B08_Attachment_10_GLCA_IPM_Plan_Final_Sep2018.pdf

Integrated Pest Management Plan

Glen Canyon National Recreation Area and Rainbow Bridge National Monument ii

GLCA RABR Integrated Pest Management Plan

Glen Canyon National Recreation Area and Rainbow Bridge National Monument iii

Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 How to use this document to address pest issues

2.0 AUTHORITIES, LEGAL REQUIREMENTS, POLICY

2.1 Federal Regulations

2.2 NPS Guidelines and Policies

2.3 Park Purpose

2.4 Regulations Covering Pesticide Use

3.0 OVERVIEW OF IPM PLAN

3.1 Description of the IPM Program

3.2 Park IPM Objectives

3.3 Roles, Responsibilities, and Inter-divisional Relationships

4.0 MAJOR PEST MANAGEMENT ISSUES

5.0 IPM METHODS

5.1 Pest Identification

5.2 Inspections and Monitoring

5.3 Sanitation

5.4 Action Thresholds

5.5 Records

6.0 HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFETY CONCERNS

6.1 Diseases

6.2 Wildlife Safety Concerns

6.3 Pesticide Safety Concerns

6.4 Other Safety Concerns

7.0 EMPLOYEE TRAINING

8.0 FREQUENCY OF PLAN UPDATES

9.0 STATEMENT BY PARK MANAGEMENT IN SUPPORT OF THE PARK IPM PROGRAM

AND SPECIFIC FULL-TIME EQUIVALENT AND BUDGET NEEDS FOR PROACTIVE

PARK IPM PROGRAM

10.0 LITERATURE CITED

TABLE

4.1. Glen Canyon NRA Pests by Management Zone and Level of Concern

Glen Canyon National Recreation Area and Rainbow Bridge National Monument

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This Integrated Pest Management (IPM) plan is intended to be a practical management guide and decision-making tool for all National Park Service (NPS) employees, concessionaires, contractors, permittees, licensees, and visitors of the Glen Canyon National Recreational Area (GLCA) and the Rainbow Bridge National Monument (RABR). Because RABR is administered by GLCA, this IPM plan covers both of these NPS units. Through IPM and the detailed information provided in this IPM plan, pests can be effectively managed and prevented. This IPM plan should be reviewed and updated frequently for the best possible guidance regarding pest identification and control for GLCA and RABR (the Park). However, before implementing any project that involves pest control in the Park, one must consult with the appropriate departments and personnel of the Park and other agencies to ensure that all policies and regulations are followed. Components addressing Museum IPM issues and actions are incorporated throughout this IPM plan,

1.1 How to use this document to address pest issues

Step 1 – Identify Pest Problem Pest problems generally identify themselves, but monitoring can provide for early detection, potentially making control much easier.

Step 2 – Identify the pest Determine what pest is causing the problem. This can sometimes be more difficult than it would seem.

Proper identification may require expertise; contact the Park IPM Coordinator for assistance.

Step 3 - Review pest fact sheet Pest fact sheets are available on SharePoint in IPM Documents section under Science and Resource Management. These fact sheets are updated regularly and will have recommendations to solve many pest problems. Most pest problems in GLCA can be solved with proper sanitation and exclusion. If your pest does not have a fact sheet, contact the Park IPM Coordinator.

Step 4 – Contact the Park IPM Coordinator Step 3 may solve the pest problem, but if not, or if you simply have questions, contact the Park IPM Coordinator (Currently Vacant).

2.0 AUTHORITIES, LEGAL REQUIREMENTS, POLICY

The following is a summary of the laws, policies, statutes, regulations, and Executive Orders pertaining to the preparation of this IPM plan for the Park.

Chemical treatments require WASO approval through the Park and Regional IPM Coordinators, but other steps that do not involve chemical treatments can be conducted without assistance from the IPM Coordinator.

Pest management actions that do not involve chemicals still require consultation with the appropriate departments to ensure that all policies and regulations are followed.

Additionally, some pest treatment steps, such as modifications of historic structures and ground disturbing activities at historic properties and areas with the potential to contain buried historic properties, need to be taken in consultation with Cultural Resources. Many pest control steps will require working with appropriate departments within the park; for example, removal of mammal pests may require Natural Resource Management assistance or disturbance to landscaping may require Facilities assistance or oversight. All pest control actions require sufficient NEPA documentation.

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2.1 Federal Regulations

Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended

National Environmental Policy Act of 1969; Public Law 91-190; 42 United States Code (USC) 4321- 4370(e), as amended

Executive Order No. 13112—Invasive Species

Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990, as amended

Lacey Act, as amended

Federal Plant Pest Act

Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974, as amended

Migratory Bird Treaty Act

Executive Order No. 12898—Environmental Justice

Title 7 (136r-1) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)

Executive Order No. 13148—Greening the Government through Leadership in Environmental Management

President Carter’s August 2, 1979, Memorandum requiring Federal Agencies to use IPM technology for pest control and to reduce the use of toxic pesticides

2.2 NPS Guidelines and Policies

Director’s Order No. 30A—Hazardous and Solid Waste Management

Director’s Order No. 77—Natural Resource Guidelines

Director’s Order No. 77-1—Wetland Protection

Director’s Order No. 77-7—Integrated Pest Management

Museum Property Management; Director's Order (DO) #24 4.3.9

NPS Museum Handbook, Chapter 5 – Biological Infestations (Sample Museum IPM Plan)

NPS Museum Handbook, Part I, Museum Collections

NPS Management Policies 2006

2.3 Park Purpose

GLCA was established by Congress on October 27, 1972, “… to provide for public outdoor recreation use and enjoyment of Lake Powell and lands adjacent thereto and to preserve the scenic, scientific, and historic features contributing to public enjoyment of the area….” As a part of the National Park System, GLCA also adheres to the 1916 Organic Act, which authorized the setting aside of land “…to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wildlife therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.”

