0005_-_Attachment_0001_SEC_L_Rifle.pdf

C 4, FM 3-22.9(FM 23-9)

Change 4 Headquarters Department of the Army

Washington, DC, 13 September 2006

RIFLE MARKSMANSHIP

M16A1, M16A2/3, M16A4, AND M4 CARBINE

1. Change FM 3-22.9(FM 23-9), 24 April 2003, as follows:

Remove old pages: Insert new pages:

Contents Contents Preface Preface 2-23 through 2-30 2-23 through 2-31 4-19 through 4-21 4-19 through 4-25 6-9 through 6-15 6-9 through 6-16 7-1 through 7-2 7-1 through 7-2 7-17 through 7-24 7-17 through 7-24 8-13 through 8-23 8-13 through 8-24 A-21 through A-42 A-21 through A-43 B-5 through B-6 B-5 through B-6 Glossary Glossary Index Index DA Form 3595-R DA Form 3595-R DA Form 5790-R DA Form 5790-R

2. A star (*) marks new or changed material.

3. File this transmittal sheet in front of the publication.

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Official:

DISTRIBUTION: Regular Army, Army National Guard, and U.S. Army Reserve: To be distributed in accordance with initial distribution number 110187 requirements for

FM 3-22.9.

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

PETER J. SCHOOMAKER

General, United States Army

Chief of Staff

JOYCE E. MORROW

Administrative Assistant to the

Secretary of the Army 0624204

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FIELD MANUAL HEADQUARTERS

No. 3-22.9 (23-9) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON, DC, 13 September 2006

RIFLE MARKSMANSHIP

M16A1, M16A2/3, M16A4, and M4 CARBINE

CONTENTS

Page PREFACE...........................................................................................................................v

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION AND TRAINING STRATEGY

Section I. Training Overview................................................................................ 1-1 1-1. Objectives ................................................................................. 1-1 1-2. Training Strategy ...................................................................... 1-1 1-3. Training Phases......................................................................... 1-3 Section II. Marksmanship Training Strategy.......................................................... 1-5 1-4. Mission-Essential Tasks ........................................................... 1-5 1-5. Training Assessment................................................................. 1-5 1-6. Basic Program Implementation ................................................ 1-6 1-7. Training the Trainer .................................................................. 1-6 1-8. Duties of the Instructor-Trainer ................................................ 1-7 1-9. Trainer Certification Program................................................... 1-7 1-10. Qualification Training............................................................... 1-9 1-11. Unit Live-Fire Exercises......................................................... 1-10 1-12. Commander’s Evaluation Guide............................................. 1-11

CHAPTER 2. CHARACTERISTICS, AMMUNITION, AND ACCESSORIES

2-1. Characteristics........................................................................... 2-1 2-2. Rail Adapter System ................................................................. 2-9 2-3. Rail Grabbers and MILES Training Extender ........................ 2-12 2-4. Backup Iron Sight ................................................................... 2-14 2-5. M68, Close-Combat Optic...................................................... 2-15 2-6. AN/PAQ-4B/C Infrared Aiming Light ................................... 2-17 2-7. AN/PEQ-2A Target Pointer/Illuminator/Aiming Light.......... 2-19 2-8. AN/PAS-13 (V2) Medium Thermal Weapon Sight and AN/PAS-13 (V3) Heavy Thermal Weapon Sight................... 2-22 2-9. AN/PVS-4 Night Vision Sight................................................ 2-23 2-10. Borelight ................................................................................. 2-25

* 2-11. Ammunition Types and Characteristics.................................. 2-26

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

*This publication supersedes FM 23-9, July 1989.

C 4, FM 3-22.9

ii 13 September 2006

Page

CHAPTER 3. TROUBLESHOOTING AND DESTRUCTION

3-1. Stoppages .................................................................................. 3-1 3-2. Malfunctions ............................................................................. 3-2 3-3. Destruction Procedures ............................................................. 3-7

CHAPTER 4. PRELIMINARY RIFLE INSTRUCTION

(PHASE I of Basic Rifle Marksmanship) Section I. Introduction to Basic Rifle Marksmanship and Mechanical Training.. 4-1 4-1. Clearing..................................................................................... 4-2 4-2. Cycles of Functioning............................................................... 4-2 4-3. Modes of Fire............................................................................ 4-8 4-4. Peer Coaching ......................................................................... 4-10 Section II. Marksmanship Fundamentals I........................................................... 4-11 4-5. The Four Fundamentals .......................................................... 4-12 4-6. Firing Positions ....................................................................... 4-18

* 4-7. Proper Wear and Fit of Interceptor Body Armor.................... 4-19

* 4-8. Firing Positions with Interceptor Body Armor ....................... 4-21

* 4-9. Training Devices and Exercises.............................................. 4-24 Section III. Marksmanship Fundamentals II.......................................................... 4-25

* 4-10. Weaponeer .............................................................................. 4-25

* 4-11. Engagement Skills Trainer 2000............................................. 4-25

CHAPTER 5. DOWNRANGE FEEDBACK

(PHASE II of Basic Rifle Marksmanship) 5-1. Grouping Procedures ................................................................ 5-1 5-2. Zeroing Procedures ................................................................. 5-14 5-3. Known-Distance Range (With or Without LOMAH) ............ 5-17 5-4. Effects of Wind and Gravity................................................... 5-26 5-5. Ballistics.................................................................................. 5-32

