afman10-3511.pdf

BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY

OF THE AIR FORCE

AIR FORCE MANUAL 10-3511

2 DECEMBER 2020

Operations

PARARESCUE AND COMBAT

RESCUE OFFICER OPERATIONS

COMPLIANCE WITH THIS PUBLICATION IS MANDATORY

ACCESSIBILITY: Publications and forms are available on the e-Publishing website at www.e-Publishing.af.mil for downloading or ordering.

RELEASABILITY: There are no releasability restrictions on this publication.

OPR: AF/A3S

Supersedes: AFI16-1202, 3 May 01

Certified by: AF/A3S

(Brig Gen Thomas P. Palenske)

Pages: 125

This publication implements Air Force Policy Directive (AFPD) 10-35, Battlefield Airmen, AFPD 10-30, Personnel Recovery, and references Air Force Tactics, Techniques and Procedures

(AFTTP) 3-1.GA, Tactical Employment – Guardian Angel (S) and AFTTP 3-3.GA, Combat

Aircraft Fundamentals – Guardian Angel. It establishes policy for Pararescue and applies to individuals at all levels in the Regular Air Force, the Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard

(ANG), except where noted otherwise (for the purpose of this manual, the ANG is considered a

Major Command (MAJCOM)). Operators temporarily or permanently assigned to a chartered test organization may deviate from the contents of this manual as outlined in individually approved test plans required for test and evaluation purposes. This publication may be supplemented at any level, but all supplements will be routed to the Office of Primary

Responsibility (OPR) listed above for coordination prior to certification and approval. Refer recommended changes and questions about this publication to the OPR listed above using the AF

Form 847, Recommendation for Change of Publication. Route AF Forms 847 from the field through the appropriate chain of command. The authorities to waive wing/unit level requirements in this publication are identified with a Tier (“T-0, T-1, T-2, T-3”) number following the compliance statement. See Department of the Air Force Instruction (DAFI) 33-

360, Publications and Forms Management, for a description of the authorities associated with the Tier numbers. Submit requests for waivers through the chain of command to the appropriate

Tier waiver approval authority, or alternately, to the requestor’s commander for non-tiered compliance items. Send approved T-2 and T-3 waivers to AF/A3S (with the Lead MAJCOM

OPR as an informational addressee) within three duty days for tracking and process improvement. (T-1). Ensure all records generated as a result of processes prescribed in this publication adhere to Air Force Instruction 33-322, Records Management and Information http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/

2 AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020

Governance Program, and are disposed in accordance with the Air Force Records Disposition

Schedule, which is located in the Air Force Records Information Management System. The use of the name or mark of any specific manufacturer, commercial product, commodity or service in this publication does not imply endorsement by the Air Force.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

This manual has been substantially revised, and needs to be completely reviewed. A significant amount of procedural information has been removed and incorporated in other publications. New guidance includes: environmental considerations; roped rescue, extrication, confined space/structural collapse, snow/ice/avalanche operations; updates for new aircraft and equipment; tandem parachuting calculations and procedures; equipment maintenance and inspection and the inclusion of a local procedures chapter.

Chapter 1—GENERAL INFORMATION 8

1.1. Purpose

1.2. Applicability

1.3. Key Words Explained

1.4. Deviations

1.5. Conflicting Supplement Procedures

1.6. Development of New Equipment and Procedures

1.7. Operational Reports

Chapter 2—ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 10

2.1. AF/A3S

2.2. MAJCOMS

2.3. Lead MAJCOM

2.4. Lead Operational Test Agencies

Chapter 3—COMMAND AND CONTROL 11

3.1. General

3.2. Command Authorities:

3.3. Command and Control (C2) Responsibilities

Chapter 4—MISSION PLANNING 14

4.1. General

4.2. Planning Process

AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020 3

4.3. Responsibilities

4.4. Operational Alert

4.5. Crew Rest and Duty Limitations

4.6. Mission Reports

Chapter 5—OPERATOR COMBAT SKILLS 17

5.1. General

5.2. Procedures

5.3. Proficiency Fire and Minimum Safe Distances

5.4. Static Range Firing

5.5. Dynamic Firing Range

5.6. Close Quarters Combat (CQC)/ Open Air Combat (OAC) Ranges

5.7. Mounted Firing

5.8. Gunship Call for Fire

5.9. Non-lethal Marking Rounds

5.10. Pyrotechnics Operations

5.11. All-Terrain Vehicles (ATVs)

5.12. Night Vision Device (NVD) Driving

5.13. Tactical Employment

Chapter 6—ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 25

6.1. General

6.2. Desert

6.3. Water / Maritime

6.4. Jungle

6.5. Mountain

Table 6.1. RM considerations for operations greater than 72 hours

6.6. Cold Weather

6.7. Urban

6.8. Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and High-Yield Explosives

(CBRNE)