The recreation area is an approximately 1.25 million-acre unit of NPS that is located in southeastern Utah and northern Arizona. Its major recreational component is Lake Powell, the second largest capacity human-made lake in North America. It was formed as a result of the installation of Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River. Lake Powell covers 163,000 acres (when full) in Utah, extending 180 miles northeast from the Utah–Arizona border and constituting about 13% of the surface area of GLCA. Three highways and four marinas provide access to the lake.

The remaining 87% of the Park is magnificent Colorado Plateau red rock landscape. The recreation area includes Escalante River, Escalante Canyon, Orange Cliffs, historic Hole-in-the-Rock Road, countless natural arches, bridges, hoodoos, and slot canyons, and the Colorado River upstream of Lake Powell and below the Glen Canyon Dam to historic Lee’s Ferry.

RABR is one of the world’s largest natural bridges. While RABR is a separate NPS unit, it is near GLCA and is administered by GLCA. Several Native American tribes from the region consider RABR sacred, and approximately 300,000 people from around the world visit the site each year.

The IPM plan works within this wide framework of required management actions to ensure that public and official uses of the Park are compatible with the highest standards of resource protection and to provide opportunities for public education in resource conservation ethics (NPS 2005).

2.4 Regulations Covering Pesticide Use

Before any NPS employees, concessionaires, contractors, permittees, licensees, or visitors of GLCA and RABR use any pesticides, they must follow the proper procedures to make certain that all laws and regulations are followed. Licenses, training, and rules that would apply to any project involving pesticide use in the Park are required through the following regulations and authorities.

At the federal level, pesticide regulations fall under the authority of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Utah and Arizona fall within Regions 8 and 9, respectively, of the EPA regions. For Region 8, call (303) 312-6617; for Region 9, call (415) 947-8704. The EPA’s role regarding pesticides is to oversee the registration, distribution, sale, and use of pesticides.

States also play a role in pesticide regulations. They have the primary authority for compliance, monitoring, and enforcement against use of pesticides with regards to the labeling requirements.

The regulation of pesticide use in Arizona is governed by the Structural Pest Control Commission, also referred to as the Pest Management Division, and is covered in the Arizona Revised Statutes, Chapter 20, Articles 3-3601 through 3-3633; the full text can be found online at:

https://opm.azda.gov/Assets/PDFDocuments/Laws&Rules/Laws_Pest_Management_Division.pdf.

The Pest Management Division is located at 1688 W Adams, Phoenix, AZ. 85007. The Pest Management Division phone number is (602)542-4373.

Pesticide use in Utah is regulated by the Utah Pesticide Control Act under the authority of the Utah Department of Agriculture and Food (UDAF). These laws are covered in the Utah Code, Statutes, and Constitution, Title 4, Chapter 14; the full text can be found online at:

http://ag.utah.gov/pesticides/39-pesticides/212-pesticide-laws.html. UDAF is located at 350 North Redwood Road, P.O. Box 146500, Salt Lake City, Utah 84114-6500. The UDAF phone number is (801) 538-7100.

NPS policy specifies that pest management actions affecting NPS lands, waters, facilities, and properties are to be conducted based on the use of sound Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approaches. Mechanical, cultural, educational, chemical pesticides, biological control agents, and other methods, are some of the tools reviewed when preparing an IPM strategy. NPS policy requires that pesticides, biological control agents and GMOs, must be reviewed and approved prior to use.

Proposed and actual use of pesticides is tracked in the NPS' Pesticide Use Proposal System (PUPS) database. Submission of pesticide use proposals, pesticide use logs, biological control agents, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs), are submitted by the Park IPM Coordinator to the Regional

IPM Coordinator on an annual basis for review (approved or denied). The PUPS Database maintains a legal record of these actions, as required by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide

Act, Federal Records Act, and state regulations. Data from NPS PUPS are provided to the National

Archives Records Administration on a tri- annual basis as required by 44 U.S.C. and 36 CFR. PUPS can be found at: https://irma.nps.gov/pups/. This data also provides a Servicewide legal record of pesticide use for the NPS.

The NPS does not have a pre-approved list of these tools and each proposal must be re-evaluated each calendar year and submitted annually through PUPS by the Park IPM Coordinator.

3.0 OVERVIEW OF IPM PLAN

The concept of IPM was incorporated into the NPS through a Presidential Directive on August 9, 1979. NPS policy has installed IPM practices in the management of all resources on NPS lands, including concessions and leased properties. NPS conducts an IPM program to reduce risks to the public, Park resources, and the environment from pests through pest-related management strategies. IPM is a decision-making process that coordinates all available knowledge of pest biology, the environment, and available technology to prevent unacceptable levels of pest damage through cost-effective means that pose the least possible risk to people, resources, and the environment.