CHAPTER 6. FIELD FIRE

(PHASE III of Basic Rifle Marksmanship) Section I. Target Detection ................................................................................... 6-1 6-1. Locating Targets ....................................................................... 6-1 6-2. Marking Targets........................................................................ 6-3 6-3. Range Determination ................................................................ 6-4 Section II. Field-Fire Training (Single Timed Targets and Multiple Timed Targets) ................................................................ 6-5 6-4. Conduct of Field-Fire Range .................................................... 6-6 6-5. Field-Fire Standards.................................................................. 6-7 Section III. Record Qualification............................................................................. 6-9

* 6-6. Practice Record Fire I and II..................................................... 6-9 6-7. Practice Record Fire Standards............................................... 6-10

* 6-8. Record Fire ............................................................................. 6-11

* 6-9. Alternate Qualification Courses.............................................. 6-14

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CHAPTER 7. ADVANCED RIFLE MARKSMANSHIP

(PHASE IV of Basic Rifle Marksmanship) Section I. Advanced Firing Positions.................................................................... 7-1 7-1. Alternate Prone Firing Position ................................................ 7-1 7-2. Kneeling Supported Firing Position ......................................... 7-2 7-3. Kneeling Unsupported Firing Position ..................................... 7-2 7-4. Standing Firing Position ........................................................... 7-3 7-5. Modified Supported Firing Position ......................................... 7-3 7-6. Urban Operations Firing Positions ........................................... 7-4 7-7. Modified Automatic and Burst Fire Position............................ 7-6 Section II. Combat Fire Techniques....................................................................... 7-7 7-8. Rapid Semiautomatic Fire ........................................................ 7-7 7-9. Automatic or Burst Fire .......................................................... 7-10 7-10. Suppressive Fire...................................................................... 7-13 7-11. Quick Fire ............................................................................... 7-15 Section* III. Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Firing.................... 7-18

* 7-12. MOPP Equipment Fire Training............................................. 7-19

* 7-13. CBRN Dry-Fire and Live-Fire Exercises ............................... 7-22 Section IV. Night Fire Training ............................................................................. 7-23 7-14. Unassisted Night Fire Training............................................... 7-24 7-15. Unassisted Night Fire Target Detection ................................. 7-26 7-16. Training with Artificial Illumination ...................................... 7-27 7-17. Unassisted Night Dry-Fire and Live-Fire Exercises............... 7-28 Section V. Moving Target Engagement ............................................................... 7-30 7-18. Moving Target Fundamentals................................................. 7-30 7-19. Single-Lead Rule for Moving Targets .................................... 7-31 7-20. Moving Target Live-Fire Exercise ......................................... 7-36 7-21. Moving Target Techniques..................................................... 7-36 Section VI. Short-Range Marksmanship Training................................................. 7-37 7-22. Conduct of Short-Range Marksmanship Training.................. 7-38 7-23. Fundamentals of Short-Range Marksmanship........................ 7-38 7-24. Preliminary Marksmanship Instruction .................................. 7-42 7-25. Phase I, Reflexive Fire Training............................................. 7-43 7-26. Phase II, Target Discrimination Training ............................... 7-45 7-27. Phase III, Short-Range Marksmanship Qualification............. 7-46 7-28. Phase IV, Shotgun and Automatic Firing Familiarization...... 7-47 Section VII. Squad Designated Marksman Training............................................... 7-47 7-29. Mission of the Squad Designated Marksman ......................... 7-48 7-30. Squad Designated Marksman Program .................................. 7-48 7-31. Squad Designated Marksman Skills Progression ................... 7-48 iv 13 September 2006

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CHAPTER 8. ADVANCED OPTICS, LASERS, AND IRON SIGHTS

(PHASE V of Basic Rifle Marksmanship) 8-1. Training Strategies and Qualification Standards ...................... 8-1 8-2. Borelight ................................................................................... 8-1 8-3. Back-Up Iron Sight................................................................. 8-10

* 8-4. M68, Close-Combat Optic...................................................... 8-11

* 8-5. AN/PAS-13 (V2), (V3) Thermal Weapon Sight .................... 8-15

* 8-6. AN/PAQ-4B/C and AN/PEQ-2A, Infrared Aiming Lasers.... 8-18

* 8-7. AN/PVS-4 Night Vision Device............................................. 8-22

APPENDIX A. * TRAINING AIDS AND DEVICES............................................. A-1 APPENDIX B. * SCORECARDS .............................................................................B-1

APPENDIX C. LASER MARKSMANSHIP TRAINING SYSTEM .................C-1

APPENDIX D. RANGE SAFETY AND RISK MANAGEMENT..................... D-1

APPENDIX E. RANGE PROCEDURES AND RANGE OPERATION

CHECKLIST.................................................................................E-1

APPENDIX F. ACTIONS, CONDITIONS, AND STANDARDS ......................F-1

APPENDIX G. 10-METER TARGET OFFSETS AND 25-METER

ZERO OFFSETS ......................................................................... G-1 APPENDIX H. NIGHT FIGHTING..................................................................... H-1 *GLOSSARY......................................................................................................Glossary-1 REFERENCES............................................................................................... References-1 *INDEX.................................................................................................................... Index-1 *DA FIRING FORMS ....................................................................................behind Index

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PREFACE

This manual provides guidance for planning and executing training on the 5.56-mm M16-series rifle (M16A1/A2/A3/A4) and M4 carbine. It is a guide for commanders, leaders, and instructors to develop training programs, plans, and lessons that meet the objectives or intent of the United States Army rifle marksmanship program and FM 7-0 (Training the Force).

