Atch 18 Excerpts from the MROC approved CDD.pdf

UNCLASSIFIED (FOUO)

v

Executive Summary 112

The Marine Corps Wideband Satellite Communications (MC-WSATCOM) Family of Systems (FoS) Capability 113 Development Document (CDD) identifies the modernization efforts and capabilities required to facilitate Marine 114 Corps command and control, and addresses the technology and system attributes required to meet those 115 requirements. Subsequently, the intent of this CDD is to consolidate and merge requirements defined in multiple 116 Urgent Universal Need Statements (U-UNS) and Deliberate Universal Need Statements (D-UNS), and to 117 capture emergent capabilities necessary to face the current Electronic Warfare Threat and to support the current 118 Marine Corps Operating Concept (MOC). This CDD defines authoritative, measurable, and testable Wideband 119 SATCOM capabilities needed by the warfighter in support of Force 2025, based on guidance from the standing 120 MOC. Current Wideband SATCOM capabilities are derived from U-UNS submitted during both Operation Iraqi 121 Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom requiring a Beyond Line-Of-Sight (BLOS) and Over-The-Horizon 122 (OTH) communications capability that facilitates Command and Control (C2) across geographically dispersed 123 Areas of Operation (AO). The follow-on systems will constitute the Wideband SATCOM FoS fully modernized, 124 while in keeping with the MOC guidance to be light, modular and highly mobile, provisioning the Size Weight 125 and Power (SWaP) requirements for various missions at each echelon of the Marine Air-Ground Task Force 126

(MAGTF). 127

Recent studies, lessons learned from past, and current military operations highlight the Marine Corps’ increasing 128 reliance on space communication assets, signal high demand for BLOS bandwidth and demonstrate that space 129 is a critical dimension of the battlespace. Warfighter dependence on a broad spectrum of information services 130 (video / multimedia, graphics data, and collaborative planning tools) and access to one common operational 131 picture are enduring needs. The MC-WSATCOM FoS is a comprehensive, integrated and sustainable solution 132 designed to address these present and future warfighting capability needs using Military Satellite 133 Communications (MILSATCOM) / Commercial Satellite Communications (COMSATCOM) systems. MC-134 WSATCOM FoS will provide the Marine Corps with a transmission capability that will accommodate the ever 135 increasing requirements for BLOS communications throughput for data, voice, and video to and from command 136 posts at all echelons. MC-WSATCOM systems coupled with networking packages will provide the tactical 137 commander with secure communications and access to Secure Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNet), 138 Non-classified Internet Router Network (NIPRNet), National Security Agency Network (NSANet), Joint 139 Worldwide Intelligence Communications System (JWICS), and Coalition networks. 140

These capabilities are Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) and Government Off-The-Shelf (GOTS) satellite 141 communications terminals that operate with COMSATCOM and MILSATCOM constellations. MC-142 WSATCOM FoS will be flexible and provide the ability to accept modern technology insertion without a 143 complete overhaul of the systems. 144

The MC-WSATCOM systems will be fully interoperable with joint Wideband SATCOM systems to include 145 naval Wideband SATCOM systems and will provide the capabilities that enable MAGTF commanders to serve 146 as a Joint Task Force (JTF) headquarters or as a functional or service component commander of a JTF. MC-147 WSATCOM systems will support the intended effect of MAGTF C2, which is decentralized execution that 148 provides subordinates the latitude to accomplish assigned tasks in accordance with the commander’s intent. 149 Thus, MC-WSATCOM systems will facilitate decentralized decision-making and enhanced situational 150 awareness at all echelons. Marines will be able to access, and have the ability to manipulate and use information 151 in real time and / or near real-time (NRT), to develop Identity Dominance and a common understanding of the 152 operational environment enabling them to exploit information superiority and take the appropriate actions. MC-153 WSATCOM will enable connectivity to theater and national assets and provide the ability to disseminate 154 information throughout the force. Next generation MC-WSATCOM systems will support fully integrated 155 collaborative planning efforts during deployment and employment of Marine Corps forces. 156 vi

