Attach 1.Spec 8.31 00 00.09R0007.pdf

Solicitation No. FA5270-09-R-0007

31 00 00-1

LXEZ 09-2663

SECTION 31 00 00

EARTHWORK FOR STRUCTURES

PART 1 - GENERAL

1.1 REFERENCES :

The publications listed below form a part of this specification to the extent referenced. The publications are referred to in the text by the basic designation only. The most current editions shall be used.

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM):

ASTM D 1140 (2006) Amount of Material in Soils Finer than No. 200 (75-micrometer) Sieve

ASTM D 1557 (2005) Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using

Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/cu. Ft. (2700 kN-m/cu.m.)

ASTM D 2434 (2006) Permeability of Granular Soils (Constant Head)

ASTM D 2487 (2006) Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified

Soil Classification System)

ASTM D 4318 (2005) Liquid limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils

JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS (JIS):

JIS A 1103 (1997) Methods of Test for Amount of Material Passing

Standard Sieve 75 mm in Aggregates

JIS A 1204 (1990) Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Soils

JIS A 1205 (1999) Method of Test for Liquid Limit of Soils

JIS A 1210 (1999) Method of Test for Moisture-Density Relations of Soils

Using Rammer

JIS A 1218 (1999) Test Method for Permeability of Saturated Soil

JIS A 5001 (1995) Crushed Stone for Road Construction

JIS A 5005 (1993) Crushed Stone and Manufactured Sand for Concrete

JIS K 6739 (1999) Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) Pipe

Fittings for drain

31 00 00-2

1.2 DEFINITIONS:

a. Backfill: A specified material used in refilling a cut, trench, or other excavation, placed at a specified degree of compaction.

b. Cohesive Materials: Cohesive materials include materials classified by ASTM D2487 as GC, SC, ML, CL, MH, and CH. Materials classified as GM and SM will be identified as cohesive only when the fines have a plasticity index greater than zero.

c. Cohesionless Materials: Cohesion less material includes materials classified by ASTM

D2487 as GW, GP, SW, and SP. Materials classified as GM and SM will be identified as cohesion less only when the fines have a plasticity index of zero.

d. Compaction: The process of mechanically stabilizing a material by increasing its density at a controlled moisture condition. "Degree of Compaction" is expressed as a percentage of the maximum density obtained by the test procedure described in JIS A 1210 for general soil types, abbreviated in this specification as "percent JIS A 1210 maximum density".

e. Controlled Backfill: A specified soil mix or gradation of materials constructed to attain maximum bearing strength and minimize consolidation or differential settlement under a load. Controlled fill is sometimes called "structural fill".

f. Excavation: The removal of soil, rock, or hard material to obtain a specified depth or elevation.

g. Fill: Specified material placed at a specified degree of compaction to obtain an indicated grade or elevation.

h. Hard Material: Weathered rock, dense consolidated deposits or conglomerate materials, (excluding manmade materials such as concrete) which are not included in the definition of "rock" but which usually require the use of heavy excavation equipment with ripper teeth or the use of jack hammers for removal.

i. In-Situ Soil: Existing in place soil.

j. Lift: A layer (or course) of soil placed on top of a previously prepared or placed soil.

k. Soil: The surface material of the earth's crust resulting from the chemical and mechanical weathering of rock and organic material.

l. Subgrade: The material in excavation (cuts) and fills immediately below any subbase, base, pavement, or other improvement. Also, as a secondary definition, the level below which work above is referenced.

m. Topsoil: In natural or undisturbed soil formations, the fine-grained, weathered material on the surface or directly below any loose or partially decomposed organic matter. Topsoil may be a dark-colored, fine, silty, or sandy material with a high content of well-decomposed organic matter, often containing traces of the parent rock material.

31 00 00-3

LXEZ 09-2663

n. Rock: Solid, homogeneous, interlocking crystalline material with firmly cemented, laminated, or foliated masses or conglomerate deposits, neither of which can be removed without systematic drilling and blasting, drilling and the use of expansions jack or feather wedges, or the use of backhoe-mounted pneumatic hole punchers or rock breakers; also large boulders, buried masonry, or concrete other than pavement, exceeding 1 cubic meter in volume.

o. Working Platform: A layer of compacted crushed rock or natural stone that replaces the in situ soil to provide stable, uniform bearing foundation for construction equipment to facilitate further site construction.

p. Unsatisfactory Material: Existing, in-site soil or other material which can be identified as having insufficient strength characteristics or stability to carry intended loads in fill or embankment without excessive consolidation or loss of stability. Materials Classified as PT, OH, or OL by ASTM D2487 are unsatisfactory. Unsatisfactory materials also include man-made fills, refuse, not compacted backfills from previous construction, unsound rock or soil lenses, or other deleterious or objectionable material.