4 AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020

6.9. Uniform and Grooming Considerations

Chapter 7—ROPED RESCUE 34

7.1. General

7.2. Required Rope Rescue Briefing

7.3. Roped Rescue RM considerations

7.4. General Team Roped Rescue Requirements

7.5. Required Individual Equipment for Roped Rescue:

7.6. Lowering Systems Team Requirements

7.7. Haul System and Mechanical Advantage Team Requirements

7.8. Suspension Traverse/High Line Team Requirements

7.9. Roped Climbing Team Requirements

7.10. Rappelling Requirements

Chapter 8—EXTRICATION 38

8.1. General

8.2. Downed Aircraft Recovery Operations

Chapter 9—CONFINED SPACE/STRUCTURAL COLLAPSE OPERATIONS 40

9.1. General

9.2. CS/SC Defined

9.3. CS/SC Responsibilities

9.4. Minimum Team CS/SC Briefing Requirements

9.5. CS/SC RM Considerations

9.6. CS/SC Operations

Chapter 10—SNOW, ICE, AND AVALANCHE OPERATIONS 45

10.1. General

10.2. Glacier

10.3. Alpine (Snow and Avalanche)

Chapter 11—SURFACE WATER OPERATIONS 48

11.1. General

11.2. Swiftwater

AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020 5

11.3. Surf Zone Operations

11.4. Watercraft Operations

11.5. Combat Rubber Raiding Craft (CRRC) Operations

11.6. CRRC Hoisting

11.7. ARC Operations

Chapter 12—SUB-SURFACE WATER OPERATIONS 55

12.1. General

12.2. Underwater Dive Conditions

12.3. Underwater Emergency Procedures

12.4. Dive Equipment Inspection Criteria

12.5. Dive Equipment

12.6. Minimum Personal Dive Equipment

Chapter 13—AIRMANSHIP 60

13.1. General Flight Rules

13.2. Responsibilities

13.3. Team Mission Planning Briefing Requirements:

13.4. Mission Preparation and Execution

13.5. Oxygen Requirements

13.6. Emergency Procedures

13.7. Team Equipment

13.8. Personal Equipment

13.9. Use of Life Support Equipment

13.10. Local Training Area

Chapter 14—VERTICAL LIFT 63

14.1. General

Table 14.1. Lighting Configuration for Training

14.2. Rope/Caving Ladder. WARNING:

14.3. Rappel

14.4. FRIES

6 AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020

14.5. FRD

14.6. Hoist

14.7. Helocast

14.8. Equipment Delivery

Chapter 15—FIXED WING 77

15.1. General

15.2. Responsibilities

15.3. Physiology Technician Requirements

15.4. Briefing Requirements

15.5. Restrictions

15.6. Intentional Water/Tree Jumps

15.7. Electronic Automatic Activation Device (EAAD)

15.8. Risk Management

15.9. Lighting Requirements

15.10. Mandatory Equipment

15.11. Equipment Checks

15.12. Jumpmaster Personnel Inspection (JMPI)

15.13. Emergency Procedures

15.14. Military Tandem Tethered Bundle/Tandem

15.15. Precision Jumpmaster Procedures

15.16. Aircraft Inspections

15.17. Combination Exit Procedures

15.18. Rapids

Chapter 16—AERIAL DELIVERY OF EQUIPMENT 89

16.1. General

16.2. Responsibilities

16.3. Restrictions

16.4. General Equipment

16.5. Combination Drops

AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020 7

16.6. RAMB

16.7. ARC

16.8. All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV)

16.9. Bike / Motorcycle

16.10. MTTB

Table 16.1. Tandem Bundle Calculations

16.11. Joint Precision Aerial Delivery System (JPADS)

Table 16.2. Personnel vs JPADS Rate of Fall by Weight

Chapter 17—DROP ZONE / LANDING ZONE 100

17.1. General

17.2. DZ/LZ Responsibilities

17.3. Ground Party Briefing Requirements

17.4. DZ/LZ Set up

17.5. Drop Zone Procedures

17.6. Minimum Team Equipment for DZ

Chapter 18—EQUIPMENT CARE, USE, AND INSPECTIONS 104

18.1. General

18.2. Initial Inspection/Record of Use

18.3. Periodic Inspections

18.4. Alert Equipment Inspection

18.5. Technical Rescue and Recovery Equipment

18.6. CRRC

18.7. Submersible Boat Engines

Chapter 19—LOCAL PROCEDURES 110

19.1. Requirements

19.2. Organization

Attachment 1—GLOSSARY OF REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING INFORMATION 112

Attachment 2—RESCUE JUMPMASTER PROCEDURAL GUIDANCE 119

8 AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020

Chapter 1

GENERAL INFORMATION

1.1. Purpose. This manual outlines standard operating procedures for PJ and CRO operations during Personnel Recovery and/or sensitive item recovery operations, and in support of Global

Access and Precision Strike operations when applicable.

1.2. Applicability. This manual applies to operators (i.e., PJs, CROs and other attached Special

Warfare Airmen), support personnel, and their managers across the full range of military operations. This manual prescribes guidance for PJ and CRO operations under most circumstances, but is not a substitute for sound judgment or common sense. Operations or procedures not specifically addressed may be accomplished if they enhance safe, effective mission accomplishment.

1.3. Key Words Explained.

1.3.1. "Will", "Must" and "Shall" indicate a mandatory requirement.

1.3.2. "Should" indicates a preferred, but not mandatory, method of accomplishment.

1.3.3. "May" indicates an acceptable or suggested means of accomplishment.

1.3.4. "Note" indicates operating procedures, techniques, etc., considered essential to emphasize.

1.3.5. “CAUTION” indicates operating procedures, techniques, etc., which could result in damage to equipment if not carefully followed.

1.3.6. “WARNING” indicates operating procedures, techniques, etc., which could result in personal injury or loss of life if not carefully followed.

1.3.7. See Attachment 1, Glossary of References and Supporting Information, for additional terms.

1.4. Deviations. Do not deviate from the instruction and procedural guidance in this manual except when the situation demands immediate action to ensure safety (specifically, the protect against death or serious bodily injury) or an urgent requirement exists; any deviation must be approved by the appropriate Tier waiver authority. In this case, the Team Commander, or Team

Leader in their absence, will evaluate all options and take the appropriate action to ensure the safety of those under their control.

1.4.1. Units will report all deviations without an approved waiver to the appropriate waiver authority (with the Lead MAJCOM OPR and AF/A3S as informational addressees) within 24 hours or when tactically/operationally feasible. (T-1).

1.4.2. When it is necessary to protect those under their control from a situation not covered by this manual and immediate action is required, the Team Commander has ultimate authority and responsibility for the course of action to be taken.

AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020 9

1.5. Conflicting Supplement Procedures. This manual is a basic directive and will be the default if there are conflicts between supplements.

1.5.1. Combined command operations. Plan and conduct all operations that include forces from multiple MAJCOMs using provisions in this manual. Do not assume or expect personnel to perform MAJCOM/Theater unique procedures without MAJCOM/A3 approval and advance training.

1.5.2. Though a unit’s entries in Chapter 19 are not a supplement, conflicts between units during combined ops will default to the lowest common derivative of this manual.

1.6. Development of New Equipment and Procedures. Units must obtain MAJCOM approval prior to testing new equipment or procedures that would require an update to current guidance.