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1 (U) Operational Context 159

The Marine Corps Wideband Satellite Communications Family of Systems (MC-WSATCOM FoS) Capability 160 Development Document (CDD) provides the requirements for the materiel solutions that fulfill capability gaps 161 identified in the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) Command and Control (C2) Initial Capability 162 Document (ICD), dated 26 February 2008, Capabilities-Based Assessment (CBA) dated 27 July 2017, and 163 identified in multiple Urgent Universal Needs Statements (U-UNS) submitted during Operations Iraqi Freedom 164 and Enduring Freedom. 165

The MC-WSATCOM FoS is limited to tactical user terminals and does not include the space segment or the 166 ground control segment. The MC-WSATCOM FoS is required to provide the functionality and flexibility 167 necessary to achieve and maintain C2 of current and future dispersed operational forces and enable Defense 168 Information Systems Network (DISN) services to all levels of the MAGTF. Operational concepts and Wideband 169 SATCOM technology have changed significantly and warfighter requirements for network mobility and 170 offensive orientation have outgrown the scope and capability of current communications systems. Fielded 171 tactical communications systems cannot adequately support highly mobile operational commanders on a non-172 contiguous battlefield nor can they sufficiently withstand the current electronic warfare (EW) threats posed by 173 near-peer and nation-state competitors. The warfighter requires mobility throughput and network connectivity 174 to provide the needed level of tactically-relevant near-real-time (NRT) information. 175

The MC-WSATCOM FoS are Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) and Government Off-The-Shelf (GOTS) 176 SATCOM terminals capable of operating with COMSATCOM and MILSATCOM constellations. The 177 Wideband SATCOM FoS will support MAGTF operations from Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF)-level to 178 team-level within the full range of military operations (ROMO). The Wideband SATCOM capabilities in this 179 CDD are based on meeting essential capabilities of the MAGTF ICD and requirements of the Marine Corps 180 Operating Concept (MOC) as well as the Littoral Operations in a Contested Environment (LOCE) and 181 Expeditionary Based Operation (EABO) concepts. 182

1.1 (U) Operating Environment 183

MC-WSATCOM supports Marine Corps operational concepts such as Ship-to-Shore and Operational Maneuver 184 from the Sea, and Disaggregated and Decentralized Operations, and EABO. These service-level concepts 185 support the overall Joint Operational Concepts of Homeland Defense and Civil Support; Major Combat 186 Operations; and Military Support to Stabilization, Security, Identity Operation, Transition, and Reconstruction 187 Operations. MC-WSATCOM will enable the mission of providing an integrated, secure, Near Real Time (NRT), 188 reliable, and long-range communications capability that complements existing military networks and is capable 189 of supporting large numbers of geographically dispersed users in support of MAGTF operations. MC-190 WSATCOM will be capable of supporting voice, video, and data applications in order to support the exchange 191 of C2, intelligence and logistics information throughout the operational environment The MC-WSATCOM 192 architecture constitutes a logical progression to MC-WSATCOM capabilities allowing forward deployed 193 elements greater flexibility at increased distances from their command elements. It will also allow these forward 194 elements to communicate with each other directly, decreasing response times and increasing effective 195 coordination. 196

MC-WSATCOM will provide intra-theater satellite communications. It will rely upon both MILSATCOM and 197 COMSATCOM constellation to provide DISN services via Gateway facilities. 198

The MAGTF Command Element (CE) gains increased flexibility by eliminating terrestrial limitations (e.g. 199 distance and terrain). MC-WSATCOM allows simultaneous communications with all subordinate elements over 200 increased geographical and BLOS distances. MC-WSATCOM provides the following to each element of the 201

