Sediment Report 2.pdf

EVALUATION OF DREDGED MATERIAL

FOR OCEAN AND UPLAND PLACEMENT

NAVAL WEAPONS STATION YORKTOWN R3 PIER

AND CHEATHAM ANNEX CAD-A PIER,

YORK RIVER, VIRGINIA

DRAFT REPORT

Prepared for:

Department of the Navy Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command (NAVFAC) Mid-Atlantic Division (MIDLANT) Norfolk, Virginia 23511

Prepared by:

EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Inc., PBC 225 Schilling Circle, Suite 400 Hunt Valley, Maryland 21031

Under Contract to:

HDR, Inc.

4144 Hermitage Point

Virginia Beach, Virginia 23455

April 2022

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EVALUATION OF DREDGED MATERIAL

FOR OCEAN AND UPLAND PLACEMENT

NAVAL WEAPONS STATION YORKTOWN R3 PIER

AND CHEATHAM ANNEX CAD-A PIER,

YORK RIVER, VIRGINIA

DRAFT

REPORT

April 2022

Prepared for:

Department of the Navy Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command

(NAVFAC)

Mid-Atlantic Division (MIDLANT) Norfolk, Virginia 23511

Prepared by:

EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Inc., PBC 225 Schilling Circle, Suite 400 Hunt Valley, Maryland 21031

Under Contract to:

HDR, Inc.

4144 Hermitage Point Virginia Beach, Virginia 23455

NWS Yorktown and Cheatham Annex NAVFAC MIDLANT Evaluation of Dredged Material Draft Report April 2022

ES-1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Navigational access to the R3 Pier at Naval Weapons Station (NWS) Yorktown in Yorktown, Virginia, and the CAD-A Pier at Cheatham Annex (CAX) in Williamsburg, Virginia (Figure ES-1) by U.S. Navy vessels is essential for operation of a mission-ready force. Appropriate berthing for vessels allows for safe access to ships for personnel and for loading supplies as well as for preventing damage to ship hulls and water intakes. Maintenance dredging of berths and channels ensures that adequate water depths within these areas are maintained. Due to the natural accumulation of surface water borne sediment at both NWS Yorktown and CAX, maintenance dredging is required approximately every 4 to 5 years. The U.S. Navy is planning to perform the next maintenance dredging cycle at the R3 Pier at NWS Yorktown and at the CAD-A Pier Slips at CAX in the July 2022 through 15 February 2023 timeframe.

The R3 Pier at NWS Yorktown is currently maintained to depths of -20 feet (ft) and -42 ft mean lower low water (MLLW). The CAD-A Pier Slips at CAX are currently maintained to depths of -20 ft, -32 ft, and -35 ft MLLW. The proposed maintenance dredging at both locations will include an additional 2 ft of overdepth. Placement of the material at the Norfolk Ocean Disposal Site (NODS) is the preferred management option for the maintenance sediments from NWS Yorktown and CAX (Figure ES-2); however, placement at Port Tobacco at Weanack and other regional upland locations/facilities was also assessed as a secondary, backup alternative.

In accordance with Section 103 of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA), an evaluation of the dredged material is required prior to dredging and placement to determine if the materials are appropriate for open water/ocean placement. The purpose of this sampling and testing project was to collect the data that are necessary to document the Tier II (bulk sediment and elutriate) and Tier III (ecotoxicological) characteristics of the sediments to facilitate placement of the dredged material at the NODS. Data collected for NWS Yorktown and CAX were used to document compliance with MPRSA Section 103 requirements. A maximum of approximately 110,000 and 88,000 cubic yards (cy) of dredged material from NWS Yorktown and CAX, respectively, is proposed for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Section 103 MPRSA concurrence.

The purpose of this sampling and testing project was to collect data to characterize the physical, chemical, and ecotoxicological quality of the maintenance sediments from NWS Yorktown and CAX. The data were used to determine and document compliance with Section 103 of the MPRSA to facilitate placement of the dredged material at the NODS. Upland placement of material was also assessed to document compliance with VPA Permit No. 00579, Weanack Land Reclamation Project, and with respect to criteria for regional upland landfills/facilities as backup placement options.

EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Inc., PBC (EA) was contracted by Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command (NAVFAC) Mid-Atlantic Division (MIDLANT) through HDR, Inc. to conduct the dredged material evaluation for NWS Yorktown and CAX. The dredged material evaluation consisted of collecting sediment cores using a vibracore and surficial sediments using a grab sampler at specified locations; collecting site water, receiving water, and elutriate preparation water; conducting analytical testing of bulk sediment, site water, receiving

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water, and standard elutriates; conducting ecotoxicological testing of sediment and standard elutriates; conducting analytical testing of aquatic organism tissue; Short-Term Fate of Dredged Material (STFATE) modeling of dredged material placement at the NODS; and evaluating test results with respect to the Ocean Dumping Regulations in Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 220-228 (40 CFR 220-228). The bulk sediment data were also evaluated with respect to upland placement requirements for regional landfills/facilities and for placement at Port Tobacco at Weanack on the James River.

ES.1 TECHNICAL APPROACH

This investigation was designed to identify, analyze, and evaluate the physical, chemical, and ecotoxicological characteristics of sediment and water samples representative of the area proposed for maintenance dredging at the NWS Yorktown R3 Pier and CAX CAD-A Pier. The technical approach for the NWS Yorktown and CAX sampling and testing program included 4 dredging units (DUs) and 14 discrete sampling locations with the dredging footprints (Figures ES-3 and ES-4). One composite sediment sample was submitted for each DU and tested for both ocean placement and upland placement requirements (Tables ES-1 and ES-2).

Cores were collected within the NWS Yorktown R3 Pier and the CAX CAD-A Pier dredging footprints between 1 and 5 December 2021. Sediment from multiple sample locations with each DU was composited for analysis (Figures ES-3 and ES-4; Tables ES-1 and ES-2). Site water was collected from one location in the vicinity of each pier for water chemistry and standard elutriate preparation. In addition, two sediment samples from the Willoughby Bank Reference Site (WBREF), one surface sample comprised of a mix of sand and fines (WBREF-SURF) and one sample comprised of subsurface fine-grained material (WBREF-SUB), and sediment from the Chesapeake Bay Control Site (CBCON) were collected (Figure ES-2). Field sampling methods and the analytical and ecotoxicological testing program were consistent with other regional studies for ocean and upland placement and were consistent with the guidance defined in 40 CFR Part 227 of the MPRSA.

