH design enhancements, and the ES&H programs and requirements in place at BNL, TJNAF and any collaborating institutions. Then, these risks in the HAR were re-analyzed to develop a post-mitigation risk category. The controls listed in the Appendices may be particular to BNL. Equivalent controls are in place at TJNAF and are covered by the TJNAF ESH program.

Work done at collaborating institutions follow their institutional controls. Two Memorandums of Understanding (MOU) are in place that identify BNL-specific and TJNAF-specific responsibilities for pressure vessel and electrical equipment built by TJNAF staff for the EIC Project.

The methodology of the Hazard Analysis Report is to qualitatively evaluate each hazard area by identifying the initiator hazard, probability of occurrence, and its consequences. This assessment is based on the current Conceptual Design and any current technical advances and will be refined and updated as the design progresses.

A pre-mitigation risk category is established through engineering judgement and prior experience, and then design features and ESH programs are evaluated to mitigate that risk. The EIC project has reviewed and incorporated Lessons Learned from previous projects during design to ensure recommendations were implemented and controls added. Any new Lessons Learned will be evaluated as they are received.

The hierarchy of controls is implemented as much as possible, in order of preference: Elimination, Substitution, Engineering Controls, Administrative Controls, and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

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Figure 5. Hierarchy of Controls

The categories for the risk assessment are shown in Table 2 on the following page. Each hazard is analyzed for the consequence and the probability of occurrence, both before and after controls and mitigations are in place.

Consequence definitions:

• High: Can a hazard cause multiple deaths or serious injury, off-site evacuation, >100 rem to an individual on-site, or have a public impact that closes DOE buildings or a User Facility?

• Medium: Can a hazard cause a death or serious injury, >5 rem to an individual on-site, greater than

ERPG-2 or have a public impact that closes down an experiment or program?

• Low: Can a hazard cause multiple moderate injuries, local evacuation, > 2 rem to an individual, greater than ERPG-3, or have a public impact that brings an experiment to the attention of the community and activist groups?

• Extremely Low: Can a hazard cause minor injury, no on-site or off-site evacuation, >100 mrem unplanned to an individual, or have a public impact that is below public perception?

Probability definitions:

• Probable – Likely to occur several times during the lifetime of the accelerator (>10-1/y).

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EIC’s stated lifetime is 30 years. If a particular event is probable meaning it occurs several times (~2-3) during the facility lifetime, the ratio is 3/30 = 0.1 = 10-1

• Occasional – Likely to occur sometime during the lifetime of the accelerator (10-2/y - 10-1/y).

• Remote – Not likely to occur during the lifetime of the accelerator (>10-3/y - 10-2/y).

• Improbable – Very unlikely – unrealistically perceivable (< 10-3/y).

Each applicable design feature or engineering control is credited with reducing risk by one risk level, e.g., from High to Medium or Medium to Low. For example, well designed accelerator shielding significantly reduces the risk of exposure to lethal ionizing radiation dose rates. Gate interlocks and interlocking area radiation monitors further reduce the risk. Similarly, designing electrical equipment to NFPA 70 and 70E requirements reduces the risk of exposure to live conductors. Implementing BNL’s LOTO Program further reduces the risk of exposure to electrical workers.

Table 2. Risk Matrix

Consequence

Probability ↓ H

IG

H

M

E D

IU

M

L

O W

E

X T

R E

M E

L Y

L O

W

PROBABLE (>10-1/y)

High High Medium Extremely Low

OCCASIONAL

(Between 10-2 /y and 10-1 /y)

High Medium Low Extremely Low

REMOTE (Between 10-3/y and 10-2 /y)

Medium Low Low Extremely Low

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IMPROBABLE (< 10-3

/y)

Low Low Extremely Low Extremely Low

HAZARD LIST

The sections below describe the hazards that are anticipated to be encountered.

HAR-1 Electrical/Power Supplies

The EIC will require many electrical and power supply systems to drive the various magnet and RF systems required to steer and collide the beams. A significant electrical power upgrade is needed to meet EIC’s enhanced power supply requirements. Many additional substations will be needed at each of the power supply houses and cryogenic buildings. Several of the systems requiring the additional electrical power include high-power solid state RF amplifiers for the ESR, HSR, and Crab cavities, larger capacity cryogenic system, and the new power supply buildings that will be located around the ring.

Scope of the power supplies:

• The path of the electrons – This will include the pre-injector, the superconducting radio-frequency (RF) linear accelerator (Linac), the spin rotators, transfer to the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS), the RCS itself, and transfer to the Electron Storage Ring (ESR).

• The path of the hadrons – This will include injection into the yellow hadron ring for injection transport, the yellow ring power supplies, the transfer line to the yellow ring, kicker power supplies, and the new power supplies for the low energy bypass.

