MIL-STD-188-165B-C1_DRAFT_for_RFI_v5_-_CLEAN.pdf

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 15

INTERFACE STANDARD 16

INTEROPERABILITY OF 19

SUPERHIGH FREQUENCY (SHF) SATELLITE 20

COMMUNICATIONS 21

PHASE-SHIFT KEYING (PSK) MODEMS 22

AMSC N/A AREA TCSS 31

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. 33

MIL-STD-188-165B

w/CHANGE 1

DRAFT

SUPERSEDING

MIL-STD-188-165B

26 March 2018

NOT MEASUREMENT

SENSITIVE

NOTE: This draft, dated 26 July 2019, prepared by DISA DC1, has not been approved and is subject to modification. DO NOT USE PRIOR TO

APPROVAL. (Project TCSS-2019-006)

DRAFT DATED 26 JULY 2019

ii

DRAFT DATED 26 JULY 2019

iii

FOREWORD 36

1. This standard is approved for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department 38 of Defense (DoD) within the distribution limitations noted at the bottom of the cover. 39

2. It is DoD policy that all joint and combined operations be supported by compatible; 41 interoperable; and integrated command, control, communications, and intelligence (C3I) 42 systems. All C3I systems developed for use by U.S. forces are considered to be for joint use. 43

The Director, Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA), serves as the DoD single point of 44 contact for developing information technology standards to achieve interoperability and 45 compatibility. All C3I systems and equipment shall conform to technical and procedural 46 standards for compatibility and interoperability. 47

3. Military standards (MIL-STDs) in the 188 series (MIL-STD-188-XXX) address 49 telecommunications design parameters and are to be used in all new DoD systems and equipment 50 procurements, or major upgrades thereto. The MIL-STD-188 series is subdivided into a MIL-51

STD-188-100 series, covering common standards for tactical and long-haul communications; a 52

MIL-STD-188-200 series, covering standards for tactical communications only; and a MIL-53

STD-188-300 series, covering standards for long-haul communications only. Emphasis is being 54 placed on the development of common standards for tactical and long-haul communications (the 55

MIL-STD-188-100 series). The MIL-STD-188 series may be based on, or make reference to, 56

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards, International Telecommunications 57

Union – Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) recommendations, International 58

Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 59 standardization agreements (STANAGs), and other standards, wherever applicable. 60

4. This MIL-STD is part of a profile of standards for superhigh frequency (SHF) satellite 62 communications (SATCOM) (6.5). 63

5. Comments, suggestions, and questions on this document should be addressed to 65

DISA, 6910 Cooper Ave., ATTN: IE53, Fort Meade, MD 20755-5496, or emailed to 66 henry.h.tran.civ@mail.mil. Because contact information can change, verify the currency of this 67 address information by using the ASSIST Online database at https://assist.dla.mil. 68 mailto:henry.h.tran.civ@mail.mil https://assist.dla.mil/

DRAFT DATED 26 JULY 2019

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CONTENTS 70

PARAGRAPH PAGE 72

FOREWORD ............................................................................................................ iii 74

1 SCOPE .........................................................................................................................1 75

1.1 Scope. ..................................................................................................................1 76

1.2 Applicability. .......................................................................................................1 77

1.3 Certification authority. ........................................................................................1 78

1.4 Additional requirements. .....................................................................................1 79

1.5 Special Types of Modems. ..................................................................................1 80

1.6 Requests to deviate from the standard. ...............................................................1 81

2 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS..................................................................................2 82

2.1 General. ...............................................................................................................2 83

2.2 Government documents. .....................................................................................2 84

2.2.1 Specifications, standards, and handbooks. ..........................................................2 85

2.3 Non-Government publications. ...........................................................................2 86

2.3.1 Order of precedence. ...........................................................................................4 87

3 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................5 88

3.1 Definitions of terms.............................................................................................5 89

3.2 Abbreviations. .....................................................................................................5 90

3.3 Accuracy. ............................................................................................................6 91

3.4 Back to back. .......................................................................................................6 92

3.5 Bit error ratio (BER). ..........................................................................................7 93

3.6 Data rate (RD). .....................................................................................................7 94

3.7 dBc. .....................................................................................................................7 95

3.8 Eb/N0. ...................................................................................................................7 96

3.9 Error vector magnitude (EVM). ..........................................................................7 97

3.10 ES/N0. ...................................................................................................................8 98

3.11 Frequency uncertainty. ........................................................................................8 99

3.12 Modem emulation. ..............................................................................................8 100

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3.13 Punctured code. ...................................................................................................8 101

3.14 Quasi Error Free ES/N0 (QEF ES/N0). ..................................................................8 102

3.15 Reference ES/N0. .................................................................................................8 103

3.16 Stability. ..............................................................................................................8 104

3.17 Symbol rate (RS). .................................................................................................8 105

3.18 Threshold Eb/N0. ..................................................................................................8 106

3.19 Threshold ES/N0. .................................................................................................8 107