This manual is organized to lead the trainer through the material needed to conduct training during initial entry training (IET) and unit sustainment training. Preliminary subjects include discussion on the weapons’ capabilities, mechanical training, and the fundamentals and principles of rifle marksmanship. Live-fire applications are scheduled after the soldier has demonstrated preliminary skills.

*This publication applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United States, and the United States Reserve unless otherwise stated. The proponent for this publication is the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command. The preparing agency is the U.S. Army Infantry School. You may send comments and recommendations by any means, U.S. mail, e-mail, FAX, or telephone, as long as you use or follow the format of DA Form 2028, Recommend change to Publications and Blank Forms. You may also phone for more information:

E-mail 229-DOC-LIT@benning.army.mil Phone COM (706) 545-8623 or DSN 835-8623 Fax COM (706) 545-8600 or DSN 835-8600 US Mail Cmdt, USAIS

ATTN: ATSH-INB

2250 Wilkin Drive, Bldg 74, Rm 102 Fort Benning, GA, 31905-5593.

*Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) now replaces, nuclear, biological, chemical (NBC), throughout this manual.

Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns may refer to either men or women.

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Figure 2-35. Mounting TWS on an M16A1/A2/A3.

b. M16A4/M4-Series Weapons (Figure 2-36). The Picatinny style rail grabber with spacer (1) on the bottom of the TWS is aligned with a notch on the integrated rail (2) of the M16A4/M4-series weapons ensuring the TWS is positioned to accommodate an effective firing position once the eyecup is depressed. The TWS will not retain zero if the rail grabber extends beyond the end of the integrated rail when mounted. Tighten the torque-limiting knob clockwise until it clicks twice. Retightening the rail grabber is recommended after a few rounds have been fired to ensure the sight is fully seated. The mounting procedures are identical for the M16A4 and M4-series MWS.

Figure 2-36. Mounting TWS on M16A4/M4-series weapons.

*2-9. AN/PVS-4 NIGHT VISION SIGHT

The AN/PVS-4 night vision sight is a portable, battery-operated electro-optical instrument used for observation and aimed fire of weapons at night (Figure 2-37, page 2-24). It amplifies reflected light, such as moonlight, starlight, and sky glow, so that the viewed scene becomes clearly visible to the operator. The AN/PVS-4 does not emit visible or infrared light (except from the eyepiece) that can be detected by the enemy.

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It can be used on the M16A2 rifle, M4 carbine, and M4 modular weapon system.

Mounting brackets are provided for each type of weapon.

Figure 2-37. AN/PVS-4 night vision sight.

a. M16A2-Series Weapons (Figure 2-38). The AN/PVS-4 is mounted to the carrying handle on the M16A2-series weapons. Position the sight in the groove on the top of the carrying handle and align the threaded hole in the base of the sight-mounting adapter over the hole in the handle. Insert the mounting knob assembly through the hole in the carrying handle and screw it firmly clockwise into the sight-mounting adapter. If difficulty is encountered, turn the sight and the rifle upside down. Place the rifle handle onto the sight-mounting adapter, lining up the hole in the carrying handle with the hole in the sight-mounting adapter. Place the mounting knob assembly through the hole in the carrying handle and screw it clockwise.

Figure 2-38. AN/PVS-4 on the M16A2-series weapons.

b. M4/M4-MWS-Series Weapons (Figure 2-39). The Picatinny rail grabber with a mounting adapter (1) on the bottom of the AN/PVS-4 is aligned with a notch on the integrated rail (2) of the M4/M4-MWS-series weapons ensuring the AN/PVS-4 is positioned to accommodate an effective firing position once the eyecup is depressed. The AN/PVS-4 will not retain zero if the rail grabber extends beyond the end of the integrated rail when mounted.

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Tighten the torque-limiting knob clockwise until it clicks twice. Retightening of the rail grabber is recommended after a few rounds have been fired to ensure the sight is fully seated. The mounting procedures are identical for the M4 and M4-MWS-series weapons.

Figure 2-39. AN/PVS-4 on the M4/M4-MWS-series weapon.

2-10. BORELIGHT

The borelight (Figure 2-40) is an eye-safe laser that is used to zero aiming lasers, such as the AN/PAQ-4 or AN/PEQ-2, without a 25-meter confirmation. The borelight has four settings: OFF (the borelight is not in use); GOGGLE (when using NVGs; this mode is selected when using the borelight in a tactical environment); LOW (used during normal operations); and PULSE (used during dry-fire training mode). The borelight will also boresight optics and iron sights to ensure the first shot group hits the 25-meter zero target when zeroing the weapon. The borelight comes with a 5.56-mm, 7.62-mm, .50 caliber, and MK 19 mandrel.

Figure 2-40. Borelight with a 5.56-mm mandrel.

a. Boresighting is conducted at 10 meters with the borelight, weapon, aiming device and a 10-meter offset. Each aiming device and weapon combination has a unique 10-meter offset (Appendix G).

b. Figure 2-41A depicts a 10-meter boresight target and Figure 2-41B (page 2-26) depicts a 25-meter zero target. When used properly these offsets will align the aiming device on the selected weapon to engage a target center mass at 300 meters.

