Social_ _Cultural_Report_(1).pdf

IQC 391 – I – 11 – 00003

AID – 391 – 14 – 00001

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 1 of 27 AAA-TCI

Disclaimer:

This Project is made possible by the support of the American people through the United

States Agency for International Development (USAID). The opinion expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID, A. A. Associates or

Techno-Consult International.

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 2 of 27 AAA-TCI

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of

International Tender Document for the Diamer Basha Dam Project

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL/CULTURAL IMPACT REVIEW

OF THE PROJECT ACTIVITIES

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT

RESOURCES

Prepared by : Ebad Ur Rehman

Revised by : Ebad Ur Rehman Rafi Ghous

Approved by : Azher Uddin Khan

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 3 of 27 AAA-TCI

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of

International Tender Document for the Diamer Basha Dam Project

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL/CULTURAL IMPACT REVIEW

OF THE PROJECT ACTIVITIES

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT

RESOURCES

Table of Content

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

1.0 GENERAL

2.0 PROJECT BRIEF

2.1 SALIENT PROJECT FEATURES

2.2 MAIN BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT

3.0 UPDATED STATUS OF PROJECT PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES

3.1 ALREADY CONDUCTED MAIN STUDIES AND REPORTS

4.0 SOCIAL / CULTURAL & ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT ASPECTS OF THE PROJECT

4.1 ROCK ART / PETROGLYPHS

4.2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS

4.3 HISTORICAL BUILDINGS

4.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES

5.0 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MOST IMPORTANT ROCK CARVING SITES

6.0 COMPLIANCE STATUS WITH INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

7.0 CONCLUSIONS

7.1 FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS

8.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 4 of 27 AAA-TCI

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ADB Asian Development Bank

BCM Billion Cubic Meters

DBC Diamer Basha Consultants

DBDP Diamer Basha Dam Project

DDA Diamer Development Authority

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMMC Environmental Monitoring and Management Cell of WAPDA

EMP Environmental Management Plan

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

FRL Full Reservoir Level

GB Gilgit-Baltistan

GWh Giga Watt Hour

IBIS Indus Basin Irrigation System

IEE Initial Environmental Examination

IPCC International Panel for Carbon Control

IRSA Indus River System Authority

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

KPK Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa

MASL Meters above Mean Sea Level

MOL Minimum Operating Level (of Reservoir)

MW Mega Watt

NEAC NESPAK – ACE Joint Venture Consultants

NHA National Highway Authority

PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency

PTDC

RAP

Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation

Resettlement Action Plan

RCC Roller Compacted Concrete

SWHP Surface Water Hydrology Project, WAPDA

WAA Water Apportionment Accord

WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority

WB World Bank

WCD World Commission on Dams

WWF World Wildlife Fund for Nature

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 5 of 29 AAA-TCI

1.0 GENERAL

USAID-Pakistan has entrusted, under a consultancy contract, the Contractor to carry out a Study “Data and Information Collection and Review and International Tender

Preparation for the Diamer Basha Dam Project Studies”, with explicit Terms of

Reference (TOR).

One important part of the Main Study is “Environmental and Social/Cultural Impact

Review of the Project Activities”. The objective of this part of the Study, in accordance with USAID, is to serve as input to an international Terms of Reference, prepared by USAID, for the environmental and social/cultural impact assessment of the Diamer Basha Dam Project (hereinafter called DBDP or the Project). The main scope of this part of the Study is summarized as follows:

a) Collection, review, validation, gap analysis and assessing conformity to the latest applicable requirements of The World Bank (WB), Asian Development

Bank (ADB), World Commission on Dams (WCD) and other relevant international and local agencies, of the existing studies, reports and plans of the Project, with particular emphasis on issues included in the Employer’s

TOR, with the assistance, in form of interviews and meetings with WAPDA officials and others concerned, where required

b) All the review and analysis to be based upon information available from secondary sources, with no need for collection of any field information

c) Providing a bibliography with a short summary of each document collected

This Component Environmental Review Report “Social, Cultural or Anthropologically

Significant Resources” is part of “Environmental and Social/Cultural Impact Review of the Project Activities”, which thereupon forms part of the Main Study Report.