4 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................8 108

4.1 Overview. ............................................................................................................8 109

4.2 Modem description..............................................................................................9 110

4.2.1 Transmission function. ........................................................................................9 111

4.2.2 Reception function. ...........................................................................................10 112

4.2.3 Control and monitoring functions. ....................................................................11 113

4.3 Operational conditions. .....................................................................................11 114

4.4 Environmental perturbation. .............................................................................11 115

5 DETAILED REQUIREMENTS..............................................................................11 116

5.1 Overview. ..........................................................................................................11 117

5.2 Frequency reference. .........................................................................................12 118

5.3 Baseband interfaces. ..........................................................................................12 119

5.3.1 Data rates. ..........................................................................................................12 120

5.3.2 Ethernet data interfaces. ....................................................................................12 121

5.3.2.1 Radio-router signaling. ......................................................................................13 122

5.3.3 Serial data interfaces. ........................................................................................13 123

5.3.3.1 High Speed Serial Interface. .............................................................................13 124

5.3.3.2 Balanced serial. .................................................................................................13 125

5.3.3.3 Unbalanced serial. .............................................................................................13 126

5.4 Modem emulations. ...........................................................................................13 127

5.4.1 Continuous wave. ..............................................................................................14 128

5.4.2 IESS-315. ..........................................................................................................14 129

5.4.3 NATO STANAG 4486. ....................................................................................14 130

5.4.4 ETSI EN 302 307-1 (DVB-S2). ........................................................................15 131

5.4.5 ETSI EN 302 307–2 (DVB-S2X). ....................................................................15 132

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5.4.6 New modem emulations. ...................................................................................15 133

5.5 IF output interface. ............................................................................................15 134

5.5.1 IF output frequency bands. ................................................................................15 135

5.5.2 Output impedance. ............................................................................................16 136

5.5.3 IF output carrier.................................................................................................16 137

5.5.3.1 IF output carrier frequency................................................................................16 138

5.5.3.2 IF stability. ........................................................................................................16 139

5.5.3.3 IF accuracy. .......................................................................................................16 140

5.5.3.4 Phase noise. .......................................................................................................16 141

5.5.4 Output power control range, step size, and accuracy. .......................................19 142

5.5.5 Spectral output. .................................................................................................19 143

5.5.5.1 Spectral confinement. ........................................................................................19 144

5.5.5.2 Transmission thermal noise...............................................................................22 145

5.5.5.3 Transmission output spurious emissions. ..........................................................22 146

5.5.5.4 Transmission output harmonics. .......................................................................22 147

5.5.6 Modulation performance. ..................................................................................22 148

5.5.6.1 Spectral inversion. .............................................................................................22 149

5.5.6.2 Error vector magnitude. ....................................................................................23 150

5.6 IF input interface. ..............................................................................................23 151

5.6.1 IF input frequency bands. ..................................................................................23 152

5.6.2 Input impedance. ...............................................................................................23 153

5.6.3 IF input carrier...................................................................................................23 154

5.6.3.1 IF input carrier frequency..................................................................................23 155

5.6.3.2 Input frequency uncertainty. .............................................................................24 156

5.6.4 IF input power. ..................................................................................................24 157

5.6.4.1 Desired carrier. ..................................................................................................24 158

Minimum operating IF carrier input level. ........................................................24 159

Maximum operating IF carrier input level. .......................................................24 160

5.6.4.2 IF input overload. ..............................................................................................24 161

5.6.5 Noise Figure. .....................................................................................................24 162

5.7 Demodulation. ...................................................................................................24 163

5.7.1 Demodulation requirements. .............................................................................25 164

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5.7.2 Acquisition and timing performance requirements. ..........................................25 165

5.7.2.1 Initial acquisition. ..............................................................................................25 166

5.7.2.2 Reacquisition. ....................................................................................................25 167

5.7.2.3 Bit count integrity. ............................................................................................25 168

5.7.2.4 Synchronization retention. ................................................................................25 169

5.7.2.5 Timing jitter. .....................................................................................................26 170

5.7.2.6 Doppler environment. .......................................................................................26 171

5.7.3 Error performance requirements. ......................................................................26 172

5.7.3.1 Back-to-back error performance. ......................................................................26 173

CW modulation format. ....................................................................................26 174

IESS-315. ..........................................................................................................26 175

NATO STANAG 4486. ....................................................................................26 176

ETSI EN 302 307-1 (DVB-S2). ........................................................................26 177

ETSI EN 302 307–2 (DVB-S2X). ....................................................................26 178

New modem emulations. ...................................................................................26 179

5.7.3.2 Error performance with adjacent channel interference (ACI). ..........................26 180

Equal symbol-rate ACI scenarios......................................................................27 181

Double symbol rate ACI scenario. ....................................................................28 182

Threshold ES/N0 allowance for ACI. ................................................................29 183

5.7.3.3 Composite power. .............................................................................................30 184