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(1) The 10-meter boresight target is used in conjunction with the borelight. The 10-meter boresight target is a 1-centimeter grid system with a crosshair and a circle. The crosshair is the aiming point for the aiming device and the circle is the point of impact for the borelight. (Refer to Chapter 8 for a detailed explanation of bore sighting procedures.)

(2) The 25-meter zero target is used when live firing at 25-meters. The 25-meter zero target for the M16- and M4-series weapons is the standard M16A2 zero target with the appropriate strike zone marked on the target (Figure 2-41B). The M4 zero target is only used when zeroing the iron sights on the M4. The aiming point is always center mass of the 300-meter scaled silhouette. The designated strike zone is a 4-by-4 square designating where the rounds should impact when you aim center mass. (Refer to Chapter 8 for a detailed explanation of the 25-meter offset zeroing procedures.)

Figure 2-41. 10-meter boresight target and 25-meter zero offset.

2-11. AMMUNITION TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS

This paragraph provides information on different types of standard military ammunition used in the M16-/M4-series weapons (Figure 2-42, page 2-28). Use only authorized ammunition manufactured to U.S. and NATO specifications. (Figures 2-43 through 2-47 [pages 2-28 through 2-30] show ammunition trajectory data.)

a. Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Ball, M193. The M193 cartridge is a center-fire cartridge with a 55-grain, gilded metal-jacketed, lead alloy core bullet. The M193 round is the standard cartridge for field use with the M16A1 rifle and has no identifying marks (1, Figure 2-42, page 2-28).

b. Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Tracer, M196. (Used in the M16A1 rifle) The M196 cartridge has a red or orange painted tip (2, Figure 2-42, page 2-28). Its main uses are for observation of fire, incendiary effect, and signaling. Soldiers should avoid long-term use of 100 percent tracer rounds, which could cause deposits of incendiary material, or

13 September 2006 2-27 chemical compounds that could damage the barrel. Therefore, when tracer rounds are fired, they are mixed with ball ammunition in a ratio of no greater than one-to-one with a preferred ratio of three or four ball rounds to one tracer round.

c. Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Dummy, M199. (Used in all rifles.) The M199 dummy cartridge is used during dry firing and other training (3, Figure 2-42, page 2-28). This cartridge can be identified by the six grooves along the sides of the case beginning about 1/2 inch from its tip. It contains no propellant or primer. The primer well is open to prevent damage to the firing pin.

d. Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Blank, M200. (Used in all rifles.) The M200 blank cartridge has no projectile. The case mouth is closed with a seven-petal rosette crimp and shows a violet tip (4, Figure 2-42, page 2-28).

* e. Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Ball, M855. (Used in the M16A2/3/4 and M4-series weapons.) The M855 cartridge has a 62-grain, gilded metal-jacketed, lead alloy core bullet with a steel penetrator. The primer and case are waterproof. This round is also linked and used in the M249. It has a green tip (5, Figure 2-42, page 2-28). This ammunition should not be used in the M16A1 except under emergency conditions, and only at targets less than 90 meters in distance. (The twist of the M16A1 rifling is not sufficient to stabilize the length of the 62-grain projectile of the round.)

* f. Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Tracer, M856. (Used in the M16A2/3/4 and M4-series weapons.) The M856 tracer cartridge has characteristics similar to the M196 tracer with a slightly longer tracer burnout distance. This cartridge has a 63.7-grain bullet. The M856 does not have a steel penetrator. It has a red tip (orange when linked 4 to 1 for the M249) (6, Figure 2-42, page 2-28). This ammunition should not be used in the M16A1 except under emergency conditions, and only at targets less than 90 meters in distance. (The twist of the M16A1 rifling is not sufficient to stabilize the length of the 63.7-grain projectile of the round.)

g. Cartridge, 5.56-mm Short-Range Training Ammunition (SRTA), M862.

(Used in all rifles.) The M862 SRTA (7, Figure 2-42, page 2-28) is designed exclusively for training. It can be used in lieu of service ammunition on indoor ranges and by units that have a limited range fan that does not allow the firing of service ammunition. SRTA ammunition must be used with the M2 training bolt.

(1) Although SRTA closely replicates the trajectory and characteristics of service ammunition out to 25 meters, it should not be used to set battle sight zero of weapons to fire service ammunition. The settings that are placed on the sights for SRTA could be different for service ammunition.

(2) If adequate range facilities are not available for sustainment training, SRTA can be used for any firing exercise of 25 meters or less. This includes the 25-meter scaled silhouette, 25-meter alternate qualification course, and quick-fire training. SRTA can also be used for Urban Operations training. (See Appendix A for use of SRTA in training.)

* h. Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Armor Piercing (AP) M995. The M995 cartridge (8, Figure 2-42, page 2-28) is used by the M249 (SAW), M16/A2/A3/A4, and M4 series weapons. Procurement is intended for use against light armored targets. The M995 offers the capability to defeat these targets at ranges two to three times that of currently available 5.56-mm ammunition. The M995 cartridge consists of a projectile and a propelling charge contained in a brass cartridge case. The projectile is a dense metal penetrator (tungsten carbide) enclosed by a standard gilding metal jacket. An aluminum

2-28 13 September 2006 cup sits at the rear of the projectile for the purpose of properly locating the penetrator within the projectile. The cartridge utilizes a conventional brass case and double base propellant. A standard rifle cartridge primer is used in the case to initiate the propelling charge.

i. Storage. When storing ammunition in the open is necessary, it must be raised on dunnage at least 6 inches from the ground and protected with a cover, leaving enough space for air circulation. Since moisture and high temperatures adversely affect ammunition and explosives, the following must be adhered to:

• Do not open ammunition boxes until ready to use.

