EDA#05-01-06143_Environmental Assessment, Desktop Review_07-14-21_rev (1).pdf

20220811.001A/DEN21R128000 June 2021 © 2021 Kleinfelder www.kleinfelder.com

CULTURAL RESOURCE DESKTOP REVIEW FOR THE

CORTEZ TO TOWAOC FIBER LINE PROJECT

MONTEZUMA COUNTY, COLORADO

Kleinfelder Project 20220811.001A

June 2021

Copyright 2021 Kleinfelder All Rights Reserved

ONLY THE CLIENT OR ITS DESIGNATED REPRESENTATIVES MAY USE THIS DOCUMENT AND ONLY FOR THE SPECIFIC

PROJECT FOR WHICH THIS REPORT WAS PREPARED.

http://www.kleinfelder.com/

A Report Prepared for:

Southwest Colorado Council of Governments and the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe Biological Field Survey Report for the Cortez to Towaoc Fiber Line Project Montezuma County, Colorado

Cultural Resource Desktop Review for the Cortez to Towaoc Fiber Line Project

Montezuma County, Colorado

Prepared by:

Diane Kruse, CEO NEO Connect PO Box 2664 Glenwood Springs, CO 81602 Phone: 970.309.3500 Email: Diane@NEOconnect.us and

Robin Fies, M.A., Archaeologist Kleinfelder, Inc.

707 17th Street, Suite 3000 Denver, CO 80202 Phone: 303.237.6601

June 2021 Project Number: 20220811.001 mailto:Diane@NEOconnect.us

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page

1 INTRODUCTION

Historic Context

2 PREVIOUSLY IDENTIFIED RESOURCES

3 SUMMARY

4 REFERENCES

TABLES

1 Previous Studies Within 0.25 miles of the Project Area 2 Previously Recorded Sites Within 0.25 miles of the Project Area

ATTACHMENTS

A Project Map

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1 INTRODUCTION

NEO Fiber, Inc., doing business as NEO Connect, was hired by the Southwest Colorado Council of Governments (SWCCOG), in collaboration with the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe to complete an environmental review and biological survey for the proposed Cortez to Towaoc Fiber Line Project

(Project) located in Montezuma County, Colorado. At the request of NEO Connect, Kleinfelder, Inc. (Kleinfelder) completed a desktop cultural resources review for this route. This report has been prepared to summarize the previously recorded archaeological and historic resources in the

Project Area that may require design and permitting consideration during planning and construction of the Project.

Soils within the Project area predominately consist of Mikim (s1418) deposits with Witt-Sharps-

Cahona (S1426) and Panitchen-Lillings (s1419) deposits located within the northernmost extent of the Project area (SoilWeb 2021). Surface soils within the southern portion of the Project area predominately consist of Mikin loam with 3 to 6 percent slopes with Ramper loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes and Ustic Torriorthents-Gullied land complex, 1 to 60 percent slopes, along waterways.

Surface soils within the central and northern portions of the Project area are more diverse and include: Barx-Gapmesa complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes; Fluvents-Fluvaquents complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes; Mikket clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes; Mikettt clay loam, saline-sodic, 0 to 3 percent slopes; Mikim loam, 3 to 6 percent slopes; Mikim clay loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes; Mikim clay loam, sodic, 0 to 3 percent slopes; Rizno-Gapmesa complex, 3 to 9 percent slopes; Romberg-

Crosscan complex, 6 to 25 percent slopes, very stony; Sideshow silty clay loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes; Ustic Torriorthents-Gullied land complex, 1 to 60 percent slopes; and Wauqyuie very stony loam, 6 to 25 percent slopes, very stony (SoilWeb 2021). The predominate surface soil types are

Mikim soils, alluvium derived from sandstone and shale that generally form in alluvial fans, are generally well drained, and are not naturally prime farmland (SoilWeb 2021). Vegetation associated with the soil type most often include alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides) and galleta

(Pleuraphis jamesii) as well as western wheatgrass and various sagebrushes and saltbushes

(SoilWeb 2021).