MAGTF: 202

Logistics Combat Element (LCE) units will be able to communicate with each other directly BLOS 203 without relying upon the unit they are supporting. They will be able to access logistic applications 204 located on servers in the Continental United States (CONUS) more effectively while deployed on the 205 front lines of combat, regardless of proximity to fiber optic points of presence in the theater of 206 operations. 207

Ground Combat Element (GCE) units will be able to effectively communicate with higher echelons 208 and each other via the use of MC-WSATCOM. MC-WSATCOM will also allow those units to receive 209 and disseminate streaming video from various sources, support C2 information exchange requirements, 210 and access DISA services independently. 211

Aviation Combat Element (ACE) units, including the Marine Air Command and Control System 212 (MACCS) agencies and Marine Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Squadrons (VMU) will be able to 213 transmit and receive NRT air pictures, imagery, and communicate with the different agencies. As the 214 Common Aviation Command and Control System (CAC2S) is implemented, MC-WSATCOM will 215 augment terrestrial assets. 216

Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB) / Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) elements will be able to deploy 217 ashore and immediately establish ship-to-shore communications through the use of MC-WSATCOM. 218 MEB/MEU elements will be able to use Wideband SATCOM to tie back into the JTF Headquarters, which will 219 have access to a Gateway. MC-WSATCOM will also be able to tie directly into a Gateway as directed by the 220 MEB / MEU commander. 221

Satellite communication is mainly employed as a BLOS communication enabler, providing intra-theater satellite 222 communications. A secondary employment is to communicate with DoD Gateway sites worldwide. Coupled 223 with Combat Data Network (CDN), and other potential baseband networking capabilities, MC-WSATCOM 224 will extend DISN and intelligence network services to all elements of the MAGTF. A subsequent employment 225 concept is as a worldwide reach-back to a centralized hub, when mission constraints make full use of DoD 226 Gateways and deployment of site network boundaries less than optimal. Marine Corps units will have the option 227 to become less reliant on their Line-of-Sight (LoS), geographically limited assets through the use of SATCOM 228 equipment. MC-WSATCOM systems will mainly be used At-The-Halt (ATH) with a setup time of 45 minutes 229 or less. Setup time is defined as the time required to assemble equipment organic to the SATCOM systems and 230 to acquire the satellite signal. 231

Figure 1-1: MC SATCOM-OV-1 (page 1/2) 233

Figure 1-2: MC SATCOM-OV-1 (page 2/2) 235

2 (U) Threat Summary 236

2.1 (U) Threat 237

The primary threats to MC-WSATCOM include adverse weather, natural disasters, and physical destruction. 238 However, there is significant concern of the possibility that hostile groups (i.e., terrorists, foreign intelligence 239 services, criminal factions) may employ Information Operations (IO) capabilities, in an integrated, 240 comprehensive attack to disrupt, corrupt, deny access to, or destroy lines of communication or C2 nodes is a 241 significant consideration associated with this system. These groups’ ability to launch an attack, and the severity 242 of its impact, will vary significantly depending on their doctrine, strategy and technical capability. These threats 243 can be accomplished directly or indirectly against Department of Defense (DoD) networks and include 244 interception, exploitation, and degradation of commercial and military communications links and data sources. 245 Adversaries are constantly probing and scanning DoD systems in an effort to determine network architecture 246 and assess vulnerabilities. 247

2.2 (U) Projected Threat Environment 248

Threat to be countered: MC-WSATCOM is not designed to counter a specific threat. 249

System specific threat: Military operations will most likely involve the commitment of US Marine forces on 250 short-notice, forcible entry from the sea to early entry operations in environments characterized by complex and 251 urban terrain, lack of front lines, unsecure flanks, dismounted combat, and constantly-fluctuating situations 252 conducted in urban and maritime environments. MC-WSATCOM FoS elements will be considered targets by 253 threats constantly evolving in type, severity, and frequency of attack. Directed Energy Weapons (DEW), 254 including laser dazzlers and radio frequency (RF) weapons, may also target MC-WSATCOM components. 255 Adversary tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) will focus on operations used to degrade MC-WSATCOM 256 by compromising and disrupting RF transmission, and physically destroying equipment in an attempt to achieve 257 information superiority. MC-WSATCOM FoS will also be exposed to the full range of physical attack methods. 258

