B08-Section_J-Attachment_7_-Glacier_National_Park_GEO_Rpt.pdf

Geotechnical Investigation Glacier National Park – Replace Utility Systems

National Park Service

Contract Number: 140P2021D0001;

Task Order: 140P2024F0140

PMIS #318705

September 11, 2024

PEOPLE WHO MAKE IT HAPPEN

PEOPLE WHO MAKE IT HAPPEN

Deliverable: Geotechnical Investigation Project: Glacier National Park – Replace Utility

Systems Client: National Park Service Location: Denver, Colorado Contract No: 140P2021D0001 Task Order: 140P2024F0140 PMIS No: GLAC 318705

Submittal: 100% Final Date: September 11, 2024

Prepared by: Stanley Consultants-DOWL Joint Venture

AE Project No: JV45.000C1.02 iNPS | Glacier National Park, Replace Utility Systems (GLAC318705) NPS Order # 140P2024F0140 Project Program | Pre-Design Draft Submittal

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... I

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose and Scope

1.2 Project Understanding

1.2.1 Existing Site Conditions

1.2.1.1 Many Glacier Hotel Water System

1.2.1.2 Two Medicine Water System

1.2.1.3 St. Mary Water System

1.2.1.4 Winter Septic System in St. Mary

1.2.1.5 Lake McDonald Water System

1.2.1.6 Logan Pass Water System

1.2.1.7 Granite Park Chalet Sewer Drain Field

1.2.2 Proposed Construction

1.2.2.1 Many Glacier Hotel Water System

1.2.2.2 Two Medicine Water System

1.2.2.3 St. Mary Water System

1.2.2.4 Winter Septic System at St. Mary

1.2.2.5 Lake McDonald Water System

1.2.2.6 Logan Pass Water System

1.2.2.7 Granite Park Chalet Sewer Drain Field

1.3 Geotechnical Drilling

1.4 Geophysical Surveys

1.4.1 Geophysics Field Investigation

1.4.2 Seismic Interpretation

1.5 Laboratory Testing

2.0 SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS

2.1 Site Geology

2.2 Observed Soil Conditions

2.2.1 Many Glacier

2.2.2 Two Medicine

2.2.3 St. Mary

2.2.4 Lake McDonald

2.2.5 Granite Park

2.2.6 Logan Pass

2.3 Groundwater

2.3.1 Groundwater Information Center Research

2.4 Seismicity

2.4.1 Faulting

2.4.2 Design Accelerations

2.4.3 Liquefaction

3.0 ENGINEERING ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 Foundation

iiNPS | Glacier National Park, Replace Utility Systems (GLAC318705) NPS Order # 140P2024F0140 Project Program | Pre-Design Draft Submittal

3.1.1 Conventional Spread Footings

3.2 Lateral Earth Pressures

3.2.1 Seismic Earth Pressure

3.2.2 Coefficient of Friction

3.3 Slabs-on-Grade

3.3.1 Interior Slabs

3.3.2 Exterior Slabs

3.4 Drainage

3.5 Pavement Design

3.5.1 Flexible Pavement

3.5.2 Construction Considerations

3.5.3 Maintenance

3.6 Thrust Restraint

3.7 Earthwork

3.7.1 Subgrade Preparation

3.7.2 Trench Excavation

3.7.3 Rock Rippability

3.7.4 Dewatering

3.7.5 Structural Fill

3.7.6 Compaction Requirements

3.7.7 Testing and Observations

3.7.8 Earthwork Volume Criteria

3.7.9 Cold Weather Construction

3.7.10 Wet Weather/Soil Construction

3.7.11 Geosynthetics

4.0 LIMITATIONS

5.0 REFERNCES

FIGURES

Figure 1: Vicinity and Project Location Figure 2: Many Glacier Exploration Locations Figure 3: Two Medicine Exploration Locations Figure 4: St. Mary Headquarters Exploration Locations Figure 5: Saint Mary Campground Exploration Locations Figure 6: Lake McDonald Exploration Locations Figure 7: Logan Pass Exploration Locations Figure 8: Granite Park Exploration Locations Figure 9: Surficial Geologic Map Figure 10: Caterpillar Rippability Table for D8

TABLES

Table 1: Many Glacier Hotel Exploration Summary Table 2: Two Medicine Exploration Summary Table 3: St. Mary Exploration Summary iiiNPS | Glacier National Park, Replace Utility Systems (GLAC318705) NPS Order # 140P2024F0140 Project Program | Pre-Design Draft Submittal

Table 4: St. Mary Percolation Test Results Table 5: Lake McDonald Lodge Exploration Summary Table 6: Granite Park Exploration Summary Table 7: Granite Park Percolation Test Results Table 8: Summary of Seismic Transects Table 9: Seismic Survey Parameters Table 10: Laboratory Tests Table 11: Groundwater Depths at Two Medicine Table 12: Groundwater Depths at Lake McDonald Table 13: Documented Quaternary Faults Table 14: Seismic Design Parameters Table 15: Foundation Design Parameters Table 16: Lateral Earth Pressures Table 17: Floor Slab Recommendations Table 18: Flexible Pavement Table 19: Thrust Block Support Table 20: Fill Specifications Table 21: Compaction Specifications

APPENDICES

Appendix A – Exploration Logs Appendix B – Photograph Log Appendix C – Geophysics Results Appendix D - Laboratory Test Results

INPS | Glacier National Park, Replace Utility Systems (GLAC318705) NPS Order # 140P2024F0140 Project Program | Pre-Design Draft Submittal

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

DOWL prepared this geotechnical report for the National Park Service (NPS) to provide geotechnical recommendations for GLAC-318705 – Replace Utility Systems in Glacier National Park. Based on the information obtained from subsurface explorations, site improvements can be made for this proposed project. The following geotechnical considerations were identified:

Basic soil conditions appear to be a minimal topsoil layer underlain by glacier till (gravel and sand with cobbles and fines) underlain by bedrock. On-site soils are discussed at each location in detail in Section 2.2.

Spread footing foundations are suitable to support the new well/pump houses. Foundations are discussed in Section 3.1.

DOWL recommends a pavement section that consists of four inches of asphalt pavement overlying six inches of crushed aggregate base coarse throughout the project. Pavement design is discussed in Section 3.5.