HISTORIC CONTEXT

The Project area is located within the territory of the Ute Tribe. The Ute would settle in seasonal camps with winter encampments often settling near rivers with intertribal mobility provided via

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KLEINFELDER 707 17th Street, Suite 3000, Denver, CO 80202 p | 303.237.6601 intertribal marriages and conflicts. At the time of European contact, it is estimated that the Ute tribe had a population of 7,500 (Bakken and Kindell 2006). The Project area is situated partially within or directly north of the Ute Mountain Indian Reservation which encompasses 553,008 acres in Colorado and New Mexico. The land belongs to the Ute Tribe (Bureau of Indian Affairs 2021).

The Ute Mountain Ute Tribe are comprised of the Weeminuche band of the Ute Nation of Indians, with the two other bands of the Ute Nation of Indians (the Mouache and the Capote) forming the

Southern Ute Tribe. The Ute tribe is distinguished from neighboring tribes by their use of the Ute language, which is Shoshonean. The Tribe currently has a population of over 2,000 members.

The traditional territory of the Weeminuche band includes the western flank of the Rocky

Mountains in the current states of Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico, bounded by the

Continental Divide to the east and the Abajo Mountains in Utah to the west (Ute Mountain Ute

Tribe 2021).

By 1882, the Project area was depicted as an undeveloped area, with the closest settlement depicted on maps being the city of Dolores, approximately 11 miles northeast of the Project area

(Cram 1882). By 1891, the Southern Ute Indian Reservation (later designated as the Ute

Mountain Indian Reservation within the vicinity of the Project area) had been established and the city of Cortez was depicted, but the Project area otherwise remained relatively undeveloped

(Appleton 1891). By 1959, the Project area was essentially fully developed in its modern configuration with Highway 666 (later named Highway 160) built along its modern alignment and irrigation ditches built crossing the Montezuma Valley (USGS 1958). Several residences and agricultural buildings are located along the Project corridor in addition to sideroads and irrigation ditches (Google Earth Pro 2021).

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2 PREVIOUSLY IDENTIFIED RESOURCES

Kleinfelder requested a file search of a 0.25-mile buffer around the Project area through the

Colorado Office of Archaeology and Historical Preservation (OAHP) and the results were received on June 21, 2021 (File Search No. 23789). The results identified 46 previously documented cultural resource sites and 26 previously conducted cultural resource studies within the records search area. The results are presented in Tables 1 and 2 below and are depicted on Attachment

A: Figures 3 and 4.

Table 1 – Previous Studies Within 0.25 miles of the Project Area

Study No. Date Author Name

MC.LM.R139 2008 Jack Pfertsh and Alan D. Reed

Cultural Resource Inventory of Access Roads, Centerline Realignments, and Pipeyards Associated with the Planned TransColorado Gas Transmission Project, Western Colorado and New Mexico: Addendum Report #1 Cultural Resource Inventory of Pipeyards, Contractors Yards and Railroad Sidings Associated with the Planned TransColorado Natural Gas Pipeline, Western Colorado and Northwestern New Mexico

MT.CH.NR11 2003 Daniel A. Jepson An Intensive Cultural Resources Inventory of the U.S.

Highway 160/County Road G Intersection South of Cortez, Montezuma County, Colorado

MT.CH.NR18 2010 Greg Wolff An Intensive Archaeological Resource Inventory of a Segment of US 160 South of Cortez, Montezuma County (CDOT Project M5-09-3)

MT.CH.NR9 2006 Daniel A. Jepson An Intensive Cultural Resources Inventory for a Port of Entry Relocation at U.S. Highway 160 and County Road G South of Cortez, Montezuma County, Colorado

MT.CH.R27 2014 Greg Wolff An Intensive Archaeological Resource Inventory of U.S.