(T-1). Units are encouraged to suggest new equipment, methods, tactics and procedures. Test suggestions are made via squadron and wing weapons officers through command channels to the lead MAJCOM Weapons and Tactics Branch in accordance with Air Force Manual (AFMAN)

11-260, Tactics Development Program using AF Form 4326, Tactic Improvement Proposal for tactics and procedures and in accordance with AFI 63-101/20-101, Integrated Life Cycle

Management using AF Form 1067, Modification Proposal for equipment.

1.7. Operational Reports. The reporting requirements in this manual are exempt from licensing in accordance with AFI 33-324, The Air Force Information Collections and Reports

Management Program.

10 AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020

Chapter 2

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

2.1. AF/A3S. Develop and standardize operations guidance and procedures in coordination with all commands with assigned PJs or CROs. AF/A3S will:

2.1.1. Advise AF/A3 on all PJ/CRO manpower, operation, and equipment matters.

2.1.2. Brief/coordinate with Headquarters Air Force directorates and other officials or organizations on PJ/CRO operation and equipment matters.

2.2. MAJCOMS. MAJCOMS with assigned PJs or CROs will:

2.2.1. Supplement this publication, if necessary, with MAJCOM specific guidance and ensure supplements are available on AF e-Publishing website after publication.

2.2.2. Process all MAJCOM AF Form 847s for this publication and forward through stan/eval channels to the lead MAJCOM OPR.

2.3. Lead MAJCOM. AFPD 10-9, Lead Command Designation and Responsibilities for

Weapon Systems lists the lead MAJCOMs for weapons systems encompassing PJ and CRO operations. The Lead MAJCOM OPR will:

2.3.1. Track all AF Form 847s, for inclusion in future interim changes or re-writes.

2.3.2. Track all Air Force Safety Automated System reported mishaps that pertain to

PJ/CRO operations, identify trends and coordinate mitigation, risk acceptance and recommendation inclusion in published procedures.

2.3.3. Serve as OPR for the Guardian Angel Formal Training Unit.

2.3.4. Serve as OPR for the 7PR series Unit Type Code (UTCs).

2.3.5. Serve as OPR for Combat Air Force (CAF) Deployment schedule.

2.3.6. Coordinate with HH-60 and HC-130 publication review teams to ensure PJ and CRO unique requirements are addressed and implemented.

2.4. Lead Operational Test Agencies. 88th Test and Evaluation Squadron and 18th Flight Test

Squadron will:

2.4.1. Provide operational test and evaluation of equipment and tactics, techniques and procedures (TTPs) to validate, enhance and/or expand the capabilities of the PJ/CRO. (T-1).

2.4.2. Advise their MAJCOM and AF/A3S of planned deviations to this manual as authorized by validated test plans. (T-1).

2.4.3. Notify their MAJCOM and AF/A3S of any deficiencies or improvements to this publication discovered during test operations. (T-2).

AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020 11

Chapter 3

COMMAND AND CONTROL

3.1. General. Personnel recovery (PR) operations are dynamic, complex and time sensitive with operational and strategic importance. Geographical Combatant Commanders define theater

PR Command and Control (C2) for subordinate commanders’ implementation. Because of these relationships, PR C2 authorities and responsibilities vary and may not be the same for each theater.

3.2. Command Authorities:

3.2.1. Operational control (OPCON). Service component commanders normally retain

OPCON over their assigned and attached Service forces in accordance with JP 3-30, Joint

Air Operations. Commanders at all levels assess combatant command OPCON authorities and ensure unit coordination procedures and concepts are established accordingly.

3.2.2. Tactical control (TACON). TACON is command authority over assigned, attached or augmenting forces/military capabilities for a mission tasking. TACON is limited to the detailed and, usually, local direction and control of movements or maneuvers necessary to accomplish missions or tasks assigned. Tactical control can be transferred to another component or commander and delegated. Commanders will verify TACON authority prior to executing an operation and ensure supported air and ground commanders understand C2 relationships. (T-2).

3.2.3. Execute authority. Commanders with OPCON over CAF PR resources generally hold execution authority for directed missions. Commanders with execution authority formulate plans, allocate assets and approve missions through a command post or a C2 element.

Operational group commanders usually serve as execution authority for local training missions.

3.2.4. Mission support. PJ/CROs may be tasked with collateral or secondary missions requiring an understanding of government agency and interagency authorities necessary to provide effective support:

3.2.4.1. Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA) may require warfighting capabilities to aid recovery from disasters, declared emergencies, or to support designated law enforcement and other authorized activities in accordance with AFI 10-801, Defense

Support of Civil Authorities. Commanders will be familiar with local installation procedures for planning, responding and supporting domestic emergencies, law enforcement support and other national security special activities. (T-3). Unit personnel should be familiar with the appropriate actions to prevent human suffering and the loss of life within the limitations of DoDD 3025.18, Defense Support of Civil Authorities

(DSCA), and DoDD 3025.21, Defense Support of Civilian Law Enforcement Agencies.

12 AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020

3.2.4.1.1. Within the United States (US): In accordance with DoDD 3025.18, in cases of extreme emergencies (e.g., in order to prevent the loss of life, prevent human suffering or mitigate great property loss) and when a request for assistance is made by civil authority, a commander may provide immediate response by temporarily employing the resources under their control, subject to any supplemental direction provided by higher headquarters. Immediate response authority does not permit actions that would subject civilians to the use of military power that is regulatory, prescriptive, proscriptive, or compulsory.

3.2.4.1.2. Outside the US: a commander may offer assistance to host nation civil authorities in accordance with Status of Forces Agreements (SOFA), Rules of

Engagement (ROE) or both. If possible, seek command approval prior to commencing these operations.

3.2.4.2. Foreign Humanitarian Assistance (FHA)/Foreign Disaster Relief (FDR):

Department of Defense (DoD) activities conducted outside the US and its territories to directly relieve or reduce human suffering, disease, hunger, or privation requires systematic diplomacy and coordination to achieve a desired US intent. These DoD activities are conducted in support of other governmental departments or agencies or as part of a Geographic Combatant Command security cooperation program to achieve a specific theater campaign objective.