The Tier II/Tier III testing program included bulk sediment, site water, standard elutriate, and ecotoxicological testing; following guidance in: Evaluation of Dredged Material Proposal for Ocean Disposal, Testing Manual (commonly called “The Green Book”) (USEPA/U.S. Army Corps of Engineers [USACE ]1991); the Mid-Atlantic Regional Implementation Manual: Dredged Material Evaluation for Norfolk and Dam Neck Ocean Disposal Sites (USEPA Region 3 2000);

QA/QC Guidance for Sampling and Analysis of Sediments, Water, and Tissues for Dredged Material Evaluations (USEPA/USACE 1995); Evaluation of Dredged Material Proposed for Discharge in Waters of the U.S.-Testing Manual (Inland Testing Manual) (USEPA/USACE 1998);

and Methods for Collection, Storage, and Manipulation of Sediments for Chemical and Toxicological Analyses: Technical Manual (USEPA 2001).

The physical composition of the sediment was described by grain size, specific gravity, Atterberg limits, bulk density, specific gravity, pH, total suspended solids, water content, and total solids determinations. Chemical concentrations of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals (including mercury), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, chlorinated pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides, dioxin and furan congeners, ES-3 butyltins, cyanide, ammonia, sulfides, nitrate + nitrite, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus, total organic carbon (TOC), and acid volatile sulfide (AVS)/simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) will be identified in bulk sediments. Additional bulk sediment analyses specific to upland placement include agronomical analyses; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX); extractable organic halides (EOX); ignitability; paint filter test; PCB Aroclors; reactivity (cyanides/sulfides); Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP); total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH)-diesel range organics (DRO) (C10-C34); TPH-gasoline range organics (GRO) (C6-C10); and total phenols. Site water, receiving water, and standard elutriate samples were analyzed for SVOCs, PAHs, metals (including mercury), PCB congeners, chlorinated pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides, dioxin and furan congeners, butyltins, cyanide, ammonia, sulfides, nitrate + nitrite, total TKN, total phosphorus, and TOC.

Ecotoxicological testing included water column bioassays, whole sediment bioassays, and 28-day laboratory bioaccumulation exposures.

ES.2 OCEAN PLACEMENT EVALUATION

The NWS Yorktown and CAX maintenance sediments are proposed for ocean placement at the NODS and require compliance with ocean placement requirements as designated in Section 103 of the MPRSA. Compliance with Section 103 of the MPRSA includes determining limiting permissible concentration (LPC) compliance in four areas:

Water quality criteria (WQC) Water column toxicity Benthic toxicity Benthic bioaccumulation

If LPC compliance is not met in one or more of these components, then ocean placement requirements are not met. Each of the above components involves a series of steps to determine whether the tested sediment meets LPC requirements. Conclusions summarized in this report will require concurrence from USEPA Region 3 prior to ocean placement. Concurrence from USEPA that ocean placement of dredged material is an acceptable alternative is contingent on the approval of a Section 103 evaluation.

Water Quality Criteria

To evaluate LPC compliance, standard elutriates were prepared using sediment and site water from each pier area. A standard elutriate is a sediment/water mixture that is thoroughly mixed for 30 minutes, allowed to settle, and the supernatant siphoned off and analyzed for dissolved chemical constituents. Standard elutriates are used to simulate the potential release of dissolved chemical constituents during open water/ocean placement of dredged material.

To determine whether the elutriates from the NWS Yorktown and CAX meet the WQC LPC requirements, STFATE modeling was conducted using the specifications of the placement site (i.e., dimensions and water column properties of NODS), physical characteristics of the maintenance material, as well as concentrations of constituents in elutriates and the receiving

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water. STFATE modeling determined the dilution factor of the plume at 4 hours after discharge, and how far the leading edge of the plume would travel within 4 hours after discharge to confirm that the plume stayed within the boundaries of the placement site. The STFATE modeling identified a maximum discrete discharge volume to achieve LPC compliance.

The LPC for the WQC is the concentration that:

Does not exceed the WQC outside the site boundary during the first 4 hours, AND Does not exceed the WQC anywhere in the marine environment after 4 hours.

Water Column Toxicity

Water column bioassays were conducted to evaluate the water column toxicity LPC. The water column bioassay tests for NWS Yorktown and CAX included 96-hour water column bioassays with Americamysis bahia (opossum shrimp) and Menidia beryllina (inland silverside), and 48-hour water column bioassays with Mytilus galloprovincialis (blue mussel). Median lethal concentrations (LC50) or median effective concentrations (EC50) were calculated for each test.

The LPC for the water column toxicity factor is the concentration that does not exceed 0.01 of the LC50/EC50 value (of the most sensitive test species) within a 4-hour allowable mixing period inside the boundary of the placement site. If ammonia is demonstrated and determined to be the primary toxicant in the elutriates, the LPC for the water column toxicity is the concentration that does not exceed 0.05 of the LC50/EC50 value within a 4-hour allowable mixing period inside the boundary of the placement site. The STFATE modeling identified a maximum discrete discharge volume to achieve LPC compliance.

Benthic Toxicity

To evaluate the LPC, whole sediment bioassays were conducted using composite sediments from NWS Yorktown and CAX and from the WBREF. Ten-day whole sediment bioassays were conducted using Leptocheirus plumulosus (estuarine amphipod) and Ampelisca abdita (marine amphipod). Dredged material does not meet the benthic toxicity LPC when mean test organism mortality:

Is statistically greater than in the reference sediment, AND

Exceeds mortality (or other appropriate endpoint) in the reference sediment by at least 10 percent (or 20 percentage points for amphipods).