5.7.3.4 Isolation of integrated modulators and demodulators. ......................................31 185

5.8 Modem control and monitoring functions.........................................................31 186

5.8.1 Modem remote control interface. ......................................................................31 187

5.8.2 Control and monitoring parameters. .................................................................31 188

5.8.2.1 Control response times. .....................................................................................31 189

5.8.2.2 Eb/N0 reporting requirements. ............................................................................32 190

5.8.3 Positive modem control. ...................................................................................32 191

6 NOTES .......................................................................................................................33 192

6.1 Intended use. .....................................................................................................33 193

6.2 Acquisition requirements. .................................................................................33 194

6.3 Tailoring guidance. ...........................................................................................33 195

6.4 Subject term (keyword) listing. .........................................................................33 196

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6.5 SHF SATCOM standards profile. .....................................................................33 197

6.6 Changes from previous issue. ...........................................................................33 198

6.7 Background and future guidance. .....................................................................35 199

NATO STANAG 4486 BACK-TO-BACK ERROR 200

PERFORMANCE ...........................................................................................44 201

Scope. ................................................................................................................44 202

Turbo code mode...............................................................................................44 203

MULTIPLE FREQUENCY – TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE 204

ACCESS (MF-TDMA) ...................................................................................47 205

Scope. ................................................................................................................47 206

Ethernet traffic management. ............................................................................47 207

FREQUENCY HOPPING SPREAD SPECTRUM (FHSS) ...........................48 208

Scope. ................................................................................................................48 209

Spectral Confinement. .......................................................................................48 210

IF Output Level Variation. ................................................................................48 211

Terminal EIRP Variation. .................................................................................49 212

Satellite Frequency Response Pre-Compensation. ............................................49 213

DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPECTRUM (DSSS) ..................................50 214

Scope. ................................................................................................................50 215

ESD Masks and Terminal Certification. ...........................................................50 216

ESD Definition for Standard Waveforms. ........................................................50 217

DSSS Spread Factor. .........................................................................................51 218

ESD Reduction using DSSS. ............................................................................51 219

Numerical Example. ..........................................................................................52 220

Discussion. ........................................................................................................52 221

D.7.1 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). ........................................................52 222

CONCLUDING MATERIAL..................................................................................54 223

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FIGURES 227

FIGURE 1. Modem functional overview....................................................................................... 9 229

FIGURE 2. Transmitted IF phase noise mask examples. ............................................................ 18 230

FIGURE 3. Transmission carrier output OFF thresholds. ........................................................... 19 231

FIGURE 4. Modulator output signal spectral density limit mask. .............................................. 21 232

FIGURE 5. Equal symbol rate ACI. ............................................................................................ 28 233

FIGURE 6. Double symbol rate ACI. .......................................................................................... 28 234

FIGURE 7. ACI implementation loss allowances. ...................................................................... 30 235

FIGURE 8. Composite power thresholds. ................................................................................... 31 236

FIGURE 9. SHF SATCOM standards profile. ............................................................................ 34 237

TABLES 240

TABLE I. Transmitted IF phase noise threshold examples. ........................................................ 17 242

TABLE II. Acquisition times for selected data rates. .................................................................. 25 243

TABLE III. Doppler parameters. ................................................................................................. 26 244

TABLE IV. Modem control and monitoring parameters............................................................. 32 245

TABLE V. Background and Future Guidance. ............................................................................ 35 246

TABLE A-I. NATO STANAG 4486 BPSK, QPSK, and OQPSK Performance. ....................... 44 247

TABLE A-II. NATO STANAG 4486 8-PSK Performance. ....................................................... 45 248

TABLE A-III. NATO STANAG 4486 16-ary Performance. ...................................................... 46 249

TABLE D-I. Minimum spread factor values required to support various network sizes. ........... 53 250

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1 SCOPE 253

1.1 Scope. This standard covers phase-shift keying (PSK) modems. The 254 requirements specified herein represent the minimum performance specifications required for 255 interoperability; the requirements may be exceeded by equipment developers to satisfy specific 256 service requirements. Thus, incorporating additional standard and nonstandard capabilities and 257 interfaces is not precluded. 258

1.2 Applicability. The interface and performance specifications contained herein 259 apply to satellite modems used to communicate through transponders on the Defense Satellite 260

Communications System (DSCS) and the Wideband Global SATCOM (WGS) system. The 261 military-unique requirements for super high frequency (SHF) SATCOM modems that operate 262 over commercial C-band, Ku-band, and Ka-band apply when the modem is used to provide 263 access to the DoD Information Networks (DoDIN). 264

1.3 Certification authority. The U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command 265

(USASMDC)/Army Forces Strategic Command (ARSTRAT) is the certification authority for the 266

WGS communications system and the DSCS and may be contacted at the following address. 267