3.2.4.2.1. The Department of State is the lead agency for developing and implementing US foreign policy and has lead responsibility for FHA through the

Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration. US Agency for International

Development/Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance is the lead agency for FDR and may deploy a disaster relief team into a crisis area to assist with assessing, coordinating and reporting on a FDR. These specialists work closely with military units and may complement recovery efforts.

3.2.4.2.2. Requests for DoD support may come from a foreign national government, from a country team or both. The DoD should coordinate with the Chief of Mission and country team prior to deploying to assess restrictions and constraints such as

SOFA, treaties or other international agreements or arrangements. PR forces may be tasked as part of a Joint Task Force or as an independent entity to support the country team. PR commanders should liaise and maintain a representing presence within JTF headquarter elements and if available, embed personnel in the appropriate operation centers.

3.3. Command and Control (C2) Responsibilities. CROs and PJs will be assigned operational roles and responsibilities consistent with their qualifications and experience. (T-2). Depending on the assigned mission, the following responsibilities may be assigned:

3.3.1. Team Leader (TL). A PJ qualified to lead personnel in accordance with AFTTP 3-

3.GA.

AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020 13

3.3.2. Team Commander (TC). A CRO qualified to command personnel in accordance with

AFTTP 3-3.GA. In cases when the rescue force operates on the ground with no pre-designated ground force commanders (GFC), TCs will act as GFC and have the appropriate authority to accomplish assigned missions. (T-3). The GFC must approve all effects within the operating zone and terminal area to include weapons employment and insertion or extraction activities. (T-3). In cases where supporting forces are assigned to the tactical, maneuver unit (e.g., security teams, interpreters, or medical specialists), TCs are responsible for the welfare and command of the entire force. In the absence of a TC, the senior PJ assigned TL duties will assume GFC duties and responsibilities. (T-3).

3.3.3. Mission Commanders (MC). A CRO who is qualified as a TC and appointed specific command responsibilities based on experience, competence and commander’s trust. MCs have the authority to execute missions of increased size, complexity, and force integration.

3.3.3.1. In general, commanders should appoint a MC to lead an operation for complex or high-visibility operations.

3.3.3.2. For integrated Air Force or joint PR operations, the commander should appoint a

CRO as MC for missions where the preponderance of operations requires the specific expertise resident in PJ/CROs. Often, that expertise includes command of extended surface operations on land and water, mass casualty operations and complex technical rescue operations.

3.3.3.3. In those cases where multiple units, platforms or capabilities are assembled into a task force for a specific mission with an MC in command, the MC is responsible for the welfare of the task force and will maintain command and control throughout the operation. (T-3). Once the execute authority has been granted, the MC is the delegated

TACON command authority during an operation and will direct and monitor subordinate commanders’ actions and support their requirements throughout the mission. (T-3).

14 AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020

Chapter 4

MISSION PLANNING

4.1. General. Planning is the art and science of comprehending a situation, envisioning a desired end-state and laying out effective ways to bring about a conceptualized future. Planning involves skill, knowledge, experience and innovation to ensure success. The planning continuum requires continuous operational assessments to adapt to changing conditions while minimizing risk.

4.2. Planning Process. PR requires detailed planning, coordination and a concerted effort from multiple personnel. Plans, or concept of operations, are developed with an operation process where problems are analyzed and solutions are developed. Planners should conduct a comprehensive analysis of potential missions to determine suitable concept of operations.

Commanders should drive the operation process and lead others in understanding, visualizing, describing and assessing capabilities. Leaders should synchronize capabilities and maintain information flow during the operation process.

4.2.1. Joint Planning Process (JPP). Planners should use JPP, or a similar process (e.g., the

Army’s Military Decision Making Process) to build base plans. According to JP 3-0, Joint

Operations, The JPP underpins planning at all levels and for missions across the range of military operations. Commanders should routinely use JPP to plan, prepare, execute, assess and adapt their concept of operations to increase awareness and to reduce risk.

4.2.2. Troop-Leading Procedures (TLPs). Leaders should use TLPs when tasked with the responsibility of a mission. Leaders should identify the appropriate base plan, developed through JPP, and extract pertinent information. This starting point facilitates a leader’s ability to task, prioritize and allocate resources and identify necessary decision points.

4.2.3. Refer to AFTTP 3-3.GA for Personnel Recovery Annex planning tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs).

4.3. Responsibilities. Planning and preparation is a mission wide responsibility shared by operators, enablers, support and service support personnel alike. The dynamic nature of PR requires an entire unit’s participation. Leaders maintain a high-level readiness with active involvement from all unit personnel.

4.3.1. Commander will ensure unit planning is consistent with Designed Operational

Capability and Mission Essential Task Listing. (T-1).

4.3.2. Unit members will comprehend mission-planning responsibilities. (T-3).

4.3.3. Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) Specialist will:

4.3.3.1. Provide team with baseline area of responsibility (AOR) SERE considerations;

assist with development of Emergency plan of action (EPA) (as required), and leverage

Joint Personnel Recovery Center and Personnel Recovery Coordination Cells for support.

(T-3).

4.3.3.2. Provide commanders with isolated personnel (IP) PR data. (T-3).

AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020 15

4.4. Operational Alert. Planning and preparation will include operational alert crew rest and duty limitation considerations. (T-3). For personnel not on aircrew status, use the following as a guide for risk management (RM).

4.4.1. Commanders will identify and notify personnel, when the unit has been tasked to maintain an alert posture, for a specific mission or duration. (T-3).

4.4.2. Personnel will adhere to local area procedures when tasked with an alert duty. (T-3).

4.4.2.1. Prior to assuming alert, operators must have the opportunity for at least 8 hours of uninterrupted sleep (operational dependent). (T-3). Commanders should use discretion when assuming a non-airborne alert.

4.4.2.2. Leaders will monitor rest cycles during alert duty periods. (T-3).

4.4.3. The alert period begins upon notification, or upon assumption of alert.

4.4.3.1. Operators will attend daily briefings during alert. (T-3). Briefings should include updates on mission information, safety considerations, rules of engagement, and information on special interest items.