Excavating utility trenches with conventional equipment should be possible at all sites; however, at Many Glacier Hotel and near the existing water tank at Many Glacier, the bedrock is shallow.

The use of existing utility trenches in these areas will allow for a less disturbance option. If current trenches are not an option, then jackhammering or blasting will likely be necessary in areas around Many Glacier. Trenching and excavation are discussed in Section 3.7.

The observed on-site native soils are suitable for use as general engineered fill. However, some large cobbles and even boulders are present. Rocks larger than six inches will need to be removed or crushed prior to placing as fill. Earthwork is discussed in Section 3.7.

This section is only a summary. Recognize that details are not provided in this section; read the report in its entirety for a comprehensive understanding of the items contained herein.

IINPS | Glacier National Park, Replace Utility Systems (GLAC318705) NPS Order # 140P2024F0140 Project Program | Pre-Design Draft Submittal

This page intentionally left blank.

NPS | Glacier National Park, Replace Utility Systems (GLAC318705) NPS Order # 140P2024F0140 Project Program | Pre-Design Draft Submittal

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose and Scope

DOWL completed a geotechnical investigation for the proposed Replacement of Utility Systems in Glacier National Park, Montana. The scope of geotechnical services consisted of reviewing geological information, site visits, field observations, subsurface exploration, laboratory testing, engineering analyses, and preparing this Geotechnical Report. The purpose of these services is to provide geotechnical-related recommendations for project planning and design. DOWL conducted this work referencing task order 140P2024F0140, dated March 25, 2024. The geotechnical engineering scope of work for this project included the initial site visit, geophysics, drilling 18 borings to depths ranging from approximately 10.0 to 30.0 feet below the existing site grades, lab testing for soil engineering properties and engineering analyses, and to provide foundation and construction recommendations. The investigation took place in Glacier National Park at six (6) separate locations with seven (7) different projects. These locations and projects are:

Replace Many Glacier Hotel Water System

Rehab Two Medicine Water System

Rehab St. Mary Water System

Construct Winter Septic System in St. Mary

Rehab the McDonald Lake Water System

Replace Logan Pass Water System

Rehab Granite Park Chalet Sewer Drain Field

1.2 Project Understanding

1.2.1 Existing Site Conditions

The following sections summarize the existing conditions for each of the seven project sites.

1.2.1.1 Many Glacier Hotel Water System

The Many Glacier water system is a seasonal system that supplies water to the park's most visited concession destination, which includes the historic lodge with over 300 rooms. The pipe network and various parts of the system are old and worn out, and the maintenance required on this system is significant. The site contains multiple terraces that hold parking lots, the Many Glacier Hotel, employee housing, and many trailheads. The site grades steeply downward toward Swiftcurrent Lake to the west.

Bedrock is exposed on the hilltop near the water tank and around the entire area. Figure 2 shows the area.

1.2.1.2 Two Medicine Water System

The Two Medicine area has a major concession operation that contains a large campground and picnic area. The old water lines will be replaced due to the leaking and pitting in the old steel pipe currently being used in the entire area. The site is relatively flat, with a gradual slope downward toward Two Medicine Lake to the west. There are steeply sloping mountains to the northwest. Figure 3 shows the area.

NPS | Glacier National Park, Replace Utility Systems (GLAC318705) NPS Order # 140P2024F0140 Project Program | Pre-Design Draft Submittal

1.2.1.3 St. Mary Water System

The St. Mary complex is the major hub for the National Park Service (NPS) operations on the east side of Glacier National Park. This water system provides potable water and firefighting water for all the NPS offices and shops in the area, as well as the NPS employee housing adjacent to the complex. The site also contains a large campground to the northwest of the Hudson Bay District headquarters area. The entire site grades gently to Saint Mary Lake and Lower Saint Mary Lake. Figure 4 and Figure 5 show the area.

1.2.1.4 Winter Septic System in St. Mary

The winter septic system receives wastewater from employee winter residences and offices in the Hudson Bay District headquarters area. The entire site grades gently to Saint Mary Lake and Lower Saint Mary Lake to the west. Figure 4 shows the area.

1.2.1.5 Lake McDonald Water System

The Lake McDonald and Sprague Creek areas are currently served by one groundwater well. This seasonal system supplies water to the second most visited area of the park, which includes the historic lodge with 100 rooms, restaurants, guest cabins, and an NPS campground. The site is fairly flat near the lodge area and steepens to southeast up the hill. Large boulders are visible throughout the site. Figure 6 shows the area.

1.2.1.6 Logan Pass Water System

The waterworks building is a flat-roofed, concrete masonry unit structure that is an eyesore to the landscape. The pipe is an asphalt-coated ductile iron pipe that has become exposed to foot traffic in many places along its alignment. The tank is a 10,000-gallon steel bolted tank that is beyond its design life. The site along the proposed waterline alignment is a stair-step landscape with roughly 100-foot-wide benches. There are outcrops of bedrock all along the alignment. Figure 7 shows the area.

1.2.1.7 Granite Park Chalet Sewer Drain Field

The existing sewer system was constructed in the early 1980s and has reached the end of its design life.

The existing drain field is located in an area with shallow soil, which does not treat the sewage effluent properly. The site contains the chalet, an NPS building, another building of the chalet with rooms, and a two-stall vault toilet. The chalet ridge top is exposed bedrock. Both sides of the ridge steeply drop off to the north and south. The south slope is steep and drops down about a mile to a flat terrace. The north slope drops into a drainage that runs east to west with heavy vegetation and varying amounts of soil for the proposed septic system. Figure 8 shows the area.

1.2.2 Proposed Construction

The following sections summarize the proposed construction for each of the seven project sites.

1.2.2.1 Many Glacier Hotel Water System

This project will include improvements to the water supply wells, replacement of the domestic water distribution system and appurtenances, replacement of existing well control and water treatment building and equipment, incorporation of a new emergency generator, replacement of the fire water

NPS | Glacier National Park, Replace Utility Systems (GLAC318705) NPS Order # 140P2024F0140 Project Program | Pre-Design Draft Submittal distribution system and appurtenances, replacement of the lake water fire pump system and abandonment of an existing domestic water storage tank.

1.2.2.2 Two Medicine Water System

This project will include improvements to one of two water supply wells, replacement of the well control and water treatment building and equipment, installation of a new transmission main from the tank to the distribution system, and replacement of the existing water distribution system and appurtenances.