• Interaction region – This will include the power supplies for both the electrons and hadrons, including quench detection and protection.

Post-mitigation electrical hazards were determined to be a “Low” risk. Although the potential for injury and death of personnel, damage to equipment and delays in schedules are high, the engineering and other controls bring the probability to ‘Improbable’. Reflecting operational experience across the DOE complex and at BNL accelerators with electrical related occurrences and injuries, the post-mitigation risk is deemed to be low through strict compliance with code and practices.

Electrical hazards from EIC include the potential for serious injury, death, and equipment damage.

Electrical shock and arc flash can be caused by exposed live conductors, defective and substandard

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Electron-Ion Collider, Brookhaven National Laboratory

Doc No. EIC-ESH-PLN-008 Author: C. Schaefer Effective Date: September 16, 2025 Review Frequency: 5 years equipment, lack of adequate training, or improper procedures. Fire and smoke from defective equipment/components have been experienced at other accelerator complexes.

EIC will procure, install and use a large amount of high power and high voltage electrical equipment. Power distribution systems for EIC facilities will be designed in strict compliance with National Electric Code NFPA 70. Electrical transmission will be designed in accordance with the National Electrical Safety Code, ANSI C2 and OSHA 1910.269. All exposed surfaces for systems will be bonded to ground. Cable distribution will require particular care to ensure code compliance with cable tray loading and voltage rated content requirements. All electrical equipment and cables and cable trays will be protected against mechanical hazards.

BNL’s Electrical Safety Subject Area addresses all aspects of designing and acquiring electrical equipment and components. All materials and equipment must meet the requirements of the National Electrical Code or must be approved by BNL’s Electrical Authority Having Jurisdiction (EAHJ). How equipment is acquired, and the Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL) certification of the equipment, determines the level of inspection that is required prior to use. Acquired electrical equipment can be accepted by one of several pathways including 1) no inspection required, 2) NRTL field evaluation, and 3) accepted under the Electrical Equipment Inspection (EEI) or Electrical Materials Installation Inspection (EMII) Programs. Electrical equipment that has an internal or external power source operating at 50 volts and above and/or with an output of 50 volts and above and/or with an output operating at or above the SBMS exhibit “Thresholds for Hazardous Electrical Energy Levels” requires an NRTL listing or an EEI inspection

All electrical equipment and installations must be approved by the Laboratory Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) for electrical safety. Approval is straightforward for equipment bearing the seal of a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL), such as Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL) or the Canadian Standards Association (CSA). OSHA requires that NRTL labeled equipment must be acquired whenever available, even if similar unlabeled equipment can be used. OSHA allows the approval of custom-made equipment or related installations, if, based on test data, its manufacturer determines it to be safe for its intended use.

From prior experience, EIC is anticipated to use custom-made equipment or foreign-made non-listed equipment for the experimental program. Such equipment will require third-party field evaluations and review by BNL’s Electrical Equipment Inspection (EEI) program which evaluates all equipment that does not have NRTL certification. Experimental equipment that is not NRTL listed is required to be inspected and certified by an electrically competent person at BNL using established laboratory criteria to assure that it affords the same level of protection as a NRTL-listed device. Attention will be needed during design and installation to ensure adequate access and work clearance as defined by NFPA 70. Where UL or NRTL

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Electron-Ion Collider, Brookhaven National Laboratory

Doc No. EIC-ESH-PLN-008 Author: C. Schaefer Effective Date: September 16, 2025 Review Frequency: 5 years markings are not readily visible, markings will be provided, per EEI program, in a readily visible location prior to energizing.

Particular attention will also be needed to address NFPA 70E requirements to protect workers against electrical arc flash and shock hazards. Arc flash analyses will be required prior to operation to ensure the proper labeling of all electrical panels and switch boxes. High voltage switches, breakers, etc. will be evaluated during design to provide remote operations where possible to eliminate the need for workers to have direct contact with the devices while operating them. Attention will also be applied during the design of electrical equipment to provide lock-out tag-out capability and to prevent the need to service energized components.

All electronics/electrical equipment designed, fabricated, or procured by JLab for the project will need to be inspected to ensure it complies with the JLab construction standard. JLab will also prepare equipment-specific startup and shutdown and LOTO procedures. The equipment and associated documentation will be reviewed, and if acceptable, approved by BNL’s EAHJ. This approach, including clear roles, responsibilities, and authorities, have been documented in a Memorandum of Agreement between BNL and JLab entitled “Non-NRTL Electrical Equipment Transfer” (Rev 0, 8/14/2024).

Project-specific electrical hazards for JLab workers include electrical shock, arc flash, and stored energy.