Benthic Bioaccumulation

Bioaccumulation studies were conducted to evaluate the potential for uptake of constituents from the sediment into organism tissue. Nereis virens (sand worm) and Macoma nasuta (blunt-nose clam) were exposed to the sediment composites from NWS Yorktown and CAX and from the WBREF for 28 days.

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Following exposure to the NWS Yorktown and CAX sediments, tissue samples of N. virens and M. nasuta were analyzed for metals, PAHs, dioxin and furan congeners, SVOCs, lipids, and moisture content. Chemicals of concern were identified based on a review of bulk sediment data and request by USACE Norfolk District and USEPA Region 3.

Dredged material does not meet the benthic bioaccumulation LPC if the tissue concentrations are statistically greater than U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) Action/Guidance/ Tolerance Levels (USFDA 2001). In addition, if the mean tissue concentrations statistically exceed those of organisms exposed to reference sediment, the bioaccumulation is further evaluated to determine if placement of dredged material is likely to cause unacceptable bioaccumulation.

Additional evaluation includes:

Statistical comparison to pre-test tissue concentrations;

Statistical comparison to USEPA Region 4 Background Concentration for South Atlantic Bight; and

Evaluation of analytical variability within the data set (reporting limit [RL]), such as substitutions for non-detected data, outliers, and compliance with laboratory quality assurance/quality control requirements.

Results of the LPC compliance are summarized in Table ES-3

ES.3 UPLAND PLACEMENT EVALUATION

Upland placement options include Port Tobacco at Weanack (also known as Shirley Plantation) on the James River and other upland alternate sites (such as regional landfills).

Bulk sediment data for NWS Yorktown and CAX were evaluated with respect to the following:

Site-specific criteria (Virginia Exclusion Criteria) for placement at the Port Tobacco at Weanack facility (Virginia Department of Environmental Quality 2014)

Commonwealth of Virginia Disposal Criteria for soil contaminated with petroleum products (9 Virginia Administrative Code 20-81-660) for concentrations of BTEX, EOX, and TPH

TCLP regulatory criteria (maximum concentration of contaminants for toxicity characteristics as per 40 CFR 261.24)

ES.4 RESULTS SUMMARY – NWS Yorktown R3 Pier

Results of the Tier II and Tier III testing are summarized in Table ES-3.

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Bulk Sediment Results of the grain size analysis for the DU composites indicated that the sediments from CAX were comprised primarily of silt+clay (95.5 and 95.8 percent). The measured TOC concentrations were 3.0 and 2.9 percent in the composite samples.

The majority of the tested metals were detected at low concentrations in the NWS Yorktown composite samples. Two of the detected metals (arsenic and nickel) exceeded their respective threshold effects level (TEL) value in the NWSY21-A2 composite sediment. Arsenic exceeded the TEL (7.24 milligrams per kilogram [mg/kg)] by a factor of 1.16 and nickel exceeded the TEL (15.9 mg/kg) by a factor of 1.01. One PCB congener (PCB 101) was detected in the NWSY21-A1 sediment composite at a concentration estimated below the laboratory RL. Total PCBs (non-detect [ND] = RL) concentrations exceeded the TEL (21.6 micrograms per kilogram [µg/kg]); however, the exceedances were based on a summation of the reporting limit for non-detect values. Ten individual PAHs were detected in the sediments from the composite samples. One of the detected PAHs (acenaphthene) was detected at a concentration estimated below the laboratory RL and also exceeded the TEL (6.71 µg/kg) by a factor of 1.79. Total PAH (ND=RL) concentrations were below the TEL value (1,684 µg/kg).

Three chlorinated pesticides (4,4’-DDD, 4,4’-DDE, and heptachlor) were detected in the composite samples; 4,4’-DDD and 4,4’-DDE were estimated at concentrations below the laboratory RL, and heptachlor was detected in the method blank. Dioxin toxicity equivalency quotients (TEQs) (ND=RL) in the composite samples exceeded the interim sediment quality guideline (SQG) (0.85 nanogram per kilogram) by factors ranging from 22 to 24.2. One SVOC (bis[2-ethylhexyl] phthalate) was detected in the NWS Yorktown sediment composites at concentrations estimated below the laboratory RL and also exceeded the TEL (182 µg/kg) by factors of 3.30 and 3.52. Phenol was also detected in each of the NWS Yorktown composites.

Organophosphorus pesticides and butyltins were not detected in the NWS Yorktown composite sediments. Overall, none of the tested metals or organics in the NWS Yorktown sediments exceeded the Virginia Exclusion Criteria for placement at Weanack.

TPH-DRO (C10-C28) was detected in both of the composite sediment samples at concentrations of 20 and 29 mg/kg. TPH-DRO (C10-C34) was detected in both of the composite sediment samples at concentrations of 23 and 35 mg/kg. BTEX, reactive cyanide, and EOX were not detected in either of the NWS Yorktown composite samples. Total phenolics were detected in both composite samples at 0.81 and 1.0 mg/kg. The pH in each composite sample was 8.0. The results of the paint filter test indicated that the materials contained no free liquid. Reactive sulfide was detected in both composite samples at concentrations of 220 and 250 mg/kg. Two PCB Aroclors (PCB 1254 and PCB 1260) were detected at low concentrations in the composites from NWS Yorktown. Results of the TCLP analysis indicated that none of the tested constituents in leachate exceeded regulatory criteria.

Results of the agronomical analyses indicated that the NWS Yorktown sediments have high long-term risk for acidification and would require substantial lime addition or other soil amendments for placement at the Weanack facility.

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Water Quality Criteria Ammonia concentrations exceeded the USEPA acute saltwater WQC for aquatic life in the NWS Yorktown elutriates by factors of 5.28 and 4.99. The laboratory RL for cyanide and toxaphene exceeded the USEPA acute saltwater WQC for aquatic life by factors of 10 and 2.38, respectively.

Although not detected in each of the standard elutriates, cyanide was conservatively used in the STFATE model as the constituent requiring the greatest dilution to achieve the WQC for the NWS Yorktown elutriates.