1.2.2.3 St. Mary Water System

This project will include improvements to one of two existing wells, replacement of a second existing well, replacement of the water distribution system and appurtenances in the Hudson Bay area, replacement/relocation of the existing well control and water treatment building and equipment, replacement of the water distribution system and appurtenances within the St. Mary Campground and removal of the existing water storage tank above the St. Mary Campground.

1.2.2.4 Winter Septic System at St. Mary

This project includes the replacement of the existing septic tank and drain field system with an expanded system to better treat and distribute the effluent and provide capacity for potential future residences. The system will include multiple septic tanks, a dosing tank, and a pressure-dosed drain field.

1.2.2.5 Lake McDonald Water System

The scope of this project will rehabilitate the water system at Lake McDonald Lodge, including drilling a second well, connecting this well to the water distribution system, refurbishing the water tanks, replacing the well pumps, and replacing the distribution system. In addition, the chlorination system will be upgraded with more reliable technology to ensure the safety of the guests and visitors who use this water.

1.2.2.6 Logan Pass Water System

This project includes the improvements to the existing water transmission main from the existing tank to the visitor center. The proposed improvements will be a combination of open trench pipe installation and slip-lining of the existing 6-inch cast iron pipeline. It also includes the development of an alternative water supply/collection system near the existing water source. It is proposed to drill horizontal water collection wells into the mountain to collect groundwater and seasonally connect these wells to the existing water transmission main to the treatment and control building. The existing building will be replaced along with the filtration and chlorination equipment.

1.2.2.7 Granite Park Chalet Sewer Drain Field

This project includes the abandonment of the existing septic tank and drain field laterals directly north of the chalet, and the installation of a new septic system and drain field to the northeast of the chalet.

The area to the northeast of the chalet is a drainage that runs east to west and contains trees, shrubs, grass, and potentially enough soil to support the new system.

GLACIER NATIONAL PARK, MONTANA

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION

WWW.DOWL.COM VICINITY AND LOCATION MAP FIGURE 1

WATER/SEWER REPLACEMENT - GLACIER NATIONAL PARK

VICINITY MAP

NOT TO SCALE

LOCATION MAP

MONTANA

HAVRE

GLASGOW

SIDNEY

GLENDIVE

MILES CITY

HARDIN

BILLINGS

BOZEMAN

DILLON

BUTTE

HELENA

MISSOULA

KALISPELL

LEWISTOWN

GREAT FALLS

SHELBY

LAKE MCDONALD

TWO MEDICINE

ST MARY CAMP

ST MARY RANGER

LOGAN PASS

MANY GLACIER

GRANITE PARK

NPS | Glacier National Park, Replace Utility Systems (GLAC318705) NPS Order # 140P2024F0140 Project Program | Pre-Design Draft Submittal

1.3 Geotechnical Drilling

DOWL performed fieldwork from June 24th to the 27th, 2024, which consisted of site observations and drilling geotechnical borings at six (6) separate locations and seven (7) projects throughout the park. The exploration logs are presented in Appendix A. The exploration logs are in draft form because the survey data is not evaluated completely. DOWL surveyed the boring locations relative to the project datum during the topographic survey.

At Many Glacier Hotel, Boland Drilling advanced four (4) borings to depths ranging from 5.0 feet to 12.0 feet below the existing ground surface. Three borings were drilled along the current water lines running from the main road (Route 3) to the hotel and parking lot. One boring was drilled at the water tank site to evaluate the substrate and capacities for a new water tank. The locations of the borings are shown in Figure 2.

Table 1: Many Glacier Hotel Exploration Summary

Boring Number

Drill Depth (feet)

Surface

Elevation (feet)

Northing (feet)

Easting (feet)

Location

MG-1 11.5 4,900.0 1,658,663.4 967,119.8

Near the Entrance to

Many Glacier

MG-2 5.0 4,888.5 1,684,667.8 967,022.6

North Side of Many

Glacier Hotel

MG-3 11.5 4,922.3 1,684,818.5 967,303.5

Near Employee Parking/Lodging

MG-4 12.0 5,040.0 1,684,571.2 968,315.2

Near Existing Water

Tank

At Two Medicine Campground, Boland Drilling advanced four (4) borings to depths ranging from 11.5 feet to 16.5 feet below the existing ground surface. Three borings were drilled along the current water lines running from the main road (2 Medicine Rd.) to the general store’s parking lot and north through the campground. One boring was drilled next to the water tank site near the Continental Divide Trailhead to evaluate the substrate and capacities for a new building location. The locations of the borings are shown in Figure 2.

Table 2: Two Medicine Exploration Summary

Boring Number

Drill Depth (feet)

Surface

Elevation (feet)

Northing (feet)

Easting (feet)

Location

TM-1 16.5 1,566,901.5 1,030,770.9 5,181.3

Near Existing Water

Tank/Well Head

TM-2 11.5 1,567,073.5 1,030,670.7 5,180.0

Near the General

Store

TM-3 11.5 1,568,465.3 1,031,496.7 5,176.1

South Side of Loop A

Road

TM-4 11.5 1,569,640.6 1,031,949.4 5,174.3

West Side of Loop B

Road

NPS | Glacier National Park, Replace Utility Systems (GLAC318705) NPS Order # 140P2024F0140 Project Program | Pre-Design Draft Submittal

At St. Mary Ranger Station and Campground, Boland Drilling advanced six (6) borings to depths ranging from 10.5 feet to 15.5 feet below the existing ground surface. Two borings were drilled at the northern campground in the existing roadway. Two borings were drilled in the southern housing facilities at the Ranger Station in the existing roadway with one being developed into a monitoring well. One boring was drilled near the storage lot, and one boring near the settling ponds, and both were developed into monitoring wells. Two percolation tests will also run near the storage lot and settling ponds. One geophysics line was performed along the current water line alignment to the north up the hill to the water tank. The locations of the borings and percolation tests are in Figure 4 and Figure 5. Percolation test results are recorded in Table 4.