NPS, and each Park unit, will use an IPM approach to address pest issues. Proposed pest management activities must be conducted according to the IPM process prescribed in Director’s Order No. 77-7—Integrated Pest Management. Pest issues will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis.

Controversial issues, or those that have the potential to negatively impact the environment, must be addressed through established planning procedures and be included in an approved Park management or IPM plan. IPM procedures will be used to determine when to implement pest management actions and which combination of strategies will be most effective for each pest situation.

Under the NPS IPM program, all pesticide use on lands managed or regulated by the NPS, whether that use was authorized or unauthorized, must be reported annually (NPS 2006).

3.1 Description of the IPM Program

An IPM program coordinates all available biological, environmental, and modern pest management technology in an attempt to prevent unacceptable levels of pest damage with the most economical means available and the smallest possible amount of pesticide hazards to people and the environment. This approach relies on cost-effective and site-specific pest controls, decision-making processes, and risk-reduction systems. Unlike any given single method of pest control, the IPM approach is more effective than traditional methods because it combines tactics like sanitation, monitoring, exclusion, habitat modification, and (only when necessary) judicious use of specific herbicides or pesticides.

In order to implement a successful IPM program, careful planning, coordination, and organization of management techniques must be attained. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of each method will be crucial to the development of a management tactic that will be used as an integrated approach to the pest problem at hand. This IPM program will combine all available tools and methods in order to achieve the best possible management of unwanted pests in the Park. These tools and methods include the following control types: biological, physical and mechanical, cultural (prevention), and chemical (pesticide application). Each method has strengths and weaknesses that should be examined with respect to the best management strategy for the pest issue.

The park’s museum collections are housed in various locations and structures in the park; a storage facility at headquarters, a historic structure and at other sites in the Lees Ferry/Lonely Dell Historic District, and on exhibit in the two visitor centers. The structures are composed of different material and have different modifications that exclude pests. All areas housing museum collections are regularly inspected and monitored for evidence of pests, areas of potential pest access and attraction, moisture problems, and identification of susceptible objects. The park is working on a Housekeeping Plan for Museum Collections and Collections Management Policy (CMP) that will further document IPM activities.

The basic guidelines for the GLCA/RABR IPM program have been described in an eleven-step process wherein protocols and written records are developed to help prevent pest damage and protect park resources. The elements of the eleven-step process are:

1. Describe your site management objectives and establish short and long term priorities.

2. Build consensus with stakeholders, occupants, decision makers and technical experts (ongoing).

3. Document decisions and maintain records.

4. Know your resource (site description and ecology).

5. Know your pest. Identify the potential pest species; understand their biology and conditions conducive to supporting them (air, water, food, shelter, temperature, and light).

6. Monitor pests, pathways, and human and environmental factors, including population levels and phenological data.

7. Establish "injury thresholds," the point at which no additional damage or pest presence can be tolerated. This is the action threshold at which a pest management action will be implemented through an approved IPM strategy.

8. Review available tools and best management practices. Develop a management strategy specific to your site and identified pest(s). Tools that can be considered include: 1) no action, 2) physical, 3) mechanical), 4) cultural, 5) biological, and 6) chemical management.

Because there is a wide-range of options under each of these “tools” depending on the species, size of infestation, habitat and/or pest type, and a host of other considerations, this document will not go into detail on any of these tools. Specific fact sheets and monitoring/control plans should be developed for each species or management area that requires either a rapid response or long-term control action.

9. Define responsibilities and implement the lowest risk, most effective strategy, in accordance with applicable laws, regulations, and policies.

10. Evaluate results; determine if objectives have been achieved; modify strategy if necessary.

11. Education and provide outreach. Continue the learning cycle. Return to Step 1.

3.2 Park IPM Objectives

The objectives of this IPM plan derive from the following guiding principles:

• The safety of staff and partners working and living in AND park visitors recreating and visiting park facilities is paramount

• Understand that some approaches to a pest problem will involve short-term solutions, while other approaches will focus on long-term solutions.

• Assess all control options for the identified pest and understand the strengths and weaknesses of each option in order to determine the most effective method for each pest issue.

• Establish partnerships and define roles for all stakeholders, including NPS employees, concessionaires, contractors, permittees, licensees, and visitors, throughout the IPM process.

• Obtain all necessary approvals and abide by all applicable laws and regulations when implementing a strategy.

• Formulate education and outreach programs for all stakeholders, including NPS employees, concessionaires, contractors, permittees, licensees, and visitors.

This IPM Plan includes the following objectives:

• To provide for the health and safety of park employees, park visitors, concessioners, permittees and other park users and the protection of natural and cultural resources and park infrastructure from the harmful effects of pests.

• Define the roles and responsibilities of persons involved in the pest management program and provide sufficient information to enhance program success.

• Identify pest problems, action thresholds, measures to prevent the spread of pest problems, and responsive management actions to address pest problems.

• To minimize/mitigate any non-target impacts and to address problems where native wildlife may become pests BEFORE the only resolutions are removal of individual animals.

• Provide rational, safe, effective IPM alternative methods for pest management within NPS procedural policy guidelines, which describe management actions necessary to modify habitats to reduce or limit the buildup of excessive high pest populations.

• Establish the necessity of periodic site inspections and monitoring to document when responsive management actions are necessary.