STFATE evaluations were conducted using as assumed background (NODS receiving water) concentration of zero for cyanide, mechanical dredging, and a maximum 20,000-cy discrete discharge volume. The model output indicated that cyanide required a dilution factor of 9 to meet the WQC LPC for placement at the NODS. Results of STFATE modeling indicated that a dilution of 9-fold would be achieved at a distance of 1,414 ft from the location of discharge. The model predicted that a dilution ranging from of 125-fold to 127-fold would be achieved during the allowable 4-hour mixing period, and the elutriate would travel a maximum distance of 4,101 ft from the location of discharge during the 4-hour period. Therefore, based on the results of the STFATE modeling, the standard elutriates from NWS Yorktown meet the LPC for WQC for placement at the NODS.

Water Column Toxicity In the water column bioassays, A. bahia and M. beryllina had an LC50 that was greater than 100 percent elutriate for each DU. Comparison of the untreated and ammonia-purged elutriate results for M. galloprovincialis indicated that ammonia was the main constituent in the NWS Yorktown elutriates contributing to water column toxicity. Therefore, the LPC for the water column toxicity is the concentration that does not exceed 0.05 of the LC50/EC50 value within a 4-hour allowable mixing period inside the boundary of the placement site.

Normal embryo development for M. galloprovincialis in each of the untreated NWS Yorktown elutriates was statistically different (lower) than the laboratory control. A dilution ranging from 102-fold to 118-fold is required to meet the LPC for these samples. STFATE modeling was conducted assuming mechanical dredging and a 20,000-cy discrete discharge volume. Results of the STFATE modeling for placement at the NODS indicated that a 102-fold dilution would be achieved at a distance of approximately 3,960 ft from the point of discharge and a dilution of 118-fold would be achieved at a distance of approximately 4,101 ft from the point of discharge. A maximum 127-fold dilution would be achieved during the allowable 4-hour mixing period and the elutriate would travel a maximum distance of 4,101 ft from the point of discharge during the 4-hour period. Based on the results of the water column bioassays and STFATE modeling, the elutriates from NWS Yorktown meet the LPC for water column toxicity for placement at the NODS for a maximum discrete discharge volume of 20,000 cy.

Benthic Toxicity Survival in the whole sediment bioassays was not statistically different from the reference site for either A. abdita or L. plumulosus. Therefore, the sediments from NWS Yorktown meet the LPC for benthic toxicity.

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Benthic Bioaccumulation None of the upper confidence level of the mean (UCLM) values for NWS Yorktown tissues exceeded the USFDA Action/Guidance/ Tolerance Levels for metals. For NWSY21-A2, mean concentrations of zinc in clam tissue statistically exceeded mean reference site and pre-test tissue concentrations. However, the UCLM for zinc in clam tissue did not exceed the USEPA background tissue concentrations for the South Atlantic Bight. The mean OCDD concentration in clam tissue for NWSY21-A1 and NWSY21-A2 statistically exceeded both the mean WBREF-SUB concentration and the mean pre-test concentration. OCDD is the least toxic dioxin congener, is ubiquitous in the environment, and was also detected in the laboratory method blank for the tissue samples (both clams and worms). The mean dioxin TEQ (ND=1/2RL and ND=RL) statistically exceeded both the mean reference and pre-test concentrations for NWSY21-A1; the statistical exceedances were driven by the substitution used for the non-detects (1/2RL and RL) and lipid-normalization. These results indicate that the mean concentrations of detected analytes in the NWS Yorktown tissue samples are not ecologically significant and, therefore, meet the LPC for ocean placement at the NODS.

Based on the assessment of chemical analyses performed on tissues exposed to sediment from NWS Yorktown and the WBREF sediment, it is anticipated that ocean placement of the dredged material from NWS Yorktown at the NODS will not result in ecologically significant bioaccumulation of contaminants and the dredged material complies with the benthic bioaccumulation criteria of 40 CFR Part 227.13 (c) (3).

Sediments from the NWS Yorktown R3 Pier meet the criteria for the LPC for WQC, water column toxicity, benthic toxicity, and benthic bioaccumulation, indicating that ocean placement of the dredged material at the NODS is a viable placement option.

ES.5 RESULTS SUMMARY – CHEATHAM ANNEX CAD-A PIER

Results of the Tier II and Tier III testing are summarized in Table ES-3.

Bulk Sediment Results of the grain size analysis for the CAX composites indicated that the sediments were comprised primarily of silt+clay (95.5 and 95.8 percent). The measured TOC concentration was

3.3 percent in both of the composite samples.

The majority of the tested metals were detected at low concentrations in the CAX composite samples. One of the detected metals (arsenic) exceeded the TEL value (7.24 mg/kg) for both CAX composite samples by factors of 1.09 and 1.04. One individual PCB congeners (PCB 101) was detected in the CAX sediments at a concentration estimated below the laboratory RL. Total PCBs (ND=RL) exceeded the TEL (21.6 µg/kg) but the exceedances were based on the summation of laboratory RLs. Sixteen individual PAHs were detected in the sediments from the CAX composite samples. Four of the detected PAHs (acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, fluorene, and phenanthrene) were detected at a concentration that exceeded their respective TELs. Total low molecular weight PAHs (ND=RL) exceeded the TEL (312 µg/kg) in CAX21-D/E by a factor of 1.16. Total PAH concentrations (ND=RL) were below the TEL value (1,684 µg/kg). One chlorinated pesticide (4,4’-DDE) was detected in the CAX21-D/E composite sample at a concentration estimated below

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the laboratory RL. Dioxin TEQs (ND=RL) in the CAX composite samples exceeded the interim SQG (0.85 ng/kg) by factors ranging from 23.1 to 23.8. One SVOC (bis[2-ethylhexyl] phthalate) was detected in both composite samples at concentrations estimated below the laboratory RL and exceeded the TEL (182 µg/kg) by factors of 3.30 and 3.52. Phenol was also detected in both of the CAX composites. Organophosphorus pesticides and butyltins were not detected in the CAX sediment composites. Overall, none of the tested metals or organics in the NWS Yorktown sediments exceeded the Virginia Exclusion Criteria for placement at Weanack.

