Appendix_O__Roof_Design.pdf

Roof Design Research Report - 0404 Joseph Lstiburek

Abstract:

Roofs can be designed and constructed to be either vented or unvented in any hygro-thermal zone. Air barrier systems are typically the most common approach, however, air pressure control approaches are be-coming more common especially in cases involving remedial work on existing structures. Vapor diffusion should be considered as a secondary moisture transport mechanism when designing and building roofs. Specific vapor retarders are often unnecessary if appropriate air movement control is provided or if control of condensing surface temperatures is provided.

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© 2004 Building Science Corporation 1

Roof Design Roofs can be designed and constructed to be either vented or unvented in any hygro-thermal zone.

In cold climates, the primary purpose of attic ventilation is to maintain a cold roof temperature to avoid ice dams cre-ated by melting snow, and to vent moisture that moves from the conditioned space to the attic. Melted snow, in this case, is caused by heat loss from the conditioned space.

In hot climates, the primary purpose of attic ventilation is to expel solar heated hot air from the attic to lessen the building cooling load.

The amount of roof cavity ventilation is specified by nu-merous ratios of free vent area to insulated ceiling area ranging from 1:150 to 1:600 depending on which building code is consulted, the 1:300 ratio being the most common.

Control of ice dams, moisture accumulation and heat gain can also be facilitated by unvented roof design.

Approach In cold climates the main strategy that should be utilized when designing roofs to be free from moisture problems and ice dams along with control of heat gain or heat loss regardless of ventilation approach is the elimination of air movement, particularly exfiltrating air. This can be accom-plished by the installation of an air barrier system or by the control of the air pressure difference across the roof sys-tem.

Air barrier systems are typically the most common ap-proach, however, air pressure control approaches are be-coming more common especially in cases involving reme-dial work on existing structures.

Vapor diffusion should be considered as a secondary mois-ture transport mechanism when designing and building roofs. Specific vapor retarders are often unnecessary if ap-propriate air movement control is provided or if control of condensing surface temperatures is provided.

Vented Roof Design Vented roofs should not communicate with the conditioned space — they are coupled to the exterior. Therefore, an air barrier at the ceiling line should be present to isolate the at-tic space from the conditioned space. No services such as HVAC distribution ducts, air handlers, plumbing or fire sprinkler systems should be located external to the air bar-rier (Figure 1).

The recommended ventilation ratio to provide in vented roof assemblies when an air barrier is present, is the 1:300 ratio (as specified by most codes).

In vented cathedral ceiling assemblies a minimum 2-inch clear airspace is recommended between the underside of the roof deck and the top of the cavity insulation. This not a code requirement but ought to be (only 1-inch is typically specified).

In addition to an air barrier at the ceiling line, a Class II va-por retarder should be installed in Climate Zone 6 and Cli-mate Zone 7. A Class III vapor retarder is acceptable in Cli-mate Zone 5.

Class I vapor retarders (i.e. vapor barriers) can be installed in vented roof assemblies in Climate Zone 6 and Climate Zone 7 but should be avoided in Climate Zone 5 as top side condensation may occur in the summer months during air conditioning periods.

No interior roof assembly-side vapor control is required or recommended in climate zones other than cold or very cold.

Unvented Roof Design Unvented roof design falls into two categories: systems where condensing surface temperatures are controlled and systems where condensing surface temperatures are not controlled. The two categories essentially are the demarca-tion between regions where cold weather conditions occur with sufficient frequency and intensity that sufficient mois-ture accumulation from interior sources can occur on an uninsulated roof deck to risk mold, corrosion and decay problems.

Figure 1 Vented Roof Assembly

•Roof insulation thermal resistance (depth) at truss heel (roof perimeter) should be equal or greater to thermal resistance of exterior wall

•1:300 roof ventilation ratio recommended

Continuous ridge ventilation

Caulking or sealant

Gypsum boardRigid insulation (taped or sealed joints)

Unfaced cavity insulation, cellulose or low density spray-applied foam

Vinyl or aluminum siding

Roof insulation

Insulation wind baffle 2” minimum space

Water protection membrane

Attic ventilation

Continuous soffit vent Consider increasing depth of insulation by using deeper trusses or oversized (longer) trusses

Gypsum board air barrier

RR-0404: Roof Design

© buildingscience.com

© 2004 Building Science Corporation 2

The key is to keep the roof deck — the principle condens-ing surface in roof assemblies — sufficiently warm throughout the year. This can be accomplished either be-cause of the local climate or as a result of design princi-pally through the use of rigid insulation installed above the roof deck or air-impermeable spray foam insulation in-stalled under the roof deck in direct contact with it.