4.4.3.2. Operators may complete initial alert activities (e.g., transportation, briefing, equipment preparation, communications check) without assuming alert.

4.5. Crew Rest and Duty Limitations.

4.5.1. AFMAN 11-202V3, Flight Operations, establishes crew rest as a 12-hour rest period with an opportunity for eight hours of uninterrupted sleep.

4.5.2. TCs and TLs monitor mission parameters and with risk analysis, may request a waiver to the crew rest requirements of AFMAN 11-202V3 in order to facilitate mission accomplishment.

4.5.3. Members will not conduct flight, parachute, or dive operations:

4.5.3.1. Within 12 hours after completing hypobaric (altitude) chamber rides at or above

25,000 feet mean sea level. (T-1).

4.5.3.2. Within 12 hours after consuming alcohol (T-2) or if impaired by alcohol or any other intoxicating substance, to include the effects or after-effects. (T-0).

4.5.3.3. Within 72 hours after donating blood, plasma, or bone marrow. (T-1).

4.5.3.4. Refer to the current revision of SS521-AG-PRO-010, U.S. Navy Diving Manual

(https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Home/SUPSALV/00C3-Diving/Diving-Publications/) for criteria for parachute/flight duties after diving or hyperbaric (recompression) chamber rides.

4.6. Mission Reports. Complete consolidated mission reports (CMR) following all operational recovery missions or reintegration activities where PJ or CROs are involved. (T-2).

https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Home/SUPSALV/00C3-Diving/Diving-Publications/

16 AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020

4.6.1. TCs and TLs should be aware that many decisions regarding policies, TTP, and equipment are based in part on the recommendations contained in CMRs. Prepare a CMR as soon as possible following all missions. TCs and TLs will prepare a CMR for any mission in which a team launches (regardless of outcome) or engages in a mission of opportunity. (T-3).

Examples include (but are not limited to): searches; equipment and remains recoveries;

Tactical Evacuation (TACEVAC); Casualty Evacuation (CASEVAC); reportable training injuries; and combat and civil search and rescue. Solicit inputs from all team members.

Utilize the standard CMR format located on the Guardian Angel (GA) SharePoint®’s

Weapons and Tactics page (https://cs2.eis.af.mil/sites/13306/).

4.6.2. All efforts should be made to sanitize CMRs containing classified and personally identifiable information and submit an unclassified equivalent.

4.6.3. Commanders should consider consolidating and submitting CMRs for exercises, full mission profile, or training evolutions where lessons learned would benefit the community.

4.6.4. Commanders will submit CMRs through the chain of command to the MAJCOM OPR within five duty days. (T-3).

4.6.5. MAJCOM guidance. MAJCOMs will submit reports to Lead MAJCOM OPR within five duty days of receiving them from the field. (T-1).

4.6.6. Lead MAJCOM will maintain the repository for all CMRs. (T-1).

4.6.6.1. Un-classified reports will be posted to the Guardian Angel (GA) SharePoint®

Weapons and Tactics page. (T-1).

4.6.6.2. Classified CMRs will be posted to the GA Intelink page. (T-1).

4.6.6.3. Maintain records in accordance with AFI 33-322.

https://cs2.eis.af.mil/sites/13306/

AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020 17

Chapter 5

OPERATOR COMBAT SKILLS

5.1. General. The PJ/CRO operator is specially trained with specific skills and tools to employ anywhere, anytime. By conducting combat rehearsals involving technical tasks, numerous resources and chaotic conditions, leaders ensure the highest potential for survival and success on the battlefield.

5.2. Procedures. Squadron commanders will establish combat skill standard operating procedures (SOPs) and comply with local area or range standards during rehearsals. (T-3).

Procedures include:

5.2.1. Individual combat skills.

5.2.1.1. Combatives: Procedures should emphasize offensive, defensive, and controlling techniques. All techniques should be applicable and applied in multiple environments and conditions, with combat load, standing or ground based. These techniques must be easy to teach, remember and employ. Conduct training on mats or soft surfaces to prevent injury during falls or throws. (T-3)Personnel will wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). (T-3). Procedures include:

5.2.1.1.1. Weapon transition and retention while manipulating compliant and non-compliant personnel. Training scenarios should be live and consist of lethal and less-than-lethal solutions.

5.2.1.1.2. Control of personnel to conduct search, restraint or a combination of both.

5.2.1.1.3. Use of edged weapons (as required).

5.2.1.1.4. Use of improvised weapons (as required).

5.2.1.1.5. Use of unarmed combative techniques.

5.2.1.2. Combat leadership. Due to the dynamic nature of combat and rescue operations, all CROs and PJs must be trained in leading combat and rescue drills through tactics, techniques and procedures in order to maximize team effectiveness. (T-2). Squadrons should maintain a professional development program providing operators with technical and academic training necessary to grow as an operator.

5.2.1.3. Weapons handling. PJ/CROs must be experts with all assigned weapons. (T-1).

In order to disarm patients or enemy combatants, PJ/CROs will also be familiar with the operating procedures for enemy weapons being used in assigned AORs. (T-2). Squadrons should maintain a variety of foreign weapons to ensure each operator’s familiarity.

5.2.1.4. ROEs must be explicit for all mission sets. (T-2). All personnel will be familiar with the ROEs and their application to the specific mission. (T-3).