Table 3: St. Mary Exploration Summary

Boring Number

Drill Depth (feet)

Surface

Elevation (feet)

Northing (feet)

Easting (feet)

Location

SM-1 10.5 1,659,992.7 1,021,032.8 4,601.0

West Side of HQ

Parking Lot

SM-2 11.5 1,661,170.6 1,019,373.0 4,547.3

Near Historic RS

Entrance

SM-3 11.0 1,661,132.8 1,019,943.2 4,556.8

Near Existing

Settling Ponds

SM-4 15.5 1,660,706.9 1,020,758.3 4,582.8

Near Employee

Housing

SM-5 11.5 1,666,320.4 1,017,729.0 4,546.3

North End of Loop C

Road

SM-6 11.5 1,666,5253.8 1,017,780.5 4,508.2

South Side of Loop B

Road

SM-Perc-1 2.0 1,661,163.1 1,019,290.4 4,517.6 Near SM-2

SM-Perc-2 2.0 1,661,110.1 1,019,934.4 4,557.8 Near SM-3

Table 4: St. Mary Percolation Test Results

Boring Number Depth (feet) Soil Type Percolation Rate

(inch/hour) *

SM-Perc-1 2.0 GP-GC 7.23

SM-Perc-2 2.0 GP-GC 52.53 *Percolation rate is calculated without the factor of safety

At Lake McDonald Lodge, Boland Drilling advanced four (4) borings to depths ranging from 10.3 feet to

16.5 feet below the existing ground surface. Three were drilled along the alignment of the proposed water in the Lake McDonald Lodge area, and one was drilled near the south exit of the Lake McDonald Lodge Loop to evaluate the substrate and capacities for a new building location. The locations of the borings are shown in Figure 6.

NPS | Glacier National Park, Replace Utility Systems (GLAC318705) NPS Order # 140P2024F0140 Project Program | Pre-Design Draft Submittal

Table 5: Lake McDonald Lodge Exploration Summary

Boring Number

Drill Depth (feet)

Surface

Elevation (feet)

Northing (feet)

Easting (feet)

Location

LM-1 11.5 3,298.9 1,620,081.6 910,644.3

On the Road to the Existing Water Tank

LM-2 16.5 3,179.1 1,621,429.7 909,884.6

Near Existing Well

Head

LM-3 10.3 3,194.3 1,622120.0 910,611.0 Near lower Cabins

LM-4 11.5 3,176.8 1,620,912.3 909,721.2

On Lake McDonald

Lodge Loop *Data is still being evaluated

At Logan Pass, DOWL performed four (4) geophysics lines along the alignment of the current water line.

The current water line runs from the Logan Pass Visitor Center to the water tank up the hill to the west.

The locations of the geophysics lines are shown in Figure 7. Geophysics are discussed in Section 1.4.

At Granite Park Chalet, DOWL performed three (3) geophysics lines and two percolation tests to the north of the chalet in the proposed drain field. The locations of the geophysics lines and percolation tests are in Figure 8. Percolation test results are recorded in Table 6. Geophysics are discussed in Section 1.4.

Table 6: Granite Park Exploration Summary

Boring Number

Depth (feet)

Surface

Elevation (feet)

Northing (feet)

Easting (feet)

Location

GP-Perc-1 1.5 6,661.4 1,676,486.0 938,833.4 Drainage to the north of the Chalet

GP-Perc-2 1.5 6,660.7 1,676,467.5 938,810.9 Drainage to the north of the Chalet

Table 7: Granite Park Percolation Test Results

Boring Number Depth (feet) Soil Type Percolation Rate

(inch/hour) **

GP-Perc-1 1.5 SM w/ Gravel 6.2

GP-Perc-2 1.5 SM w/ Gravel 11.4 *Test will be performed the week of August 19th **Percolation rate is calculated without the factor of safety

Boland drilled the borings under the direction of a DOWL geologist using a CME 45 track-mounted drill rig equipped with an 8-inch O.D. air hammer drilling system. DOWL conducted the field exploration referencing the following ASTM standards:

ASTM D5872 - Use of Casing Advancement Drilling Methods

ASTM D1586 - Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils

ASTM D2113 - Standard Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for Site Investigation

NPS | Glacier National Park, Replace Utility Systems (GLAC318705) NPS Order # 140P2024F0140 Project Program | Pre-Design Draft Submittal

DOWL performed Standard Penetration Test (SPT) sampling using an automatic hammer and recorded the results on the boring logs. The SPT values on the logs were not corrected for hammer efficiency, sampler type, overburden stress, etc. The resistance, or N-value, can be used to estimate the relative density of granular soils and the relative consistency of cohesive soils. The field N-value or resistance data are provided on the exploration logs.

Exploration logs are provided in Appendix A which include soil and groundwater conditions.

Stratification boundaries on the boring logs represent the approximate location of changes in soil types;

in situ, the transition between materials may be gradual and may vary. Appendix B presents photographs of the site conditions and of the following samples obtained during drilling.

The soil descriptions shown on the boring logs are based on field and laboratory testing referencing ASTM Standards D2487 or D2488. The stratigraphic contacts shown on the individual borehole logs represent the approximate boundaries between soil types. The actual transitions may be more gradual or abrupt. The soil and groundwater conditions depicted are only for the specific dates and locations reported and, therefore, may not necessarily represent other locations and times.

The NQ rock core system consists of a double tube core barrel with a diamond coring bit that is raised and lowered by drilling rods. Rotary drilling advances the coring. Water is circulated through the drill rod during coring to remove rock cuttings from the boring. The NQ core system recovers a 1.875-inch diameter core while being advanced into the bedrock using a 3.0-diameter diamond core bit. As the drillers recovered core samples, DOWL recorded the run length, recovery, and Rock Quality Designation (RQD) along with the rock type and associated geologic formation, the rock core’s field strength, weathering, fracture index, and structural parameters referencing DOWL’s Rock Classification Description presented in Appendix A.

1.4 Geophysical Surveys

DOWL performed four seismic data collection transects at Logan Pass, along the water line to the West, and three seismic data collection transections at Granite Park, north of the Chalet. The seismic refraction surveys at Logan Pass and Granite Park Chalet were completed from August 19th through the 22nd, 2024.

1.4.1 Geophysics Field Investigation

DOWL performed seven seismic transects ranging from 150 to 530 feet in length, as shown in the data collection location map in Appendix C. General information for each seismic transect is provided in Table

13. Seismic refraction data was collected in general accordance with ASTM D5777-18, Standard Guide for Using the Seismic Refraction Method for Subsurface Investigations. The topography elevations and coordinates used for the seismic transects were taken in the field using a Bad Elf GPS.