Only Qualified Electrical Workers (QEW) are authorized to participate in the fabrication and testing of electrical components having earned this qualification through a series of training modules, including a practical skills exam, and equipment specific training.

The Project has decided to install Automated External Defibrillators AEDs in new EIC buildings with high voltage risks. AED cabinets will be connected to the BNL Fire Alarm System to summon an ambulance when used. EIC buildings are fairly remote from the BNL Firehouse, and the response time is one of the longest on site. AEDs provide prompt care when time is of the essence.

HAR-2 Ionizing Radiation

The DOE has classified the C-AD accelerators and their facilities as low-hazard, subject to the requirements of the DOE Order, DOE O 420.2.D, Safety of Accelerator Facilities, or its successors. The EIC will present comparable hazards and will likewise follow the DOE order.

BNL folds the DOE’s requirements into the SBMS Accelerator Safety Subject Area. The DOE’s Accelerator Safety Order Guide defines a low-hazard facility as one with potential for no more than minor on-site impacts and negligible off-site ones to people and the environment. The possibility of any off-site impacts or major on-site ones is highly unlikely due to the physical aspects of the EIC accelerators and

The only official copy of this document is the one online in the SharePoint Document Center. Before using a printed copy, verify that it is current by checking the printed document’s Revision History log with that of the online version.

Electron-Ion Collider, Brookhaven National Laboratory

Doc No. EIC-ESH-PLN-008 Author: C. Schaefer Effective Date: September 16, 2025 Review Frequency: 5 years collider rings and the fact that accelerators depend on external energy sources; that is, electric power that can be easily switched off.

3.2.1 Prompt Radiation

The primary hazard, prompt ionizing radiation, is limited to regions where the beam is maintained, and exists only when a beam is present. When the beam is turned off, minor amounts of residual activation in some accelerator components is expected, but based upon experience operating the RHIC, on-contact residual dose rates are expected to be a few micro-rem per hour above background and a few millirem per hour at beam dumps. This residual activity is mostly short-lived and decays quickly.

The hazard from exposure to the primary beam is present only when the machines are operating. The accelerated primary beam essentially is a mono-energetic current of one particle species whose passage through the accelerator equipment, experimental equipment, or shielding generates secondary particles, with a wide range of energies, which in-turn create residual radioactivity when slowing down in shielding.

As the primary beam’s energy increases, the number and diversity of secondary particles existing in the radiation fields expands, and the potential to create residual activity in the accelerator components increases when the number of inelastic spallation reactions become significant. Primary beam losses occur during machine instabilities, interaction with stripping foils, intrusive beam instrumentation, collimation, mistuned beam, and finally, when the beam strikes a beam dump. Typically, the hazards of neutrons dominate the design of the shielding for the hadron machines; above 10 GeV, muons can dominate the shielding requirement in the forward direction. For electron machines, Bremsstrahlung radiation is the most important consideration in the shielding design in the forward direction. All these potential sources of radiation cease as soon as EIC removes the electrical energy from the source; thereafter, only residual activity inside the accelerator enclosure will pose an exposure risk.

The EIC hadron beam current will be approximately three times greater than RHIC, and the radiation effects are currently being analyzed. Secondary radiation from hadrons will be much more significant than the secondary radiation from electrons and will drive the shielding analysis. Preliminary calculations indicate that the current soil berm shielding will be adequate. The locations of collimators and beam dumps will need evaluation and local shielding may be added or moved. In addition, an interlocked radiation monitoring system is planned that will limit the radiation levels outside the berm, and high levels beyond preset interlock setpoints will cause the beam to be dumped.

EIC employs semi-empirical methods and the FLUKA Monte Carlo radiation transport code for evaluating radiological hazards associated with beam operations. Shielding designs consider normal operations and unavoidable beam losses as well as worst-case beam losses which are the basis of maximum credible events (MCIs). EIC has developed a draft shielding policy that defines shielding performance criteria in terms of

The only official copy of this document is the one online in the SharePoint Document Center. Before using a printed copy, verify that it is current by checking the printed document’s Revision History log with that of the online version.

Electron-Ion Collider, Brookhaven National Laboratory

Doc No. EIC-ESH-PLN-008 Author: C. Schaefer Effective Date: September 16, 2025 Review Frequency: 5 years dose to people and maximum dose rate through the shielding. When the proposed shielding cannot meet the shielding policy criteria, additional controls are necessitated such as interlocking area radiation monitors.

As noted above, residual activation of RHIC components, based on past surveys, is expected to be minimal.

The effort to decommission RHIC prior to installing new EIC equipment will present a minimal dose rate radiation hazard to workers. Most equipment will be removed without having to be fully disassembled in the ring. The exposure potential will increase but remain low during disassembly work as the materials closest to the beam pipe are exposed since they are expected to be slightly more activated. The larger challenge will be to effectively control these materials to ensure they are not inadvertently released into unposted and uncontrolled areas.