This component report covers the following specific scope, as defined in the TORs:

1. A summary of the findings

2. Listing and GPS location of social / cultural or anthropological sites in the area that are significant and for which such data is available

3. A short description of each site identified

4. A bibliography with a short summary of each document collected

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 6 of 29 AAA-TCI

2.0 PROJECT BRIEF

2.1 SALIENT PROJECT FEATURES

Concerned Authorities

Sponsored By Government of Pakistan

Execution WAPDA

Operation and Maintenance WAPDA

Concerned Federal Ministry Ministry of Water and Power

River Indus

Location of Dam on River Indus About 315 km upstream of Tarbela Dam

About 82 km upstream of Dasu Town

About 40 km downstream of Chilas Town

About 180 km downstream of Gilgit Town

Hydrology

Catchment Area 153,200 km2

River Discharge (Mean Annual) 62 billion m3

Estimated Sediments Load (Mean Annual) 196 million tons

Flood Assessment

Diversion Flood (1 in 100 years) 14,330 m3/s

Basic Design Flood-1 (1 in 10000 years) 20,200 m3/s

Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) 49,410 m3/s

Main Dam

Type Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC)

Maximum Height above Rock Foundation 272 m

Flow Diversion System

Diversion Tunnels (Right Side) 2 Numbers

Diversion Channel (Right Side) 1 Number

Upstream & Downstream Cofferdams

Upstream Cofferdam Level 977.5 MASL

Downstream Cofferdam Level 973.0 MASL

Main Spillway

Crest Level 1145.5 MASL

Numbers of Gates 14

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 7 of 29 AAA-TCI

Size of Gates 11.5 m x 16.24 m

Flow Capacity 18,128 m3/s at FRL of 1160 MASL

Reservoir

Crest Level 1170 MASL

Full Reservoir Level (FRL) 1160 MASL

Minimum Operating Level (MOL) 1060 MASL

Gross Storage 10.0 BCM (8.1 MAF)

Live Storage 7.9 BCM (6.4 MAF)

Length of Reservoir at FRL 93.50 km (Up to RAIKOT Bridge on KKH)

Length of Reservoir at MOL 68.61 km

Reservoir Area at FRL 115.13 km2

Reservoir Area at MOL 47.61 km2

Outlets in Dam Body

Low Level 2

Flushing 5

Flushing Tunnels

Right Bank 1 (By Conversion of 1 Diversion Tunnel)

Left Bank 1 (Underneath the Power Intake)

Powerhouse(s)

Type Underground

Location One each on Right and Left Side

Total Installed Capacity 4500 MW (2 x 2250 MW)

Numbers of Units 12 (6 x 375 MW in each Powerhouse)

Design Discharge of Each Powerhouse 1,481 m3/s

Turbines

Type FRANCIS (Vertical Shafts)

Design Net Head 170.5 m

Maximum & Minimum Operating Net

Heads

204.2 m & 100.5 m

Reservoir Water Level for Design Head 1130 MASL

Unit Discharge at Design Head 246.8 m3/s

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 8 of 29 AAA-TCI

Synchronous Speed 166.67 RPM

Tail Water Level

Minimum 947 MASL

@ Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) 970 MASL

Generators

Type Semi umbrella type

Maximum Continuous Rating (MCR) 416 MVA

Rated Power Factor 0.9

Generation Voltage 21 kV

Rated Frequency 50 Hz

Output at Generator Terminal 375 MW

Generator Step-Up Transformers

Number of Units 2 x 3 x 6

Number of Spare Units 2

Type Single Phase

Type of Cooling OFWF

Rated Primary Voltage 21 kV

Rated Secondary Voltage 765 kV

Rated Frequency 50 Hz

Average Annual Electricity Generation

At Diamer Basha Dam 18,097 GWh

Additional at Tarbela Dam 1,111 GWh

Total 19,208 GWh

Land Acquisition for All Purposes [1]

Total 37,419 acres

Distribution by Existing Land Use

Areas under Housing including

Infrastructure

72 acres (0.19 %)

Area under Commercial Objects 24 acres (0.06 %)

Cultivated/Agricultural Lands 3,013 acres (8.05 %)

Uncultivated, Cultivable Lands 2,611 acres (7.0 %)

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 9 of 29 AAA-TCI

Barren Lands & Pastures 12,637 acres (33.8 %)

Areas under River, Streams, Rocks 19,062 acres (50.9 %)

Distribution by Project Components

Dam & Appurtenant Structures 1,802 acres (4.8 %)

Reservoir (up-to 1170 MASL) 30,374 acres (81.2 %)