NPS | Glacier National Park, Replace Utility Systems (GLAC318705) NPS Order # 140P2024F0140 Project Program | Pre-Design Draft Submittal

Table 8: Summary of Seismic Transects

Seismic Transect Transect Length (feet) Transect Start

(Latitude & Longitude)

Transect End

(Latitude & Longitude)

Logan Line 1 350 48° 41’ 48.0” N

113° 43’ 31.3” W 48° 41’ 48.1” N

113° 43’ 26.1” W

Logan Line 2 150 48° 41’ 47.8” N

113° 43’ 22.9” W 48° 41’ 47.2” N

113° 43’ 20.9” W

Logan Line 3 150 48° 41’ 47.2” N

113° 43’ 19.1” W 48° 41’ 47.8” N

113° 43’ 17.2” W

Logan Line 4 530 48° 41’ 48.0” N

113° 43’ 14.6” W 48° 41’ 45.3” N 113° 43’ 8.0” W

Granite Park Line 1 150 48° 46’ 15.9” N

113° 46’ 18.8” W 48° 46’ 16.6” N

113° 46’ 20.7” W

Granite Park Line 2 150 48° 46’ 15.4” N

113° 46’ 19.7” W 48° 46’ 16.8” N

113° 46’ 20.2” W

Granite Park Line 3 150 48° 46’ 15.3” N

113° 46’ 20.4” W 48° 46’ 16.3” N

113° 46’ 18.7” W

Implementation of seismic recording parameters was dictated by site conditions and varied along each transect. In some cases, surface conditions prohibited using standard recording equipment such as spike vertical geophones. In these cases, geophones were placed on plates in contact with the ground surface.

The seismic source (shot) or energy introduced into the ground was initiated by a 16-pound sledgehammer striking a plate on the ground surface. Four hammer hits were used at each shot location and summed to reduce background ambient noise. Sixteen shot locations were implemented along each profile. Shot spacings were determined based on the subsurface ray path coverage suitable for seismic refraction tomography (SRT). Seismic survey parameters used for all data collection transects are summarized in Table 14.

Table 9: Seismic Survey Parameters

Parameter Item/Method

Recording Instrument Geometrics Geode

Geophone Natural Period 4.5 Hertz

Number of Geophones 24

Sample Rate 0.250 millisecond

Number of Samples 6,000 per channel

Record Length 1.5 seconds

Low Cut Filter Out

High Cut Filter Out

Seismic Source 16-pound sledgehammer

Stack Number 4

Refraction Analysis Software Rayfract®

1.4.2 Seismic Interpretation

The seismic refraction method calculates subsurface compressional wave velocity (Vp) using seismic body waves. Using the same first arrival times, a tomographic solution can be calculated by discretizing

NPS | Glacier National Park, Replace Utility Systems (GLAC318705) NPS Order # 140P2024F0140 Project Program | Pre-Design Draft Submittal the subsurface into cells instead of layers. The tomographic approach lends itself to characterizing laterally variable subsurface media.

The approximate depth to bedrock was estimated within each seismic profile. Bedrock was estimated based on known correlations of seismic velocities for bedrock. For SRT, the compression wave velocities for bedrock are typically greater than 3,000 feet per second if the geological setting is above a groundwater table. Compression wave velocities of 3,000 feet per second approximately equate to 50 blows per foot standard penetration testing (SPT) blow counts. Compression wave velocities larger than 6,500 feet per second indicate very competent bedrock. This report provides compression wave velocities only if the reader desires shear wave velocities (Vs); the velocities may be estimated per the following rule-of-thumb relationships (Burger, Sheehan, and Jones, 2006):

Vs = 0.6*Vp for crystalline rocks

Vs = 0.5*Vp for sedimentary rocks

Vs = 0.4*Vp for soils and unconsolidated sediment materials

The following descriptions provide a summary of each seismic line and an interpretation of the estimated depth to bedrock.

Logan Line 1

Logan Line 1 is the closest seismic transect to the water source. The site is relatively flat, with a slight grade upward away from the water source. At the beginning and end of the profile, depths to bedrock were observed, ranging from outcropping to approximately 11 feet.

Logan Line 2

The topography at Logan Line 2 is very flat. The depths to bedrock were observed, ranging from outcropping to approximately five feet. The second half of the seismic profile exhibits bedrock outcropping almost the entire length with high compression wave velocities.

Logan Line 3

The seismic data collected at the Logan Line 3 transect was collected on an elevation grade change along the existing water line profile. The bedrock did not appear to outcrop along this transect; however, based on the data, bedrock depths ranged from approximately two to seven feet below the existing ground surface.

Logan Line 4

Logan Line 4 has a long seismic profile and is the closest to the Logan Pass visitor center. The topography went slightly uphill as the profile approached the visitor center. The depth to bedrock ranged from outcropping to approximately seven feet below the existing ground surface.

Granite Park Line 1

Granite Park Line 1 started near the buildings at the crest of the peak and terminated within the drainage. Bedrock outcroppings were observed at the peak’s crest. The seismic profile illustrates the bedrock outcropping at the peak’s crest and then being overlain by colluvium soil in the drainage to the north of the Chalet. The thickness of the colluvium soil in the drainage is approximately five feet thick.

NPS | Glacier National Park, Replace Utility Systems (GLAC318705) NPS Order # 140P2024F0140 Project Program | Pre-Design Draft Submittal

Granite Park Line 2

The seismic profile of Granite Park Line 2 is similar to Granite Park Line 1, as both transects start at the peak’s crest and terminate in the drainage. The thickness of the colluvium soil in the drainage is approximately five feet thick.

Granite Park Line 3

Granite Park Line 3 was collected along the peak’s crest, and bedrock outcroppings were observed along most of the profile. The seismic profile matches the visual observations as most of the profile surface exhibits compression wave velocities greater than 3,000 feet per second.