• Protect ammunition from high temperatures and the direct rays of the sun.

• Do not attempt to disassemble ammunition or any of its components.

• Never use lubricants or grease on ammunition.

*Figure 2-42. Ammunition, 5.56-mm for the M16- and M4-series weapons.

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Figure 2-43. M855 drop during 25-meter zeroing (M16A2 at 8/3+1; M4 at 6/3).

Figure 2-44. Bullet drop of M855 ammunition with M16A2 (8/3).

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Figure 2-45. Bullet drop of M855 ammunition with M4 (6/3).

Figure 2-46. M4 carbine and M16A2 rifle bullet trajectory comparison.

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Figure 2-47. Bullet drop of M4/M855 during 25-meter zeroing on 6/3.

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NOTE: The objective is to establish a steady position under various conditions. The ultimate performance of this task is combat. Although the firer must be positioned high enough to observe all targets, he must remain as low as possible to provide added protection from enemy fire.

b. Basic Prone Unsupported Firing Position. This firing position (Figure 4-23) offers another stable firing platform for engaging targets. To assume this position, the soldier faces his target, spreads his feet a comfortable distance apart, and drops to his knees. Using the butt of the rifle as a pivot, the firer rolls onto his nonfiring side, placing the nonfiring elbow close to the side of the magazine. He places the rifle butt in the pocket formed by the firing shoulder, grasps the pistol grip with his firing hand, and lowers the firing elbow to the ground. The rifle rests in the V formed by the thumb and fingers of the non-firing hand. The soldier adjusts the position of his firing elbow until his shoulders are about level, and pulls back firmly on the rifle with both hands. To complete the position, he obtains a stock weld and relaxes, keeping his heels close to the ground.

Figure 4-23. Basic prone unsupported firing position.

*4-7. PROPER WEAR AND FIT OF INTERCEPTOR BODY ARMOR

The new BRM strategy includes the wearing of Interceptor body armor (IBA) minus the throat, collar, and groin attachments during all BRM periods and concurrent training.

Though the conditions have changed, marksmanship fundamentals remain unchanged.

Improper wear and fit of IBA impedes a soldier’s marksmanship ability. Prior to BRM training, use an IBA immersion approach so the soldier can adapt to weight and movement restrictions. Incrementally introduce the outer tactical vest (OTV) and front/back small arms protective insert (SAPI) plates for an easier weight transition.

While the natural “pocket of the shoulder” is covered by the OTV, the buttstock is still placed where the “pocket” would be.

* a. Quantity and Sizing. Have adequate IBA quantities (Figure 4-24, page 4-20) on hand for all soldiers during IBA immersion. Make a conscious effort to size IBA to the soldier by conducting deliberate fit procedures to reduce or eliminate fit and size problems. Ensure that the SAPI size corresponds to the OTV. Also make sure nothing else is in the OTV/SAPI compartment.

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*Figure 4-24. Interceptor body armor.

* b. Wear of Helmets. When in the prone position the back plate in IBA tends to shove the personnel armor system for ground troops (PASGT) helmet over soldiers’ eyes. To minimize as much as possible the PASGT helmet positioning problem, always make sure it is properly sized and fitted. Excessive hair between the IBA and helmet further forces the helmet down over the shooter’s eyes. Encourage female soldiers to wear a short (chin length) haircut or cornrow hairstyle. A hair bun adds more material between the IBA rear SAPI and PASGT helmet. If short hair is not a female soldier’s prerogative, allow her hair to be worn down when firing. This allows soldiers to establish a foundation in firing with IBA before adding additional body armor components. Tightening the suspension harness and sweat band (raising the helmet higher in the head) can lessen interference with the IBA, hair, and helmet.

The Army combat helmet (ACH) is lighter, has better weight distribution, and contains less material that can impede a soldier’s prone position firing vision than is contained in the PASGT helmet. The ACH does not interfere with the IBA and block a soldier’s vision while in the prone position.

* c. Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures. To increase comfort and increase stability while wearing IBA in the prone position, sand or dirt should be scooped underneath the chest while preparing to fire. To alleviate pain and pressure on elbows and knees the added weight of IBA causes, elbow and knee pads can be used. If used in the kneeling position, the elbow pad should not rest on the knee pad; hard plastic on hard plastic is not conducive to a steady position. To help with stability while firing in the kneeling position, pinch and squeeze the rifle buttstock between the SAPI plate and bicep. Loosen the firing side straps and tighten the nonfiring side straps to shift the SAPI away from the firing side. Attaching canteens, ammunition pouches, or first aid pouches directly to IBA (instead of using load bearing equipment [LBE]) can minimize interference with LBE shoulder straps, IBA, and helmet. Reserve IBA firing with throat, collar, or groin protectors for advanced rifle marksmanship (ARM).

Shorter stature soldiers may have to increase their body-line to rifle-axis-angle to more of an “L” shape so they can position themselves comfortably (physically reach the hand guards). Soldiers should be in a comfortable firing position to leverage the natural point of aim. The more the target and rifle are naturally in line, while in a relaxed position the less movement is needed to acquire a proper sight picture.

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*4-8. FIRING POSITIONS WITH INTERCEPTOR BODY ARMOR

While the natural “pocket of the soldier” is covered by the OTV, the buttstock is still placed where the “pocket” would be.