2.3 (U//FOUO) MCIA & DIA Validated Threat & Threat References 259

(U//FOUO) The Defense Intelligence Threat Library (DITL) is a collection of threat assessments (known as 260 threat modules) that address all threat topics, including threat system characteristics, capabilities, and 261 employment in the next 20 years or more. The following DIA-validated threat reference modules provide the 262 most common and most capable threats that could impact the MC-WSATCOM FoS. These modules are 263 available at the following links: 264

(U) SIPR: https://intellipedia.intelink.sgov.gov/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Threat_Library. 265

(U) JWICS: https://intellipedia.intelink.ic.gov/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Threat_Library 266

Sub Modules to the above links: 267

(U) CBRN Threat Modules 268

(U) Countermeasures – Physical and Electronic Threat Modules 269

(U) Cyberspace Threat Modules 270

(U) Sensors Threat Modules 271

(U) Strategy/Doctrine/Employment Threat Modules 272

(U) Weapons Threat Modules 273

(U//FOUO) The following DIA-approved assessments are still in effect and can be used to supplement parts of 274 the DITL that are not complete. These documents are published on SIPRNet and are available upon request: 275

DIA-S-205-07/DWO-3: “Information Operations Threat Trends in 2013-2018”; 8 November 2007 276 ONI-CTA-005-12-Vol 1: “Navy and Marine Corps Electronics, Navigation and Network Systems 277

Capstone System Threat Assessment Report, Volume 1: Electronic Warfare Systems”; 1 September 278 2012 279

DIA-08-1211-994: “Information Operations Capstone Threat Assessment: Electronic Warfare”; 27 280 November 2012 281

DIA-08-1209-908.A: “Computer Network Operations Capstone Threat Assessment (IO Capstone, 282 Volume 10 – CORRECTED)” 2nd Edition; 9 May 2013 283

ONI-CTA-005-13-Vol 2: “Navy and Marine Corps Electronics, Navigation and Networks Systems 284 Capstone System Threat Assessment Report, Volume 2: C4ISR Systems”; 30 August 2013 285

DIA-08-1311-380: “Information Operations Capstone Threat Assessment: Directed Energy Weapons”; 286 21 November 2013 287

MCIA-1516-WWW-294-14: “(U) Future Operating Environment 2015-2025: Implications for 288 Marines”; 29 June 2015 289

3 (U) Capability Discussion 290

During Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), the Marine Corps and the U.S. 291 Army submitted U-UNS to expedite purchase of commercial satellite access and COTS systems, in order to 292 satisfy the substantial BLOS communication demands. The rationale behind these U-UNS and the subsequent 293 COTS solutions were derived from previous lessons learned and contemporary mission requirements. The 294 SATCOM / Support Wide Area Network (SWAN) solution to these U-UNS took into consideration: military 295 bandwidth saturation, equipment availability, geographic dispersion, scalability technology, adaptability to new 296 technology, and cost effectiveness. In addition, the purpose of this CDD is to consolidate and merge requirements 297 defined in those U-UNS and D-UNS, and to capture emergent capabilities necessary to face the current 298 Electronic Warfare Threat and to support the wide range of potential Marine Corps’ operations. 299

3.1 (U) MC-WSATCOM Family of Systems 300

The MC-WSATCOM FoS will serve as the primary BLOS terminals that will provide access to the World Wide 301 Web, DoDIN services, and Marine Corps Enterprise services via DoD Gateways, utilizing RF BLOS and over 302 the horizon (OTH) transmission means. It will also serve as extension of the Marine Corps Information 303 Environment (MCIE) to warfighters all the way down to the tactical edge supporting the ROMO. These systems 304 are ground SATCOM terminals with configurations ranging from Expeditionary, Light to Heavy variants 305 operating in Super High Frequency (SHF) to Extremely High Frequency (EHF) spectrum. The MC-WSATCOM 306 FoS terminals are configurable to support small through large elements of the MAGTF (Team-size Nodes 307 through MEF-level Nodes). 308