5.2.2. Small unit tactics. PJs and CROs will be trained to work in small teams and augment larger teams. (T-1). Training includes, but is not limited to:

5.2.2.1. Visual Signals.

5.2.2.2. Radio Communications.

18 AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020

5.2.2.3. Movement in Formations (Mounted/Dismounted, Ground/Maritime).

5.2.2.4. Maneuvers/Immediate Actions.

5.2.2.5. Aircraft on/offloading. PJ/CROs often serve as a vital ground-to-air link for aircrew and survivors.

5.2.2.6. Military operations in urban terrain.

5.2.2.7. Assault landing survey and clearance.

5.2.2.7.1. Rotary wing aircraft.

5.2.2.7.2. Tilt rotor aircraft.

5.2.2.7.3. Fixed wing aircraft.

5.2.2.8. Crew served weapons.

5.2.2.9. Fire support. When PJ/CRO are on the ground.

5.2.2.9.1. Call for fire.

5.2.2.9.2. Terminal air control (as required).

5.2.2.9.3. Close air support (as required).

5.2.2.9.4. Artillery (as required).

5.2.3. Hostage rescue and recovery PR support for the joint force. PJ/CRO personnel will be trained for executing dynamic rescue:

5.2.3.1. Engagement of the enemy to rescue a detained IP. (T-1).

5.2.3.2. Execution of interdiction, or rescue during movement of the hostage for all modes of travel (dismounted and mounted). (T-1).

5.2.4. Maritime. PJ/CRO personnel will be experts in water rescue and train for the following missions:

5.2.4.1. Underway recovery. (T-1)

5.2.4.2. Open ocean surface search. (T-1)

5.2.4.3. Subsurface search. (T-1)

5.2.4.4. Sonar systems. (T-3)

5.2.4.5. Coastal and inland waterway recovery operations. (T-1)

5.2.5. Administrative requirements for live weapons training.

5.2.5.1. Equipment requirements.

5.2.5.1.1. The individual will have:

5.2.5.1.1.1. Slings/holsters for weapons as applicable. (T-3).

5.2.5.1.1.2. Ballistic-rated eye protection. (T-3)

5.2.5.1.1.3. Ear protection. (T-3). Either active or two forms of protection are recommended.

AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020 19

5.2.5.1.1.4. Body armor and ballistic helmet will be worn during live fire immediate action drills, demolition operations, or weapons firing at close proximity to steel targets (7m for pistol/50m for rifle, unless manufacturer’s minimum safe engagement distance is different). (T-2).

5.2.5.1.1.5. Multi-tool or similar device for sight adjustment and operator level maintenance (recommended).

5.2.5.1.1.6. Dump pouch (optional).

5.2.5.1.1.7. Blowout kit (optional, PJ Medical Operations Advisory Board

(MOAB) packing list:

https://cs2.eis.af.mil/sites/13306/medical/SitePages/Home.aspx.).

5.2.5.1.2. The team will have:

5.2.5.1.2.1. Weapons and ammo. (T-3).

5.2.5.1.2.2. Team medical kit in accordance with unit SOPs (Chapter 19 and PJ

MOAB approved packing lists located on the medical site of the GA

SharePoint®: https://cs2.eis.af.mil/sites/13306/medical/SitePages/Home.aspx).

(T-3).

5.2.5.1.2.3. Team litter in accordance with unit SOPs (Chapter 19). (T-3).

5.2.5.1.2.4. Voice communication method for emergencies. (T-3).

5.2.5.1.2.5. Range box/general resupply. (T-3).

5.2.5.2. Proficiency requirements.

5.2.5.2.1. Individual. All PJ/CROs will be current through the Air Force

Qualification Course prior to engaging in proficiency fire. (T-3).

5.2.5.2.2. Live fire rehearsals. Live fire rehearsals should be preceded with a dry fire walk through within 24 hours of live fire for dynamic ranges or Close Quarters

Combat (CQC).

5.2.5.3. Weapons and munitions.

5.2.5.3.1. Security transportation and storage. Weapons and ammunition security will be maintained in accordance with AFMAN 31-101, Volume 2, Physical Security of

Sensitive Conventional Arms, Ammunition, & Explosives (AA&E), at all times. (T-1).

Weapons will not be left unattended for any reason. (T-1).

5.2.5.3.2. Non-lethal marking round. Operator and supporting personnel are authorized to use non-lethal marking rounds. Using units will maintain operating instructions detailing the use of non-lethal marking rounds. (T-3).

5.2.5.3.3. Lasers operations. General laser training rules are covered in the following regulations: AFI 11-214, Air Operations Rules and Procedures, and AFI 48-139, Laser and Optical Radiation Protection Program. Individuals will treat lasers as weapons and apply the following:

https://cs2.eis.af.mil/sites/13306/medical/SitePages/Home.aspx

20 AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020

5.2.5.3.3.1. Do not point in the direction of personnel or reflective surfaces to prevent potential laser exposure hazards. (T-2). Exception: Lasers may be used during force on force training, provided all participants are equipped with the appropriate PPE and the laser is set or filtered for force on force training and inspected by the appropriate supervisor.

5.2.5.3.3.2. Never point laser at aircraft. (T-0).

5.2.5.3.4. Pyrotechnics. PJ/CRO will be trained to use all pyrotechnics assigned and authorized for their use. (T-3). Pyrotechnics should be incorporated into training whenever possible.

5.2.5.4. Range operations. Commanders will have policy for range operations and establish range procedures for each range and rehearsal activity. (T-3). The qualified

Range Safety Officer (RSO) is responsible for the safe conduct of personnel involved in training operations.

5.2.5.4.1. All events will be briefed prior to execution. (T-3).

5.2.5.4.2. All events that require the shooter to move will follow a progressive training concept, with considerations for experience level, proficiency and individual frequency of training. (T-3). Leaders will use appropriate RM principles to ensure training is conducted safely. (T-3).

5.2.5.4.3. Commanders will appoint RSOs to supervise range activities. (T-3). An

RSO will be present during all live fire and non-lethal marking round rehearsals. (T-

3). RSO procedures will include:

5.2.5.4.3.1. Review and be familiar with the range procedures. (T-3).

5.2.5.4.3.2. Inspect the range, barriers and impact zones. (T-3).

5.2.5.4.3.3. Establish weapons employment zones/fields of fire. (T-3).

5.2.5.4.3.4. Post range guards or warning barriers (as required). (T-3).

5.2.5.4.3.5. Have two-way communication and contact appropriate officials. (T-

3).

5.2.5.4.3.6. Display range flag (as required). (T-3).

5.2.5.4.3.7. Brief personnel and inspect equipment, weapons and ammunition.

(T-3).