* a. Prone Supported Firing Position. To assume the prone supported firing position, the soldier faces his target and drops to the ground, breaking his fall with the butt of the weapon (Figure 4-25). Legs are spread apart with the firing leg bent to relieve pressure on the lower body. The prone supported firing position uses sandbags or any other suitable object to support the handguard. The nonfiring hand in this position remains free for use on any part of the rifle. Both elbows are placed on the ground to support the upper body. The firing hand is placed on the pistol grip; the nonfiring hand is placed on the upper handguard. Elbow and knee pads can be worn to relieve IBA induced pain and pressure in these areas. The butt of the weapon should be placed between the SAPI plate and bicep to help stabilize the weapon and absorb recoil.

*Figure 4-25. Prone supported firing position.

* b. Prone Unsupported Firing Position. To assume the prone unsupported firing position, the soldier faces his target and drops to the ground, breaking his fall with the butt of the weapon. Legs are spread apart with the firing leg bent to relieve pressure on the lower back (Figure 4-26). Both elbows are placed on the ground to support the upper body. The firing hand is placed on the pistol grip; the nonfiring hand is placed on the upper handguard. Elbow and knee pads can be worn to relieve pressure and IBA induced pain in these areas. The butt of the weapon should be placed between the SAPI plate and bicep to help stabilize the weapon and absorb recoil.

*Figure 4-26. Prone unsupported firing position.

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* c. Kneeling Unsupported Firing Position. To assume the kneeling firing position, the soldier keeps his left foot in place, steps back with the right foot, then drops to the right knee (Figure 4-27). He places the left nonfiring hand on the upper handguard with the upper arm (triceps) on the left knee for support. The right firing hand is placed on the pistol grip with the butt of the weapon between the SAPI plate and bicep to help stabilize the weapon and absorb recoil. The ball of the right foot should rest firmly on the ground so the soldier can sit back with his buttock on the heel. Relaxing and leaning forward into the position can help absorb recoil. The butt of the weapon should be placed between the SAPI plate and bicep to help stabilize the weapon and absorb recoil.

*Figure 4-27. Kneeling unsupported firing position.

* d. Standing Unsupported Firing Position. To assume the standing unsupported firing position, the soldier faces his target, executes a facing movement to his firing side, then spreads his feet a comfortable distance apart (Figure 4-28, page 4-23). With his firing hand on the pistol grip and his nonfiring hand on the upper hand guard or bottom of the magazine, the soldier places the butt of the rifle between the SAPI plate of the IBA and his bicep. This stabilizes the weapon and absorbs recoil. The soldier shifts his feet until aiming naturally at the target and his weight is evenly distributed. The standing position provides the least stability, but can be assumed quickly while moving, and is a good position for target area observation. Support for any portion of the body or rifle improves stability. More stability can be obtained by adjusting the ammunition pouch to support the nonfiring elbow. This allows the rifle magazine to rest in the nonfiring hand.

13 September 2006 4-23

*Figure 4-28. Standing unsupported firing position.

* e. Standing Supported Firing Position Around Obstacles. To assume the standing firing position, the soldier faces his target, executes a facing movement to his firing side, then spreads his feet a comfortable distance apart (Figure 4-29). With his firing hand on the pistol grip and his nonfiring hand on the upper handguard, the soldier places the butt of the rifle between the SAPI plate and his bicep. This helps stabilize the weapon and absorbs the recoil. The soldier then leans into the wall or obstacle with his nonfiring forearm, shoulder, and nonfiring thigh touching the obstacle for support. The soldier shifts his feet until he is aiming naturally at the target and his weight is evenly distributed.

*Figure 4-29. Standing supported firing position around obstacles.

4-24 13 September 2006

*4-9. TRAINING DEVICES AND EXERCISES

Several marksmanship training devices are available to aid in sustainment training when used with the appropriate training strategies. They are beneficial when ammunition is limited for training or practice exercises. Some training devices are complex, costly, and in limited supply, while others are relatively simple, cheap, and in large supply. Devices and aids can be used alone or in combinations. Individuals or squads can sustain or practice basic marksmanship skills and fundamentals with devices and aids.

a. Dominant Eye Training. This exercise assists the coach and the firer in determining which eye the firer should use when engaging targets. The firer’s dominant eye should be identified early in the training process to prevent unnecessary problems such as a blurred sight picture or the inability to acquire a tight shot group during the grouping exercise. (Refer to Appendix A for a detailed explanation on the dominant eye training exercise and training standards.)

b. M15A1 Aiming Card. This exercise measures the soldier’s ability to acquire the same sight picture each time the firer places his sights on a target using iron sights (Refer to Appendix A for a detailed explanation on the M15A1 aiming card exercise and training standards.)

c. Target Box and Paddle Exercise. This exercise incorporates the soldier’s position and breathing while aiming at a target 25 meters away, simulating a live fire 25-meter engagement. This exercise reinforces the basic fundamentals while refining the soldier’s muscle memory during the integrated act of dry firing. This exercise specifically focuses on the soldier’s position, breathing and sight picture. (Refer to Appendix A for a detailed explanation of the target box and paddle exercise and training standards.)

d. Dime and Washer Exercise. This exercise incorporates the soldier’s position;

breathing and trigger squeeze at a target 25 meters away, simulating a live fire 25-meter engagement. The soldier must successfully dry-fire his weapon six consecutive times without the washer falling to the ground. This exercise specifically focuses on all four of the soldier’s fundamentals. (Refer to Appendix A for a detailed explanation of the dime and washer exercise and training standards.)