TPH-DRO (C10-C28) was detected in both of the composite sediment samples at a concentration estimated below the laboratory RL (7.5 mg/kg) and 18 mg/kg. TPH-DRO (C10-C34) was detected in both of the composite sediment samples at a concentration estimated below the laboratory RL (8.9 mg/kg) and 23 mg/kg. BTEX, reactive cyanide, and EOX were not detected in either of the CAX composite samples. Total phenolics were detected in CAX21-B/C1/C2 at 0.83 mg/kg. The pH of the composite samples was 8.0 and 8.2. The results of the paint filter test indicated that the materials contained no free liquid. Reactive sulfide was detected in both CAX sediment composites at concentrations of 150 and 180 mg/kg. Two PCB Aroclors (PCB 1254 and PCB 1260) were detected at low concentrations in the composites from CAX. Results of the TCLP analysis indicated that none of the tested constituents in leachate exceeded regulatory criteria.

Results of the agronomical analyses indicated that the NWS Yorktown sediments have high long-term risk for acidification and would require substantial lime addition or other soil amendments for placement at the Weanack facility.

Water Quality Criteria Ammonia concentrations exceeded the USEPA acute saltwater WQC for aquatic life in the CAX elutriates by factors of 4.69 and 4.40. The laboratory RL for cyanide and toxaphene exceeded the USEPA acute saltwater WQC for aquatic life by a factor of 10 and 2.38, respectively. Although not detected in each of the standard elutriates, cyanide was conservatively used in the STFATE model as the constituent requiring the greatest dilution to achieve the WQC for the CAX elutriates.

STFATE evaluations were conducted using an assumed background (NODS receiving water) concentration of zero for cyanide, mechanical dredging, and a maximum 20,000-cy discrete discharge volume. The model output indicated that cyanide required a dilution factor of 9 to meet the WQC LPC for placement at the NODS. Results of STFATE modeling indicated that a dilution of 9-fold would be achieved at a distance of 1,414 ft from the location of discharge. The model predicted that a dilution ranging from 126-fold to 127-fold would be achieved during the allowable 4-hour mixing period, and the elutriate would travel a maximum distance of 4,101 ft from the location of discharge during the 4-hour period. Therefore, based on the results of the STFATE modeling, the standard elutriates from CAX meet the LPC for WQC for placement at the NODS.

Water Column Toxicity In the water column bioassays with A. bahia and M. beryllina had an LC50 that was greater than 100 percent elutriate for each composite. Comparison of the untreated and ammonia-purged elutriate results for M. galloprovincialis indicated that ammonia was the main constituent in the CAX elutriates contributing to water column toxicity. Therefore, the LPC for the water column

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toxicity is the concentration that does not exceed 0.05 of the LC50/EC50 value within a 4-hour allowable mixing period inside the boundary of the placement site.

Normal embryo development for M. galloprovincialis in each of the untreated CAX elutriates was statistically different (lower) than the laboratory control. A dilution ranging from 59-fold to 160-fold is required to meet the LPC for these samples. STFATE modeling was conducted assuming mechanical dredging and an initial 20,000-cy discrete discharge volume. If a 20,000-cy discrete discharge volume did not result in LPC compliance, additional discharge volumes were modeled to determine the maximum discrete discharge volume that would comply with the LPC.

Results of the STFATE modeling for CAX21-D/E indicated that a 20,000-cy discrete discharge volume would a achieve a 59-fold dilution at a distance of approximately 3,111 ft from the point of discharge, a 126-fold dilution would be achieved during the allowable 4-hour mixing period, and the elutriate would travel a maximum distance of 4,101 ft from the point of discharge during the 4-hour period. Results of the STFATE modeling for CAX21-B/C1/C2 indicated that a 14,000-cy discrete discharge volume would achieve a dilution of 160-fold at a distance of approximately 4,101 ft from the point of discharge, a 165-fold dilution would be achieved during the allowable 4-hour mixing period, and the elutriate would travel a maximum distance of 4,101 ft from the point of discharge during the 4-hour period. Based on the results of the water column bioassays and STFATE modeling, the elutriates from CAX meet the LPC for water column toxicity for placement at the NODS for a maximum discrete discharge volume of 14,000 cy.

Benthic Toxicity Survival in the whole sediment bioassays was not statistically different from the reference site for either A. abdita or L. plumulosus. Therefore, the sediments from CAX meet the LPC for benthic toxicity.

Benthic Bioaccumulation None of the UCLM values for CAX tissues exceeded the USFDA Action/Guidance/Tolerance Levels for metals. For CAX21-D/E, mean concentrations of lead and zinc in clam tissue statistically exceeded mean reference site and pre-test tissue concentrations. However, the UCLM for lead and zinc in clam tissue did not exceed the USEPA background tissue concentrations for the South Atlantic Bight The mean OCDD concentration in clam tissue for CAX21-B/C1/C2 and CAX21-D/E statistically exceeded both the mean WBREF-SUB concentration and the mean pre-test concentration. OCDD is the least toxic dioxin congener, is ubiquitous in the environment, and was also detected in the laboratory method blank for the tissue samples (both clams and worms).

The mean dioxin TEQ (ND=1/2RL and ND=RL) statistically exceeded both the mean reference and pre-test concentrations; the statistical exceedances were driven by the substitution of the RLs and the lipid-normalization. These results indicate that the mean concentrations of detected analytes in the CAX tissue samples are not ecologically significant and, therefore, meet the LPC for ocean placement at the NODS.

Based on the assessment of chemical analyses performed on tissues exposed to sediment from CAX and WBREF-SUB reference site sediment, it is anticipated that ocean placement of the dredged material from CAX at the NODS will not result in ecologically significant bioaccumulation of contaminants and that the dredged material complies with the benthic bioaccumulation criteria of 40 CFR Part 227.13 (c) (3).

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Sediments from the CAX CAD-A Pier meet the criteria for the LPC for WQC, water column toxicity, benthic toxicity, and benthic bioaccumulation, indicating that ocean placement of the dredged material at the NODS is a viable placement option.