MG-1

MG-2

MG-3

MG-4

MANY GLACIER LODGE

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION

WWW.DOWL.COM EXPLORATION LOCATIONS FIGURE 2

LEGEND

GEOTECHNICAL BORING LOCATIONS

TM-1

TM-2

TM-3

TM-4

TWO MEDICINE CAMPGROUND

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION

WWW.DOWL.COM EXPLORATION LOCATIONS FIGURE 3

SM-1

WWW.DOWL.COM

SAINT MARY'S HEADQUARTERS

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION

EXPLORATION LOCATIONS FIGURE 4

LEGEND

GEOTECHNICAL BORING LOCATIONS

PERCOLATION TEST LOCATION

BORING/PIEZOMETER LOCATIONS

SM-5

SM-6

SAINT MARY'S CAMPGROUND

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION

WWW.DOWL.COM EXPLORATION LOCATIONS FIGURE 5

LM-1

LM-4

LM-2

LM-3

LAKE MCDONALD LODGE

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION

WWW.DOWL.COM EXPLORATION LOCATIONS FIGURE 6

LOGAN PASS VISITOR CENTER

WWW.DOWL.COM EXPLORATION LOCATIONS FIGURE 7

LEGEND

GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY LOCATIONS

LL-1

LL-2

LL-3

LL-4

AutoCAD SHX Text \\dowl.com\j\Projects\45\000C1-02\91GEO\CAD\GlacierGeoFigures.dwg PLOT DATE 2024-9-9 16:12 SAVED DATE 2024-06-19 10:28 USER: drussell PLOT DATE 2024-9-9 16:12 SAVED DATE 2024-06-19 10:28 USER: drussell 2024-9-9 16:12 SAVED DATE 2024-06-19 10:28 USER: drussell 16:12 SAVED DATE 2024-06-19 10:28 USER: drussell 16:12 SAVED DATE 2024-06-19 10:28 USER: drussell SAVED DATE 2024-06-19 10:28 USER: drussell 2024-06-19 10:28 USER: drussell 10:28 USER: drussell 10:28 USER: drussell USER: drussell drussell

AutoCAD SHX Text

DATE

AutoCAD SHX Text

PROJECT

AutoCAD SHX Text

JV45.000C1.02

AutoCAD SHX Text 4/4/2024

AutoCAD SHX Text

AutoCAD SHX Text

AutoCAD SHX Text

AutoCAD SHX Text

SCALE IN FEET

GLACIER PARK CHALET

WWW.DOWL.COM EXPLORATION LOCATIONS FIGURE 8

LEGEND

PERCOLATION TEST LOCATION

GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY LOCATIONS

GPL-1

GPL-2

GPL-3

AutoCAD SHX Text P-1

AutoCAD SHX Text P-2

AutoCAD SHX Text \\dowl.com\j\Projects\45\000C1-02\91GEO\CAD\GlacierGeoFigures.dwg PLOT DATE 2024-9-9 16:17 SAVED DATE 2024-06-19 10:28 USER: drussell PLOT DATE 2024-9-9 16:17 SAVED DATE 2024-06-19 10:28 USER: drussell 2024-9-9 16:17 SAVED DATE 2024-06-19 10:28 USER: drussell 16:17 SAVED DATE 2024-06-19 10:28 USER: drussell 16:17 SAVED DATE 2024-06-19 10:28 USER: drussell SAVED DATE 2024-06-19 10:28 USER: drussell 2024-06-19 10:28 USER: drussell 10:28 USER: drussell 10:28 USER: drussell USER: drussell drussell

AutoCAD SHX Text

DATE

AutoCAD SHX Text

PROJECT

AutoCAD SHX Text

JV45.000C1.02

AutoCAD SHX Text 4/4/2024

AutoCAD SHX Text

AutoCAD SHX Text

AutoCAD SHX Text

AutoCAD SHX Text

SCALE IN FEET

P-1

NPS | Glacier National Park, Replace Utility Systems (GLAC318705) NPS Order # 140P2024F0140 Project Program | Pre-Design Draft Submittal

1.5 Laboratory Testing

Samples were transported to DOWL’s laboratory for testing. Representative field samples were selected for laboratory testing after a visual examination of the soil and consideration of the design criteria.

DOWL performed tests for index and engineering soil properties in Billings, Montana. Laboratory testing included:

Table 10: Laboratory Tests

Test Purpose

Natural Moisture Content

ASTM D 2216

Provides a measure of natural (in-situ) water content.

Atterberg Limits

ASTM D 4318

Provides an indicator of the plasticity and mineralogy composition of fine-grained soils.

Particle-Size Distribution

ASTM D 421

Provides a measure of grain sizes of the soils for classification and identification of physical characteristics.

Moisture-Density Relationship (Standard Proctor)

ASTM D 698

Provides a measure of the relationship of water content to the density of soil during compaction.

California Bearing Ratio (CBR)

ASTM D 1883

To determine the strength and stability of subgrade soil and base course.

Unconfined Compression

ASTM D2166

Provides an estimate of the undrained shear strength of the soil and rock.

Laboratory test results are included on the summary table and figures in Appendix D.

2.0 SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS

2.1 Site Geology

Glacier National Park features alpine meadows, deep forests, waterfalls, about 25 glaciers, and 200 lakes. Zones of Quaternary-Age sediment run through the lake and stream bed areas. Small areas of exposed Cretaceous-Age sedimentary rock, along with the metasedimentary rocks of the Belt Supergroup, Precambrian Age, form most of the park's range.

The quaternary sediment ranges from alluvium deposits to colluvium deposits, glacial till, and landslide deposits. Glacial till is mapped in most of the western glacial valleys and in the lowlands throughout the park. (Whipple, 1992)

The Belt Supergroup of western Montana, central and northern Idaho, and southern British Columbia is one of the largest and best-studied Mesoproterozoic sedimentary basins in the world. It is very thick, more than 15 km, and covers more than 200,000 km2, with repetitious and monotonous lithologies, dismemberment by multiple tectonic events, and obscuration by magmatism and metamorphism. Its lack of fossils makes facies interpretations uncertain, but the absence of burrowing animals also allowed exquisite preservation of sedimentary features that have inspired study and offer important insights into the vast, barren Mesoproterozoic landscapes (Lonn, Burmester, Lewis, & Mcfaddan, 2021). On the geological map of Glacier National Park eight formations of the Belt Supergroup are mapped in the park’s area (Whipple, 1992).

NPS | Glacier National Park, Replace Utility Systems (GLAC318705) NPS Order # 140P2024F0140 Project Program | Pre-Design Draft Submittal

The geologic conditions for each of the six (6) project sites are summarized below. A geologic map of the project areas is provided in Figure 9.