Where rigid insulation is installed above the roof deck, or air-impermeable spray foam insulation is installed under the roof deck condensing surface temperatures are said to be controlled.

The demarcation is specified as a distinction between re-gions where the monthly average temperature remains above 45 degrees F throughout the year and where it drops below 45 degrees F during the year. An additional criteria is also necessary - that of keeping interior relative humidi-ties below 45 percent.

These criteria were selected for two reasons. First, by keep-ing the roof deck above 45 degrees F, condensation can be minimized or eliminated. Condensation will not occur un-less the dewpoint temperature of the interior air exceeds 45 degrees F and this air contacts the roof deck. This interior dewpoint temperature is approximately equal to an interior conditioned space temperature of 70 degrees F at an inte-rior relative humidity of 45 percent. These are interior moisture conditions that can easily be avoided with air change/ventilation or the avoidance of over humidification during the coldest month of the year in the climate zones specified.

Second, a monthly average temperature was selected, rather than a design heating temperature, as it is more rep-resentative of building enclosure performance. Short term, intermittent "spikes" in parameters/environmental loads are of interest to structural engineers and in the sizing of equip-ment, but not typically relevant to moisture induced dete-rioration. Wood-based roof sheathing typical to residential construction has sufficient hygric buffer capacity to absorb, redistribute and re-release significant quantities of con-densed moisture should intermittent condensation occur during cold nights when the sheathing temperature occa-sionally dips below 45 degrees F. The average monthly conditions more accurately reflect moisture content in wood-based assemblies.

Asphalt roofing shingles require special attention when in-stalled on unvented roof assemblies in hot-humid, mixed-humid and marine climates due to inward vapor drive from incident solar radiation. A 1 perm or lower vapor retarder (Class II) as tested by the wet-cup procedure should be in-stalled under the asphalt roofing shingles to control this in-ward drive.

Wood shingles or shakes, require a minimum 1/4-inch vented airspace that separates the shingles/shakes and the roofing felt placed over the roof sheathing for similar rea-sons.

The demarcation between regions that require the control of condensing surface temperatures and regions that do not can be obtained by using the hygro-thermal zones defini-tions in this builder's guide. Both hot-humid and hot-dry climate zones meet the 45°F roof deck criteria. However, the high interior humidities found in buildings located in hot-humid zones during the winter months do not always meet the 45% interior relative humidity criteria. Therefore, the only zone that meets both of these requirements is the hot-dry hygro-thermal region. Only hot-cry climates do not require the control of condensing surface temperatures. All other regions require some form of control.

Control of condensing surface temperatures typically in-volves the installation of insulating sheathing above the roof deck. In residential wood frame construction this in-volves installing rigid insulation between the roof shingles and the roof plywood or OSB (Figure 2). The installation of the rigid insulation elevates the temperature of the roof deck to minimize condensation.

In cold and very cold climates selecting a roof deck con-densing surface temperature criteria of 45°F is very conser-vative. This temperature criteria can be reduced to 40°F (which corresponds to interior average conditions of 70°F, 35% RH) where high interior moisture loads due to spas, indoor swimming pools and excessive humidification are not present.

Figure 3 and Figure 4 illustrate the differences between the two fundamental systems. Figure 3 shows the potential for condensation of an unvented roof assembly in Phoenix, AZ. Phoenix, AZ is located in a hot-dry climate zone. This roof assembly has no insulating sheathing installed above the roof deck.

Figure 4 shows the potential for condensation of an un-vented roof assembly in Dallas, TX. Dallas, TX is located in a mixed-humid climate zone. Note that this roof assem-bly has rigid insulation installed above the roof deck in or-der to control the condensation potential. The thermal resis-tance of the rigid insulation (thickness) necessary to control

Figure 2 Rigid Insulation Used to Control Condensing Surface Temperatures

•Rigid insulation installed above roof deck •Ratio of R-value between rigid insulation and batt insulation is climate-dependent

Gypsum board with vapor semi-permeable (latex) paintRigid insulation (taped, shiplapped or sealed joints)

Unfaced batt insulationVinyl or aluminum siding

R-19 batt insulation installed with wire stays or twine R-5 rigid insulation (vertical and horizontal joints offset from roof sheathing)

Roofing paper (1 perm or lower vapor retarder as tested by the wet-cup procedure required in some climates)

Shingles

Roof sheathing

3/8” sheathing over rigid insulation

First condensing surface is the under-side of roof sheathing

Sealant

Rigid insulation notched around roof trusses and sealed

© 2004 Building Science Corporation 3 condensation depends on the severity of the climate. The colder the climate, the greater the resistance of the rigid in-sulation required. Note that the thermal resistance of the rigid insulation is based on the ratio of the thermal resis-tance of the insulation above the roof deck as compared to the thermal resistance of the insulation below the roof deck. The key is to elevate the temperature of the condens-ing surface to 45 degrees F or higher during the coldest months of the year.