U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command 269

Army Forces Strategic Command G-6 270

Consolidated Wideband SATCOM System Expert (C-SSE) 271

350 Vandenberg Street 272

Peterson Air Force Base, CO 80914-2749 273 usarmy.peterson.smdc.list.wideband-engineering2@mail.mil 274

1.4 Additional requirements. USASMDC/ARSTRAT may levy certification 275 requirements in addition to those listed herein. Modem designers/vendors shall coordinate with 276 the certification authority to obtain test requirements specific to their modem. Note that this 277 document is not intended to provide information regarding how to achieve the requirements 278 contained herein; modem designers/vendors should refer to applicable requirements documents 279 issued by USASMDC/ARSTRAT. 280

1.5 Special Types of Modems. Special cases of general requirements are addressed 281 in appendices for specific types of modems, allowing the certification authority to issue a full 282 modem certification for any modem that implements requirements as modified by that specific 283 appendix. The program office, without approval from the certification authority, may instruct a 284 manufacturer to replace a section 5 paragraph with the appropriate appendix paragraph, or to 285 otherwise enforce an appropriate appendix or any appendix paragraphs. 286

1.6 Requests to deviate from the standard. If a modem requires deviation from the 287 specifications stated herein, the Government sponsor Program Manager (PM) should process a 288 request to deviate from the standard through the certification authority, in accordance with DoD 289

Manual (DoDM) 4120.24, Defense Standardization Program Procedures. The request should 290 include the mission of the system, the rationale for deviating from the standard, and both the 291 technical and cost impact if the program is not allowed to deviate from the standard. Modems 292 mailto:usarmy.peterson.smdc.list.wideband-engineering2@mail.mil

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that are accepted by the Government sponsor PM without first obtaining approval for deviation 293 from the certification authority are acquired at program risk. 294

2 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS 295

2.1 General. The documents listed in this section are specified in sections 3, 4, and 5 296 of this standard. This section does not include documents cited in other sections of this standard 297 or recommended for additional information or as examples. While every effort has been made to 298 ensure the completeness of this list, document users are cautioned that they must meet all 299 specified requirements of documents cited in sections 3, 4, and 5 of this standard, whether or not 300 they are listed in section 2. 301

2.2 Government documents. 302

2.2.1 Specifications, standards, and handbooks. The following specifications, 303 standards, and handbooks form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. Unless 304 otherwise specified, the issues of these documents are those cited in the solicitation or contract. 305

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION AGREEMENTS 307

NATO STANAG 4486 - Super High Frequency (SHF) Military Satellite

Communications (MILSATCOM) Frequency

Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Non-EPM

Modem for Services Conforming to Class-B of

STANAG 4484

(Copies of these documents may be obtained online at http://www.nato.int.) 310

2.3 Non-Government publications. The following non-Government documents 312 form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise specified, the 313 issues of these documents are those listed in solicitation or contract. 314

EUROPEAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS STANDARDS INSTITUTE (ETSI) 316

ETSI EN

302 307-1

- Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Second Generation

Framing Structure, Channel Coding and Modulation

Systems for Broadcasting, Interactive Services, News

Gathering and Other Broadband Satellite Applications;

Part 1: DVB-S2

ETSI EN

302 307–2

- Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Second Generation

Framing Structure, Channel Coding and Modulation

Systems for Broadcasting, Interactive Services, News

Gathering and Other Broadband Satellite Applications;

Part2: DVB-S2 Extensions (DVB-S2X) http://www.nato.int/

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ETSI TS

102 606-1

- Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Generic Stream

Encapsulation (GSE); Part 1: Protocol

(Copies of this document are available online at http://www.etsi.org.) 319

INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS (IEEE) 321

IEEE 802.3ab - IEEE Standard for Information Technology -

Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between

Systems - Local and Metropolitan Area Networks - Specific

Requirements. Supplement to Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and

Physical Layer Specifications – Physical Layer Parameters and

Specifications for 1000 Mb/s Operation over Four Pair of

Category 5 Balanced Copper Cabling, Type 1000BASE-T

IEEE 802.3ae IEEE Standard for Information technology – Local and metropolitan area networks – Part 3: CSMA/CD Access

Method and Physical Layer Specifications – Media Access

Control (MAC) Parameters, Physical Layer, and Management

Parameters for 10 Gb/s Operation

IEEE 802.3i IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks -

System Considerations for Multisegment 10 Mb/S Baseband

Networks (Section 13) and Twisted-Pair Medium Attachment

Unit (MAU) and Baseband Medium, Type 10BASE-T (Section

14)

IEEE 802.3u IEEE Standards for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks:

Supplement - Media Access Control (MAC) Parameters, Physical Layer, Medium Attachment Units, and Repeater for

100Mb/s Operation, Type 100BASE-T (Clauses 21-30)

(Copies of this document are available from www.ieee.org or the IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes 324

Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854-4141.) 325

INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE ORGANIZATION 327

(INTELSAT) EARTH STATION STANDARDS (IESSs) 328

IESS-315 - Performance Characteristics for VSAT Service Using

Turbo Coding with QPSK/OQPSK Modulation

(Copies of these documents are available from INTELSAT General Communications LLC, 331