Others (Outside 1170 MASL Zone) 5,243 acres (14.0 %)

Distribution by Geographical Units

Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) 35,991 acres (96.2 %)

Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) 1,428 acres (3.8 %)

Distribution by Ownership

Private Lands 18,357 acres (49 %)

Government Lands 19,062 acres (51 %)

Environmental Aspects [2]

Numbers of Villages Affected 32

Numbers of Households Affected 4,228

Estimated Affected Population 30,350

Prehistoric Rock Carvings 33,000

Karakorum Highway (KKH)

Submerged Length 100 km

Length to be Relocated 140 km

Sources:

[1] Monthly Report No 2 (November, 2013) by Diamer Basha Consultants (DBC), aided with certain written communications from WAPDA

[2] Project Brief provided by WAPDA (Status updated to 11.2013)

Remaining Information: EIA Report (Improved Draft): 2010: Volume II: Annex C-1

2.2 MAIN BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT

a) Availability of about 6.4 MAF (Reservoir Live Storage) of annual surface water, for supplementing irrigation water supplies to Pakistan

b) Providing about 18,100 GWh of electric energy per annum, from its installed capacity of 4,500 MW, as well as enabling about 1,110 GWh of additional generation at Tarbela Dam, due to conjunctive operation of the two reservoirs

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 10 of 29 AAA-TCI

c) Increase in useful life of the downstream Tarbela reservoir, by about 35 years, as well as of the future downstream reservoirs, by trapping large amount of sediment

d) Alleviation of the flood damages of the Indus River, particularly in the reach from Kalabagh to Guddu Barrage

e) Significant improvement in the socio-economic conditions of the otherwise backward areas and people, in the vicinity of the Project

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 11 of 29 AAA-TCI

3.0 UPDATED STATUS OF PROJECT PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES

Many pre-requisite activities, in respect of the Project, are presently in progress, with their current status as follows:

a) Land Acquisition: The process of acquisition of land (both government and private), for the Project, was started, in accordance with the applicable local laws and procedures, in 2010. The process involves WAPDA and the respective governments of Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KPK). Table 1 presents the current status of land acquisition, as in December 2013.

Table 1

Diamer Basha Dam Project: Current Status of Land Acquisition (12.2013)

Geographical Unit Land Required Land Acquired/Transferred

(acres) (acres) (%)

Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) 35,991 18,997 53 %

Private Lands 17,918 1,783 10 %

Government Lands 18,073 17,214 95 %

Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa

(KPK)

1,428 162 11 %

Private Lands 439 162 37 %

Government Lands 989 0 0 %

Total/Overall 37,419 19,159 51 %

Source: Written communications from WAPDA

Land acquisition, for the Project, is expected to be completed by June, 2014, according to the WAPDA officials.

b) Project Colony: For the proposed Project Colony in Thor Valley, located about

14 km upstream of the Dam Site, for accommodating the administrative and construction supervision staff of WAPDA and Consultants, 12 out of the total

16 construction contract packages, have already been awarded and respective works are in progress. The progress of works varies from contract to contract; however, the overall achieved progress to-date is about 55%, according to WAPDA.

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 12 of 29 AAA-TCI

c) WAPDA Office Building in Chilas: Construction of a WAPDA Office Building in

Chilas, for the Project, is almost complete, with to-date progress of about

96%, according to WAPDA.

d) Composite Model Village-II at Harpan Das: Three Composite Model Villages

(each comprising 3 villages), at Thak Das, Harpan Das and Kino Das, are proposed to be developed, complete with all the basic infrastructure facilities and amenities, for the resettlement of 4228 affected households. Each affected household shall be given a residential plot, of one kanal, free of cost.

This provision is in addition to the due compensation for their lands and assets, acquired for the Project.

The construction works for Composite Model Village–II (Harpan Das) has already been started. The works are planned through 6 construction contract packages, out of which 2 contracts have been awarded and are under execution. Overall progress, of the awarded contracts, is of the order of 5%.

e) Shatial-Thor Bypass on Karakorum Highway (KKH): It is planned that during construction of the Project, the existing KKH, in the vicinity of the main dam, shall be used for construction activities, while a Bypass on KKH (35 km long), from Shatial to Thor Nullah, is being executed by NHA, as WAPDA deposit work, which will be utilized for uninterrupted flow of the common traffic.

