Solicitation 75N97021R00019 Sample Task Traveling Banner Script Exhibition Design.pdf

Exhibit ion Program September 2021 SAMPLE TASK SCRIPT Exhibi t ion Design

Number Type Text asset (image) Notes

Banner 1 title

Care and Custody: Past Responses to Mental Health intro

Society has responded to people with mental health conditions in myriad ways throughout history. Physicians, advocates, and government agencies have all played a role in shaping mental health policies. Over the past 200 years in the United States, a tension has existed between care and custody in mental health.

As you explore this history, consider these questions:

How has society moved away from custodial forms of treatment for people with mental health conditions?

How have people sought a more inclusive society?

How have people worked to protect the rights of people with mental health conditions? [TP([1] (95 words)

Logos NLM MedlinePlus logo web address www.nlm.nih.gov/careandcustody credits

The National Library of Medicine produced this exhibition.

Guest curator: Anne E. Parsons, PhD Exhibition designer: HealyKohler Design

A patient at St. El izabeths Hospital , Washington, D.C., 1955 Courtesy National Library of Medicine

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A mental health division in the Cook County Jail in Chicago

Courtesy Lili Kobielski

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Banner 2 banner title The Asylum Era About the rise of asylums

Header question Who called for state governments to build asylums?

Header answer Social reformers advocated for asylums as isolated environments intended to provide care away from society.

section/banner text

Before states built asylums, local communities in the early 1800s provided piecemeal care for people diagnosed as insane. Many people ended up in poorhouses and jails.

By 1880, dozens of states constructed asylums in rural settings. Physicians used sedative drugs, hydrotherapy, and work regimens in asylums to treat people.

Families often committed their relatives to these institutions when their behaviors made them unable to work or carried a risk of violence, removing them from their homes and communities. Some criticized these involuntary commitments as restricting people’s liberty.

(87 words)

This illustration shows French physician Phillipe Pinel looking on while asylum superintendent Jean‐Baptiste Pussin removes chains from people at an asylum in Paris, 1795.

Pinel believed insanity was curable and rejected the use of physical restraints. Instead, he emphasized moral treatment and self‐discipline as remedies.

Pinel Unchains The Insane, illustration by Robert A. Thom, OB12787

Design proposal for the Sheppard Asylum near Baltimore, MD by architect and landscape designer Calvert Vaux, 1860

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In front of a crowd of onlookers, a sheriff forced Elizabeth Packard onto a train bound for an asylum in Jacksonville, Illinois. Packard’s husband had her committed because of her differing views on religion. After her release, Packard campaigned nationwide for the legal protection of people in asylums.

Illustration from Modern persecution; or, Insane asylums unveiled, Elizabeth P. W. Packard, 1873

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Sidebar Asylum Founder Text

Dorothea Dix, a teacher and author, became a strong advocate for asylums. Dix helped found over 30 asylums around the country to prevent people deemed insane from being jailed or placed in poorhouses.

Dorothea Dix, ca. 19th century

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Banner 3 banner title

A Custodial Focus About a change in asylums Header question Why did many asylums become like prisons?

Header answer Between 1880 and 1920, public asylums focused more on custody as they had become overcrowded and underfunded.

By the early 20th century, asylums often served as surrogate homes for people who were elderly or had disabilities or chronic mental health conditions.

The growth of cities and wage labor made it harder for families, particularly ones from working‐class and immigrant backgrounds, to care for their family members who could not work. As a result, overcrowding became a major issue for state asylums.

Many people feared that people with mental health conditions threatened society. Because public asylums served marginalized people, they did not receive enough funding. In turn, many asylums employed few medical professionals. People housed in asylums often lived in cramped quarters, worked without pay, or experienced violence.

(110 words) assets Staff negligence at the Illinois State Hospital caused Julian Grabowski, who was paralytic, to die from scalding water in a bathtub.

As asylums grew, journalists and physicians exposed abuses that included violence, lack of clothing and food, and the use of restraints.