Highway 160 Between Towaoc and Cortez, Montezuma County, Colorado

MT.CH.R29 2015 Amy Kennedy US 491 Colorado Department of Transportation Right-of- Way Class III Archaeological Survey

MT.E.NR1 2007 Nicholas Chevance

A Cultural Resources Inventory of a Proposed Culvert Project Along an Access Road on the Curecanti-Shiprock 230 KV Transmission Line, Montezuma County, Colorado

MT.E.R11 2013 Alan D. Reed A Cultural Resource Inventory for the Western Area Power Administration’s Lost Canyon-Shiprock 230-KV Transmission Line Right-of-Way and Access Roads, Montezuma County, Colorado, Addendum 1: Structures 110/1 to 113/1

MT.EP.R1 2002 Jerry Fetterman Cultural Resource Inventory for the Cortez Sanitation District’s Expansion Project, Montezuma County, Colorado

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Study No. Date Author Name

MT.HE.R10 2002 A’ndrea Elyse Messer

Penn State Mesa Verde Area Survey 2000, Montezuma County, Colorado

MT.IA.R127 2007 Patrick L.

Harden

Second Interim Archaeological Survey Report for Petty- Ray Geophysical Division’s Seismography Explorations on the Ute Mountain Ute Reservation, Montezuma County, Colorado

MT.IA.R16 2007 Patrick L.

Harden.

Archaeological Survey of Morrison-Knudsen Engineers, Inc.’s Towaoc Main and Mancos Water Lines and Water Tank Site, Ute Mountain Ute Reservation, Montezuma County, Colorado

MT.IA.R3 2007 Steven L. Fuller Cultural Resource Inventory: Ismay Agricultural Plot, Chimney Rock West Agricultural Plot, Chimney Rock East Agricultural Plot, Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation, Montezuma County, Colorado

MT.IA.R42 2007 Colorado Department of Transportation

Class III Archaeological Inventory Along U.S. Highway 160/666 Near Towaoc, Montezuma County, Colorado (NH 160-1(30))

MT.IA.R50 2007 Linda Honeycutt Cultural Resource Survey of the Proposed Towaoc 115KV Transmission Line and Substation, Ute Mountain Ute Reservation, Montezuma County, Coloardo

MT.IA.R70 2007 Mary Errickson and Laurens C.

Hammack

Cultural Resource Inventory: Ute Mountain Ute Prescribed Burn Survey, Firebreaks for Towaoc Units 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12, Ute Mountain Ute Tribal Lands, Montezuma County, Colorado

MT.R.R28 2003 William D.

McNamee

Cultural Resource Inventory, Rocky Ford Laterals Borrow Areas, Montezuma County, Colorado (Four Corners Archaeological Project, Report Number 8, Addendum Number 8)

MT.R.R5 2007 Kristin A.

Kuckelman

Cultural Resource Inventory for the Towaoc Canal Project: Highline Ditch, Lower Hermana Lateral, Rocky Ford Laterals, and Portions of the Upper Hermana and Lone Pine Laterals (Four Corners Archaeological Project, Report Number 8 – Draft)

MT.R.R58 2007 Lou Madden Cultural Resource Reconnaissance: McElmo Creek Unit

MT.R.R7 2007 Kristin A.

Kuckelman

Cultural Resource Inventory for the Towaoc Canal Project: Highline Ditch, Lower Hermana Lateral, Rocky Ford Laterals, and Portions of the Upper Hermana and Lone Pine Laterals (Four Corners and Archaeological Project, Report Number 8)

MT.RE.NR1 2003 Jerry Fetterman Class III Inventory Conducted for Empire Electric Association’s Blue Door Substation, Montezuma County, Colorado

MT.RE.R1 2007 Linda Honeycutt and Jerry Fetterman

Cultural Resource Inventory for the Tri-State East Cortez- Blue Door 44kV to 115kV Rebuild Transmission Line Project, Montezuma County, Colorado (Original and Addendum)

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Study No. Date Author Name

MT.RE.R2 2003 Jerry Fetterman, Linda Honeycutt, and Kelly McAndrews

Class III Cultural Resource Survey of Tri-State Generation’s Blue Door-Cortez and Cortez-Empire Transmission Line Upgrade Projects, Montezuma County, Colorado (Original and Addendum)

MT.SC.NR146 2014 Deborah Clairmont

Montezuma County Limited Results Cultural Resource Survey Form on Private Lands (Taylor 1981 Trust)

MT.SC.NR149 2015 Joel Lee Montezuma County Limited Results Cultural Resource Survey Report on Private Lands (Schwindt)

MT.SC.NR71 2010 Joel Lee Montezuma County Limited-Results Cultural Resource Survey Form on Private Lands- Norman Harder