1.3 DELIVERY AND STORAGE

Deliver and store materials in a manner to prevent contamination or segregation.

1.4 SITE CONDITIONS:

Contact the Contracting Officer Representative 72 hours prior to construction for the location of all existing underground utilities. Movement of construction machinery and equipment over pipes and utilities during construction shall be at the Contractor’s risk. For work immediately adjacent to or for excavation exposing a utility or other buried obstruction, excavated by hand. Start hand excavation of the indicated obstruction and continue until the obstruction is uncovered or until clearance for the new grade is assured. If dewatering is necessary, comply with Section 02225, “Excavation, Backfilling, and Compacting”. Support uncovered lines or other existing work as affected by the Contract excavation until approval for backfill is granted by the Contracting Officer Representative. Report damage to utility lines or subsurface construction immediately to the Contracting Officer Representative.

PART 2 - PRODUCTS

2.1 MATERIALS:

a. Granular Fill: JIS a 5001 or JIS a 5005.

b. Soil Materials: Provide materials free from debris, roots, wood, scrap materials, vegetable matter, refuse material. Maximum particle size permitted is 75 mm. Use excavated material from the site for the work indicated when material falls within the requirements specified herein.

1. Controlled fill: Provide materials classified as GW, GP, SW or SP by ASTM D2487 where indicated. The liquid limit of such material shall not exceed 35 percent when tested in accordance with ASTM D 4318 or JIS A 1205. The plasticity index shall not

31 00 00-4

LXEZ 09-2663

be greater than 12 percent when tested in accordance with ASTM D 4318 or JIS A 1205. The plasticity index shall not be more than 35 percent by weight shall be finer than 0.074mm sieve when tested in accordance with ASTM D 1140 or JIS A 1103.

Seive Size Percent Passing By Weight

2-1/2 inches (63.5mm) 100 No. 4 (4.76mm) 40 to 85 No. 10 (2.00mm) 20 to 80 No. 40 (0.42mm) 10 t0 60 No. 200 (0.074mm) 5 to 25

2. General backfill beside structures: Soft spongy, high plastic or otherwise unstable material is prohibited. Materials shall be unclassified but shall contain sufficient fines to ensure proper compaction.

3. General site fill and backfill material: Provide a soil material from the site that can be readily compacted to the specified densities.

4. Working platform: Material and thickness of working platform for support of construction equipment shall be at the discretion of the Contractor. The gradation and placement of such material shall not create large void spaces upon which overlying work is indicated to be placed.

5. Topsoil: Provide salvaged topsoil from stockpile. If stockpiled material is insufficient to complete the work indicated, comply to Section 02930, Turf”.

PART 3 - EXECUTION

3.1 PROTECTION:

Protect newly graded areas from traffic and settlements. Repair and reestablish damaged or elevations or grades and restore surface construction prior to acceptance. Dispose of excavated material in such a manner that it will not endanger a partly finished structure, impair the efficiency or appearance of facilities, or be detrimental to the completed work.

3.2 SURFACE PREPARATION:

a. Stockpiling Topsoil: Strip approved topsoil to a depth of 100mm from the site where excavation or grading is indicated and stockpile separately from other excavated materials.

Locate topsoil so that the material can be used readily for the finished grading. Protect and store in segregated piles until needed.

b. Unsatisfactory Material: Remove organic matter, sod, muck, rubbish\, and unsuitable soils under pavement or slabs on grade.

3.3 EXCAVATION

31 00 00-5

LXEZ 09-2663

Excavate to dimensions indicated. Keep excavations free from water while construction is in progress. Remove rock, hard unstable material, or other material defined as unsatisfactory where excavation for structures will be done. Where these materials are encountered, remove to an over depth of one meter. Refill excavations cut below the depths indicated with controlled fill and compact as specified herein. Excavate soil disturbed or weakened by construction operations or soil softens from exposure to weather and refill with controlled fill and compact as specified herein.

a. Excavations for Structures: Excavate to depth indicated. If excavation is deeper than indicated, then fill with concrete when the foundations or footings are placed.

b. Rock: Remove rock by approved methods in such a manner that will leave foundation rock in unshattered and solid condition. Blasting will not be permitted. Roughen level surfaces and cut sloped surfaces into benches for bonding with concrete. Protect shale from conditions causing decomposition along joints or cleavage planes and other types of erosion. Removal of rock will not be grounds for a claim for additional payments.