• Emphasize the needs for evaluating the post-treatment results of habitat modifications or pesticide treatments through periodic pest population monitoring and the need of written documentation for any management actions taken, data collected, and results obtained.

• Minimize the reliance on pesticides and establish that pesticides will only be used if absolutely necessary and as approved by the IMR IPM Coordinator. If it is determined that a pesticide is a necessary and justified component of the IPM strategy, the most effective and lowest risk product will be incorporated into the IPM strategy and used when the specific pests is at the most vulnerable stage, and used at times posing the least possible hazards to persons, resources, or environment.

3.3 Roles, Responsibilities, and Inter-divisional Relationships

It is essential for all Park operations to support staff and visitor health and safety, as well as to preserve and protect Park resources. The IPM program has similar responsibilities and should closely involve all Park personnel. Many persons in the Park, ranging from managers to residents, engage in pest management activities at some point. To make the IPM program most effective, the entire Park staff (and several non-NPS persons) should participate as members of the pest problem-solving team. Various roles and responsibilities for the GLCA/RABR IPM program are described below.

Superintendent

The Superintendent has the overall responsibility for Park functions, including the parkwide and museum IPM program. The Superintendent may delegate the IPM program implementation to the IPM Coordinator and other Park divisions. The Superintendent may also make reasonable attempts to provide adequate staffing and funding to implement and sustain the IPM program and provide for monitoring, exclusion, and pest management needs.

The Superintendent must: understand the principles and practices of IPM and see how the broad scope of IPM tactics relates to Park resources and activities; designate and train a Park museum technician to oversee historic artifacts and their preservation; inform employees, through memos, of the need for vigilance and the need to practice IPM functions; annually review the IPM plan with the IPM Coordinator for necessary changes or additions; provide proper and necessary training for the IPM Coordinator and other staff; and ensure that all pesticide applications are done by certified pesticide applicators who meet both state and federal requirements.

Park IPM Coordinator

The responsibilities of the Park IPM Coordinator are described in Director’s Order No. 77—Natural Resource Guidelines. The GLCA IPM Coordinator serves as the focal point for all activities that directly (or indirectly) involve pest management, including maintenance, resource management, interpretation, planning and design, and other Park responsibilities.

The IPM Coordinator must: compile IPM-related information and educate Park staff and residents regarding IPM techniques, methods, and pesticide and pest safety; submit all PUPS use requests and compile and submit year-end use reports; perform the IPM activities in this plan, assist staff with solving pest problems, review pest monitoring reports, and train employees with pest management duties; prepare monitoring forms, conduct inspections, and document needed repairs and structural deficiencies for action by maintenance staff; annually review, in conjunction with the Superintendent and other Program Managers, the IPM plan for necessary changes or additions;

ensure that personnel who apply restricted-use pesticides work under direct supervision of a certified applicator; ensure that all reports, requests, and pesticide-use logs are accurate, complete, and submitted in a timely manner; ensure proper storage of pesticides in locked pesticide cabinets with proper pesticide labels and Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) on all approved pesticides; inform the Superintendent about all pest management issues and pesticide use; ensure semiannual (early spring and late summer) inspections of Park buildings for evidence of pest activity. The IPM Coordinator directs pest monitoring actions and establishes action thresholds, which if exceeded initiate further pest management actions. The IPM Coordinator coordinates all park IPM activities with cluster, regional, and national NPS IPM authorities as appropriate.

Park Museum Technician

The Park museum technician is responsible for the care of the collections, monitoring for pests in all spaces containing collections, and implementing the museum IPM plan.

Chief of Maintenance

The Division of Maintenance staff has a very important role in Park pest management. The Maintenance staff provides all the repairs and installs any exclusionary measures to buildings to ensure there are no entryways from which pests can access the inside spaces. Total exclusion of pests from entry into structures is the first line of defense in this IPM plan. This includes maintaining screens on windows and chimneys, tight door sweeps, closing cracks and crevices, repairing leaks, and generally keeping structures in good repair. It is also important to report observations of pests or their activity to the IPM Coordinator for action, because Maintenance staff may work in areas that are not frequented by the IPM Coordinator or other pest management personnel. Maintenance staff will be trained to be alert to conditions conducive to pest presence, signs of pests and pest damage, and to report findings.

Maintenance staff assistance is also critical in identifying invasive weed outbreaks along road shoulders, any NPS maintained roads, launch pads, and parking areas, and at project sites. In developed areas where it is critical to maintain vegetation-free areas (i.e. around electrical facilities, as fire breaks, etc.) it is important that they work closely with the IPM Coordinator to identify the tools that best facilitate this.

Maintenance staff are also instrumental in ensuring that good sanitation procedures (the second line of defense in this IPM plan) are carried out to eliminate food, water, shelter, and human refuse collection conditions that encourage pests; and punctually schedule repairs to structures, utilities, or vegetation that supports pest infestations.

Housing Officer

The Housing Officer assists housing residents in resolving pest problems by ensuring they understand IPM principles and regulations, investigating pest problems, coordinating with the IPM Coordinator, suggesting pest solutions, and coordinating facility improvements with the Chief of Maintenance on park housing to achieve pest solutions.