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Figure ES-1 Vicinity Map: NWS Yorktown R3 Pier and Cheatham Annex CAD-A Pier, York River, Virginia

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Willoughby Bank Reference Site

Chesapeake Bay Control Site

Norfolk Ocean Disposal Site

Figure ES-2 Location Map: Willoughby Bank Reference Site, Chesapeake Bay Control Site, and Norfolk Ocean Disposal Site

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P la ce m e n t S ite s

.m x d

Map Date: 3/21/2022

Projection: NAD 1983 State Plane Virginia South US Feet

Map Extent

NWSY21-A2-1

NWSY21-A2-3

NWSY21-A1-1

NWSY21-A1-2

NWSY21-A1-3

NWSY21-A2-2

Figure ES-3 Sampling Locations at Naval Weapons Station Yorktown R3 Pier York River, Virginia

0 400 800

US Feet

Map Extent

P at h:

lo ve to ng is \G

IS

da ta \C om m er ci al \N or th ea st

\V irg in ia

\N W

S _Y or kt ow n\

P R

O

JE

C T

S \N

W S

_Y or kt ow n\ N

W S

_Y or kt ow n\ N

W S

_Y or kt ow n

Map Date: 3/10/2022 Source: NAFAC 2021, ESRI Wayback Imagery 03-12-2019 Projection: NAD 1983 State Plane Virginia South FIPS 4502 (US Feet)

Legend

Actual Sample Locaton

Dredging Area Boundary

A1

A2

CAX21-C1-1

CAX21-C2-1

CAX21-C2-2

CAX21-B-1

CAX21-D-1

CAX21-D-3

CAX21-D-2

CAX21-E-1

Figure ES-4 Sampling Locations at Cheatham Annex CAD-A Pier York River, Virginia

Map Date: 3/10/2022 Source: NAFAC 2021, ESRI Wayback Imagery 03-12-2019 Projection: NAD 1983 State Plane Virginia South FIPS 4502 (US Feet)

0 200 400

US Feet

P at h:

lo ve to ng is \G

IS

da ta \C om m er ci al \N or th ea st

\V irg in ia

\N W

S _Y or kt ow n\

P R

O

JE

C T

S \N

W S

_Y or kt ow n\ N

W S

_Y or kt ow n\ N

W S

_Y or kt ow n

Map Extent

Legend

Actual Sample Locaton

Dredging Area Boundary

C1

C2 D

E

B

TABLE ES-1 SAMPLING LOCATIONS, COMPOSITING SCHEME, AND SAMPLE IDs

NWS YORKTOWN AND CHEATHAM ANNEX, YORK RIVER, VIRGINIA (2021)

NAVAL WEAPONS STATION YORKTOWN

NWSY21-A1-1 NWSY21-A1-1-GS

NWSY21-A1-2 NWSY21-A1-2-GS

NWSY21-A1-3++ NWSY21-A1-3-GS

NWSY21-A2-1 NWSY21-A2-1-GS

NWSY21-A2-2 NWSY21-A2-2-GS

NWSY21-A2-3 NWSY21-A2-3-GS

CHEATHAM ANNEX

CAX21-B-1 B CAX21-B-1-GS

CAX21-C1-1++ C1 CAX21-C1-1-GS

CAX21-C2-1 CAX21-C2-1-GS

CAX21-C2-2 CAX21-C2-2-GS

CAX21-D-1 CAX21-D-1-GS

CAX21-D-2 CAX21-D-2-GS

CAX21-D-3 CAX21-D-3-GS

CAX21-E-1 E CAX21-E-1-GS

WILLOUGHBY BANK REFERENCE

WBREF-SUB-A

WBREF-SUB-B

WBREF-SUB-C

WBREF-SUB-D

WBREF-SURF NA NA WBREF-SURF-SED NT

CHESAPEAKE BAY CONTROL

CBCON NA NA CBCON-SED

Physical Constituents, Sediment Chemistry, Sediment Bioassay, Bioaccumulation

NT

NORFOLK OCEAN DISPOSAL SITE

NODS NA NA NT NODS-WAT Receiving Water Chemistry

( a ) North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83), Virginia South State Plane (ft).

( b ) Based on NAVFAC condition surveys dated March 2021.

( c ) Additional sediment volume will be collected for QA/QC analyses.

( d ) Approximate location; sample will be collected within boundary of NODS.

++ Water collection location

NT

NT

NT

NT

Water Sample

Analysis(a)

Site Water Chemistry, Standard Elutriate

Preparation/Chemistry

Site Water Chemistry, Standard Elutriate

Preparation/Chemistry

Physical Constituents, Sediment Chemistry, Standard Elutriate Preparation/Chemistry, Water Column Bioassays, Sediment Bioassays &

Bioaccumulation

Physical Constituents, Sediment Chemistry, Sediment Bioassay, Bioaccumulation

CAX21-WAT

NWSY21‐WAT

NWSY21-A2-SED NWSY21-A2-SET

NA WBREF-SUB-SED NT

C2

D

CAX21-B/C1/C2-SED CAX21-B/C1/C2-SET

CAX21-D/E-SED (c) CAX21-D/E-SET

Sampling Location

NA

Dredging Area

A1

A2

Grain Size Sample ID

Standard Elutriate Chemistry ID

Site Water ID Sediment

Composite ID

NWSY21-A1-SED NWSY21-A1-SET

Sediment Composite

Sample Analysis (a)

Physical Constituents, Sediment Chemistry, Standard Elutriate Preparation/Chemistry, Water Column Bioassays, Sediment Bioassays &

Bioaccumulation

Norfolk Ocean Disposal Site

Chesapeake Bay Control

Port Tobacco at Weanack

Alternate Upland Disposal

Physical / Chemical Constituent

Sediment Core

Composite

Site Water and

Standard Elutriate

Tissue (a) Receiving Water Surface Sediment Composite (Grab)

Subsurface Sediment Composite (Core)

Surface Sediment Composite (Grab)