Contract has been awarded and work is being executed at site, with a to-date progress of about 5%, according to WAPDA.

f) Upgrading of KKH from Havelian to the Dam Site: Karakorum Highway (KKH), designated as National Highway N-35 (806 km), starts from Hasanabdal and ends at Khunjrab Pass, while passing through Havelian, Abbottabad, Mansehra, Batgram, Thakot, Besham, Pattan, Dasu, Basha, Chilas, Raikot and

Gilgit. It has already been established that the upgrading of the existing KKH, from Havelian to Dam Site (about 324 km), is an essential prerequisite, for the Project, to account for the additional traffic flows, particularly arising from the transport of large quantities of construction goods, resulting from the Project activities.

In this regard, according to WAPDA, upgrading works have already been completed, by National Highway Authority (NHA), from Havelian to Thakot.

This also includes a new Thakot Bridge, on River Indus, completed in 2010, which was executed by NHA, as Deposit Work from WAPDA.

The upgrading of the remaining portion of KKH, from Thahkot to Dam site, is planned to be executed by NHA, as Deposit Work from WAPDA.

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 13 of 29 AAA-TCI

g) Vocational Training Institute: As a prerequisite activity, for the Project, a

Vocational Training Institute has been established, by WAPDA, in Chilas city.

h) Bridge over Indus River downstream of Main Dam: A permanent access bridge over Indus River, downstream of Main Dam, for the contractor’s movement across the river, during the construction period and for the common public use later on, is part of the Project. Originally, this bridge was to be included in the regular construction contract package of the Project.

Now, WAPDA is planning to construct this bridge earlier as a prerequisite activity. Selection of the Consultant for procurement of the consultancy services for design, construction supervision and contract administration of this bridge is under process, according to WAPDA.

3.1 ALREADY CONDUCTED MAIN STUDIES AND REPORTS

Following main studies, with particular reference to the environmental and social/cultural aspects, have already been carried out for the Project:

a) Feasibility Study (1984), by MONENCO (Montreal Engineering Company

Limited), in eleven volumes, containing Volume 11: Appendix G

“Environmental Considerations”

b) Feasibility Report (2002 – 2004), by NEAC Consultants (a joint-venture with lead role of NESPAK, Pakistan, comprising 2 foreign and 8 local companies), in twelve volumes, containing Volume 11 “EIA and Resettlement”

c) Review of Feasibility Report, Engineering Design, Tender Drawings/Documents

(2005 - 2008), by Diamer Basha Consultants (DBC, a joint-venture with lead role of Lahmeyer International GmbH, Germany and comprising National

Development Consultants – NDC, Pakistan, 1 other foreign and 2 other local companies), with following main outputs:

- Design Report on Project Civil Works, in seven volumes

- Design Report on Project Machinery & Equipment

- Bidding Documents for the Project

After conclusion of the afore mentioned basic assignment in June 2008, the services of the DBC have continually been extended, by WAPDA, first through various addendums (from July 2008 to December 2012) and thereupon through retainership contracts (from January 2013 to March 2014), to provide follow-up and additional services. Under this arrangement, DBC has produced following two main documents, including annexes and appendices, related to the environment and resettlement aspects of the Project:

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 14 of 29 AAA-TCI

- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report – 2010)

- Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Development Plan (LARDP) – 2010

Improved Drafts, of the above two reports, with possibly some post-2010 modifications, have been provided by WAPDA.

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 15 of 29 AAA-TCI

4.0 SOCIAL / CULTURAL & ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT ASPECTS OF

THE PROJECT

The Diamer Bhasha Dam project will, directly and indirectly, affect the following cultural and anthropological resources:

i. Rock art / petroglyphs.

ii. Standing and potential buried archaeological remains of settlements, forts, monasteries and other features.

iii. Historical buildings.

iv. Cultural resources including traditional terracing and agricultural patterns, paths and routes, river crossings, tombs and graveyards.

To assess the intensity and severity of impacts, and to come up with relevant mitigation measures, WAPDA had conducted, through its consultants, detailed

Cultural and Heritage Impacts Assessment (CHIA). Consequently, a Cultural Heritage

Management Plan has also been developed. These reports address the potential impacts on the following cultural heritage in the impacted area from dam site to

Raikot bridge:

i. Area to be submerged on reservoir impoundment.

ii. Route of the realigned Karakoram Highway (KKH) from downstream of the dam site to Raikot Bridge.

iii. Route of the Right Bank Periphery Road.

iv. Site of the dam construction.

v. Site of the Project Colony in Thor Valley.

vi. Site(s) of the Thor sandy gravel and Gini moraine sources.

vii. Site of the potential rock quarry area at Lower Minar.