Park Rangers and Other Roving Employees

Park Rangers and other employees whose duties cause them to travel frequently within the Park must continually watch for food (in the form of open containers, coolers, and trash or garbage), water, and harborage available to pests and promptly correct the situation or report such conditions to the IPM Coordinator. Such employees must be alert to conditions conducive to pest presence, signs of pests, and pest damage. Park Rangers must constantly remind visitors not to feed or water animals and to properly store foods at campsites and place food refuse only in covered garbage receptacles.

Chief of Science and Resource Management

The Division of Resources Management will prepare Resource Management Project statements that cover significant IPM plans or operations, particularly outside of Development Zones. They are also responsible for planning multi-year invasive weed control programs and in addressing invasives during site restoration, post wildfire, large in-park project, and partner project planning, including during NEPA compliance reviews and planning. Where appropriate, proposals should be prepared that seek to obtain support funding from the Natural Resource Protection Program and other sources.

The Resources Management Division will conduct appropriate planning and take approved measures to protect museum collections, herbariums, and natural resource collections from pests.

Through training and on-the-job research they will continue to provide resource expertise when needed to inform IPM decisions.

Park Safety Officer

The Park Safety Officer plays an influential role in Park pest management. During all safety inspections, the Park Safety Officer must watch for and report to the IPM Coordinator any evidence of pests, destructive or hazardous conditions caused by pests, and inappropriate pesticide storage.

Health and safety hazards concerning pest infestations must be noted in safety inspection reports.

The Park Safety Officer must coordinate with the IPM Coordinator and staff to ensure that employees are provided with the latest health and safety information on pests and pesticides.

During safety inspections or monitoring of Park resources, the Park Safety Officer will encourage employees to follow safety and health requirements. Finally, the Park Safety Officer must monitor applications of Restricted-Use or state-limited-use pesticide compounds for safe application methods.

Chief of Interpretation

The Division of Interpretation must inspect for, monitor, and correct (if possible) any conditions of inadequate sanitation or availability of pest harborage in the Visitor Center, display, and other interpretive areas. The Division of Interpretation must ensure that stored boxes, papers, equipment, and other materials are placed on shelving or pallets off the floor to allow for cleaning, inspection, and pest management measures. Employees in the Division of Interpretation must constantly remind visitors not to feed the animals and to place food scraps and garbage in covered receptacles.

Chief of Business and Technology

The Chief of Business and Technology must ensure that concessions and other non-Federal operations are regularly inspected and monitored for pests and must report to the IPM Coordinator poor sanitation conditions, irregular cleaning schedules, poor garbage practices, availability of pest harborage, and use of non-approved pesticides. They are also the primary park contact for requests by concessioners to use pest control treatments to help exclude insects from residences, hotels, offices, storage buildings, and boats. The Business and Technology Division must ensure that non- Federal operators comply with recommendations from Public Health Officers and the Park IPM Coordinator and that all chemical treatments proposed be cleared and reported through the PUPS reporting system.

Other Employees

All persons (Contracting Officer, Warehouse Manager, Supervisors, Foremen, private contractors, concessionaires, cooperative associations, etc., as appropriate) who may be involved in purchasing, storing, and using pesticides in the Park must ensure that proper IPM procedures and NPS pesticide-approval policies are followed.

Items purchased with NPS funds to be used as insect repellents (both skin and clothing applied) must be pre-approved through the PUPS reporting system and quantities used reported to the IPM coordinator at years-end. These can be critical safeguards for employee safety from mosquito, tick, and other insect borne diseases, but still need to be approved, tracked, and reported.

Park Residents

Park residents (including non-NPS residents) must ensure that their quarters and the areas surrounding their quarters are kept clean and do not attract or harbor pests. Residents must promptly report pest infestations, structural deficiencies, and other maintenance needs that could lead to pests gaining access to living quarters to the IPM Coordinator and Division of Maintenance.

Residents are not allowed to use pesticides (insecticides, rodenticides, herbicides, etc.) that have not been specifically pre-approved, except pesticides used under the following conditions do not require pre-approval:

• cleansers and disinfectants used in restrooms and restaurants;

• personal insect repellents and insecticides that employees or park visitors personally obtain and use to meet personal needs; and

• insect repellents and insecticides applied to personally owned pets (NPS 2006).

Park Concession Operations

Park concession operations are located in several Development Zones parkwide. They include hotel facilities, restaurants, retail and business offices. dormitory style housing with food preparation and dining areas. individual housing units including trailers, and maintenance and storage facilities. Because of concerns for public health, safety, and visitor satisfaction, the concession partners should work closely with the Park IPM Coordinator and Business

Office staff to ensure that monitoring, inspection, exclusion, and treatment for IPM issues is occurring. Every effort should be made to exclude pests and remove food/moisture/harboring items before seeking pre-approval from the NPS for exterior, attic, and crawl space pest control treatments. Should a pest control issue require a treatment for an ongoing public health, safety, or visitor satisfaction issue, then a formal request should be made at least 30 days prior to the proposed treatment in order for the

NPS to have the treatment reviewed and the proposed chemical approved through the

Pesticide Use Proposal System. All pesticide use must be documented at the time of treatment and an annual report provided to the Park IPM Coordinator by January 15th of the following year.