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Section III. MARKSMANSHIP FUNDAMENTALS II This training program (Figure 4-30) reinforces BRM and the four fundamentals while demonstrating the integrated act of shooting on the Weaponeer.

Marksmanship Fundamentals II Period 3 (8 hours) Instructional Intent:

Reinforce BRM 1, 2 and the four fundamentals while demonstrating the integrated act of shooting on the Weaponeer.

Observables:

All fundamentals emphasized and applied on the Weaponeer.

Weapons safety reinforced on the Weaponeer.

Peer coaching is emphasized during Weaponeer firing.

Remediate all soldiers who fail to hit six out of nine shots at the 300-meter Weaponeer target.

Tasks:

Demonstrate the integrated act of firing while using the Weaponeer device.

Note: Soldiers who do not meet the standard will receive remedial training before subsequent instruction.

Figure 4-30. Marksmanship Fundamentals II training program.

*4-10. WEAPONEER

The Weaponeer is capable of simulating all of the BRM live-fire scenarios without firing rounds. Immediate feedback is available for critiquing the soldier’s application of the integrated act of firing while using the Weaponeer device to include misfire procedures.

(Refer to Appendix A for a detailed explanation of the Weaponeer training procedures and training standards.) This exercise incorporates all four fundamentals while giving immediate downrange feedback.

*4-11. ENGAGEMENT SKILLS TRAINER 2000

The engagement skills trainer (EST) 2000 is a portable firearms training simulator system that provides training of marksmanship, squad tactical, and close-range shoot-don’t shoot techniques and skills for small arms weapons. EST 2000 will not be used as a substitute for live fire qualification. Commanders should review DA PAM 350-38, Standards in Training Commission (STRAC), for those live-fire events that can be executed in the EST 2000. Features that differentiate the EST 2000 from other systems are superior accuracy and state of the art graphics. (Refer to Appendix A for a detailed explanation of the EST 2000 training simulator.)

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Section III. RECORD QUALIFICATION Qualification ratings and first-time GO rates are important during record fire, if properly used. They provide goals for the soldier and aid the commander in identifying the quality of his training. This should be considered in the assignment of priorities, instructor personnel, and obtaining valuable training resources. The objective of record firing is to access and confirm the individual proficiency of firers and the effectiveness of the training program.

6-6. PRACTICE RECORD FIRE I AND II

Although the soldier receives a practice rating based on the number of target hits, practice record fire should also be considered a valuable training exercise. When practice record fire is correctly conducted, all soldiers gain valuable experience and become more confident in engaging combat targets (Figure 6-4).

Instructional Intent:

Reinforce PMI and KD firing and apply the techniques of target detection by engaging a more difficult course of fire, with increased time stress with single and multiple pop-up targets.

Special Instructions:

Ensure proper rear sight setting (M16A1=the unmarked aperture, short-range) Ensure proper rear sight setting (M16A2/3=8/3, M16A4 and M4=6/3 flush).

Ensure the rear sight aperture is set on 300, not 800.

Ensure small aperture is being used.

Peer coaching is stressed (Practice Record Fire I) Observables:

Soldiers are applying all aspects of BRM.

Soldiers hit 23 out of 40 target exposures.

Soldiers that do not meet the standard receive remedial training before re-firing.

Practice record fire should be conducted on a different range than record fire.

Figure 6-4. Practice record fire.

* a. Concept. During Practice Record Fire I and II, each firer receives 40 target exposures at ranges from 50 to 300 meters, and 40 rounds of 5.56-mm ammunition.

Twenty rounds are fired from the prone supported firing position (or at the unit commander’s discretion), the foxhole supported firing position. Ten rounds are fired from the prone unsupported firing position. Another ten rounds are fired from the kneeling firing position. Each soldier must hit a minimum of 23 out of 40 target exposures. The soldier must thoroughly understand and apply the fundamentals of marksmanship so he can accurately detect and engage combat targets on the battlefield. Coaching or assistance to firers is permitted only during Practice Record Fire I. If a firer consistently misses targets or experiences problems with target detection and range estimation, coaches should point out the shooting error to help correct it. Target detection is accomplished with a dry-fire scenario before engaging targets.

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NOTES: 1. If possible, Practice Record Fire I and II should be fired on different ranges. Soldiers firing Practice Record Fire II on the same range as Practice Record Fire I must fire on a different lane.

2. Practice Record Fire I and II should closely resemble all aspects of actual qualification. Practice Record Fire I allows peer coaching and the use of dummy ammunition. Practice Record Fire II does not allow peer coaching and dummy ammunition will not be used.

* b. Conduct of a Practice Record Fire Range. The uniform for practice record fire is helmet, LBE/LBV, and Interceptor body armor with all SAPI plates. No other armor is required. During practice record fire, soldiers fire at 40 single or multiple target exposures. They are issued one 20-round magazine to be fired from the prone supported firing position or (at the unit commander’s discretion), *the foxhole supported firing position. A 10-round magazine is fired from the prone unsupported firing position.

Another 10-round magazine is fired from the kneeling unsupported firing position. Based on the total number of hits achieved in each table, soldiers are critiqued on the practice record fire score. Exposure times are three to seven seconds at ranges of 50 to 300 meters. Since it requires one to two seconds for the manually activated target mechanism to raise the target, timing begins when the target is fully exposed rather than when the tower operator activates the target switch. When practice record fire is conducted on the new family of automated record fire ranges, these factors are included in the computer program.