3.2.2 Cooling Water and Soil Activation

Residual activity will also be produced in cooling water systems. The primary radionuclide of concern will be tritium. Since EIC will be a low beam loss machine, tritium concentrations are expected to be below the drinking water standard. RHIC cooling water systems have been sampled annually for many years, and all results are below the drinking water standard. Preliminary evaluations recorded as BNL Tech Notes show the same to be true for EIC cooling water systems. The one exception is the ESR Transfer Absorber which will receive 500 watts of beam power during normal operations. This cooling water circuit is expected to have tritium concentrations above the drinking water standard after 1-2 years of operation.

Soil activation outside the tunnel is expected to occur adjacent to known beam loss points such as the beam dumps and collimators. Preliminary estimates show concentrations will be measurable but low. Refined estimates will be developed in order to help determine whether installing impermeable caps are needed to prevent this activity from leaching into the groundwater.

3.2.3 APS Magnets

Beginning in September 2023, the EIC Project began receiving excess quadrupole and sextupole magnets from the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory for reuse in the EIC. These magnets arrive at BNL on girders and disassembly of girder magnets and other components is performed by Collider- Accelerator mechanical technicians using hand-held tools. The girders are not activated but several of the quadrupole and sextupole magnets are. Residual on-contact dose rates are indistinguishable from background or a few micro-rem per hour above background. All work is being performed in accordance with Collider-Accelerator’s work control processes in a radiologically controlled area. Once complete, the sextupole and quadrupole magnets will be palletized and moved to another facility for storage until needed.

The only official copy of this document is the one online in the SharePoint Document Center. Before using a printed copy, verify that it is current by checking the printed document’s Revision History log with that of the online version.

Electron-Ion Collider, Brookhaven National Laboratory

Doc No. EIC-ESH-PLN-008 Author: C. Schaefer Effective Date: September 16, 2025 Review Frequency: 5 years

Similar scope associated with the magnet girder reuse effort is occurring at JLab. Under their work planning and control system, a formal task hazard analysis was performed resulting in the development of an Operational Safety Procedure to mitigate the potential radiological, material handling and associated task hazards.

HAR-3 Non-Ionizing Radiation

Magnetic Fields

The EIC interaction region comprises superconducting magnets for the low-b quadrupoles and spectrometer dipoles near the detector, and both normal-conducting and superconducting magnets for the matching section into the arcs of the electron and hadron storage rings, respectively.

All EIC electron storage ring magnets will be water-cooled, iron dominated electromagnets. Likewise, the magnets for the EIC rapid cycling synchrotron (RCS) will be iron dominated water-cooled magnets.

The EIC devices that generate magnetic fields will have numerous and diverse uses. Dipole, quadrupole, sextupole, and corrector electromagnets will guide the electrons through the Linac, booster, and storage rings. Ion pumps that may be used on evacuated accelerator and beamline pipes and chambers contain magnets of 1800 gauss at contact. The detector(s) may employ superconducting magnets. The concern with all these devices is the strength and extent of the fringe fields and how they may affect persons and equipment in their vicinity. Fringe fields more than 0.5 mT (5 Gauss) are of particular concern because they could affect medical electronic devices (pacemakers), while fields over 60 mT (600 Gauss) could impact ferromagnetic implants (artificial joints) and other material (tools). Fields greater than 600 mT can have secondary hazards from ferromagnetic materials being forcefully moved causing traumatic injuries.

Personnel that may work around magnetic fields are evaluated by the Occupational Medicine Clinic. Signs and barricades protect workers from inadvertent entrance into areas that may be hazardous. Electro-magnets are de-energized prior to working in the area whenever possible.

Radio Frequency (RF) Fields

Radiofrequency (RF) resonant cavities accelerate the ion beam or decelerate it for bunching. When RF radiation enters these resonant cavities, they produce the appropriate electric fields for each purpose.

These devices generate electromagnetic radiation within the RF and microwave energy ranges (30 KHz – 300 GHz) and pose significant thermal/heating hazards in addition to the electrical hazards. They are

The only official copy of this document is the one online in the SharePoint Document Center. Before using a printed copy, verify that it is current by checking the printed document’s Revision History log with that of the online version.

Electron-Ion Collider, Brookhaven National Laboratory

Doc No. EIC-ESH-PLN-008 Author: C. Schaefer Effective Date: September 16, 2025 Review Frequency: 5 years operated and maintained such that these energies will be shielded and, therefore, will not thermally or electrically expose nearby personnel.

Lasers

All uses of lasers will be reviewed and controlled as required in ANSI Z136.1 American…