7900 Tysons One Place, Suite 12, McLean, VA 22102, telephone +01 703-270-4200, facsimile 332

+01 703-270-4810, or online at http://www.intelsat.com.) 333

INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE (IETF) 335

http://www.etsi.org/ http://www.ieee.org/ http://www.intelsat.com/

DRAFT DATED 26 JULY 2019

RFC-5578 - PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE) Extensions for Credit Flow and Link Metrics

(Copies of these documents are available online at https://tools.ietf.org.) 338

TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION (TIA) 340

TIA-422 - Electrical Characteristics of Balanced Voltage Digital

Interface Circuits

TIA-423 - Electrical Characteristics of Unbalanced Voltage Digital

Interface Circuits

TIA-530 - High Speed 25-Position Interface for Data Terminal

Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment, Including Alternative 26-Position Connector

TIA-612 - Electrical Characteristics for an Interface at Data

Signaling Rates up to 52 Mbit/s

TIA-613 - High Speed Serial Interface for Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment

(Copies of this document are available online at http://www.tiaonline.org.) 343

2.3.1 Order of precedence. Unless otherwise noted herein or in the contract, in the 345 event of a conflict between the text of this document and the references cited herein, the text of 346 this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws 347 and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 348 https://tools.ietf.org/ http://www.tiaonline.org/

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3 DEFINITIONS 350

3.1 Definitions of terms. Definitions of terms not listed in this section are as defined 351 in the ATIS Telecom Glossary. 352

3.2 Abbreviations. The abbreviations used in this MIL-STD are defined as follows. 353

8-PSK eight-phase-shift keying

AC alternating current

ACI adjacent channel interference

ACM adaptive coding and modulation

AGC automatic gain control

AH antenna handover

ANSI American National Standards Institute

APSK amplitude-phase-shift keying

ATIS Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions

AUPC automated uplink power control

BCI bit-count integrity

BER bit error ratio

BPSK binary phase-shift keying

C-SSE Consolidated Wideband SATCOM System Expert

C3I command, control, communications, and intelligence

CDMA code-division multiple access

CE constellation error

CSMA/CD carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection

CW continuous wave

DAMA demand-assignment multiple access

DEM distant-end monitoring

DISA Defense Information Systems Agency

DoD Department of Defense

DoDIN Department of Defense Information Networks

DSCS Defense Satellite Communications System

DVB digital video broadcasting

EBEM Enhanced Bandwidth Efficient Modem

EIA Electronic Industries Alliance

ES/N0 Energy per Symbol/Noise

ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute

EVM error vector magnitude

FDMA frequency-division multiple access

FEC forward error correction

GSE generic stream encapsulation

GFP Generic Framing Procedure or Generic Frame Protocol

HSSI High Speed Serial Interface

I in-phase component

IBS INTELSAT Business Services

IDR intermediate data rate

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IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IESS INTELSAT earth station standard

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force

IF intermediate frequency

INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization

IP internet protocol

ISO International Organization for Standardization

ITA information throughput adaptation

ITU-T International Telecommunications Union – Telecommunication

Standardization Sector

MIL-STD military standard modcod modulation and code rate combination

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

OQPSK offset quadrature phase-shift keying

PM program manager

PPP Point-to-Point Protocol

PPPoE Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet

PSD power spectral density

PSK phase-shift keying

Q quadrature-phase component

QEF Quasi Error Free

QPSK quadrature phase-shift keying

RF radio frequency

RMS root mean square

RS Reed–Solomon

Rx reception

SATCOM satellite communications

SHF super high frequency

SOW statement of work

SSB single sideband

STANAG standardization agreement

TDMA time-division multiple access

TIA Telecommunications Industry Association

Tx transmission

VSWR voltage standing-wave ratio

WGS Wideband Global SATCOM

3.3 Accuracy. The degree of conformity of a measured or calculated value to its 356 definition, related to the offset from an ideal value. 357

3.4 Back to back. Refers to intermediate frequency (IF) testing of modems in which 358 two identical modems are used with adequate physical separation to prevent any interaction 359 beyond IF connectivity. 360

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3.5 Bit error ratio (BER). The number of bit errors divided by the total number of 361 transferred bits during a specified time interval. 362

3.6 Data rate (RD). The rate at which data traffic, incident upon one or more data 363 interfaces, is transferred across a satellite channel, measured in bits per second (bits/s). 364

3.7 dBc. Ratio of a non-carrier power component to the total power in a carrier, 365 expressed in decibels. 366

3.8 Eb/N0. The ratio of energy per bit to noise power spectral density (PSD) . 367

Converts from ES/N0 using 368

𝐸b 𝑁0

𝑅S

𝑅D

𝐸S

𝑁0

3.9 Error vector magnitude (EVM). Sometimes referred to as “constellation error” 371

(CE), EVM is a measurement used to quantify the performance of a digital radio transmitter. 372

