Attachment13__FOFR_Graphic_Layouts_Part2of5.pdf

Production Documents II April 2, 202126 Fort Frederica National Monument

Scene 03: The Importance of Archaeology: How do we know?

At the tavern, men gathered to discuss the growth of the town and Oglethorpe’s leadership.

During their lively conversations, one broke his pipe.

Look for these objects in the layers.

(1730s-1760s)

Regimental soldiers from England living in the barracks at Frederica wore uniforms adorned with brass buttons.

Children enjoyed playing games outdoors; someone lost this clay marble.

Look for these objects in the layers.

(1730s-1760s)

GL-03.02-140, 145 Flipbook pages 7 and 8

Scale: 50%

Size: 10.5”w x 12”h

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27Production Documents II April 2, 2021

British colonists had mostly abandoned Frederica by 1758. Some took up farming and created large plantations on the island.

Documentation as to what happened at the town is largely missing until the 1830s, when ship captain and farmer James Frewin acquired most of the former town site.

What Happened after Fort Frederica was Abandoned?

(1770s-1860s)

Look for these objects in the layers.

Enslaved workers on plantations used iron hoes to weed the crops.

(1770s-1860s)

A pearlware shard is all that remains of a plantation owner’s plate.

GL-03.02-150, 155 Flipbook pages 9 and 10

Scale: 50%

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Scene 03: The Importance of Archaeology: How do we know?

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Production Documents II April 2, 202128 Fort Frederica National Monument

GL-03.02-160, 165 Flipbook pages 11 and 12

Scale: 50%

Size: 10.5”w x 12”h

Scene 03: The Importance of Archaeology: How do we know?

How Did Fort Frederica Become a National Monument?

(1870s-1940s)

After the Civil War, a few families owned most

Taylor family donated a portion of their land to the Georgia Society of Colonial Dames. The Colonial Dames cared for the fort and surrounding land for nearly forty years.

acquired the remaining land and donated it to the

Look for these objects in the layers.

Orphaned boys living at the Dodge Home for Boys used slate tablets to work on their lessons.

Families enjoyed Coca-Cola, a popular drink in the South.

(1870s-1940s)

The Stevens and Taylor families and weights to catch their meals in the river.

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29Production Documents II April 2, 2021

Fort Frederica National Monument preserves the history of Frederica and shares it with the public.

Excavation teams helped uncover much of what you see around you today. The park is an active archeological site where researchers are always learning more about who lived here and what their lives were like.

What is Fort Frederica like Now?

(1940s-present)

Look for these objects in the layers.

A young visitor touring the park threw a plastic candy wrapper on the ground.

A local resident walking the trails around Frederica tossed the top of a plastic water bottle away.

(1940s-present)

GL-03.02-170, 175 Flipbook pages 13 and 14

Scale: 50%

Size: 10.5”w x 12”h

Scene 03: The Importance of Archaeology: How do we know?

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Production Documents II April 2, 202130 Fort Frederica National Monument

Layer< Beneath Our Feet

GL-03.02-250 Stratigraphy Title sign in “grass”

Scale: 50%

Size: 17”w x 7”h

31Production Documents II April 2, 2021

GL-03.02-300 Stratigraphy layers label

Scale: 50%

Size: 6” w x 24” h

Scene 03: The Importance of Archaeology: How do we know?

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Production Documents II April 2, 202132 Fort Frederica National Monument

GL-03.03-100 Research today Panel 1

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Scene 03: The Importance of Archaeology: How do we know?

CA-03.03-150

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33Production Documents II April 2, 2021

GL-03.03-200 Research today Panel 2

Scale: 33%

Size: 24”w x 24”h

Scene 03: The Importance of Archaeology: How do we know?

“Seeing” Underground

The National Park Service uses advanced technology to find underground site features.

In the 1940s and 1950s, archeologists had to dig trenches and test pits to locate the ruins of Frederica town. Today, they use far less invasive methods.

Ground-penetrating radar can determine how far below the surface an object is located.

GPR data shows the outline of the Sinclair house.

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IM-03.03-201

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Production Documents II April 2, 202134 Fort Frederica National Monument

GL-03.03-250 Research today Panel 3

Scale: 33%

Size: 24”w x 16”hThe Sinclair Hou<e In 2018, park staff discovered a house and outbuildings in Frederica’s south ward using ground-penetrating radar.