Table 2 – Previously Recorded Sites Within 0.25 miles of the Project Area

Site ID Site Name Resource Type

Associated Features and Artifacts

5MT.10203

Prehistoric Features: Rubble mound, roomblock, kiva Depression, midden

Artifacts: Ceramics (Mesa Verde B/W, McElmo black-on-white, Mesa Verde Corrugated, Wingate B/R), flakes

(hornfels, Morrison quartzite, Morrison chert, Brushy Basin chert), two-handed mano, fragment

5MT.11312

Prehistoric Artifacts: Quartzite flake and chalcedony flake

5MT.11313

Prehistoric Artifacts: Moccasin gray ceramic and retouched flake.

5MT.11314

Prehistoric Artifacts: Chert scraper

5MT.11885

Prehistoric Features: Slab-lined feature, possible storage cist, room (or rooms), rubble mound, kiva depression

Artifacts: Ceramic rim sherd (Mesa Verde black-on-white), ceramic body sherds (White ware), corrugated ceramics

5MT.12715

Prehistoric Artifacts: Chert flakes

5MT.12716

Prehistoric Artifacts: Ceramic sherd (grayware)

5MT.12717

Prehistoric Artifacts: Ceramic sherd (grayware) and a quartzite flake

5MT.12718

Prehistoric Artifacts: Quartzite flake and ceramic sherd (greyware)

5MT.12719

Prehistoric Artifacts: Corrugated whiteware ceramic

5MT.12721

Prehistoric Features: Rubble mound, sandstone slabs, midden

Artifacts: Ceramic sherd (Mancos black-on-white, Cortez black-on-white, whiteware, corrugated, grayware), flakes (Burro Canyon quartzite, Morrison, silicified sediment, Brushy Basin chert)

5MT.12722

Prehistoric Artifacts: Ceramic sherd (Mancos black-on-white, whiteware, corrugated, grayware), flakes (Burro Canyon

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Site ID Site Name Resource Type

Associated Features and Artifacts quartzite, Morrison, silicified sediment, Washington Pass chert, Dakota quartzite, chert, chalcedony, quartzite)

5MT.13041 Maxwell Community

Prehistoric Features: Pueblos and kivas

Artifacts: Ceramics (Mancos black-on-white, Mancos corrugated, Dolores corrugated, Mesa Verde black-on-white, whiteware)

5MT.13716 Culvert; P- 02-c minor

Historic Feature: Culvert

5MT.13936

Prehistoric Artifacts: chert scraper and flakes

5MT.13937

Prehistoric Features: Midden, rubble mound

Artifacts: Ceramic sherds (Mancos corrugated, whiteware)

5MT.13976

Prehistoric Features: Rubble mound, ceramic concentrations

Artifacts: Flakes (Morrison chert, Dakota quartzite, chalcedony, chert), ceramic sherds (corrugated, Mancos black-on-white, McElmo black-on-white, Mesa Verde black-on-white, Mancos whiteware, Chaco whiteware, whiteware)

5MT.13982

Prehistoric Features: Rubble mound, midden

Artifacts: Morrison chert cores, flakes (Morrison chert, chert, Dakota quartzite), mano, ceramic sherds (grayware, Mesa Verde corrugated, corrugated, Mancos black-on-white, McElmo black-on-white, Mesa Verde black-on-white, Mancos whiteware, Chaco whiteware, whiteware)

5MT.15459

Prehistoric Artifact: Quartzite flake

5MT.15460

Prehistoric Artifacts: Ceramic sherd (grayware), ceramic jar handle, quartzite flake

5MT.15461 Maxwell’s Lake

Historic Features: Reservoir, earthen dam

5MT.19981

Prehistoric Feature: Artifact concentration

Artifacts: Ceramics (corrugated, McElmo black-on-white, Pueblo III whiteware, redware, Mesa Verde black-on-white, Pueblo whiteware, grayware, plain whiteware), siltstone flakes, chert core

5MT.19986

Prehistoric Artifacts: Ceramics (grayware, corrugated)

5MT.20242

Prehistoric Artifacts: Corrugated grayware ceramic sherd

5MT.20243

Prehistoric Artifacts: Ceramic sherds (whiteware, black-on-white, corrugated grayware), quartzite flake