Sediment Core Composite

Sediment Core Composite

Physical Constituents Grain Size X -- -- -- X X X X X Specific Gravity X -- -- -- X X X X X Atterberg Limits X -- -- -- X X X X X Total Solids X -- -- -- X X X X X Bulk Density X -- -- -- X X X -- -- Flashpoint/Ignitability -- -- -- -- -- -- -- X X Paint Filter Test -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- X pH -- -- -- -- -- -- -- X X Water Content -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- X Percent Moisture X -- X -- X X X X X Lipids -- -- X -- -- -- -- -- -- Chemical Constituents Metals X X X X X X X X X Mercury X X X X X X X X X Chlorinated Pesticides X X -- X X X X X X Organophosphorus Pesticides X X -- X X X X -- -- PCB Congeners X X -- X X X X -- -- Butyltins X X -- X X X X X -- Semivolatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) X X X X X X X X -- Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) X X X X X X X X -- Dioxins and Furan Congeners X X X X X X X X -- Cyanide X X -- X X X X X -- Total Sulfide X X -- X X X X X -- Ammonia (as N) X X -- X X X X -- -- Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) X X -- X X X X -- -- Total Phosphorus X X -- X X X X -- -- Nitrate/Nitrite X X -- X X X X -- -- Total Organic Carbon X X -- X X X X X X PCB Aroclors -- -- -- -- -- -- -- X X Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons-DRO (C10 to C34) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- X X Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons-GRO (C6 to C10) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- X X Extractable Organic Halides (EOX) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- X X

BTEX -- -- -- -- -- -- -- X X

Reactive Cyanide -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- X Reactive Sulfide -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- X Saturated Paste pH & Conductivity -- -- -- -- -- -- -- X -- Neutralization Potential -- -- -- -- -- -- -- X -- Pyritic Sulfur (Fizz Rating) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- X -- Maximum Potential Acidity -- -- -- -- -- -- -- X -- Net Neutralization Potential -- -- -- -- -- -- -- X -- TCLP Analysis (Includes Volatiles, Semivolatiles, Pesticides, Herbicides, Metals, Mercury)

-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- X

Ecotoxicological Tests Water Column Bioassay -- X -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Whole Sediment Bioassay X -- -- -- X X X -- -- Bioaccumulation Exposures X -- -- -- X X -- -- --

NOTES:

-- = Not analyzed.

TABLE ES-2. ANALYTICAL AND ECOTOXICOLOGICAL TESTING SCHEME

NWS YORKTOWN AND CHEATHAM ANNEX, YORK RIVER, VIRGINIA (2021)

NWS Yorktown and Cheatham Annex

(a) based on results of bulk sediment testing and consultation with USACE-Norfolk and USEPA Region 3

Willoughby Bank Reference

BIOASSAY TESTS BIOACCUMULATION

Threshold Effects Level (TEL) Exceedances

Probable Effects Level (PEL) Exceedances

48-hour EC50

(% elutriate) dilution required to comply with 0.05 EC50 within 4-hr

96-hour LC50

(% elutriate) dilution required to comply with 0.01 LC50 within 4-hr

96-hour LC50

(% elutriate) dilution required to comply with 0.01 LC50 within 4-hr

Ampelisca abdita (Estuarine Amphipod)

Leptocheirus plumulosus

(Estuarine Amphipod)

Nereis virens (Sand Worm)

Macoma nasuta (Blunt Nose Clam)

NWSY21-A1

Total PCB (ND=RL), 2- Methylnaphthalene(b), Acenaphthene(b), Acenaphthylene(b), Fluorene(b), Naphthalene(b), Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (b), Dioxin TEQ (ND=0, ND=1/2RL, ND=RL), bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate

None Ammonia, Cyanide, Toxaphene (e) 9 16.8 118 >100 -- >100 -- No Statistical Difference

No Statistical Difference No Exceedances No Exceedances Yes(f) Yes(g) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Substantial lime additition required; high long-term risk to acidify over time

NWSY21-A2

Arsenic, Nickel, Total PCB (ND=1/2RL and ND=RL), 2-

Methylnaphthalene(b), Acenaphthene, Acenaphthylene(b), Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (b), Dioxin TEQ (ND=0, ND=1/2RL, ND=RL), bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate

None Ammonia, Cyanide, Toxaphene (e) 9 19.5 102 >100 -- >100 -- No Statistical Difference

No Statistical Difference No Exceedances No Exceedances Yes(f) Yes(g) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Substantial lime additition required; high long-term risk to acidify over time

CAX-21-B/C1/C2

Arsenic, Total PCB (ND=1/2RL and ND=RL), Acenaphthene, Acenaphthylene, Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (b), Dioxin TEQ (ND=0, ND=1/2RL, ND=RL), bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate

None Ammonia, Cyanide

(e) 9 12.4 160 >100 -- >100 -- No Statistical Difference

No Statistical Difference No Exceedances No Exceedances Yes(f) Yes(g) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Substantial lime additition required; high long-term risk to acidify over time

CAX21-D/E

Arsenic, Total PCB (ND=1/2RL and ND=RL), 2-

Methylnaphthalene(b), Acenaphthene, Acenaphthylene(b), Fluorene, Phenanthrene, Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (b), Dioxin TEQ (ND=0, ND=1/2RL, ND=RL), bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate

None Ammonia, Cyanide, Toxaphene (e) 9 33.2 59 >100 -- >100 -- No Statistical Difference

No Statistical Difference No Exceedances Arsenic Yes(f) Yes(g) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Substantial lime additition required; high long-term risk to acidify over time

(a) SQG = sediment quality guideline; Source: MacDonald et al. 1996 Ecotoxicology 5: 253-278., CCME 2001. Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life. (e) Laboratory reporting limit for cyanide and toxaphene exceed acute water quality criteria.