5.2.5.4.3.8. Clear range after completion. (T-3).

5.2.5.4.4. Range Medic. A qualified medic will be present during all range activities and have the mandatory medical equipment outlined in Chapter 19, Local Operating

Procedures. (T-3). The medic will ensure medical equipment is immediately available and medical evacuation plan is established. (T-3). PJs are authorized to perform the training event when assigned as the range medic.

AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020 21

5.2.5.4.5. Range Safety. Safety will be practiced at all times when performing weapons and tactical training. (T-3). It is the responsibility of each individual to stop the event when an unsafe condition exists. Once the unsafe condition and the cause are corrected, the training evolution may continue.

5.3. Proficiency Fire and Minimum Safe Distances. In order to perform any weapons proficiency training, PJ/CRO personnel must be current and qualified in accordance with AFI

36-2654, Combat Arms Program, for the weapon they will fire. (T-2). While performing proficiency firing, members will adhere to the following minimum safe distances:

5.3.1. Paper targets. There is no minimum safe distance for paper targets. However, if the backstop is within the minimum safe distance and ricochet is possible, adjust the minimum safe distance as required. (T-3).

5.3.2. Steel targets.

5.3.2.1. Examine steel targets for deterioration (e.g., dimpling or cratering; concave or convex warping; cracks, joints or holes in the target surface) and properly tightened/intact fasteners before and after each day’s use (and whenever damage is suspected). A chip on the edge of a steel target strike plate should not be considered a crater. A deteriorated target should be removed from use or permanently relegated to long-range use (>100yds).

5.3.2.2. Minimum safe distance in accordance with Department of Energy Publication, Use of Bullet Traps and Steel Targets will be followed. Note: Manufactures’ guidance may differ from these established distances. Reference the manufacturer specifications prior to engaging steel targets to ensure minimum safe distance is enforced.

5.3.2.2.1. Pistol: non-jacketed frangible, jacketed frangible and jacketed ball or duty ammunition is 10 yards with no more than a 20° angle of engagement. (T-3).

5.3.2.2.2. Rifle: Jacketed frangible is 10 yards with no more than a 20° angle of engagement if the particular ammunition item passes the Department of Energy’s

National Training Center test protocol. (T-3).

5.3.2.2.3. Rifle: 5.56/.223 ball, duty, or untested jacketed frangible is 50 yards. (T-3).

5.4. Static Range Firing. A static firing range is defined when the fire line is determined to be stationary and not moving. The target line is parallel to the firing line. Shooters may change stances and move along pre-briefed lines when commanded to do so. Examples include zeroing, qualification firing, shooting while moving in briefed direction and box drills.

5.5. Dynamic Firing Range. A dynamic firing range is defined when a range has irregular obstacles, no established shooting lanes, or both. Shooters move through weapon employment zones while engaging targets. While target lines are clearly defined, they may be comprised of multiple lines. Examples include arroyo courses, urban streets with a predetermined path of travel, or scripted small team immediate action drills. Additional individual or team briefing requirements for Dynamic Ranges (local area procedures) include:

5.5.1. Concept of operations for the planned event. (T-3).

5.5.2. Range fan and firing limits. (T-3).

5.5.3. Individual firing limits/ fields of fire. (T-3).

22 AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020

5.5.4. Emergency signals and actions. (T-3).

5.6. Close Quarters Combat (CQC)/ Open Air Combat (OAC) Ranges. Close quarters and open air combat is defined when active shooters are separated by physical barriers and line of sight communication is compromised. Firing lines and target lines are temporary and dynamic

(e.g., room clearing, urban, jungle or rough terrain). All CQC/OAC training will follow a progressive training concept, with considerations for experience level, proficiency and individual frequency of training. (T-3). Leaders will use appropriate RM principles to ensure all phases of

CQC/OAC training are conducted safely. (T-3).

5.6.1. The use of flash bang stun grenades may be used if approved on the range being utilized and operators have applicable training.

5.6.2. Scenario based training may be incorporated into the plan as long as there is ample time between events to stop the progression.

5.6.3. Personnel will not engage targets closer than one meter away from another person. (T-

3). WARNING: When shooting steel, never engage targets closer than the minimum safe distance for ricochet to another person.

5.6.4. Additional individual or team briefing requirements for CQC/OAC.

5.6.4.1. Concept of operations for the planned event. (T-3).

5.6.4.2. Range Fan and firing limits. (T-3).

5.6.4.3. Individual firing limits/ fields of fire. (T-3).

5.6.4.4. Emergency signals and actions. (T-3).

5.7. Mounted Firing. Mounted firing is defined as any shooting while on a moving vehicle or platform (e.g., horseback, all-terrain vehicles, cars, tactical vehicles and helicopters). Mounted firing training events will follow a progressive training concept, with considerations for experience level, proficiency and individual frequency of training. (T-3). Leaders will use appropriate RM principles to ensure training is conducted safely. They will accomplish a thorough RM for all phases of the event. (T-3).

5.7.1. The involved team will adhere to the following mounted firing restrictions:

5.7.1.1. Local RSO requirements will be in accordance with Chapter 19, Local

Procedures. (T-3).

5.7.1.2. Firing from aircraft must be cleared through aircraft commander and briefed. (T-

3).

5.7.1.3. Firing from aircraft must be accomplished on an approved aerial gunnery range.

(T-2).

5.7.2. The team will cover the following additional briefing requirements for mounted firing:

5.7.2.1. Concept of operations for the planned event. (T-3).

5.7.2.2. Range Fan and firing limits. (T-3).

5.7.2.3. Individual firing limits/ fields of fire. (T-3).

5.7.2.4. Emergency signals and actions. (T-3).

AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020 23

5.7.2.5. CASEVAC plan to aircrew (if applicable). (T-3).

5.7.2.6. Clear to fire, cease fire, ground party communications and position, range azimuths, and a map study of the range and surrounding area. (T-3).

5.8. Gunship Call for Fire. Use AFTTP 3-2.6, Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques and

Procedures for the Joint Application of Firepower (JFIRE) for guidance on call for fire.