Illustration from The Chicago Tribune, March 16th, 1896

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Asylums regularly denied admissions to many African Americans or placed them in separate and inferior wards.

This dining hal l at St. El izabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C. was designated for African American residents.

African American Ward at St. Elizabeths Hospital, Washington D.C., ca. 1915

Courtesy National Archives and Records Administration

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Men hired by a medical journal held signs in 1915 fostering fears that mental health conditions were dangerous. This public attitude reinforced beliefs at the time that asylums should protect society from people with mental health conditions.

Eugenics demonstration on Wall Street, photograph by Underwood & Underwood, 1915

Courtesy Wisconsin Historical Society

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Psychopathic Ward , l i thograph by Robert Riggs, Phi ladelphia State Hospital , 1945

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Side Bar Advocate for Change Clifford Beers founded an advocacy organization that became Mental Health America. In his 1907 book A Mind

That Found Itself, Beers described his experience as a patient at an asylum. He critiqued the physical abuse he experienced there, the institution’s untrained attendants, and the use of restraints and seclusion.

Clifford Beers, ca. 20th century

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Banner 4 banner title Return to Community About the beginning of community‐based solutions and patient rights

Header question Why did people call for new community‐based solutions?

Header answer Changes in psychiatry, mental health policy, and the law converged to create a vision of mental health services in local communities.

A series of exposés after World War II led policymakers to question large‐scale institutional care. In the 1950s, organizations like the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) proposed new outpatient clinics and community mental health centers as alternatives to far‐off institutions.

New developments in psychotherapy and drug treatments made it easier to deliver medical care in local settings.

Advocates also argued for a more inclusive society. They won lawsuits that limited the practice of committing people to mental hospitals against their will. These changes caused mental hospitals to release tens of thousands of people nationally, a process called “deinstitutionalization.”

(105 words)

President John F. Kennedy signed legislation in 1963 that allocated funds for new community mental health centers.

Bill Signing – S. 1576, Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Center Construction Act, photograph by Abbie Rowe, 1963

Courtesy John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum

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In 1942, two doctors certified George Elder as insane and a judge committed him to the Philadelphia State Hospital.

Elder remained at the hospital until 1970, but when he moved into the community, he had few resources to support himself. Stories like his caused policymakers to work to provide social services alongside mental health care.

George Elder in the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, photograph by Nelson Martinez, 1971

Courtesy Special Collections Research Center, Temple University Libraries

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In 1977, the NIMH held a press conference introducing the Community Support Program. This initiative called for more social supports to help recovery in people’s home communities. It became core to the 1980 National Plan for the Chronically Mentally Ill, which over time caused many states to work towards better integrating mental health and social services.

Introductory Remarks, NIMH Director Bertram S. Brown, M.D., 1977

NIMH Director Bertram S. Brown, M.D. giving a speech to the National Association for Mental Health in Los Angeles, CA, 1970

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This is the press release from 1977

re. the community services program and an image of Brown talking publicly as director of NIMH, but a different speech.

At the end of One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest, the character Chief Bromden broke through the locked windows of the mental hospital and ran towards freedom.

This movie, adapted from Ken Kesey’s 1963 novel of the same name, prompted more people to think of mental hospitals as restricting people’s freedom. This concept became central as the courts established new civil rights for people in mental hospitals, making it more difficult to confine people against their will.

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St i l l f rom One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, directed by Miloš Forman, 1975

Courtesy The Saul Zaentz Company, © 1975, 2008

Sidebar Empowering People Judi Chamberlin was an activist who fought against the coercive treatment of people with psychiatric histories. Her experience of confinement at the Rockland State Hospital in New York led her to write On Our Own in 1978.

Her work inspired a new vision of self‐help and peer‐support services run by people with psychiatric histories.

asset Judi Chamberlin, ca. 1985

Courtesy Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts at Amherst

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Banner 5 banner title Criminalizing Mental Health Increase number of people with mental health conditions in prisons

Header question Why did the number of people with mental health conditions in prisons rise?

Header answer People who could not access adequate social services and medical care often became vulnerable to arrest in an era of mass incarceration.