Park staff then launched a multi-year plan to excavate the home, which probably belonged to the Sinclair family.

Who Were the Sinclair<?

Colonial records show that Archibald Sinclair arrived as an indentured servant. Gaining his freedom, Sinclair became an innkeeper and tythingman (community police officer) from 1738-1739. He built a small house, made larger by 1743.

Findings from the excavations offer insight into the lives of Sinclair, his wife Isabel, son James, and daughter Margaret.

IM-03.03-251

Artifact< from the

Sinclair Hou<e, mid-1700<

Artifacts discovered in the top layer of soil at the Sinclair House site reveal how the land may have been used after the family left.

Glass bottle with lead seal, ca. 1800s

Uncovering the First Layer

Pieces of Everyday Life Many items recovered from the Sinclair House site tell us what everyday life was like for the Sinclairs.

Below, top: Flint used for starting fires Pipe stems Below, bottom: Glass bottle neck and stopper Brass(?) box latch Pencil fragment

The Sinclair Dinner Table Archeologists know about the Sinclairs’ social status in part because of the kinds of artifacts discovered in the ruins. The family ate a variety of meat and fish and owned several kinds of ceramics, indicating they were likely well-off.

Below, top: Replica of delftware Delftware plate fragments Below, bottom: Fragments of a glass wine bottle Drum teeth (local fish)

What They Wore While it is not known exactly what the Sinclairs wore, researchers can tell they owned some finer things from the surviving adornments recovered from the house ruins.

Below: Buttons Sleeve links

GL-03.03-370

GL-03.03-360

GL-03.03-350

GL-03.03-380

GL-03.03-390

Graphic layout in case CA-03.03-300

35Production Documents II April 2, 2021

GL-03.03-350 Artifact case title

Scale: 50%

Size: 10”w x 10”h

Scene 03: The Importance of Archaeology: How do we know?

Artifact< from the

Sinclair Hou<e, mid-1700<

Production Documents II April 2, 202136 Fort Frederica National Monument

GL-03.03-370 Case label: Useful Everyday Objects

Scale: 50%

Size: 9”w x 6”h GL-03.03-380 Case label: Eating and Drinking

Scale: 50%

Size: 9”w x 7”h

GL-03.03-360 Case label: Top layers

Scale: 50%

Size: 6”w x 6”h

GL-03.03-390 Case Label: Things to Wear

Scale: 50%

Size: 9”w x 6”h

Artifacts discovered in the top layer of soil at the Sinclair House site reveal how the land may have been used after the family left.

Glass bottle with lead seal, ca. 1800s

Uncovering the First Layer

Pieces of Everyday Life Many items recovered from the Sinclair House site tell us what everyday life was like for the Sinclairs.

Below, top: Flint used for starting fires Pipe stems Below, bottom: Glass bottle neck and stopper Brass(?) box latch Pencil fragment

The Sinclair Dinner Table Archeologists know about the Sinclairs’ social status in part because of the kinds of artifacts discovered in the ruins. The family ate a variety of meat and fish and owned several kinds of ceramics, indicating they were likely well-off.

Below, top: Replica of delftware Delftware plate fragments Below, bottom: Fragments of a glass wine bottle Drum teeth (local fish)

What They Wore While it is not known exactly what the Sinclairs wore, researchers can tell they owned some finer things from the surviving adornments recovered from the house ruins.

Below: Buttons Sleeve links

N

SCALE: 3/16" = 1'-0"1 Floor Plan for Graphics 0 4' 8' 12'

Scale: 3/8” = 1’-0”

GL-04.04-100

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CE-04.02-270+

GL-04.02-300GL-04.01-300+

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GL-04.05-300GL-04.05-200

GL-04.05-100

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37Production Documents II April 2, 2021