Additional briefing requirements:

5.8.1. Coordinate fire coordination line relationships with call for fire and close air support aircraft. (T-3).

5.8.2. Brief fire coordination to team and ground personnel. (T-3).

5.8.3. Brief range features to team and ground personnel. (T-3).

5.9. Non-lethal Marking Rounds.

5.9.1. Non-lethal marking restrictions.

5.9.1.1. No head shots against live opponents.

5.9.1.2. No shots at less than the minimum safe distance specified in the technical order for relevant non-lethal marking round.

5.9.2. Required individual equipment when non-lethal marking rounds are in use:

5.9.2.1. Ballistic paintball style face shield (Ballistic eyewear and ear protection that completely covers outer ear are suitable substitutes, though it is strongly recommended that the entire face be protected). (T-3).

5.9.2.2. Ballistic helmet. (T-3).

5.9.2.3. Gloves. (T-3).

5.9.2.4. Long sleeve shirt (recommended taking into account environmental conditions as they influence risk management).

5.9.2.5. Athletic protector (recommended).

5.10. Pyrotechnics Operations. PJ/CRO personnel use multiple pyrotechnics to provide realism in training. Additional guidance for handling and employment can be found in AFMAN

91-201, Explosives Safety Standards. Personal and team safety equipment required for training:

5.10.1. Ear protection. (T-3).

5.10.2. Eye protection. (T-3).

5.10.3. Whistle. (T-3).

5.10.4. Fire retardant gloves for handling expended pyrotechnics. (T-3).

5.10.5. Appropriate class fire extinguisher for pyrotechnics in use (1 per location). (T-3).

5.10.6. Team medical equipment in accordance with Chapter 19 and PJ MOAB listed

Ground Party Load out located on the Medical site of the GA SharePoint®:

https://cs2.eis.af.mil/sites/13306/medical/SitePages/Home.aspx (T-3).

24 AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020

5.11. All-Terrain Vehicles (ATVs). While operating ATVs or other special purpose tactical vehicles, personnel will wear a MAJCOM approved tactical helmet or DOT approved helmet

(M-Series vehicles are excluded) in addition to eye protection and other appropriate protective equipment. (T-3). (Refer to AFI 91-207, The US Air Force Traffic Safety Program, for motorcycle and ATV qualification courses).

5.12. Night Vision Device (NVD) Driving.

5.12.1. Operators must be qualified to drive a vehicle prior to driving it with NVDs. (T-3).

5.12.2. For training, driving with NVDs will not be performed in or around civilian traffic.

(T-3).

5.12.3. Minimum illumination and times will be briefed prior to driving with NVDs. (T-3).

5.13. Tactical Employment. The following personal equipment is required for all operators during tactical operations unless the TL/TC completes a mission, enemy, terrain, troops - time available and civilian considerations (METT-TC) RM review and determines that the mission dictates otherwise.

5.13.1. Ballistic eye protection.

5.13.2. Ballistic helmet.

5.13.3. Body armor. WARNING: When using Enhanced Small Arms Protection Insert plates, a soft armor backer must be worn between the plate and body. (T-2). Plate deformation/spalling uninhibited by soft armor may maim or kill the operator.

5.13.4. NVDs.

5.13.5. Hearing protection.

5.13.6. Combat pill pack (analgesics/prophylactics/antibiotics).

AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020 25

Chapter 6

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

6.1. General. Every environment presents threats to the operator. In every operation, the threat must be acknowledged and possibly mitigated for the safe and effective execution of the PR mission set. This chapter sets out minimum requirements for addressing environments. For more information, refer to Air Force Handbook (AFH) 10-644, Survival Evasion Resistance Escape

(SERE) Operations, AFTTP 3-3.GA, AFI 48-151, Thermal Injury Prevention Program and other publications listed in subparagraphs below. Exception: When the intent is other than operational

(e.g., Monster Mash, physical training, morale or team building events) the below listed equipment may be waived or centrally positioned by the Squadron Commander or delegate, based on appropriate RM assessment.

6.2. Desert.

6.2.1. Team briefing requirements.

6.2.1.1. High and low temperatures. Temperatures vary greatly in the desert environment. (T-3).

6.2.1.2. Hydration requirements for individual and team. (T-3).

6.2.1.3. Wildlife and vegetation. (T-3).

6.2.2. Mission planning.

6.2.2.1. Dry gun lube may minimize sand and dust accumulation.

6.2.2.2. Weapons cleaning kit is required with weapon. (T-3).

6.2.2.3. Plan water requirements, consumption/depletion considerations, and resupply points; address resupply factors (natural or coordinated) during route study. (T-3).

6.2.2.4. High and low temperature forecast for duration of mission plus 72 hours.

6.2.3. Personal equipment. Minimum personal protective equipment requirements for this environment.

6.2.3.1. Clothing (adequate to cover majority of exposed skin). (T-3).

6.2.3.2. Sunglasses. (T-3).

6.2.3.3. Goggles (seal must be adequate to protect eyes from fine sand particles). (T-3).

6.2.3.4. Sunscreen. (T-3).

6.3. Water / Maritime.

6.3.1. Team briefing requirements.

6.3.1.1. Air temperature. (T-3).

6.3.1.2. Water temperature. (T-3).

6.3.1.3. Wave height. (T-3).

6.3.1.4. Significant currents. (T-3).

26 AFMAN10-3511 2 DECEMBER 2020

6.3.1.5. Wind speed and direction. (T-3).

6.3.1.6. Nearby shipping lanes and maritime traffic. (T-3).

6.3.2. Mission planning.

6.3.2.1. Obtain applicable information (weather, surf, tides, and currents, etc.).

6.3.2.2. Identify satellites coverage and radio procedures requirements.

6.3.2.3. Properly seal and waterproof mission essential equipment.

6.3.2.4. Properly lube and protect weapons, allowing immediate use if required.

6.3.2.5. Consider anti-nausea pre-medication.

6.3.3. Personal equipment. Minimum personal protective equipment requirements:

6.3.3.1. Flotation. (T-3).

6.3.3.2. Signal mirror. (T-3).

6.3.3.3. Sunscreen.