5MT.20244

Prehistoric Artifacts: Black-on-white ceramic sherd

5MT.20245

Prehistoric Artifacts: Flakes (chert, quartzite, basalt, neckbanded Moccasin gray), ceramic sherds (grayware, corrugated grayware, black-on-white)

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Site ID Site Name Resource Type

5MT.20246

Prehistoric Artifacts: Ceramic sherds (grayware, black-on-white), metate fragment

5MT.20247

Prehistoric Artifacts: ceramic sherds (corrugated, grayware)

5MT.21904 CDOT

Structure 160A028910 BR; Highway 160 Culvert (Milepost 28.91)

Historic Feature: Box culvert

5MT.22131

US 491

(formerly US

666); US

Highway 160

Historic

Highway

5MT.22131

.2

Highway 491

– Segment;

US Highway

Historic Features: Highway segment

5MT.22133 Schwindt Farm

Historic Features: House, loafing shed, grain bins, hay barn, outbuildings, field

5MT.22134 Baacke Property

Historic

5MT.22135 Woody’s Food Store and Gas Station

Historic

5MT.22795 Koppenhafer Ranch (Centennial Farm)

Historic Features: House, field, equipment shed, fence, outbuildings

5MT.4342 Ute Mountain Ute Mancos Canyon Archaeologic al District;

Ute Mountain Tribal Park

Prehistoric District

5MT.9089

Prehistoric Features: Rubble mound, roomblock

Artifacts: Ceramics (Mancos black-on-white, McElmo black-on-white, corrugated), chert flakes

5MT.9091

Prehistoric Features: Rubble mound, roomblock, possible kiva depression, midden

Artifacts: Flakes (basalt, quartzite), manos (sandstone), ceramics (Mancos black-on-white, McElmo black-on-white, corrugated, incised grayware, whiteware)

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Site ID Site Name Resource Type

5MT.9092

Prehistoric Artifacts: Flakes (chert, basalt), hammerstone, ceramics (Mancos black-on-white, McElmo black-on-white, corrugated, whiteware), burned sandstone

5MT.9093

Prehistoric Features: Rubble mound, masonry roomblock

Artifacts: Ceramics (McElmo black-on-white, Mesa Verde black-on-white, corrugated, Mancos black-on-white, Puerco B/R), chert lithics, quartzite biface, slab metate

5MT.9094

Prehistoric Feature: Sandstone scatter

Artifacts: Ceramics (Mancos black-on-white, San Juan redware, corrugated), flakes (chert, basalt, quartzite), cores, spokeshave, projectile point

5MT.9135

Prehistoric Features: Rubble mound, linear roomblock

Artifacts: Corrugated ceramics, quartzite flake, two-handed mano

5MT.9435

Prehistoric Features: Midden, architectural feature

Artifacts: Ceramics

5MT.9437

Prehistoric Features: Pit structures, roomblock, possible room

Artifacts: Ceramics, flakes

5MT.9439

Prehistoric Features: Kivas, roomblock, room, possible depression

Artifacts: Ceramics (Mesa Verde black-on-white, McElmo black-on-white, Mesa Verde corrugated, Dolores corrugated, Wingate black-on-red), flakes (hornfels, Morrison quartzite, Morrison chert, Brushy Basin chert), two-handed mano fragment

Many of the studies listed above in Table 1 overlap the Project area, as many were centered along the Highway 160 corridor (see Attachment A: Figure 3). Of note, MT.CH.R27 essentially extends along the entirety of the Project area, with the exception of the segment of the Project area located along Road G. MT.CH.R27 consists of an intensive 114.57-acre inventory conducted in 2014 by Greg Wolff at the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) of Highway 160 between Towaoc and Cortez.