Figure 5 shows the use of rigid insulation in a cathedral ceiling assembly in Washington, DC. A calculation proce-dure is presented that determines the temperature of the condensing surface. This calculation procedure is similar to the one used in Chapter 4 to determine the sheathing tem-perature in wall assemblies.

Figure 6 plots the temperature of the condensing surface.

The graph shows that condensation within the roof assem-bly will not occur if interior conditions are maintained at 45 percent relative humidity or less at 70 degrees F during the coldest month of the year.

Figure 7 shows a roof design that is not as dependent on controlling interior moisture levels as the other roof de-signs presented. The absence of cavity insulation yields the highest condensing surface temperature of any of the de-signs presented. In this particular design, the condensing surface is the air barrier membrane installed over the wood decking. With this design interior relative humidities should be kept below 60 percent in order to control surface mold. In cold and very cold climate zones where there is likely snow accumulation on roof surfaces, there is also the likelihood of ice-damming. In order to control ice-dam-ming, heat flow form the interior to the roof cladding must be minimized. In cold climate zones the minimum total R-value for the entire unvented roof assembly should be R-

40. In very cold climate zones this minimum R-value should be increased to R-50.

In extreme snow regions it is typical to add a vented air space between the roof cladding (shingles) and the rigid in-sulation in Figure 7 to flush heat away trapped due to the insulating value of the snow (the snow becomes an insulat-

Figure 3 Potential for Condensation in Phoenix, Arizona with Unvented Roof

•1,750 heating degree days •Winter design temperature 34°F •Summer design temperature 107°F dry bulb; 71°F wet bulb •There is no potential for condensation on the underside of the roof sheathing until interior moisture levels exceed 50% RH at 70°F

Month

T em p er at u re °F

APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY

Dew point temperature of 70°F, 50% RH air

Mean monthly outdoor temperature

Gypsum board with vapor semi-permeable (latex) paint

Rigid insulation (taped, shiplapped or sealed joints)

Unfaced batt insulationStucco

Batt insulation installed with wire stays or twine

Roofing paper

Roofing tile

Roof sheathing

Figure 4 Potential for Condensation in Dallas, Texas with Unvented Roof and Insulating Sheathing

•There is no potential for condensation on the underside of the roof sheathing until moisture levels exceed 40% RH at 70°F

•Rigid insulation is recommended in this roof assembly to raise the condensation potential above 50% RH at 70°F

Month

T em p er at u re °F

APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY

Mean monthly outdoor temperature

Dew point temperature at 40% R.H., 70°F Dew point temperature at 40% R.H., 70°F

Dew point temperature at 50% R.H., 70°F

First condensing surface temperature (underside of roof sheathing) if R-5 rigid insulation is installed over roof deck

Gypsum board with vapor semi-permeable (latex) paintRigid insulation (taped, shiplapped or sealed joints)

Unfaced batt insulationVinyl or aluminum siding

R-19 batt insulation installed with wire stays or twine

R-5 rigid insulation (vertical and horizontal joints offset from roof sheathing)

Shingles

Roof sheathing

3/8” sheathing over rigid insulation

First condensing surface is the under-side of roof sheathing

Sealant

Rigid insulation notched around roof trusses and sealed

Roofing paper (1 perm or lower vapor retarder as tested by the wet-cup procedure required in some climates)

© 2004 Building Science Corporation 4 ing "blanket"). In essence creating a vented-unvented hy-brid roof assembly.

Note that in these types of unvented roof assemblies (ex-cept Figure 7), interior vapor barriers (Class I vapor retard-ers) are not recommended as these assemblies are expected to be able to "dry" towards the interior.

Instead of installing rigid insulation above the roof deck to control condensing surface temperature, air-impermeable spray foam insulation can be installed in direct contact to the underside of the roof deck to accomplish the same thing.

Figure 8 shows a roof design where air-impermeable spray foam insulation is installed in direct contact to the under-side of the structural roof deck.