4.0 MAJOR PEST MANAGEMENT ISSUES

Major pest issues at GLCA/RABR relate to the need for preserving cultural and natural resources to the maximum extent possible while also providing for the health, safety, and comfort of visitors, partners, and staff. In general, new exotic species will not be introduced into the Park. In rare situations, an exotic species may be introduced or maintained to meet specific, identified management needs when all feasible and prudent measures to minimize the risk of harm have been taken, and it is:

• a closely related race, subspecies, or hybrid of an extirpated native species; or

• an improved variety of a native species in situations in which the natural variety cannot survive current, human-altered environmental conditions; or

• a means of controlling another, already established exotic species; or

• a necessity to meet the desired condition of a historic resource, but only where it is prevented from being invasive by such means as cultivating (for plants) or tethering, herding, or pasturing (for animals). In such cases, the exotic species used must be known to be historically significant, to have existed in the Park during the Park’s period of historical significance, or to have been commonly used in the local area at that time; or

• an agricultural crop that is being used to maintain the character of a cultural landscape; or

• a necessity to provide for intensive visitor use in developed areas, and the following conditions exist:

o the available native species will not meet Park management objectives; and o the exotic species is being managed so it will not spread or become a pest on Park or adjacent lands.

• the exotic species is a sterile, non-invasive plant that is being used temporarily for erosion control; or

• the introduction is directed by law or expressed legislative intent.

Domestic livestock, such as cattle, sheep, llamas, horses, and mules, are exotic species that are maintained in some parks: for commercial herding, pasturing, grazing, or trailing purposes; for recreational use; or for administrative use, to maintain the historical scene or support Park operations. Occasionally, some of these animals may escape and become feral, including horses, burros, and unbranded cattle. Attention to these animals will be on a case-by-case basis. GLCA will manage recreational and administrative uses of livestock and commercial grazing of livestock to prevent those uses from unacceptably impacting Park resources. GLCA is unique in that the enabling legislation authorizes domestic livestock grazing, and directs that it be administered by the Bureau of Land Management (see NPS 1999 Grazing Management Plan). Currently, nearly 700,000 acres of park lands are managed in grazing allotments administered by the BLM.

The GLCA is currently divided into four management zones, each of which has unique pest management concerns (NPS 1979). These zones include the:

• Natural Zone (620,490 acres)—characterized by maintenance of isolation and natural process while allowing grazing activities; most of this area has been identified as being eligible for inclusion in the National Wilderness System, as outlined by the Wilderness Act of 1974.

• Recreation and Resource Utilization Zone (606,595 acres)—characterized by maintenance of natural processes while allowing to the extent possible both mining and grazing. Lake Powell at full pool is included in this zone; recommended wilderness descends into the lake basin as water levels drop. Eight remote, floating, pump-out facilities exist on the lake.

• Cultural Zone (estimated 8,000 acres)—characterized by the themes of preserving, interpreting, and restoring historical and archeological resources; this zone includes the Lee’s Ferry Historic District.

• Development Zone (19,270 acres)—characterized by the provision of visitor services and the practice of facilities maintenance. All NPS facilities, housing areas, and park-based marinas are included in this zone. An extensive array of concession facilities, housing areas, and park-based marinas are also included in this zone. This zone is also the primary take-out zone for boats, jet skis, and large slipped and moored boats which require special care now that Lake Powell is infested with quagga mussels and is conducting an aggressive containment program for these aquatic pests. This zone also includes areas with generators, solar arrays, parking areas, and fenced safety zones that have been graveled and must be kept weed-free for both safety and fire protection reasons.

GLCA has major developed areas, which contain facilities for the public and the Park. These areas include the following.

• Lee’s Ferry is on the Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam. This area includes a launch ramp for boats going upriver and float trips heading downriver, as well as a floating courtesy dock. It also includes a small housing area, an administration building, a restroom building, a water intake and water treatment plant, a maintenance area, and a campground.

A number of trails that join an extensive BLM trail system also occur here. An GLCA/GRCA Expanded Nonnative Aquatic Species Management Plan/EA is scheduled to be finalized in late 2018 and will address the full suite of nonnative aquatic pests that could or currently infest the Glen Canyon Reach of the Colorado River upstream of the mouth of the Paria River.

• Wahweap Marina spans the Utah–Arizona border and includes both floating facilities and shore-based facilities. Wahweap Marina facilities include a full resort with a hotel, dining rooms, a pool, a parking lot, a gas station, several restaurants, a small store, and access to a swimming beach on Lake Powell. The resort is next to the main boat-launch ramp. South of the ramp are the NPS maintenance buildings and Park housing area, gas docks, government docks, breakwaters, and houseboat slips. North of the resort are the fire station, District Ranger’s Station, campgrounds, amphitheater, picnic area, fish-cleaning station, Stateline launch ramp, boat rental area, concessionaires’ maintenance area, and day use areas with permanent restrooms. On the hill overlooking the lake is the concessionaire housing area, which has a cafeteria and a large boat storage area. Houseboat rentals are available and are another potential “facility” that could harbor pests and lead to human health, safety, and visitor satisfaction concerns.

• Dangling Rope Marina is located 45 miles uplake from Wahweap and is accessible only by boat. At lake level, a large, floating dock holds Maintenance buildings, a gas station, a District Ranger’s office, and a small store. Employee housing is on the hilltop.