Scene 04: Life after Frederica

Elements, Scene 04

GL-04.01-100 Mural for 04.01

GL-04.01-200 Graphic Panel Level 1: From Fort To Plantations

GL-04.01-250 Circle panel: Two Coasts, One Crop

GL-04.01-300 Reading rail: Using Traditional Knowledge

CE-04.01-310 Tactile blackmithed objects: hammer head

CE-04.01-311 Tactile blacksmithed objects: long skinny poker

CE-04.01-312 Tactile blacksmithed objects: glob of metal

CE-04.01-313 Tactile blacksmithed objects: forged strip of metal

GL-04.02-100 Mural for 04.02

GL-04.02-200 Graphic Panel Level 1: Gullah Geechee Culture

GL-04.02-250 Chunked content: Kumbaya

CE-04.02-270 Basket 1

CE-04.02-280 Basket 2

CE-04.02-290 Basket 3

GL-04.02-300 Reading rail: Baskets and Why Gullah Geechee

CE-04.02-310 Tactile unfinished basket on rail

GL-04.02-321 Brer rabbit book page

GL-04.02-322 Brer rabbit book page

GL-04.02-323 Brer rabbit book page

GL-04.02-324 Brer rabbit book page

GL-04.02-325 Brer rabbit book page

GL-04.02-326 Brer rabbit book page

GL-04.02-327 Brer rabbit book page

GL-04.02-328 Brer rabbit book page

GL-04.02-329 Brer rabbit book page

GL-04.02-330 Brer rabbit book page

CE-04.02-350 Raised line / Braille activation button plate

EP-04.02-400 A/V program: Ring shout, Basketmaker

EE-04.02-450 AV equipment 32” monitor, sound shower, CPU

GL-04.03-100 Mural for 04.03

GL-04.03-200 Level 1 Graphic Panel: Archeology

GL-04.03-250 Chunked content: Piecing it Together

CE-04.03-300 Map flipbook on reading rail

GL-04.03-310 Map flipbook page 1

GL-04.03-315 Map flipbook page 1 facing

GL-04.03-320 Map flipbook page 2

GL-04.03-325 Map flipbook page 2 facing

GL-04.03-330 Map flipbook page 3

GL-04.03-335 Map flipbook page 3 facing

GL-04.03-340 Map flipbook page 4

GL-04.03-345 Map flipbook page 4 facing

GL-04.03-350 Map flipbook page 5

GL-04.03-355 Map flipbook page 5 facing

GL-04.04-100 Mural backdrop for 04.04: Abbott Story

GL-04.04-200 Level 1 Graphic panel: Reconstruction and Migration

GL-04.04-250 Chunked text: Honoring Roots

GL-04.04-300 Reading rail: The Defender, Newsboys, Abbot

CE-04.04-500 Abbot bust (bronze)

GL-04.04-550 Graphic label with bust

GL-04.04-570 Mural behind case

CA-04.04-600 Case for Abbot bust

GL-04.05-100 Banner 1 (crops)

GL-04.05-200 Banner 2 (baskets)

GL-04.05-300 Banner 3 (map)

GL-04.05-400 Banner 4 (newspaper)

Production Documents II April 2, 202138 Fort Frederica National Monument

Scene 04: Life after Frederica

Scene 4 elevation

Scale: 3/4”-1’0”

People around the world have cultivated rice for thousands of years. Workers in some parts of the world still use simple tools like flat baskets and a mortar and pestle to separate the edible rice grains from the rest of the plant.

After Frederica:

Fort to Farmland The British no longer needed the fort for defense.

Troops abandoned Frederica—removing the town’s major source of income.

Both the remaining fort re<ident< and wealthy planters wanted to turn unused land on the island into plantations. First, they needed to clear and prepare the land for planting.

Workers were few so planters used slave labor from West Africa.

Enslaved people planted three cash crops:

rice, cotton, and indigo. By 1800, cotton was the island’s most commercially successful crop—largely due to the invention of the cotton gin in 1793.

Rice plantation owner< in coastal Georgia purchased enslaved people from the “Rice Coast” countries of Africa:

Senegambia, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. These workers already knew how to grow rice in a similar climate.

Two Coa<t<, One Crop

Gullah Geechee: A La<ting Connection to We<t Africa Enslaved West Africans lived and worked on St. Simons Island in relative isolation from the mainland. This allowed them to continue practicing their cultural traditions.

To <urvive in the colonie<, the enslaved learned to speak English and conform to British social norms. Those working along the southern coast were also free to keep practicing West African traditions. The resulting regional culture was a unique blend of English and West African languages, food, and religion.

The Gullah Geechee still live in coastal areas from North Carolina to northern Florida. This network of communities— known as the Gullah Geechee Corridor— preserves this vibrant culture through festivals, storytelling, and activism.

Some lingui<tic expert< suggest that “Gullah” and “Geechee” came from the names of West African ethnic groups like the Gola and the Kissi.