3.4 FILLING AND BACKFILLING

a. Subgrade Preparation: Scarify the underlying subgrade surface to a depth of 150 mm before the fill is started. Scarify existing surface to a minimum depth of 150 mm if subgrade density is less than the degree of compaction specified and recompact. When the subgrade is part fill and part excavation or natural ground, scarify the excavated or natural ground portion to a depth of 6 inches and recompact as specified for the adjacent or overlying fill. Compact with equipment well suited to the soil being compacted. Moisten or aerate material as necessary to provide the moisture content that will readily facilitate obtaining the specified compaction with the equipment used.

b. Fill and Backfill Beside Structure: Place required backfill material adjacent to structures and compact in a manner that prevents wedging action or eccentric loading upon or against structures. Moisten or aerate material as necessary to provide the moisture content that will facilitate obtaining the specified compaction with the equipment used. Do not place material on surfaces that are muddy. Do not use equipment for backfilling operations against structures that will overload the structure. Backfilling against concrete will be done only after the concrete has attained its 28-day compressive strength.

c. Controlled fill: Place controlled fill in loose lifts of 150 mm. Do not place material on surfaces that are muddy. Compact with equipment well suited to the soil being compacted.

Moisten or aerate material as necessary to provide the moisture content that will readily facilitate obtaining the specified compaction with the equipment used. Compact each lift as specified herein before placing the overlying lift. Compaction shall be accomplished continuously over the entire area. Sufficient passes shall be made to ensure that specified density is obtained.

d. General Fill and General Backfill: Construct fill and backfill at the locations and to lines and grades indicated. Use only approved materials in constructing fill on the prepared subgrade.

Place satisfactory material in horizontal lifts not exceeding 150 mm in loose depth. Do not place material on surfaces that are muddy. Compact with equipment well suited to the soil being compacted. Moisten or aerate material as necessary to provide the moisture content

31 00 00-6

LXEZ 09-2663

that will readily facilitate obtaining the specified compaction with the equipment used.

Compact each lift as specified before placing the overlying lift.

e. Final Backfill for Utilities: Construct backfill for utility lines, and other utility appurtenances using the material and compaction requirements specified in Section adjacent or overlying work. Bedding and initial backfill requirements are specified in Section 02225, “Excavation, Backfilling, and Compacting for Utilities”. Backfilling against concrete will be done only after the concrete has attained it 28-day compressive strength.

f. Fill for Drains: Install drain filter of granular fill as indicated using materials specified herein. Place granular fill in 150 mm lifts and tamp or vibrate firmly.

g. Weather Limitations: Fill and backfill shall not be constructed when weather conditions detrimentally affect the quality of the finished course. Do not construct fill and a backfill in the rain or saturated subgrades. If weather conditions are windy, hot or arid, with equipment to add moisture to the fill or backfill during and after placement.

3.5 COMPACTION

Compact each layer or lift of material specified so that the in-place density tested is not less than the percentage of maximum density specified in Table II.

TABLE II

Percent ASTM D 1557 or JIS A 1210 Maximum Density Cohesive Cohesion less Fill and Backfill Material Material

General Fill and General Backfill 85 90 under grassed areas

General Backfill and General Fill 90 95 beside structures

Controlled Fill Under structure 95 100

Under Pavements 95 100 Subrade (top of fill or backfill)

Under pad and foundations top 300 mm 95 100 Under grass areas, top 6 inches 85 90

3.6 FINISH OPERATIONS:

a. Finishing Subgrades Under Structures and Pavements: Finish surface of top lift of fill or top of subgrade to the elevation and cross section indicated. Finished surface shall be smooth and of uniform texture. Lightly scarify the finished surface to bring the finished surface to within 0.05 foot of the indicated grade and to eliminate imprints made by compaction and shaping equipment. Surface shall show no deviations in excess of 3/8 inch when tested with a 10-foot straightedge.

31 00 00-7

b. Disposition of Surplus Material: Surplus or other soil material not required or suitable for filling or backfilling shall be removed from Government property.

c. Protection of Surfaces: Protect newly graded areas from traffic, erosion, and settlements that may occur and as specified in the paragraph entitled “Protection”, Repair or reestablish damage grades, elevations, or slopes prior to acceptance of work.

3.7 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL

a. Tests: Test fill, backfill, granular fill using JIS 1204 for conformance to JIS a 5005 and ASTM D 2487 gradation limits. Test fill backfill material finer than the 0.074 mm (No.

200) sieve using A 1204. Test fill backfill for liquid limit and plasticity index using ASTM D 4318 or JIS A 1205. Test fill and backfill materials for moisture density relations using ASTM D 1557 or JIS 1210. Test fill and backfill for permeability in accordance with ASTM D 2434 or JIS A 1218. Perform one of each of the required tests for each materials used when directed.

b. Controlled Fill: Method of in-place density tests shall be in accordance with paragraph

“Tests”. Acceptance of the compacted material shall be determined in each location by the result of a minimum of two consecutive tests. The average of two tests shall equal or exceed the specified density. The Contracting Officer Representative will randomly select the location of the tests for each compacted layer

*** END OF SECTION ***