In Climate Zone 6 and Climate Zone 7 the air-impermeable insulation, including any covering adhered continuously to the bottom side should have a vapor permeance of 1 perm or less (i.e. have the characteristics of a Class II vapor re-tarder or lower). This can be done by applying vapor bar-rier paint over the interior surface of the low density spray foam or by installing a material layer that has a vapor per-meance of 1 perm or less.

A high density spray foam insulation due to its imperme-ability properties can be installed directly under roof decks in Climate Zone 6 and Climate Zone 7 without any addi-tional provision for vapor diffusion resistance.

In Figure 9 extruded polystyrene of thickness 1-inch is in-stalled to provide a Class II vapor retarder on the bottom side of the low density air-impermeable spray foam insula-tion. This allows the assembly to be constructed in Climate Zone 6 and Climate Zones 7. Without the extruded polysty-rene layer (or without a coating of vapor barrier paint) the use of low density air-impermeable spray foam insulation is limited to Climate Zone 5 or lower.

Gypsum board is used to provide a thermal barrier with foam insulations to meet code requirements when an attic space is occupiable.

Figure 5 Condensing Surface Temperatures in Washington, D.C.

•The greater the thermal resistance in the cavity, the lower the temperature of the condensing surface

•The greater the thermal resistance of the rigid insulation, the higher the temperature of the condensing surface

•In designs with no cavity insulation, only rigid insulation, yield the highest (warmest) condensing surface temperatures

•In hot-humid, mixed-humid and marine climates a 1 perm or lower vapor retarder as tested by the wet-cup procedure should be installed under the asphalt roofing shingles

Inside Monthly Average Temperature of Temp. Outdoor Temp. ∆T Condensing Surface

Oct 70 55 15 60 Nov 70 45 25 54 Dec 70 36 34 48 Jan 70 31 39 45 Feb 70 34 36 47 Mar 70 43 27 52

Apr 70 49 21 56

Ratio of thermal resistance above condensing surface to total thermal resistance:

16 ÷ 46 = 0.348 Temperature of Condensing Surface = (∆T x 0.348) + Outdoor Temperature

R-46 Unvented Roof Assembly •Two layers of R-6.5/inch rigid insulation yielding a total combined thickness of 2.5 inches •Layers of rigid insulation have staggered joints to facilitate air tightness;

two layers are preferable to one layer due to increase in air flow resistance

Gypsum board with vapor semi-permeable (latex) paint

R-30 cavity insulation

R-16 rigid insulation (vertical and horizontal joints offset from roof sheathing)

Shingles

Roof sheathing

Plywood or OSB nail base for shingles screwed through rigid insulation to rafters

Condensing surface2x10 rafter

Roofing paper (1 perm or lower vapor retarder as tested by the wet-cup procedure required in some climates)

© 2004 Building Science Corporation 5

Figure 6 Potential for Condensation in Washington, D.C. with Rigid Insulation in Unvented Roof Assembly

•There is no potential for condensation until interior moisture levels exceed 45% RH at 70°F during the coldest month of the year if R-16 rigid insulation is installed over a rafter cavity insulation to R-30

•In hot-humid, mixed-humid and marine climates a 1 perm or lower vapor retarder as tested by the wet-cup procedure should be installed under the asphalt roofing shingles

R-46 Unvented Roof Assembly •Two layers of R-6.5/inch rigid insulation yielding a total combined thickness of 2.5 inches •Layers of rigid insulation have staggered joints to facilitate air tightness;

two layers are preferable to one layer due to increase in air flow resistance

Gypsum board with vapor semi-permeable (latex) paint

R-30 cavity insulation

R-16 rigid insulation (vertical and horizontal joints offset from roof sheathing)

Shingles

Roof sheathing

Plywood or OSB nail base for shingles screwed through rigid insulation to rafters

Condensing surface2x10 rafter

Roofing paper (1 perm or lower vapor retarder as tested by the wet-cup procedure required in some climates)

Month

T em p er at u re °F

APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY

Condensing surface temperature (R-16 rigid insulation, R-30 cavity insulation with 70°F interior temperature)

Mean monthly outdoor temperature

Dewpoint temperature at 45% RH, 70°F

Figure 7 Compact Unvented Roof Assembly

•R-value increased to R-50 in very cold climate zones to control ice-damming

•Optimum roof assembly design to enclose pool areas and spas

Timber rafter or exposed joist

R-40 rigid insulation (6 inches of R-6.5/inch rigid insulation) in two or three layers with horizontal and vertical joinst staggered

Roofing paper

Shingles

Nail base for shingles (plywood or OSB) screwed through rigid insulation to wood decking or timber rafters