The names “Gullah” and “Geechee” also identify people’s homes. Gullah refers to people living in coastal South Carolina, while Geechee people live in coastal Georgia and Florida.

Why “Gullah” and “Geechee”?

American folk <inger< performed “Kumbaya” all over the world in the 1950s and 1960s.

There are many theories about the song’s origins, but new research links it to the Gullah Geechee people.

“Kumbaya” is a shortened form of “Kum Bah Yah,” which means

“Come By Here.”

Familiar Tune—

Gullah Geechee Origin<

Robert Abbott wanted to honor his relatives who were buried on St. Simons Island.

With only a rough idea of where their graves were, he had this monument installed on the island.

Archeology in Action: Di<covering a Lo<t Burial Site A hand-drawn map. A stone monument. An official plan of Frederica. What do these have in common? They are clues that helped archeologists locate an African American burial site from the 1800s.

Record< from different era< suggest that an African American burial site exists on Fort Frederica’s grounds. In 2019, archeologists found its exact location.

Technologies like ground-penetrating radar and magnetometers were used first but offered no results. Instead, archeologists used a combination of maps and on-site digs to find the burial site and learn about those buried there. Archeologi<t< u<e physical evidence to answer questions about the past. In this case, they were trying to figure out the location of the African American burial ground here at Fort Frederica.

Piecing it Together

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Emancipated but Not Free:

African American< after the Civil War Life for African Americans in the southern United States changed little after 1865. Over the next century, millions of Black people left the South to find better jobs in more welcoming places.

When the Union Army left the South at the end of the Civil War, formerly enslaved people continued to experience racism and violence. Black Americans could not live as full citizens.

By the beginning of World War I, plentiful jobs supporting the war effort in northern and western cities attracted Black workers from the South. Between 1910 and 1970 an estimated six million blacks left the South in what became known as the Great Migration.

New<paper publi<her Robert S. Abbott was born on St. Simons Island in 1870.

His parents—Thomas and Flora—were formerly enslaved Gullah Geechee.

Although Robert made his career in Chicago, he never forgot his roots. In 1929, he built a monument on St. Simons in honor of his father and his aunts Celia and Mary.

Honoring Root<, Honoring Family

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2200 Eastlake Ave. E

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These documents have been created to show the designers' intent only. Written dimensions shall take precedence over scaled dimensions.

Contractors shall verify and be responsible for all dimensions and conditions on the job, and this office must be notified of any variations from the dimensions and conditions shown by these drawings. Shop details must be submitted to this office before beginning fabrication.

All ideas, designs, and arrangements indicated on these drawings are the property of EDX and are intended for the sole use of the client noted.

04/02/2021

PDII

SCALE: 3/8" = 1'-0"1 SCENE 4 - ELEVATION (NO BANNERS)

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Some enslaved West Africans were already skilled blacksmiths. In West Africa, the tools and weapons they made helped communities grow food and fend off attacks.

Blacksmithing was also a valuable skill on Georgia plantations.

Before there were hardware stores, people on St. Simons Island had to make their own tools. Blacksmiths were essential workers on every plantation.

These replicas are examples of objects that archeologists found at Fort Frederica.

U<ing Traditional Knowledge

Gullah Geechee still hand-make sweetgrass baskets in the West African tradition. Flat baskets were used for separating rice grains from the rest of the plant. Tall baskets were used for storage and carrying things from place to place.

Basketmaking skills are passed down through the generations. Today, fewer young people learn these traditions as the Gullah Geechee gain more access to educational, employment, and social opportunities outside of St. Simons Island.

Gullah i< a creole language—a mix of English and West African languages. Since enslaved West Africans from different cultures spoke different languages, they created a single language to communicate in North America.

Weaving a Tradition Evry frog prai<e e ownt pond.

(Everybody favor< hi< own home.)

This book, written and published in the Gullah language, includes an English translation. Do you notice similarities to words you use every day?

Turn the pages to learn the story of each map.

Robert Abbott saw a need for a different kind of newspaper to serve the African American community. The mainstream press rarely, if ever, covered stories important to Black Americans. In 1905 he started publishing The Chicago Defender.

Abbott’s paper covered everything from national news to births and weddings. The Defender also ran job listings and ads for black businesses. It became the most trusted source of information for Black Americans looking to leave the South.

Local Son Make< National New<

Abbott tapped into an organized network of African American train porters to help distribute The Defender newspaper far and wide. Porters delivered papers to cities with large Black populations along their routes.