3.1.1 (U) MC-WSATCOM – Heavy 309

MC-WSATCOM – Heavy is comprised of a modular, multichannel, multiband (X, Ku, Ka) SHF SATCOM 310 terminal to support the flexible nature of Marine Corps missions, as defined in the MOC. The MC-WSATCOM 311

– Heavy variant will be designed and provisioned to provide adequate transmission capability to support 312 Regiment and larger-size deployed task forces. Systems addressed under the Heavy variant will be able to 313 support and manage Hub-Spoke, Full-Mesh, and Point-to-Point configurations, and provide dual-shot capability 314 (connect to two different satellites and two different bands simultaneously). The MC-WSATCOM – Heavy 315 variant will be the replacement for the current Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) –Large variant. 316

3.1.2 (U) MC-WSATCOM – Light 317

MC-WSATCOM – Light is comprised of modular, man-portable cases, multichannel, multiband (X, Ku, Ka) 318 SHF satellite terminals. The MC-WSATCOM – Light variant will be designed and provisioned to provide 319 adequate transmission capability to support battalion and smaller-size deployed forces. Systems addressed under 320 the Light variant will be able to operate as a spoke in a Hub-Spoke configuration and as terminal in a Point-to-321 Point configuration. The MC-WSATCOM – Light variant will be the replacement for the current VSAT-322 Medium and VSAT-Small variants. 323

3.1.3 (U) MC-WSATCOM – Expeditionary 325

MC-WSATCOM – Expeditionary is comprised of a man-packable, multiband (X, Ku, Ka) SHF satellite 326 terminals. The MC-WSATCOM – Expeditionary variant will be designed to support small teams and operational 327 elements, serve as initial communications capabilities where communications infrastructure has been damaged, 328 destroyed, or is otherwise unavailable, and as a redundant communications means in the case of a primary link 329 failure. Systems addressed under the Expeditionary variant will be able to operate as a spoke in a Hub-Spoke 330 configuration and as terminal in a Point-to-Point configuration. The MC-WSATCOM – Expeditionary variant 331 will be the replacement for the current VSAT-Expeditionary variant. 332

3.1.4 (U) MC-WSATCOM – Man-Portable Secure Anti-Jam Terminal (MSAT) 333

MC-WSATCOM – MSAT is comprised of a man-portable, SHF-EHF satellite terminal. MC-WSATCOM – 334 MSAT variant will be designed to support small teams and operational elements, support assured and secured 335 communications capabilities via the AEHF constellation and the next generation EHF system, where SHF 336 satellite communications infrastructure has been damaged, or in a SHF SATCOM denied environment. MC-337 WSATCOM – MSAT variant will also provide anti-jam, low probability of interception / low probability of 338 detection (LPI / LPD) capability where enemy threat of interception and detection is imminent. 339

Table 3-1: MC-WSATCOM Systems Crosswalk 340 Marine Corps Current Systems

Variants TAMCN Systems Future MC-WSATCOM Variants and

Capabilities

Very Small Aperture - Large (VSAT-L) A02427G AN/TSC 181C MC-WSATCOM – Heavy

VSAT-M (Medium) A02417G AN/TSC-180B

MC-WSATCOM – Light

VSAT-S (Small) A02347G AN/TSC-186A

HBSI-PT A04387G AN/TSC-212

VSAT-E (Expeditionary) A03647G

AN/TSC-205

(V1)

MC-WSATCOM – Expeditionary SCIK A03667G

AN/TSC-205

(V2)