• Bullfrog Basin Marina and Halls Crossing Marina are located across the Colorado River from one another, approximately 100 miles uplake. Facilities at these two locations are very similar to those at the Wahweap Marina Area. Houseboat rentals are available and are another potential “facility” that could harbor pests and lead to human health, safety, and visitor satisfaction concerns.

• Hite Marina is located upstream at the Colorado River inflow. Currently, NPS facilities consist of a housing area, gas station, store, and a District Ranger’s Office.

• Antelope Point Marina is located near Page, Arizona, and consists of a resort that has a large staging area, parking lots, office buildings, ramps, houseboat slips, a restaurant, store, and fuel docks. It is currently undergoing phased expansion. The public launch ramp area consists of the ramp, parking area, and permanent restrooms. Houseboat rentals are available and are another potential “facility” that could harbor pests and lead to human health, safety, and visitor satisfaction concerns.

• Rainbow Bridge National Monument (RABR) is located near Dangling rope Marina on Lake Powell. Rainbow Bridge is one of the world's largest known natural bridges and was designated as a National Monument in 1910. There is no Development management zone in RABR; however, a boat dock with floating restrooms and a long walkway leads to a trail for people to visit and view both sides of Rainbow Bridge from Lake Powell. A viewing area is maintained with benches and a shade structure. The trail connects to historic trails on the Navajo Nation allowing access over-land around and to Navajo Mountain.

Pest issues include aquatic flora and fauna, typical house pests (lice, bedbugs, ants, cockroaches, beetles, snakes, rats, mice, and bees), landscape weeds, invasive floral species, and occasionally, exotic or native birds and mammals. Principal exotic plant species of concern to the NPS include Russian olive, Russian knapweed, Ravenna grass, perennial peppergrass, camelthorn, Siberian elm, and tamarisk (NPS 2006).

The following table draws on incidents, known locations, reports, and other available information to outline the currently known plant and faunal pests of GLCA. Additionally, each pest has been given a priority level in the following categories: Priority A—needs immediate action; Priority B— needs monitoring and control; and Priority C—needs monitoring, but needs control only if an issue is identified or in order to prevent establishment. Fact sheets for many of these pests are available from the Park or on Federal/State websites on the internet. Species specific IPM tools and control options are also available from these sources.

Table 4.1. GLCA Pests by Management Zone and Level of Concern

Common Name

Scientific Name

GLCA Management Zone

Level of Concern

Additional Comments

FAUNAL PESTS - INVERTEBRATES

Ants Family Formicidae Development Zone Priority C Concessioner and NPS occupied building concern

Asian clam Corbicula fluminea Recreation and Resource

Utilization Zone Priority C

Bedbugs Family Cimicidae Development Zone Priority C Concessioner and NPS occupied building concern

Black widow Latrodectus mactans Development Zone Priority C

Concessioner and NPS occupied building concern

Brown recluse Loxosceles reclusa Development Zone Priority C Concessioner and NPS occupied building concern

Centipedes Class Chilopoda Development Zone Priority C Concessioner and NPS occupied building concern

Crickets and grasshoppers Order Orthoptera Development Zone Priority C

Concessioner and NPS occupied building concern

Dermestid beetles Family Dermestidae Development Zone Priority B Museum Concern

Elm leaf beetles Xanthogaleruca luteola Cultural Zone Priority B

Exotic water flea Daphnia lumholtzi Recreation and Resource

Utilization Zone Priority C

Spiny water flea Bythotrephes longimanus

Recreation and Resource

Utilization Zone Priority C

Fishhook water flea Cercopagis pengoi Recreation and Resource

Utilization Zone Priority C

Firebrat Thermobia domestica Development Zone Priority C

Fleas, common Family Pulicidae Development Zone Priority C Concessioner and NPS occupied building concern

Flies Order Diptera Development Zone Priority C Concessioner and NPS occupied building concern

Flies, Biting (Horse

& deer) & Gnats Order Diptera All Priority C

1 species of deer fly can transmit Tularemia

Fungi Kingdom Fungi Development Zone Priority C Concessioner Concern

Gypsy moths Lymantria dispar Natural Zone Priority C Coordinate with the U.S.

Forest Service

Honey bees including

Africanized hybrid

Apis mellifera Development Zone Priority B

Arizona now considers all honeybees as “Africanized”.

These “killer” bees are extremely protective of nests and aggressive when stinging

Mosquito Aedes, Culex All Priority C Malaria, West Nile, Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika diseases

New Zealand mudsnails

Potamopyrgus antipodarum

Recreation and Resource

Utilization Zone Priority B

Orchard Pests impacting tree health

Woodborers, root fungus, etc Cultural Zone Priority B

Scorpions Order Scorionida Development Zone Priority B Concessioner and NPS occupied building concern

Spiders, other Order Araneida Development Zone Priority C Concessioner and NPS occupied building concern

Swimmer’s Itch Cercarial dermatitis

Recreation and Resource

Utilization Zone Priority B

Parasite with snail and waterbird hosts. Bullfrog area and St, George reservoirs have confirmed cases

Tamarisk Beetles Diorhabda spp. Natural and Development Zones Priority B

Tent caterpillars Family

Lasiocampidae Development Zone Priority C

Termites, dry-wood Family

Kalotermitidae

Development and Cultural

Zones Priority B

Concessioner and NPS occupied building concern

Termites, subterranean Reticulitermes spp.