Wood decking

Air barrier membrane (sheet polyethylene, membrane roofing in very cold and cold climates; housewraps, building paper in all other climates)

Figure 8 Air Impermeable Spray Foam Insulation

• Spray foam protected with thermal barrier in occupied attic space •In hot-humid, mixed-humid and marine climates a 1 perm or lower vapor retarder as tested by the wet-cup procedure should be installed under the asphalt roofing shingles

Gypsum board with latex paint (acts as thermal barrier separating occupiable space from non-occupiable space)

Asphalt shingles

Roof sheathing

Roof underlayment sealed to drip edge

Fiber cement siding soffit

Low density spray foam insulation

Raised heel truss

Rigid foam, or comparable, as backdam

Non-occupiable space

Roofing paper (1 perm or lower vapor retarder as tested by the wet-cup procedure required in some climates)

© 2004 Building Science Corporation 6

Figure 9 Air Impermeable Spray Foam Insulation

•Spray foam protected with thermal barrier in occupied attic space •Interior vapor retarder (Class II) required with low density spray foam in Climate Zones 6 and 7

Knee wall

Low density spray foam insulation

Gypsum board required for fire-rating

Roof sheathing

Roof under-layment sealed to drip edge

Fiber cement siding soffit

Space behind knee wall for mechanical duct runs and air handling equipment in conditioned space

Rosin paper slip surface over fully-adhered membrane waterproofing (i.e. Ice & Water Shield®)

Standing seam metal roof

Low density spray foam insulation

Rigid foam, or comparable, as backdam

1" XPS rigid insulation (Class II vapor retarder)

Figure 10 Air Impermeable Spray Foam Insulation

•Spray foam protected with thermal barrier in occupied attic space •High density foam insulation partially fills roof rafter cavity and wall cavity •No interior vapor retarder required in any climate zone with high density spray foam insulation

Brick veneer High density spray foam insulation

Air space

Drainage plane

Structural sheathing

Gypsum board

Open head joint (every other brick)

Asphalt shingle roof

Roofing paper

Roof sheathing

High density spray foam insulation

Gypsum board (thermal barrier) required for fire-rating

Knee wall

Drip edge tucked under membrane

Insulating sheathing

Occupiable space

Figure 11 Unvented Flat Roof Assembly

•There is no potential for condensation on the underside of the roof sheathing until interior moisture levels exceed 50% RH at 70°F

•High density spray foam insulation does not require an interior vapor retarder in any climate

Gypsum board with semi-permeable (latex) paint

Caulking or sealant

Sealant, adhesive or gasket at top plate

Polymer modified (PM) or traditional cement stucco

Metal lath 1 / 4" c an t/f t

OSB sheathing

Coping wedge

18" wide membrane strip under parapet folded down over exterior

OSB

OSB

Cavity insulation

Metal cap

Rubber roofing membrane

Scupper

Two layers OSB

Building paper bond break over drainage plane

High density spray foam insulation

Figure 12 Unvented Flat Roof Assembly — Condensing Surface Temperature Controlled

•The thickness of the rigid insulation at both the roof deck and roof perimeter is determined by a calculation procedure similar to Figure 5

•The colder the climate the thicker the rigid insulation required •The higher the interior moisture level the thicker the rigid insulation required

Gypsum board with semi-permeable (latex) paint

Cavity insulation

Sealant, adhesive or gasket at top plate

Polymer modified (PM) or traditional cement stucco

Metal lath 1 / 4" c an t/f t

OSB sheathing

Coping wedge

OSB

Cavity insulation

Metal cap

Rubber roofing membraneScupper

Rigid insulation

Building paper bond break over drainage plane

Sealant

Sealant

18" wide membrane strip under parapet folded down over exterior rigid insulation

Air barrier membrane (membrane roofing in very cold and cold climates; house-wraps, building paper in all other climates)Rigid insulation

OSB

2 Roof Design

About this Report

This report was first published in the Builder’s Guide for Cold Climates, 2004 edition.

About the Author

Joseph Lstiburek, Ph.D., P.Eng., is a principal of Building Science Corporation in Westford, Massachusetts. He has twenty-five years of experience in design, construction, investigation, and building science research. Joe is an ASHRAE Fellow and an internationally recognized authority on indoor air quality, moisture, and condensation in buildings. More information about Joseph Lstiburek can be found at www.buildingscience.com

Direct all correspondence to: Joseph Lstiburek, Building Science Corporation, 70 Main Street, Westford, MA 01886

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