The Many Glacier Hotel site, consisting of the hotel, parking lot, and outbuildings, sits on the Altyn Formation. The Altyn Formation has three members; the upper is a light gray to brownish yellow Dolomite; the middle is a white to gray Dolomite; the lower is a yellow to orangish dark gray to black Dolomite; and all members contain layers of Arenite. There is glacial till mapped on the south end of the area and alluvium deposits downstream. On the eastern side of Many Glacier there is a subsurface section of the Lewis Thrust Fault. Lewis Thrust Fault is the fault which thrusted the Belt Super Group overtop of the Cretaceous-age sedimentary rocks. This process spanned from the early Cretaceous to the early Tertiary, forming the rock layering seen throughout Glacier National Park. The Lewis Thrust Fault is not considered active.

The Two Medicine site, consisting of the general store, ranger station, and campground, are sitting on glacial till and alluvium deposits. The glacial till consists of mostly unsorted rubblized rock from the Belt Supergroup. The alluvium deposits are made up of gravel, sands, clays, and silts. There are also colluvium deposits, the Altyn Formation, and Cretaceous Aged sedimentary rocks mapped in the area. Two Medicine lies in a valley surrounded by the Rockwell Fault. The Rockwell Fault formed near the late Cretaceous to early Tertiary and is not considered active.

The St. Mary site, which includes a campground and a ranger station, is situated on glacial till and alluvium deposits. The glacial till consists of mostly unsorted rubblized rock from the Belt Supergroup, while the alluvium deposits consist of gravel, sands, clays, and silts. A larger landslide deposit is also mapped to the west of the campground.

The Lake McDonald Lodge site, consisting of the lodge, parking lots, and other buildings, sits on a small bench of alluvium deposits surrounded by glacial till. The alluvium deposits are made up of gravel, sands, clays, and silts. On the eastern edge of Lake McDonald is the Flathead Fault, a normal fault on the western side of the park. The fault was formed near the late Cretaceous to early Tertiary and is not considered active.

Logan Pass, consisting of the visitor center and parking lot, sits on the Helena Formation. The Helena Formation consists of three (3) members: the upper is Limestone and Quarts Arenite; the middle is Limestone (Dolomitic Molar Tooth Beds) with thin Arenite beds; and the lower is gray Limestone transitioning into Quartz Arenite. The Shepard Formation is mapped up the hill to the west.

The Granite Park Chalet site, consisting of the chalet and a few other buildings, sits on the Helena Formation and is near the Snowslip Formation, mapped down the hill. The Helena Formation and the Shepard Formation are mapped up the hill. The Helena Formation consists of three (3) members: the upper is Limestone and Quarts Arenite; the middle is Limestone (Dolomitic Molar Tooth Beds) with thin Arenite beds; the lower is gray Limestone transitioning into Quartz Arenite.

The Purell Lava Flow and the Shepard Formation are also mapped below the project site.

GLACIER NATIONAL PARK, MONTANA

WWW.DOWL.COM SURFICIAL GEOLOGY MAP FIGURE 9

Whipple, J.W., 1992, Geologic map of Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map

I-1508-F, 1:100,000.

LAKE MCDONALD

TWO MEDICINE

ST MARY CAMP

ST MARY RANGER

LOGAN PASS

MANY GLACIER

GRANITE PARK

AutoCAD SHX Text

AutoCAD SHX Text

AutoCAD SHX Text

AutoCAD SHX Text

SCALE IN MILES

AutoCAD SHX Text \\dowl.com\j\Projects\45\000C1-02\91GEO\CAD\GlacierGeoFigures.dwg PLOT DATE 2024-4-8 11:17 SAVED DATE 2024-04-08 11:14 USER: drussell PLOT DATE 2024-4-8 11:17 SAVED DATE 2024-04-08 11:14 USER: drussell 2024-4-8 11:17 SAVED DATE 2024-04-08 11:14 USER: drussell 11:17 SAVED DATE 2024-04-08 11:14 USER: drussell 11:17 SAVED DATE 2024-04-08 11:14 USER: drussell SAVED DATE 2024-04-08 11:14 USER: drussell 2024-04-08 11:14 USER: drussell 11:14 USER: drussell 11:14 USER: drussell USER: drussell drussell

AutoCAD SHX Text

DATE

AutoCAD SHX Text

PROJECT

AutoCAD SHX Text

JV45.000C1.02

4/8/2024

NPS | Glacier National Park, Replace Utility Systems (GLAC318705) NPS Order # 140P2024F0140 Project Program | Pre-Design Draft Submittal

2.2 Observed Soil Conditions

The generalized soil profiles encountered at the proposed construction sites consist of small amounts of topsoil overlaying gravel with cobbles, boulders, sand, and silt. Appendix A presents the exploration logs with lithology descriptions and other engineering properties. The following sections provide a general description of the soil strata at each site.

2.2.1 Many Glacier

The generalized soil profile observed consists of a small amount of topsoil underlain by glacial till that is underlain by bedrock. The till consists of rubblized rock mainly composed of the Belt Super Group members with lesser amounts of sand, silt, and clay. The consistency of the till ranged from medium dense to very dense. The bedrock encountered is comprised of the members of the Altyn Formation, which generally consists of sandy dolomite and limestone. Bedrock was encountered in borings MG-2 and MG- 4.

2.2.2 Two Medicine

The generalized soil profile observed consists of a small amount of topsoil underlain by glacial till and colluvium deposits. The till consists of rubblized rock mainly composed of the Belt Super Group members with lesser amounts of sand, silt, and clay. The colluvium deposits consist of gravel-sized clast in a matrix of unsorted sand, silt, and clay. The consistency of the deposits ranged from medium dense to very dense.

Bedrock was not encountered during the field investigation. The bedrock is mapped of members of the Appekunny Formation, which consists of argillite and siltite.

2.2.3 St. Mary

The generalized soil profile observed consists of a small amount of topsoil underlain landslide deposits near the campground and glacial deposits near the NPS District Office, overlaying Cretacious-aged sedimentary rocks. The landslide deposits and glacial deposits consist of cobbles, gravel, and sand with varying amounts of silt and clay. The consistency of the deposits ranged from medium dense to very dense. Bedrock was not encountered during the field investigation. The local bedrock is mapped as shale, mudstone, and sandstone.