(b) laboratory RL exceeds TEL or ISQG (f) Assumes 20,000 cy maximum discrete discharge at NODS for both NWS Yorktown and Cheatham Annex

(c) WQC = Water quality criteria; Source : USEPA 2022. National Recommended Water Quality Criteria. (g) Assumes 20,000 cy maximum discrete discharge at NODS for NWS Yorktown and 14,000 cy maximum discrete discharge at NODS for Cheatham Annex

(d) Dilution required is to achieve acute WQC for cyanide (h) 9VAC20-81-660

Notes:

cy = Cubic yard(s) ISQG = Interim Sediment Quality Guideline TCLP = Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure 40 CFR 261.24

EC50 = Median effective concentration PCB = Polychlorinated biphenyl TEQ = Toxicity equivalency unit -- = No dilution required; no statistical difference with control

LC50 = Median lethal concentration RL = Reporting limit USEPA = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

TABLE ES-3. SUMMARY OF RESULTS FOR BULK SEDIMENT, ELUTRIATE, ECOTOXICOLOGICAL, AND UPLAND TESTING

NWS YORKTOWN AND CHEATHAM ANNEX, YORK RIVER, VIRGINIA (2021/2022)

DREDGING UNIT

STANDARD ELUTRIATES

Maximum Dilution required for all exceeding constituents to meet LPC(d)

SEDIMENT

COMPARISON TO REGIONAL SQGs (a) COMPARISON TO USEPA and

VA ACUTE WQC

FOR AQUATIC

LIFE (c)

Menidia beryllina ( Inland Silverside)

WATER COLUMN

Mytilus galloprovincialis (Blue Mussel)

Statistical comparison between survival in test and reference sediment

TISSUE CONCENTRATIONS THAT

STATISTICALLY EXCEEDED

REFERENCE AND PRE-TEST

CONCENTRATIONS

Acid-Base

Accounting

MEETS UPLAND PLACEMENT CRITERIA?

*Dioxin TEQs exceed Interim SQG established in CCME 2001. Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life.

WHOLE SEDIMENT

Americamysis bahia (Opossum Shrimp)

MEETS LIMITING PERMISSIBLE

CONCENTRATION?

Benthic Bioaccumulation

Benthic Toxicity

Water Column Toxicity

Water Quality Criteria

(i) Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. 2014. Permit No. VPA 00579. Weanack Land Reclamation Project.

Virginia Petroleum

Criteria (h)

TCLP

Virginia Exclusion Criteria for

Placement at Port Tobacco at

Weanack (i) i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

ES.1 TECHNICAL APPROACH

ES.2 OCEAN PLACEMENT EVALUATION

ES.3 UPLAND PLACEMENT EVALUATION

ES.4 RESULTS SUMMARY – NWS Yorktown R3 Pier

ES.5 RESULTS SUMMARY – CHEATHAM ANNEX CAD-A PIER

LIST OF APPENDICES .............................................................................................................. v

LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... vi

LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... viii

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................. xiv

PROJECT OVERVIEW ............................................................................................... 1-1

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ............................................................................... 1-2

1.2 PROJECT PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES ........................................................ 1-3

1.3 PROJECT LOCATION ....................................................................................... 1-5

1.4 PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS ........................................................................ 1-6

1.5 TECHNICAL APPROACH................................................................................. 1-7

1.5.1 Analytical Testing of Bulk Sediment, Site Water, Receiving Water, and Standard Elutriates ................................................................................... 1-7

1.5.2 Ecotoxicological Testing ......................................................................... 1-8

1.5.3 Analytical Testing of Aquatic Organism Tissue .................................... 1-10

1.6 DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................................................ 1-10

1.7 LIMITING PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION ............................................ 1-11

1.8 REPORT ORGANIZATION ............................................................................. 1-13

1.9 REPORT APPENDICES ................................................................................... 1-13

FIELD SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PROCESSING ................................................ 2-1

2.1 SAMPLING OBJECTIVES ................................................................................. 2-1

2.2 SAMPLING LOCATIONS ................................................................................. 2-2

2.3 SAMPLE VOLUME REQUIREMENTS ............................................................ 2-2

2.4 IN SITU WATER QUALITY MEASUREMENTS ............................................ 2-3

2.5 SAMPLE COLLECTION .................................................................................... 2-3

2.5.1 Naval Weapons Station Yorktown and Cheatham Annex Sediment Sampling .................................................................................................. 2-3

2.5.2 Willoughby Bank Reference and Chesapeake Bay Control Site Sampling .................................................................................................................. 2-3

2.5.3 Site Water/Elutriate Preparation Water and Receiving Water ................. 2-4 ii

2.7 EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION AND WASTE HANDLING

PROCEDURES.................................................................................................... 2-5

2.8 SAMPLE LABELING, CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY, AND DOCUMENTATION . 2-6

2.8.1 Field Logbook .......................................................................................... 2-6

2.8.2 Numbering System................................................................................... 2-6

2.8.3 Core Labels – Composite Samples .......................................................... 2-7

2.8.4 Core Labels – Grain Size/Total Organic Carbon ..................................... 2-7

2.8.5 Chain-of-Custody Records....................................................................... 2-8

ANALYTICAL TESTING OF SEDIMENT, WATER, STANDARD

ELUTRIATES, AND TISSUES .................................................................................... 3-1

3.1 ANALYTICAL METHODS ............................................................................... 3-3

3.1.1 Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners ...................................................... 3-3

3.1.2 Total Organic Carbon .............................................................................. 3-3

3.1.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ......................................................... 3-4

3.1.4 Metals ....................................................................................................... 3-4

3.1.5 Dioxins/Furan Congeners ........................................................................ 3-4

3.1.6 Cyanide .................................................................................................... 3-4

3.1.7 Acid Volatile Sulfide and Simultaneously Extracted Metals .................. 3-4

3.1.8 TPH .......................................................................................................... 3-5

3.1.9 Standard Elutriate Preparation ................................................................. 3-5

3.1.10 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) .............................. 3-5

3.2 DETECTION LIMITS ......................................................................................... 3-5

3.3 LABORATORY QUALITY CONTROL SAMPLES ........................................ 3-6

3.3.1 Standard Reference Material .................................................................... 3-6

3.3.2 Method Blanks ......................................................................................... 3-7

3.3.3 Laboratory Control Sample ...................................................................... 3-7

3.3.4 Matrix Spike/Matrix Spike Duplicate ...................................................... 3-7

3.3.5 Surrogates ................................................................................................ 3-7

BULK SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY .............................................................................. 4-1

4.1 DATA ANALYSIS ..........