(1) Alibi Firing. Alibi firing should be conducted at the end of each firing table IAW tower operator commands. Alibis are provided during practice record fire for three reasons: malfunction of the rifle, malfunction of the target mechanism, or faulty ammunition.

(2) Range Training Areas. Three range training areas are as follows:

(a) Orientation Area. This area is located so firers cannot see the firing area.

Practice record fire orientation includes conduct of fire, instructions on safety, and range operations (procedures in ready and retired areas).

(b) Ready Area. This area is near the firing range and located so firers cannot see targets on the range. The firer blackens the rifle sights, lubricates the rifle, and checks for defects that might cause malfunctions.

(c) Retired Area. This area is about 100 meters behind the ready area. Soldiers completing practice record fire move to the retired area to clean their rifles and be critiqued on their firing performance.

(3) Record of Performance. Practice record fire is conducted IAW DA Form 3595-R (Record Fire Scorecard). (See the back of the book after the index for a blank reproducible copy.)

6-7. PRACTICE RECORD FIRE STANDARDS

Accurate performance data are critical. The firer’s score is recorded using the practice record fire scorecard, or automated by using a computer printout provided on the automated range. Based on the data recorded, an after-action review can be performed by range and firing position to discuss firing performance. A firer who fails to qualify on his

13 September 2006 6-11 first try should refire the practice record fire range after his problem has been diagnosed and remedial training provided. The following is a practice qualification rating:

• Marksman: Hits 23 to 29 targets.

• Sharpshooter: Hits 30 to 35 targets.

• Expert: Hits 36 to 40 targets.

6-8. RECORD FIRE

The intent of record fire is to facilitate the commander’s evaluation of several individual tasks and integrated marksmanship skill performances, and to provide unit readiness indicators (Figure 6-5). The qualification standards are specifically related to a prescribed procedure for the conduct of record fire. Individual performance must be evaluated IAW three components:

• What test was used (standard, known-distance, or scaled)?

• How was the test administered?

• How were individual and unit performances distributed (23 to 40 or 26 to 40 for alternate), and at which target ranges?

Instructional Intent:

Reinforce all phases of BRM.

Allow soldiers to practice and refine critical marksmanship skills.

Measure the soldier’s complete understanding of BRM.

Special Instructions:

Ensure proper rear sight setting (M16A1=the unmarked aperture, short-range).

Ensure proper rear sight setting to zero (M16A2/3=8/3, M16A4=6/3, M4=6/3).

Ensure the rear sight aperture is set on 300, not 800.

Ensure small aperture is being used.

Ensure that all targets are operational.

*Ensure each soldier has one 20-round magazine, and two 10-round magazines.

Observables:

Soldiers are applying all aspects of BRM.

Soldiers hit 23 out of 40 target exposures.

Soldiers that do not meet the standard receive remedial training before refiring.

Figure 6-5. Record fire.

a. Concept. Since all soldiers must fire the record fire course at least once a year for qualification, the course can provide excellent firing performance evaluations. It also provides excellent diagnostic information for instructor-trainers who are concerned with scheduling training to overcome the most serious firing weaknesses. The standard course should be used for all soldiers. There are times when a qualification exercise must be conducted on an alternate course.

(1) The following information concerning the development of the record fire course is provided to assist in understanding how standards were established.

(2) Testing and development indicates the soldier should hit at least 39 of 40 targets if he applies the marksmanship fundamentals correctly (assuming target mechanisms have been checked and are functioning). This probability of hit (PH) is

6-12 13 September 2006 provided as a guide considering the capability of the typical rifle, ammunition, and soldier firing a standard course (Table 6-1).

RANGE

(METERS)

PH NUMBER OF

TARGETS

50 1.0 05 100 1.0 09 150 1.0 10 200 .99 08 250 .95 05 300 .90 03

Table 6-1. Probability of hits.

(3) When the IET BRM POI or an adequate unit training program is conducted, the following PH can be expected (Table 6-2).

RANGE TARGETS LOW PH AVERAGE PH HIGH PH

50 5 .80 .95 .98 100 9 .70 .90 .95 150 10 .65 .90 .95 200 8 .45 .70 .90 250 5 .35 .60 .85 300 3 .25

23 hits .50

32 hits .80

37 hits

Table 6-2. Results from an adequate unit training program.

(4) The first task on a standard record fire course is to ensure all targets function properly. When in doubt, a lane should be fired to ensure a bullet strike will activate each target. Sometimes slapping a target with a cleaning rod can cause it to activate, but a bullet will not. When it is hot, plastic targets may allow the 5.56-mm bullet to pass through without causing sufficient vibration to activate the mechanism, resulting in a requirement to change targets more often, to use double targets, or to use different silhouettes for a positive indication of hits.

* b. Conduct of Record Fire Range. The record fire course provides for the engagement of one 20-round exercise, and two10-round exercises. Twenty single or multiple targets are engaged from the prone supported or (at the unit commander’s discretion) the foxhole supported firing position; 10 targets are engaged from the prone unsupported position; and 10 targets are engaged from the kneeling position. Once firing begins, no cross-loading of ammunition is allowed. The uniform for qualification is helmet, LBE/LBV, and Interceptor body armor with all SAPI plates. No other armor is required.

* (1) Table 1. Prone Supported Firing Position…