EVM is expressed in percent root mean square (RMS) and is computed as follows. 373

𝐸𝑉𝑀 =

NS

∑ 𝐸𝑉𝑀2(kS)

NS − 1

kS = 0

NC

∑ 𝐼ref

2(kC) + 𝑄ref 2(kC)

NC − 1

kC = 0

Where: 377

NS = the number of symbols over which the EVM measurement is taken; 378 kS = the symbol index; 379

NC = the number of constellation points in the modulation waveform = 2mod index; 380 kC = the constellation point index; 381

𝐼ref(kC) = in-phase coordinate of kc indexed ideal constellation point; 382

𝑄ref(kC) = quadrature-phase coordinate of kc indexed ideal constellation point. 383

And 385

𝐸𝑉𝑀(kS) = √𝐼err 2(kS) + 𝑄err

2(kS) 387

Where: 389

𝐼err(kS) = 𝐼actual(kS) − 𝐼ref(kS); 390

𝐼actual(kS) = in-phase coordinate of kS indexed actual constellation point; 391

𝑄err(kS) = 𝑄actual(kS) − 𝑄ref(kS); 392

𝑄actual(kS) = quadrature coordinate of kS indexed actual constellation point. 393

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3.10 ES/N0. The ratio of energy per symbol to noise PSD. Converts from Eb/N0 using 395

𝐸S

𝑁0

𝑅D

𝑅S

𝐸b 𝑁0

3.11 Frequency uncertainty. The difference between a received signal’s expected 399 frequency and its actual frequency. Frequency uncertainty results when 1) a difference in 400 frequency between reference oscillators exists, 2) Doppler effects cause frequency shifts, or 3) 401 frequency setting inaccuracies exist. 402

3.12 Modem emulation. A standardized or otherwise prescribed set of rules 403 governing the signal processing and waveform construction required to produce a conforming 404 modulation waveform. Conformance to specified modem emulations is the basis for waveform-405 level interoperability between modems. 406

3.13 Punctured code. A higher-rate code obtained by periodically deleting bits from a 407 lower-rate code. 408

3.14 Quasi Error Free ES/N0 (QEF ES/N0). The threshold ES/N0 specified for BER = 409

10-10. If the threshold ES/N0 is not specified for BER = 10-10, then it shall be extrapolated from 410 the next higher specified threshold BER at a rate of 0.1 dB of ES/N0 per factor of 10 BER. 411

3.15 Reference ES/N0. The ES/N0 that corresponds to a referenced BER. Reference 412

ES/N0 is used to define underlying conditions relevant to some specified performance. Reference 413

Eb/N0 may be used in place of reference ES/N0 if deemed necessary. 414

3.16 Stability. The degree of conformity of a measured or calculated value to its 415 original value at the beginning of some prescribed time interval, related to the offset from a prior 416 state. 417

3.17 Symbol rate (RS). The rate at which symbols are transferred across a satellite 418 channel, measured in symbols per second (sym/s). 419

3.18 Threshold Eb/N0. The Eb/N0 at which the measured BER must not exceed the 420 specified BER. Threshold Eb/N0 = threshold ES/N0 × RS/RD. 421

3.19 Threshold ES/N0. The ES/N0 at which the measured BER must not exceed the 422 specified BER. Threshold ES/N0 = threshold Eb/N0 × RD/RS. 423

4 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 424

4.1 Overview. This section defines the subject modem and specifies the conditions 425 under which it operates. A description of general modem transmission, reception, and control 426 and monitor functions is provided in 4.2. The relevant operating environment is described in 4.3; 427

4.4 describes unique DoD environmental conditions under which the subject modem must 428 operate. 429

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4.2 Modem description. A modem shall implement one or more transmission 430 functions and one or more reception functions, along with associated control and monitoring 431 functions. Separate transmission and reception functions shall be implemented as applicable for 432 different applications and asymmetric data rates. A modem functional overview is shown on 433

FIGURE 1. 434

FIGURE 1. Modem functional overview. 436

4.2.1 Transmission function. The transmission function shall accept data signals from 437 a digital data source and use these digital data signals to modulate an IF carrier in accordance 438 with one or more prescribed modem standards. The transmission function shall then send this IF 439 signal to an IF output interface. Prescribed modem standards define the following transmission 440 functions and components. 441

a. Data input interface(s). 443

b. Provisions for automated power control, where applicable. 445

c. Provisions for adaptive coding and modulation, where applicable. 447

d. Provisions for supporting distant-end status monitoring, where applicable. 449