4.1 ROCK ART / PETROGLYPHS

This is the most important aspect of the project from a cultural point of view, because of its non-reproducibility.

The EIA report, LARDP, and other documents generated by WAPDA through its consultants, have made extensive use of the information available through the

Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (HASH) database. According to

LARDP, in the project area and around, a total of 5008 rocks and outcrops with

30,367 petroglyphs or carvings have been documented. Another document from

WAPDA, namely “Impacts on Rock Carvings and Proposed Mitigations”, June 2009, states that in the project area there are 82 stations; 5,370 stones with 32,110 rock carving scenes or inscriptions. However, latest communiqué from WAPDA, namely

Status Update upto 11th October 2013, puts the number of rock carvings to be impacted at 33,000.

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 16 of 29 AAA-TCI

This represents a large portion of the approximately 50,000 carvings recorded so far in the region. However, the documentation is still ongoing, particularly at higher elevations. Similarly, only initial recording has taken place in the wider region of petroglyph distribution.

Annex C-2 of LARDP provides the location of 30,367 potentially affected rock carvings in terms of latitude and longitude of the corresponding (closest) human settlement. Annex C-1 suggests the following distribution of all potentially affected rock carvings on the left and right banks of the river:

Table – 2

Inventory of Affected Rock Carvings

River bank Submersion Status Number of Stones Number of Rock

Carvings

Right Always submerged 1,738 9,521

Right Exposed in Drawdown 892 6,044

Left Always submerged 2,134 13,503

Left Exposed in Drawdown 244 1,299

Total (both) Always submerged 3,872 23,024

Total (both) Exposed in Drawdown 1,136 7,343

Total (both) Total Affected 5,008 30,367

The total sites of rock carvings on the right bank are 20, and on the left bank are 29.

Out of these, only 03 sites on the right bank (Thalpan, Gali, and Gukona) and 02 sites on the left bank (Gichi Nala and Chilas I) will become exposed during the drawdown.

The locations of the stones have been determined by their geographical coordinates and Elevations, due to lack of topographical benchmarks corresponding to official system adopted by the Survey of Pakistan. The locations of these stones have been transformed by WAPDA on to Topographical Maps prepared by Survey of Pakistan.

The results are illustrated in Map 1. The stones are registered in dual system, first the name of the area and second the number of stone in this particular area.

Map 1 shows the locations of the stations and stones, which are mostly distributed directly along the Indus River. Most important rock carvings areas (“stations”) are close to Chilas, Thalpan, Ges Bala and Ges Pain and Shing. It explains that the lifeline of the people in ancient times was also the shoreline of the river and the nullahs, such as Buto Nullah (today Chilas), Thak Nullah (Thak village) and Kiner Nullah

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 17 of 29 AAA-TCI

(Thalpan). Mostly, the rock carvings are located on big boulders or cliffs and may not be relocatable. Many of them have been since damaged by excavating and painting.

Carvings of Special Significance:

This group represents approximately 13,000 petroglyphs or one third of the total number of recorded carvings at risk from the dam development. This group has been selected with the assistance of HASH, and has the following characteristics:

Represent a particular historical period identified and verified by competent professionals.

The rock / stone is in a good condition in terms of the stage of the rock face or free-standing boulder.

Help in understanding the human activity, which took place in this region over time.

Represent significant developments in human history.

Information on this group of rock carvings has been given in Annex-05 of CHIA and

CHMP.

Most Important Rock Carvings

The carvings are categorized in terms of classifications defined by the Rock Art and

Inscriptions Academy. Within these separate classifications (anthropomorphic, hunters, structures, animals, tamghas or symbols, supernatural being etc), the most important 109 carvings have been selected in consultation with HASH and

Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Pakistan. The details of these are given in Annex C-2 of LARDP. The information could be summarised as follows:

Table – 3

Sites of Most Important Rock Carvings

River Bank # of sites # of important stones

# of important rock carvings

Right 04 11 78

Left 02 07 31

Total (Both) 06 18 109

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 18 of 29 AAA-TCI

Map 1: Location of Rock Carvings

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 19 of 29 AAA-TCI

4.2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS

This includes standing and buried remains of settlements, forts, monasteries and other features.The scope of studies conduced so far, do not warrant a primary level investigation of archaeological remains. No secondary data of such remains is available from any other sources. Therefore, the reviewed documents are devoid of any detail on this aspect.