2.2.4 Lake McDonald

The generalized soil profile observed consists of a small amount of topsoil underlain by alluvium deposits on top of glacial till that overlays Precambrian-aged bedrock. The alluvium consists of gravel and sand with varying amounts of silt and clay. The alluvium was thickest in boring LM-1 and consisted of sandy silt.

The consistency of the alluvium was very stiff. The till consists of rubblized rock mainly composed of the Belt Super Group members with lesser amounts of sand, silt, and clay. The consistency of the till ranged from dense to very dense. Bedrock was not encountered during the field investigation. The local bedrock is likely very deep due to the Nyack Fault to the west and the Flathead Fault to the east creating a large trough in the area of Lake McDonald. Neither one of these faults are considered active.

2.2.5 Granite Park

The generalized soil profile observed consists of topsoil underlain by alluvium deposits that are underlain by bedrock. The alluvium classifies as silty sand with gravel and consists of approximately 45 percent sand, 25 percent fines, and 30 percent gravel. The bedrock encountered is comprised of the members of the Shepard Formation, which generally consists of dolomitic and pyritic stiltite and

NPS | Glacier National Park, Replace Utility Systems (GLAC318705) NPS Order # 140P2024F0140 Project Program | Pre-Design Draft Submittal argillite. The Shepard Formation near the chalet consisted of argillite with fine ripple bedding dipping at 24° with a dip direction of 240°, as shown in Photograph 1. The Purcell Lava is also present near Granite Park. Purcell Lave is underneath the Chalet and on the other ridge line to the north. The bedrock is at the surface near the chalet and roughly five feet deep down the hill in the drainage. Appendix C for more information.

Photograph 1: Granite Park Bedding Planes

2.2.6 Logan Pass

The generalized soil profile observed consists of a varying amount of topsoil underlain by silty sand that is underlain by bedrock. The silty sand consists of varying amounts of sand, silt, and gravel. The bedrock encountered is comprised of the members of the Helena Formation, which generally consists of dolomite, limestone, and quartz arenite. As shown in Photograph 2, Bedrock is outcropped in a bench pattern along the waterline tail. The bedrock varied through the project lines. Based on the geophysical surveys, it is at the surface in sections and roughly ten feet deep down in others. Reference Appendix C for more information.

NPS | Glacier National Park, Replace Utility Systems (GLAC318705)

Photograph 2: Outcropped Bedrock

2.3 Groundwater

Groundwater was encountered at two of the sites. At Lake McDonald, the depths ranged from 7.0 to

15.0 feet below the ground surface in the borings at the time of field exploration. At Two Medicine, the depths ranged from 5.0 to 14.5 feet below the ground surface in the borings at the time of field exploration. These observations represent groundwater conditions at the time of the observations only and may not be indicative of other times or at other locations. Groundwater conditions can change with varying seasonal and weather conditions, and other factors. Consider the possibility of groundwater fluctuations when developing design and construction plans for the project.

NPS | Glacier National Park, Replace Utility Systems (GLAC318705) NPS Order # 140P2024F0140 Project Program | Pre-Design Draft Submittal

Table 11: Groundwater Depths at Two Medicine

Boring Depth (ft) Elevation (ft)

TM-1 14.5 5,166.8

TM-2 9.5 5,170.5

TM-3 6.0 5,170.1

TM-4 5.0 5,169.3

Table 12: Groundwater Depths at Lake McDonald

Boring Depth (ft) Elevation (ft)

LM-1 7.0 3,291.9

LM-2 15.0 3,164.1

*Data is still being evaluated

2.3.1 Groundwater Information Center Research

DOWL researched the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology’s Groundwater Information Center (GWIC, 2024) website to estimate static water levels from existing wells near the project area. GWIC data is for informational purposes only and contains historical well logs, some of which may not be accurate. Based on the GWIC research, static groundwater levels range from 12 to 22 feet below the existing ground surface at Two Medicine. Based on the GWIC research, static groundwater levels range from 7 to 33 feet below the existing ground surface at Lake McDonald.

2.4 Seismicity

2.4.1 Faulting

The proposed development is located in an area of Quaternary faulting. Based on the USGS Quaternary Fault Fold Database (USGS, 2018) three (3) Quaternary faults exist west of Glacier National Park:

Table 13: Documented Quaternary Faults

Fault Name Distance from GNP

(km)

Recent Earthquake

Published Slip Rate (mm/yr.)

Fault Length

(km)

Average Strike

South Fork Flathead Fault

>16 Undifferentiated Quaternary

Less than 0.2

147 N31°W

Swan Fault >32 Undifferentiated Quaternary

Less than 0.2

154 N23°W

Mission Fault >50 Late Quaternary Between 0.2 and 1.0

104 N8°W

Available publications include documentation that the Mission Fault has offset during the Holocene (last 15,000 years). Based on seismic reflection imaging of the upper 60 m of sediments in Flathead Lake, Hofmann, and others (Hofmann, Hendrix, Moore, & Sperazza, 2006), Kogan (Kogan, 1981) and Wold, (Wold, 1982) suggest that displacement on this segment has occurred during post-glacial (<15 ka) time.

The most recent study of the available seismic reflection data documents evidence for five phases of tectonic activity in the lake basin in the past 15,000 years (Hofmann, Hendrix, Moore, & Sperazza, 2006), NPS | Glacier National Park, Replace Utility Systems (GLAC318705) NPS Order # 140P2024F0140 Project Program | Pre-Design Draft Submittal however, some or all of the features have been ascribed to glacial erosion or post-glacial slumping because similar evidence of recent faulting is absent onshore (Ostenaa, Levish, & Klinger, 1995). Based on the same data, Qamar and others (Qama, Kogan, & Stickney, 1982) and Ostenaa and others (Ostenaa, Levish, & Klinger, 1995) concluded that the youngest displacement on this segment is at least 10 ka and possibly older than the retreat of the Flathead lobe of the Cordilleran ice sheet from the Polson moraine. Hofmann and others (Hofmann, Hendrix, Moore, & Sperazza, 2006), suggest that most of the displacement is older than that to the south.

2.4.2 Design Accelerations

DOWL utilized site soil and geologic data, knowledge of local geology, the project location, Minimum Design Loads, and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE, 2021) and the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) to estimate Seismic Site Classification of "C" at each of the project sites. All sites were evaluated individually.