Likewise, several recorded sites (5MT.22131 and 5MT.22131.2) encompass the majority of the

Project area (Attachment A: Figure 4). These sites both consist of segments of Highway 160 and should not be impacted by Project implementation. Previously recorded site 5MT.4342 (Ute

Mountain Ute Mancos Canyon Archaeological District/Ute Mountain Tribal Park) is located either within or directly adjacent to the southern end of the Project area and overlaps a segment of the

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KLEINFELDER 707 17th Street, Suite 3000, Denver, CO 80202 p | 303.237.6601 central portion of the Project area, between Road CRC1 and Road C. It is unclear from the records if any contributing elements of the district are located directly within the Project area. Additionally, recorded sites 5MT.13716 (a historic culvert), 5MT.21904 (a historic box culvert), 5MT.22133 (the historic Schwindt Farm), 5MT.22134 (the historic Baacke Property), 5MT.22135 (historic Wood’s

Food Store and Gas Station), and 5MT.22795 (the historic Hoppenhafer Ranch/Centennial Farm) are located either within or directly adjacent to the Project area, along either side of Highway 160.

None of these historic-era resources should be impacted by Project implementation. The remaining resources are located between Highway 160 and the extent of the 0.25-mile records search buffer (see Attachment A: Figure 4).

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3 SUMMARY

Based on the results of the desktop review and the OAHP file search, the Project area appears to be highly sensitive for cultural resources. The close proximity of both prehistoric and historic-era sites, the relative proximity of freshwater sources, the Holocene-age alluvial soils underlying most of the Project area, and the shallow slope of the landscape within the Project area all indicate an increased potential for cultural resources. It is important to note that there may be yet unidentified cultural resources within the Project area. Only an intensive pedestrian inventory of the entire Project area would result in the identification of any and all sites within the Project area.

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4 REFERENCES

Appleton, D. & Co.

1891 Map of Colorado. Map, 1:2,154,240. David Rumsey Map Collection.

http://www.davidrumsey.com (last accessed June 28, 2021).

Bakken, Gordon Morris, and Alexandra Kindell (editors) 2006 Encyclopedia of Immigration and Migration in the American West: Volume 1. California

State University, Fullerton, and Iowa State University. SAGE Publications, Inc.: Thousand Oaks, California.

Bureau of Indian Affairs 2021 Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation: Reservation Overview. United States Department of the Interior. Electronic document. Prepared by the University of California, Davis California Soil Resource Laboratory, http://www.bia.gov/sites/bia.gov/files/assets/as-ia/ieed/ieed/pdf/DEMD_OG_UteMountainUte_OilGasPlays_508.pdf (last accessed June 28, 2021).

Cram, George Franklin

1882 Cram’s Rail Road & Township Map of Colorado. Map, 1:1,000,000. David Rumsey Map Collection. http://www.davidrumsey.com (last accessed June 28, 2021).

Google Earth Pro 2021 Aerial Photographs, Historic Overlays, and Street View. Last accessed June 28, 2021.

United States Geological Survey (USGS) 1958 Cortez, Colorado. 1:250,000 topographic quadrangle.

1968 Cortez, Colorado. 1:24,000 topographic quadrangle.

1970 Towaoc, Colorado. 1:24,000 topographic quadrangle.

1972a Cortez, Colorado. 1:250,000 topographic quadrangle.

1972b Mud Creek, Colorado. 1:24,000 topographic quadrangle.

1992 Cortez, Colorado. 1:100,000 topographic quadrangle.

2021 Colorado geologic map data, http://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/state.php?state=CO

(last accessed June 28, 2021).

Ute Mountain Ute Tribe

2021 Weeminuche Band of Ute Nation. http://utemountainutetribe.com/index.html (last accessed June 28, 2021).

SoilWeb

2021 SoilWeb Apps. Prepared by the University of California, Davis California Soil Resource

Laboratory, http://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/soilweb-apps/ (last accessed June 28, 2021).

http://www.kleinfelder.com/ http://www.davidrumsey.com/ http://www.bia.gov/sites/bia.gov/files/assets/as-ia/ieed/ieed/pdf/DEMD_OG_UteMountainUte_OilGasPlays_508.pdf http://www.bia.gov/sites/bia.gov/files/assets/as-ia/ieed/ieed/pdf/DEMD_OG_UteMountainUte_OilGasPlays_508.pdf http://www.davidrumsey.com/ http://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/state.php?state=CO http://utemountainutetribe.com/index.html http://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/soilweb-apps/

ATTACHMENT A: PROJECT MAPS