4.3 HISTORICAL BUILDINGS

The CHMP identifies several buildings of historical significance located in the vicinity of inundation by the full reservoir level (FRL) of 1160 masl. These are:

“Journey’s End”, Chilas Town: This is a British era Deputy Commissioner’s House located at the edge of the reservoir periphery. It comprises an early 20th century colonial style bungalow, several associated structures and gardens and ponds.

Chilas Fort, Chilas Town: Chilas Fort has undergone several changes since its inception, particularly after the British extended their control to this region in the late 19th century. It is located above FRL of 1160 masl and outside the project impact area.

Thor Valley Rest House: It is a 19th century conventional colonial style small rest house located in Muruski village of Thor valley. It is in a state of disrepair and neglect and almost in ruins.

Jalipur Rest House: A colonial period rest house with out-buildings is also located in

Jalipur village. The structures and their landscape will be inundated by the reservoir.

The stone building has two rooms each with attached washroom. This rest house has not been renovated or changed and still has the original earth and thatched roof along with main original interior fittings.

4.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES

Cultural resources include traditional terracing and agricultural patterns, paths and routes, river crossings, tombs and graveyards. The reviewed reports emphasise the absence of any tombs or graveyards of historical importance in the project area.

Traditional terracing and agricultural patterns have been identified throughout the area and its surrounding, and do not need specific mention of locations.

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 20 of 29 AAA-TCI

5.0 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MOST IMPORTANT ROCK CARVING SITES

In general, rock carvings objects are differentiated in the form of:

Station: named like nearby villages, such as Chilas, Thalpan, Hodar.

Stone: mostly composed of various rock carvings.

Carving, including inscription: single scene or text information.

Annex C-2 of LARDP gives a brief account of the most important rock carvings and stones, with respect to their locations and inscriptions. The information is summarized in the following table:

Table – 4

Description of Important Rock Carvings

Site Location

Most Important Rock Carvings

Stone Carving /

Inscription Short Description and Heritage

Significance Number

Total

Number

Khanbari W

5°31'11.82"N

73°46'48.63"E 1 1

Two giants, late bronze age (3rd millennium BC)

Kino Kor

Das

35°29'40.32"N

73°50'39.07"E 1 1

Fabulous animals, archaemidian-persian, 5th century BC

Hondar W

35°27'15.70"N

73°58'55.61"E 1 1

Buddhistic scene, illustration of lotos-stupa, stupa between two buddhas, brahmaistic inscription, 6th Century AD

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 21 of 29 AAA-TCI

Site Location

Most Important Rock Carvings

Stone Carving /

Inscription Short Description and Heritage

Significance Number

Total

Number

Thalpan

35°25'0.86"N

74° 8'11.76"E

Two Buddha's, one Brahmi inscription

Sibi-jataka (legend of King Sibi)

Buddhas and Brahmi inscriptions

9 Buddhas and 2 Brahmi inscriptions

Altar rock: two fabulous animals

(archaemenidian)

Three Persian warriors

One stupa

Gichi Nala

35°25'24.28"N

74° 1'51.59"E 1 1 Hebrew inscription

Ghillas I

35°25'13.63"N

74° 7'26.56"E

Stupa, liger Jataka

Stupa with Brahmi inscription

Stupa with Brahmi inscription (five rows)

Stupa with adorant figure, Brahmi inscription

Two bodhisttvas, one stupa, one bowl/barrel, three Brahmi inscriptions

Scene of buildings, consisting of fives stupas

Four Budda's, one stupa, one adorant figure, two Brahmi inscriptions

Ibex, behind one snow leopard, underneath enrolled animal

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 22 of 29 AAA-TCI

Site Location

Most Important Rock Carvings

Stone Carving /

Inscription Short Description and Heritage

Significance Number

Total

Number

Rsipancaka Jataka (Jataka of the greatest

Evils)

Fabulous animals

Animal scene, predatory animal follows caprinus

Saddled horse

Buddha (under tree of enlightenment)

One horse

Stupa and Buddha

One Buddha

One Buddha

Buddha's preaching

Buddha and Vajrapani

Three stupas

Seduction of Buddha

One warrior

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 23 of 29 AAA-TCI

6.0 COMPLIANCE STATUS WITH INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

The reviewed reports have been prepared in line with the local legislations and standards. Simultaneously, the reports have duly considered the related social safeguards, policies and guidelines of IFIs, specially those of ADB. It covers: (1) national laws, polices, regulations, administrative and legal instruments and customary laws applicable in the context of Giltgit Baltistan of the country; and (2) social safeguards and polices of ADB on involuntary resettlement, indigenous people, livelihood and gender.