Development and Cultural

Zones Priority C

Concessioner and NPS occupied building concern

Ticks Various All Zones Priority B

Tularemia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme disease, etc.

Common

Name

Scientific

Name

GLCA Management

Zone

Level of

Concern

Additional

Comments

FAUNAL PESTS – INVERTEBRATES CONTINUED

Wasps & Hornets Order Hymenoptera Development Zone Priority C

Use of Wasp Freeze and other non-insecticidal treatments recommended on nests

Concessioner and NPS occupied building concern

Zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha

Recreation and Resource

Utilization Zone Priority C

Quagga mussels Dreissena bugensis Recreation and Resource

Utilization Zone Priority A

Quagga mussels present in

GLCA

FAUNAL PESTS - VERTEBRATES

Bats Various Development Zone Priority B

Concern when roost and defecate in occupied buildings, possible source of rabies

Beaver Castor canadensis Natural Zone Priority C

Birds nesting in or on Facilities Various Development Zone Priority B

Swallows and other birds nesting on/in facilities can result in potential disease transmission and hampered operations. Note that the

Migratory Bird Treaty Act protects and has strict requirements/ penalties for how NPS handles these situations

Dove, Eurasian collared

Streptopelia decaocto Natural and Development Zones Priority C

Dove, Rock or Columba livia Natural and Development Zones Priority C domestic pigeon

Feral Burros or

Donkey Equus asinus Natural Zone Priority B

Feral cattle Bos taurus Natural Zone Priority B

Coordinate with the BLM, owner or leasee if unbranded

Feral horses Equus caballus Natural Zone Priority B

Gizzard shad, American

Dorosoma cepedianum

Recreation and Resource

Utilization Zone Priority C

Mammal Pests –

Campgrounds &

Facilities

Raccoons, ringtails, coyotes Development Zone Priority C

Impacts to campers & inhabited buildings, loss of pets, etc. if become habituated. Possible carriers of rabies, & plague fleas

Mammal Pests –

Restoration Sites

Deer, rabbits, rodents All zones Priority C

Can browse or eat all restoration site plantings, young orchard trees & impact landscaped areas

Mammal Predators Cougar All Zones Priority C

On rare occasions become predatory to humans. Keep from becoming habituated.

Rabbits, Jack &

Cottontail

Lepus californicus

& Sylvilagus floridanus

All Zones Priority B

Carriers of tularemia and possibly plague. Take care to avoid fleas and ticks on them

Rodents in

Buildings Native & Non-native Natural and Development Zones Priority A

Includes house mouse, Norway rat, and native deer

& white-footed mice, & packrats as sources of hantavirus, plague, etc.

when in facilities

Sparrow, house Passer domesticus Natural and Development Zones Priority C

Venemous Snakes Crotalus spp All Zones Priority C 7 species in Utah

Common

Name

Scientific

Name

GLCA Management

Zone

Level of

Concern

Additional

Comments

FAUNAL PESTS – VERTEBRATES CONTINUED

Waterfowl, domestic Order Anseriformes

Natural Recreation and

Resource Utilization Zone Priority C

PLANT PESTS

Arabian schismus Schismus arabicus Natural and Development Zones Priority A

Bermudagrass Cynodon dactylon Natural and Development Zones Priority B

Black Locust Robinia pseudoacacia Natural Zone Priority B

Small, but expanding population in Escalante

River area

Broadleaved pepperweed Lepidium latifolium Natural and Development Zones Priority B

Camelthorn Alhagi maurorum Natural and Development Zones Priority B

Common

Mediterranean grass

Schismus barbatus Natural and Development Zones Priority A

Didymo - Rock Snot Didymosphenia geminata Natural Zone Priority C

Present in Glen Canyon

Reach below dam but not currently spreading

Field bindweed Convolvulus arvensis Natural and Development Zones Priority B

Giant reed Arundo donax Natural and Development Zones Priority A

Herb sophia Descurainia sophia Natural and Development Zones Priority B

Orchardgrass Dactylis glomerata Natural and Development Zones Priority B

Uraguayan pampas grass Cortaderia selloana Natural and Development Zones Priority A

Puncturevine Tribulus terrestris Natural and Development Zones Priority C

Ravennagrass Saccharum ravennae Natural and Development Zones Priority A Highest Priority

Russian knapweed Acroptilon repens Natural and Development Zones Priority B

Russian olive Elaeagnus angustifolia Natural and Development Zones Priority A Highest Priority

Russian thistle Salsola, spp. All Zones Priority C

A tumbleweed that has taken advantage of disturbed areas and extensive exposed shorelines due to lower lake levels. Some wildfire concerns

Salt cedar or tamarisk Tamarix chinensis Natural and Development Zones Priority C

Saltlover Halogeton glomeratus Natural and Development Zones Priority C

Siberian elm Ulmus pumila Natural and Development Zones Priority B Maintained in one Cultural

Zone

Weeping lovegrass Eragrostis curvula Natural and Development Zones Priority C

DISEASES

Avian influenza

All Zones Priority B

Confirmed nationwide in

2015. Both waterfowl & domestic poultry

Bubonic/Sylvatic plague Yersinia pestis All Zones Priority B

Transmitted by fleas from mammals park-wide

Chronic wasting disease

All Zones Priority C Continues to spread in deer and related species

Hantavirus

Pulminary

Syndro…