When it came to local distribution, though, newsboys were vital. Young Black boys received small payments to bring the paper back to their neighborhoods to sell.

Some of St. Simons Island’s Black leaders, like the Hon. Judge Orion Douglass, got their start as newsboys delivering The Defender.

Local Voice< for The Chicago Defender

39Production Documents II April 2, 2021

GL-04.01-100 Mural for 04.01

Scale: 15%

Size: 40”w x 62”h

Enlarged to show content

Pe op le ar ou nd th e w or ld h av e c ul tiv at ed ric e f or th ou sa nd s o f y ea rs . W or ke rs so e p ar ts of th e w or ld st ill u se si m pl e to ol s l ik e f lat b as ke ts an d a m or ta r a nd pe stl e t o se pa ra te th e e di bl e r ice g ra in s fro m th e r es t o f t he p lan t.

People around the world have cultivated rice for thousands of years. Workers in some parts of the world still use simple tools like flat baskets and a mortar and pestle to separate the edible rice grains from the rest of the plant.

Scene 04: Life after Frederica

IM-04.01-101

IM-04.01-102

Production Documents II April 2, 202140 Fort Frederica National Monument

GL-04.01-200 Graphic Panel Level 1

Scale: 30%

Size: 24”w x 42”h

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F o rt t o F ar m la n d Th e Br it is h no lo ng er n ee de d th e fo rt fo r d ef en se

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41Production Documents II April 2, 2021

GL-04.01-250 Chunked content (size may change)

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Size: 15”w x 15”h

Rice plantation owner< in coastal Georgia purchased enslaved people from the “Rice Coast” countries of Africa:

Senegambia, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. These workers already knew how to grow rice in a similar climate.

Two Coa<t<, One Crop

Production Documents II April 2, 202142 Fort Frederica National Monument

GL-04.01-300 Reading rail graphic

Scale: 35%

Size: 40”w x 14”h

Some enslaved West Africans were already skilled blacksmiths. In West Africa, the tools and weapons they made helped communities grow food and fend off attacks.

Blacksmithing was also a valuable skill on Georgia plantations.

Before there were hardware stores, people on St. Simons Island had to make their own tools. Blacksmiths were essential workers on every plantation.

These replicas are examples of objects that archeologists found at Fort Frederica.

U<ing Traditional Knowledge

Scene 04: Life after Frederica

Tactile blacksmithed objects

CE-04.01-310

Slag

CE-04.01-311

Hammer CE-04.01-312

Coal

CE-04.01-313

Tongs

43Production Documents II April 2, 2021

GL-04.02-100 Mural for 04.02

Scale: 12%

Size: 64”w x 72”h

Scene 04: Life after Frederica monitor for EP-04.02-400

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Production Documents II April 2, 202144 Fort Frederica National Monument

GL-04.02-200 Graphic Panel Level 1

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Size: 24”w x 42”h

G u ll ah

G ee ch ee

: A a< ti n g C o n n ec ti

W e< t A fr ic a En sl av ed W es t

A fr ic an s liv ed a nd w or ke on

St

. S im on s

Is la nd in re la ti ve is ol at io n fr om t ai nl an d.

T hi s al lo w ed t he m t o co nt ue pr ac ti ci ng t he ir cu lt ur al t ra di ti on s.

T u rv iv e in t h e co lo n ie en sl av ed le ar ne d to s pe ak

E ng lis h an d co nf or m t o

Br it is h so ci al n or m s.

T ho se ki ng a lo ng t he s ou th er n co as t w er e al so fr ee t o ke ep p ra ct ic in g W es t

A fr tr ad it io ns

. T he re su lt in g re gi on al c ul tu re a u ni qu e bl en d of E ng lis h an d W es t

A fr ic an la ng ua ge s, fo od , a nd re lig io n.

T he

G ul la h

G ee ch ee s ti ll liv e in c oa al ar ea s fr om

N or th C ar ol in a to n or th er n

Fl or id a.

T hi s ne tw or k of c om m un it ie s— kn ow n as t he G ul la h G ee ch ee C or rid or pr es er ve s th is v ib ra nt c ul tu re t hr ou gh fe iv al s, s to ry te lli ng , a nd a ct iv is m

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45Production Documents II April 2, 2021

GL-04.02-250 Chunked content 1

Scale: 50%

Size: 15”w x 15”h

GL-04.02-260 Chunked content 2

Scale: 50%

Size: 15”w x 15”h

American folk <inger< performed “Kumbaya” all over the world in the 1950s and 1960s.