Furthermore, DBC during the entire process of preparation of documents followed the various international procedures defined by documents such as:

IFC Operational Policy 4.01 Environmental Assessment (1998)

IFC Annex C – Environmental Action Plan OP 4.01 (1998)

WCD (World Commission on Dams): Environmental Indicators and Strategic Priorities

Relevant international environmental agreements, conventions and protocols to which Pakistan is a party

The proposed project falls under category A under WB and ADB guidelines, warranting a full scale Environmental Impact Assessment to be carried out. Thus, a full Environmental Impact Assessment of the project was started in 2005 and concluded in 2010 through the following documents:

Environmental Impact Assessment report including EMP

Resettlement Plan for involuntarily relocation of the impacted villages and communities

Various Annexes detailing the components of management plan

The Main ingredients of Resettlement Plan based on ADB guidelines comprise:

i. ADB’s review of draft Resettlement Action Plan (January 2009) through

Reconnaissance Mission of February / March 2009

ii. Guidelines of ADB made effective in January 2010 as contained in Safeguard

Policy Statement (June 2009). This inter-alia covered: Safeguard Requirements 1

- Environment, Safeguard Requirements, 2 - Involuntary Resettlement Safeguard

Requirements 3 - Indigenous Peoples and Safeguard Requirements 4 –Different

Finance Modalities; ADB Prohibited Investment Activities List; and Strengthening and Use of Country Safeguard Systems to Address Environmental and Social

Safeguard Issues.

It may be pointed out that the guidelines of ADB are not much different from those of the World Bank or International Finance Corporation (IFC). By and large, the reviewed reports conform to the WB requirements also. However, a few minor

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 24 of 29 AAA-TCI adjustments might be needed, as described in the next section of this component report.

From the point of view of cultural heritage, a very important international convention signed by Pakistan is the 1972 World Heritage Convention of the UN. The convention identifies the World Heritage List, containing a total of 981 propoerties.

This includes 08 sites in Pakistan. A further 18 sites have been identified in the tentative list. However, the rok carvings of the proposed project site are not included in any of the lists. Nevertheless, it still remains an important international heritage site. The proposed CHMP broadly satisfies the requirements of World Heritage

Convention.

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 25 of 29 AAA-TCI

7.0 CONCLUSIONS

The mentioned plan provides the significance assessment for various heritage resources as per the following Table - 5:

Table – 5

Overall Assessment of Significance for Various Heritage Resources

S. No. Heritage Resource Overall Significance Assessment

1. Rock Carvings Very High

2. Built Heritage Medium to High but almost entirely located above the full reservoir level

(FRL) of 1160 masl.

3. Heritage Features Low to Medium and mostly comprising conventional roads, bridges and temporary camp sites.

4. Buried Archaeological Remains High but no or insufficient data available.

The plan provides the following core points as the mitigation measures for the potential impact on cultural and anthropological resources:

Archaeological Activities:

Physical verification of Rock Carvings

Conservation of most significant Rock Carvings

Removal of Carvings from site subject to feasibility

3-D Scanning / Replicas of important Rock Carvings

On-site Protective Mitigation of Rock Carvings

Museum, Chilas Fort and Research Promotion:

Restoration and renovation of Chilas Fort

Establishment of Museum at Chilas Fort

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 26 of 29 AAA-TCI

Capacity building of curators

Renovation of Guest Room

Establishment of Research Centre

Establishment of Library

Establishment of Audio Video Laboratory

Documentation and dissemination of Research Materials

Tourism including Eco-Tourism:

Establishment of Tourist Facilitation Centre

Organization of Community Cultural Events(Babusar Mela),and Workshops

Development of Recreational Parks

Capacity Building for Tourist Guides

Sponsor of Polo Matches and Team

Development of various trails for tourists

7.1 FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS

The assessment of cultural and anthropological resources of the area, and the proposed mitigation plan, is quite comprehensively done by WAPDA. The various studies already being conducted in the area since 1984, under Pak-German collaboration, proved to be highly valuable to make the inventory of the rock carvings, and also to propose relevant mitigation measures.