- - - MC-WSATCOM – MSAT

3.2 (U) Capability Requirements and Capability Gap Overview 341

3.2.1 (U) Satellite Communications Capabilities Based Assessment (CBA) Summary 342

The SATCOM CBA Study Team reviewed and confirmed findings from prior Marine Corps wargames and 343 initiatives. Table 3-2 summarizes the contributions this capability makes to fulfillment of capability requirements 344 and associated gaps identified in the MAGTF C2 ICD. The following is a synopsis of the required capabilities 345 and gaps which were confirmed by the study team: 346 jeffrey.w.smith7 Cross-Out

MC-WSATCOM terminals need the ability to operate on multiple frequency bands (SHF and EHF)347 with both MILSATCOM and COMSATCOM providers. Therefore, Marine forces need the capability348 for multi-band SATCOM operations:349 o Inability to provide commanders with spectrum diversity and flexibility, and the ability to configure350 systems based on spectrum resources availability.351

Marine forces require SATCOM capability at various echelons, from expeditionary, dispersed teams to352 the MEF level:353 o Insufficient capacity and SWaP to provide SATCOM capabilities to the required echelons354

Marine forces can expect adversary attempts to disrupt communications. Capabilities from near-peer355 competitors as well as non-state actors pose a risk to conventional commercial waveforms. Near-peer356 adversaries possess capabilities to monitor and disrupt access to satellites. Therefore, Marine forces357 need the capability to operate in a space-contested environment:358 o Man-portable EHF terminals, and protected waveforms that will provide MAGTF commanders359 with the capability to sustain operations in contested environment.360

Mobility is a key attribute in warfare for positional advantage and survivability. The preponderance of361 current USMC SATCOM terminals are designed to operate from fixed positions, typical of362 headquarters compounds. The emphasis on naval, forward-deployed formations operating under363 maneuver warfare principles at extended ranges; rapid response MAGTFs as reaction forces; and364 composing larger MAGTFs from smaller ones augmented by fly-in echelons means Marine forces need365 the capability to communicate BLOS while mobile and ATH:366 o On-the-Move-Network-Capacity (Need met by Network-on-the-Move (NOTM) Program of367 Record (POR))368 o Communicate Information Across the Force Throughout Operating Environment (Mechanized369 Forces (NOTM))370 o Man-portable, modular and mobile Long Haul Telecommunications371 o Dismounted Ground Maneuver Element C2 Capability372

Table 3-2: Supported ICD, and Related CDDs/CPDs 373 Capability

Requirement CDD Contribution Supported ICD Related CDD Related CPD Related DCR

Ability to transport information end-to-end

MC-WSATCOM FoS will provide the ability to transport information via multiple type satellites / frequencies. Provides a SATCOM capability to dispersed small units.

MAGTF C2 ICD NOTM CDD

JBC-P CDD

MAST (ORD)

N/A Next Generation Troposcatter

Ability to maintain and optimize network functions and resources

MC-WSATCOM FoS can use different type satellites and multiple frequencies.

MAGTF C2 ICD NOTM CDD N/A Next Generation Troposcatter

Ability to install and deploy a scalable and modular network

MC-WSATCOM is scalable, supporting expeditionary teams up to the MEF level.

WSATCOM is one of many systems that provide the Marine Corps the ability to exchange and transport information.

MAGTF C2 ICD NOTM CDD N/A Next Generation Troposcatter

3.2.2 (U) Recommendations and Conclusion 374

The SATCOM CBA Study Team proposes the Marine Corps pursue future SATCOM needs through a portfolio 375 of terminal types supporting a complementary mix of COMSATCOM and MILSATCOM services: 376

Advanced Protected Terminals.377 Advanced Mobility Terminals at the operational level (NOTM, and NOTM-A).378 Multi-Mission Diversity, SWaP adequate Stationary SATCOM and Mobile Multi-Band Terminals at379 the operational level.380