Beginning in the 1970s, the number of people in prisons grew rapidly, ushered in by harsh sentencing laws and efforts like the War on Drugs.

Many people with mental health conditions went to jail for misdemeanors and drug offenses. These trends worsened as lawmakers made cuts to the welfare system.

People with mental health conditions who struggled to access housing, employment, and medical services became more vulnerable to the growing criminal legal system.

To address these developments, state officials began to build psychiatric wards in prisons and jails. Many states converted closing mental hospitals into prisons. New issues of custody re‐emerged in mental health.

(105 words) asset

Many were wounded on the ground outside the Washington Hilton Hotel after John Hinckley Jr. attempted to assassinate President Ronald Reagan in 1981.

The jury found Hinckley “not guilty by reason of insanity” and the court committed him to St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington D.C. The case fueled legal changes that made it easier to imprison people with mental health conditions for their crimes, rather than place them in mental hospitals.

Chaos outside the Washington Hilton Hotel after the assassination attempt on President Reagan, photograph by Michael Evans, 1981

Courtesy Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum

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U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) staff provided medical care in federal prisons.

A PHS physician and a nurse at the entrance to a locked area at a prison facility, ca. 1970s

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Statistics from On Life Support: Public Health in the Age of Mass Incarceration, Vera Institute of Justice, 2014

Courtesy Vera Inst itute of Justice

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At one time, Cook County Jail held 9,000 people each day and about one‐third of them had a mental health condition.

Mental health division in the Cook County Jail in Chicago, photograph by Li l i Kobielski

Courtesy Lili Kobielski

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Side bar Humanizing Addiction Former professional football player Mercury Morris became a spokesman for substance abuse recovery. In 1982, he was sentenced to 20 years in prison for drug trafficking. The courts later overturned his sentence.

The War on Drugs brought harsh sentences for drug offenses like this one, which disproportionately affected African American communities. These new laws further criminalized substance abuse, which often coincided with mental health diagnoses.

And then I got busted, poster featuring Mercury Morris, National Institute on Drug Abuse, ca. 1980s

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Banner 6 banner title Breaking the Cycle Return to patient rights and community centers

Header question How do we change the criminalization of people with mental health conditions?

Header answer People have used different strategies to create a less coercive and more community‐based approach to recovery.

Breaking the cycle of incarcerating people with mental health conditions involves multiple stakeholders.

Police departments have conducted trainings to foster a better understanding of mental health conditions.

Local governments have created mental health and drug courts to divert individuals to community‐based treatment, not confinement. Federal agencies have studied ways to support people with mental health conditions leaving prisons and returning to their communities.

Many activists called for a voice and a choice in their recovery and worked to ensure self‐determination, peer supports, and access to holistic health approaches. Other advocates called for access to medical treatments in the community and behind bars and the reduction of incarceration rates overall.

(109 words) asset

Mental health advocacy organizations have fought against the discrimination of people with mental health conditions in housing, employment, and the criminal legal system.

Postcard of World Mental Health Day, ca. 1990s

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Police officers with a Crisis Intervention Team in Memphis spoke with a person involved in a complaint.

Crisis Intervention Team members received training in de‐ escalation techniques for mental health emergencies. Police departments nationwide have implemented this model and agencies such as the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) have studied its effectiveness.

Photograph by Stan Carroll, featured in The Commercial Appeal

Courtesy The Commercial Appeal, USA Today

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The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) published this report on ways that mental health providers could support people with mental health conditions involved in the criminal legal system.

The NIMH has also studied programs that support people’s re‐entry to the community after prison. This research has sought to break the cycle of imprisonment that many people with mental health conditions faced.

Principles of Community‐based Behavioral Health Services for Justice‐Involved Individuals, SAMHSA Report

Courtesy Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

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Activists have called for protections of the rights of people with mental health conditions.

Unidentif ied protester at an American Psychiatr ic Associat ion conference, photograph by Tom Olin

Courtesy © Tom Olin ‐ Tom Olin Collection

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