Some of the concerns that might need more focus are:

Intangible cultural heritage is not included in the impact assessment, as it is not addressed in the ADB Environmental Assessment Guidelines, Chapter XIV.

However, a training workshop report on Chilas Rock Carvings Cultural Landscape

Project (December 2010) states that the CHIA recommended further documentation of other archaeological and intangible heritage in the study area.

Intangible heritage includes ethnography, crafts, folklore and traditional agricultural practices.

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 27 of 29 AAA-TCI

The CHMP identifies Shina as the main language spoken in the area. This language does not have a written script. It is understood that the language will not be impacted directly, as it is spoken throughout GB. However, it might pose a peculiar cultural context in this case, representing the specific culture of Shina speaking sunni Muslim population. Therefore, it could be suggested that the project also supports research and education of local culture and local languages also, alongside the already proposed support to education of history and archaeology in the GB University.

The CHMP identifies heritage features as mostly comprising conventional roads, bridges and temporary camp sites. It assesses these to be having Low to Medium significance. Annex D-13 provides inventory of village roads to be inundated, but it is with socio-economic and infrastructural point of view. No detail or inventory of any potential traditional or historical (smaller) routes, besides the main route along the river, is given in the documents reviewed, neither are the efforts in this direction documented. It is understood that the Chilas Rock Carving cultural

Landscape Project was begun by WAPDA with the contracting of Rogers Kolachi

Khan & Associates (RKK). The consultants formulated and trained local teams for documentation of heritage. It is recommended that this project be advised to focus their efforts towards documentation of heritage features also.

The CHMP vehemently proposes development and promotion of tourism in the area. It outlines the strategy for promoting tourism in Chilas and gives broad elements of an action plan. The World Bank Environmental Assessment

Sourcebook advises that “projects that promote tourism in indigenous areas should be designed in consultation with the indigeous population.” It also recognizes the fact that archaeological and historic sites are vulnerable to disturbances due to human intrusion. It says that cultural sites can tolerate a finite number of visitors and this should be assessed in project design. It is recommended that a separate study is first conducted to analyze the local preferences, needs, and possible impacts of various tourism types (cultural tourism, eco-tourism etc.). WAPDA should then finalize the action plan based on the findings of the recommended study and implement the action plan in collaboration with PTDC and the local authorities.

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 28 of 29 AAA-TCI

To be completely in line with the WB guidelines, the CHMP should also include clear instructions in case any archaeological chance find occurs during the construction activity. The chance finds are unanticipated discoveries during project implementation, of the sites or remains that could not be located in the assessment studies. The World Bank guidelines stipulate the following procedures to be adopted in project design and construction contracts:

- Notification of the relevant department of antiquities

- Request for a representative to make a site inspection

- Cessation of work in the vicinity of the find until the visit of a representative

- Decision by department of antiquities on possible salvage or excavation

SOCIAL, CULTURAL OR ANTHROPOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES

Data Collection, Review and Preparation of International Tender document for the Diamer Bhasha Dam Project

Page 29 of 29 AAA-TCI

8.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

WAPDA, 2010, Diamer Bhasa Dam Project, Environmental Impact Assessment

Report (Vol I, II, III), Diamer Bhasa Consultants.

WAPDA, 2010, Diamer Bhasa Dam Project, Land Acquisition, Resettlement &

Development Plan (Vol I, II, III), Diamer Bhasa Consultants.

World Bank, Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume I, II, III, 1991

World Bank, 2005, Operational Policy 4.10 – Indigenous Peoples, revised April

World Bank, 2006, Operational Policy 4.11 – Physical Cultural Resources, revised

April 2013

WAPDA, 2011, Diamer Bhasa Dam Project, Status Up to 11.10.2013.

http://whc.unesco.org/

Roger, Kolachi, Khan & Associates, 2010, Training Workshop Report, Chilas Rock

Carvings Cultural Landscape Project.

WAPDA, 2009, Diamer Bhasa Dam Project, Impact on Rock Carvings & Proposed

Mitigations, Diamer Bhasa Dam Organization, Lahore.

Dr. Frank Schrader, M. Iqbal Shah & Samima Panni, Cultural Heritage

Management Plan, Diamer Bhasa Dam Project http://whc.unesco.org/