e. Internal service channel source. 451

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f. Service multiplexer. 453

g. Encryption. 455

h. Scrambling for purposes of data randomization. 457

i. Encoding for mitigation of antenna handover effects, where applicable. 459

j. Differential encoding. 461

k. Forward error correction (FEC) encoding. 463

l. Symbol-level carrier modulation. 465

m. Modulation framing. 467

n. IF output interface. 469

4.2.2 Reception function. The reception function shall receive an IF signal from an IF 470 input interface. The reception function shall then demodulate this IF signal in accordance with 471 one or more prescribed modem standards. The reception function shall then send data and, if 472 necessary, timing derived from the data, to a digital data sink. Prescribed modem standards 473 define the following reception functions and components. 474

a. IF input interface. 476

b. Modulation de-framing. 478

c. Symbol-level carrier demodulation. 480

d. FEC decoding. 482

e. Differential decoding. 484

f. Decoding for mitigation of antenna handover effects, where applicable. 486

g. Descrambling for purposes of data de-randomization. 488

h. Decryption. 490

i. Service demultiplexer. 492

j. Internal service channel sink. 494

k. Provisions for distant-end status monitoring, where applicable. 496

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l. Provisions for supporting distant-end adaptive coding and modulation, where 498 applicable. 499

m. Provisions for supporting distant-end automated power control, where applicable. 501

n. Data output interface(s). 503

4.2.3 Control and monitoring functions. The modem shall interface with external 504 controlling and monitoring components. 505

4.3 Operational conditions. Unless otherwise specified, the requirements specified 506 in this MIL-STD shall be met over the range of environmental conditions specified by the 507 relevant procuring authority. 508

4.4 Environmental perturbation. Active links shall not suffer loss of bit or packet 509 count integrity, at the ES/N0 required for a BER performance of 10−10, over the range of 510 environmental conditions specified by the procuring authority. This shall include as a minimum 511

a. Exposure to temperature deviation. 513

b. Exposure to vibration. 515

c. Exposure to shock on the outside surface of the modem, simulating maintenance, 517 operator or other external action on the modem. 518

5 DETAILED REQUIREMENTS 520

5.1 Overview. This section provides detailed requirements that address every major 521 modem interface, subsystem, and performance category, as follows. 522

a. Frequency reference (5.2). 524

b. Baseband interfaces (5.3). 526

c. Modem emulations (5.4). 528

d. IF output interface (5.5). 530

e. IF input interface (5.6). 532

f. Demodulation performance (5.7). 534

g. Modem control and monitoring functions (5.8). 536

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5.2 Frequency reference. Modems shall accept an external frequency reference 538 signal as follows. 539

a. Signal type: sinusoidal. 541

b. Frequency: either 5 MHz or 10 MHz, at least one or the other. 543

c. Input impedance: 50 Ω (nominal). 545

d. Input signal level: +6 to +16 dBm. 547

e. Maximum VSWR: 1.5:1. 549

Modems shall include an internal frequency reference for accuracy and stability when an 551 external frequency reference signal is not present. 552

5.3 Baseband interfaces. In 5.3.1–5.3.3, modem baseband traffic interfaces are 553 defined in terms of data rates and their granularity, mandatory Internet Protocol (IP)-centric 554

Ethernet data interfaces, and optional legacy serial interfaces. 555

5.3.1 Data rates. The data rate resolution for all modems shall be in 1-bit-per-second 556 increments. The minimum and maximum data rates shall be specified by the procuring 557 authority. 558

5.3.2 Ethernet data interfaces. Ethernet data interfaces shall be implemented in 559 accordance with 560

a. IEEE 802.3i (10Base-T), IEEE 802.3u (100Base-T) and IEEE 802.3ab (1000Base-T); 562

b. or IEEE 802.3ae (10 Gigabit Ethernet). 564

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5.3.2.1 Radio-router signaling. Messaging between modem and router is useful for 568 signaling 569

Link establishment and termination; 570

Link quality metrics; 571

Flow control. 572

As such, it is recommended that the modem implement one or more of the following Radio-to-574

Router Interfaces (R2RI) to exchange such signaling with the router. 575 a.RFC 5578 (PPPoE with credit flow and link metrics extensions); 576 b.R2CP (Radio-Router Control Protocol using 802.1Q VLANs) 577 c.DLEP (Dynamic Link Exchange Protocol). 578

For flow control alone, it is recommended that the external LAN interface be compliant with the 580 optional MAC Control protocol of section 31 of the Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 standard for real‐time 581 flow control. As a minimum, the modem shall accept and exercise Ethernet pause frames for 582 flow control. 583

5.3.3 Serial data interfaces. When equipped with serial data interfaces, the modem 584 shall operate with one or more baseband data interfaces that conform to one or more of the 585 formats described in 5.3.3.1–5.3.3.3, as selected by the procuring authority. 586

5.3.3.1 High Speed Serial Interface. High Speed Serial Interface (HSSI) shall be in 587 accordance with TIA-612 and TIA-613. 588

5.3.3.2 Balanced serial. Balanced serial with electrical characteristics shall be in 589 accordance with TIA-422; mechanical characteristics shall be in accordance with TIA-530. 590