There are many theories about the song’s origins, but new research links it to the Gullah Geechee people.

“Kumbaya” is a shortened form of “Kum Bah Yah,” which means

“Come By Here.”

Familiar Tune—

Gullah Geechee Origin<

Some lingui<tic expert< suggest that “Gullah” and “Geechee” came from the names of West African ethnic groups like the Gola and the Kissi.

The names “Gullah” and “Geechee” also identify people’s homes. Gullah refers to people living in coastal South Carolina, while Geechee people live in coastal Georgia and Florida.

Why “Gullah” and “Geechee”?

Production Documents II April 2, 202146 Fort Frederica National Monument

GL-04.02-300 Reading rail graphic

Scale: 25%

Size: 64”w x 14”h

CE-04.02-310 Tactile unfinished basket on rail CE-04.02-320 Flip book

Gullah Geechee still hand-make sweetgrass baskets in the West African tradition. Flat baskets were used for separating rice grains from the rest of the plant. Tall baskets were used for storage and carrying things from place to place.

Basketmaking skills are passed down through the generations. Today, fewer young people learn these traditions as the Gullah Geechee gain more access to educational, employment, and social opportunities outside of St. Simons Island.

Gullah i< a creole language—a mix of English and West African languages. Since enslaved West Africans from different cultures spoke different languages, they created a single language to communicate in North America.

Weaving a Tradition Evry frog prai<e e ownt pond.

(Everybody favor< hi< own home.)

This book, written and published in the Gullah language, includes an English translation. Do you notice similarities to words you use every day?

Scene 04: Life after Frederica

CE-04.02-350 Raised line activation prompt

Size: 11.5”w x 4.5”h

BASKETMAKING VIDEO

BASKETMAKING VIDEO

RING SHOUT VIDEO

RING SHOUT VIDEO

47Production Documents II April 2, 2021

GL-04.02-321, 322, 323 Brer Rabbit book

Scale: 25%

Size: 7”w x 10”h (with tab)

Production Documents II April 2, 202148 Fort Frederica National Monument

GL-04.02-324, 325, 326, 327 Brer Rabbit book

49Production Documents II April 2, 2021

GL-04.02-328, 329, 330 Brer Rabbit book

Production Documents II April 2, 202150 Fort Frederica National Monument

GL-04.03-100 Mural for 04.03

Scale: 60%

Size: 40”w x 62”h

Ro be rt A bb ot t w an te ho no r h is re la ti ve s w ho w er e bu rie d on S t.

S im on s Is la nd

W it h on ly a ro ug h id ea o f w he re t he ir gr av es w er e, h e ha d th is m on um en t in st al le d on t he is la nd

Scene 04: Life after Frederica

Enlarged to show content

Robert Abbott wanted to honor his relatives who were buried on St. Simons Island.

With only a rough idea of where their graves were, he had this monument installed on the island.

IM-04.03-101

51Production Documents II April 2, 2021

GL-04.03-200 Graphic Panel Level 1

Scale: 30%

Size: 24”w x 42”h

A rc h eo lo g y i

A ct io n

: D i< co v er g a o <t

B u ri al

S it e A h an d-dr aw n m ap

. A s to ne m on um en t.

A n offi ci al p la of F re de ric a.

W ha t do t he se h av e in c om m on

Th ey a re cl ue s th at h el pe d ar ch eo lo gi st s lo ca te a n

A fr ic an

A m er bu ria l s it e fr om t he

0s

R ec o rd fr o m d if fe re n t er a< su gg es t th at a n A fr ic an A m er ic an b ur ia l s it e ex is ts o n Fo rt F re de ric a’ s gr ou nd s.

In

9, ar ch eo lo gi st s fo un d it s ex ac t lo ca ti on

Te ch no lo gi es li ke g ro un d-pe ne tr at in g ra da r an d m ag ne to m et er s w er e us ed fi rs t bu t of fe re d no re su lt s.

In st ea d, a rc he ol og is ts us a c om bi na ti on o f m ap s an d on

-s it e di gs t o fin d th e bu ria l s it e an d le ar n ab ou t th os e bu rie d th er e.

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