5.3.3.3 Unbalanced serial. Unbalanced serial with electrical characteristics shall be in 591 accordance with TIA-423; mechanical characteristics shall be in accordance with TIA-530. 592

5.4 Modem emulations. 593

a. In 5.4.1–5.4.6, modem emulations are defined, where possible, by referencing military 595 or commercial modem standards. The list of modem emulations begins with continuous wave 596

(CW), a trivial case necessary for test and diagnostic purposes. In 5.4.2–5.4.5, four explicit 597 modem emulations are generally defined by referencing external standards. In 5.4.6, provisions 598 for introducing additional modem emulations beyond those indicated here are described. 599

b. The modem shall implement one or more of the following modem emulations in 601 accordance with the prescribed standards as indicated in 5.4.1–5.4.5, subject to the determination 602 of the procuring authority. 603

c. Each modem emulation implemented shall include provisions for uncoded operation 605 of every modulation format employed. 606

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5.4.1 Continuous wave. The modem shall be able to output an unmodulated signal. 608

This emulation is mandatory. 609

5.4.2 IESS-315. Modems that implement IESS-315 emulations shall do so in 610 accordance with IESS-315. 611

5.4.3 NATO STANAG 4486. Modems that implement NATO STANAG 4486 612 emulations shall do so as follows. 613

a. When applicable, provisions for automated uplink power control shall be in 615 accordance with NATO STANAG 4486 section entitled “AUPC.” 616

b. When applicable, provisions for information throughput adaptation (ITA) (adaptive 618 coding and modulation) shall be in accordance with NATO STANAG 4486 section entitled 619

“ITA.” 620

c. When applicable, provisions for distant-end status monitoring shall be in accordance 622 with NATO STANAG 4486 section entitled “DEM.” 623

d. When applicable, embedded channel interfaces shall be in accordance with NATO 625

STANAG 4486 sections entitled “Embedded Channel,” “Embedded Channel Interfaces” and 626

“Embedded Channel GFP Acquisition and Synchronization Procedures.” 627

e. Service multiplexers shall be in accordance with NATO STANAG 4486 sections 629 entitled Frame Format #1 (ITA),” “Multiplexor” and “Frame Format #2 (AH).” 630

f. Encryption shall be in accordance with NATO STANAG 4486 sections entitled 632

“Encryption.” 633

g. Selectable scrambling shall be in accordance with NATO STANAG 4486 sections 635 entitled “Scrambler.” 636

h. When applicable, encoding for mitigation of antenna handover effects shall be in 638 accordance with NATO STANAG 4486 sections entitled “Frame Format #2 (AH),” “Antenna 639

Handover,” “Antenna Handover Interface” and “Antenna Handover Cable.” 640

i. FEC encoding shall be in accordance with NATO STANAG 4486 section entitled 642

“Turbo Code and 16-ary Modulation Air Interface,” specifically the subsection entitled 643

“Turbo Code.” 644

j. Symbol-level carrier modulation shall be in accordance with NATO STANAG 4486 646 sections entitled “Symbol Generation” and “Symbol Mapping.” 647

k. Modulation framing shall be in accordance with NATO STANAG 4486 section 649 entitled “Frame Structure,” “Frame Structures” and “Frame Format #2 (AH)” as applicable. 650

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5.4.4 ETSI EN 302 307-1 (DVB-S2). Modems that implement ETSI EN 302 307-1 652 emulations shall do so in accordance with ETSI EN 302 307-1. 653

5.4.5 ETSI EN 302 307–2 (DVB-S2X). Modems that implement ETSI EN 302 307–2 654 emulations shall do so in accordance with ETSI EN 302 307–2. 655

5.4.6 New modem emulations. New modem emulations may be considered for 656 inclusion in this standard under the following conditions. 657

a. If the waveform is fully and explicitly specified in accordance with open commercial 659 standards available to the DoD Government and vendor communities. 660

b. If the waveform satisfies a need not met by existing waveforms cited in this standard. 662

5.5 IF output interface. In 5.5.1–5.5.6, modem IF (transmission) output is specified 664 in terms of the following. 665

a. Frequency bands (5.5.1) in terms of required L-band, as well as other optional bands. 667

b. Electrical impedance (5.5.2). 669

c. Output carrier (5.5.3) in terms of frequency, stability, accuracy, and phase noise. 671

d. Output power level (5.5.4) in terms of range and accuracy. 673

e. Spectral output (5.5.5) in terms of nominal confinement, thermal noise, spurious, and 675 harmonics. 676

f. Modulation performance (5.5.6) in terms of spectral inversion and EVM. 678

5.5.1 IF output frequency bands. The modem shall support a 950 to 2000 MHz IF 679 interface. Additional IF interfaces and minimum bandwidths may be chosen by the procuring 680 authority from the following list. 681

a. 70 ± 18 MHz 683

b. 140 ± 36 MHz 685

c. 700 ± 62.5 MHz 687

Modem performance parameters detailed in this standard shall be met for all waveforms 689 whose −25 dBc…