ATTACHMENT H AGENCY EXAMPLE LIST OF NATURAL CLIMATE SOLUTIONS~1.pdf

ATTACHMENT H

Agency Example List of Natural Climate Solutions

N&WL Sector Activity/Pathway Description and/or examples, if needed

GHG

Reduction

GHG

Storage

Citation

Forest/shrublands Reduced degradation:

forest and shrubland

Stopping further spread of invasive species and pathogens, managing for drought and extreme weather x x 1, 2, 12, 26, 27

Avoided conversion of forest and shrubland

Avoided carbon emission resulting from changing forest types after deforestation;

increasing carbon storage through continued forest and shrub growth x x 1, 3, 4, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 23, 25, Fire management Additional CO₂ (and other GHG) sequestration by managed forest fire (prescribed fire or fire control) compared to unmanaged wildfire. Regeneration of biomass after fires.

x x 1, 3, 9, 12, 13, 19, 25, 34

Improved plantations Reducing harvests, extending harvest rotation length, and improving the disposal of logging residues/slash through mulching/chipping of slash x x 1, 3, 9, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19, 34

Attachment H, Agency Example List of Natural Climate Solutions, Oregon Buys Solicitation No. S-33000-00014253;

Agency RFP 25-054 Natural Climate Solutions and Metrics Analysis in Oregon

Attachment H, Agency Example List of Natural Climate Solutions, Oregon Buys Solicitation No. S-33000-00014253;

Agency RFP 25-054 Natural Climate Solutions and Metrics Analysis in Oregon

Gail Sullivan Cross-Out

Attachment H, Agency Example List of Natural Climate Solutions, Oregon Buys Solicitation No. S-33000-00014253;

Agency RFP 25-054 Natural Climate Solutions and Metrics Analysis in Oregon

Improved/natural forest management in logged forest

Natural regeneration of natural forests and the reduction of CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere due to the cessation of natural forest logging; extension of logging rotations; reduced-impact logging practices that avoid damage to non-commercial trees;

voluntary certification programs;

regulatory requirements that limit impacts from logging; improved land tenure x 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 12, 14, 16, 19, 20, 24, 25, Reduced deforestation: forest and shrubland conservation; forest and shrubland protection

Includes all forms of deforestation not included in other activities/pathways;

conservation of old-growth forest x x 2, 9, 14, 24

Reforestation;

restoration of forest and shrubland

Additional CO₂ sequestration potential from restoring forest (including slash land, barren land, mountain, sloping cropland, or after wildfire) or shrubland to areas that were previously forest or shrubland. Improving forest and shrubland quality (e.g.

replanting with native species).

Also includes restoring tidal and riparian forest.

x 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 30, 34

Afforestation Encouraging conversion of other land cover types, including urban, to forest or shrubland x 2, 8, 9, 12, 16, 24, Urban forest

Attachment H, Agency Example List of Natural Climate Solutions, Oregon Buys Solicitation No. S-33000-00014253;

Reduced urban forest degradation

Stopping further spread of invasive species and pathogens, managing for drought and extreme weather x x 2, 4, 9, 31, 32, 33

Afforestation in developed areas

Encouraging conversion of other land cover types within urban areas to urban forest;

incorporating more trees in urban areas x 1, 9, 15, 18, 19, 31, Wetland Avoided wetland/peatland conversion;

wetland/peatland protection

Avoided CO₂ emission of above-and belowground biomass and soil carbon due to avoided loss of wetlands and peatlands x x 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 14, 17, Reduced wetland, peatland, seagrass degradation

Improved water quality;

improved development practices like reduction of sediment loads and temperature controls;

avoiding hydrological disturbance x x 2, 9, 12, 17, 23, 24, Peatland restoration Avoided oxidation and leaching of soil carbon balanced against methane emission due to soil rewetting x x 1, 2, 3, 13, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24

Reduced seagrass degradation and conversion; seagrass protection

Improved water quality;

implementing sustainable coastal development practices and fisheries practices; reducing risk of disturbance x x 2, 9, 12, 19, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40

Coastal and terrestrial wetland restoration

Avoided oxidation of soil carbon and enhanced ecosystem carbon sink due to soil rewetting in mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrass beds.

x x 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 12, 17, 18, 22, 33

Seagrass restoration Additional carbon sequestration in below-ground biomass and soil carbon by restoring seagrass x x 19, 37, 39, 40

Grassland/rangeland Avoided grassland conversion; grassland protection

Avoided CO₂ emissions of belowground biomass and soil carbon by avoiding the conversion of grassland to urban or cropland x x 1, 2, 3, 9, 16, 19, 23, 34

Improved/rotational grazing

Optimizing grazing intensity, planting legumes in pastures, improving feed (inclusion of energy-dense feeds (e.g., cereal grains) in the ration), animal management (e.g., improved livestock breeds, increased reproductive performance, health, and liveweight gain);

additional carbon sequestration in above- and belowground biomass and soil carbon by grassland fencing management and pasture sowing x x 1, 3, 9, 12, 15, 16, 19, 23, 34, 54

Reduced grassland degradation

Prevent conversion to invasive annual plant-and juniper-dominated systems x x 9, 13, 35, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 54

Attachment H, Agency Example List of Natural Climate Solutions, Oregon Buys Solicitation No.S-33000-00014253;

Grassland fire management

Additional CO₂ (and other GHG) sequestration by managed fire;

other practices that contribute to lower fire risk not captured by other activities/pathways x x 24, 25, 34, 44, 45, Grassland restoration Additional carbon sequestration in below-ground biomass and soil carbon by restoring deep-rooted native perennial grasses to areas impacted by invasive species. Restoring native riparian grass species. Converting idle or unproductive cropland to native grasses.

x x 3, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 34

Croplands Nutrient management Improving crop nutrient management can reduce N₂O emission by reducing the overuse of fertilizer and improvement in N fertilizer use efficiency.

Improve N application timing;

replace N fertilizer with soil amendments such as compost or manure x 1, 3, 4, 9, 12, 13, 16, 19, 25, 34

Improve irrigation strategies and efficiencies

Irrigating at appropriate times reduces overall GHG emissions from soils x 9, 10, 48, 49

Prescribed/rotational grazing

Managing the harvest of vegetation with grazing and/or browsing animals to reduce crop residue and reduce GHG of providing other feed to livestock;

increase organic carbon stocks in soils x x 9, 12, 15, 19, 25, Attachment H, Agency Example List of Natural Climate Solutions, Oregon Buys Solicitation No. S-33000-00014253;

No-till/reduced tillage Limiting soil disturbance to manage amount, orientation, and distribution of crop and plant residue on the soil surface year-round x x 4, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, Conservation agriculture/cover crops/strip cropping

Additional soil carbon sequestration by cover crops (i.e., green manure crops), crop rotation, edge-of-field herbaceous conservation practices, and strip cropping.

Area suitable for planting cover crops includes cropland already planted with a perennial or winter crop.

x 1, 3, 4, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 34

Biochar/compost amendments

Amending agricultural soils with biochar can increase the soil carbon pool by converting labile carbon to recalcitrant carbon through pyrolysis. Biochar mainly comes from crop residue.

Applying composted organic wastes to cropland or pastures.

x 3, 4, 12, 14, 15, 16, 19, 23, 24, 34, 48

Legume crops/legumes in pastures

Increase carbon sequestration in soils and reduce need for application of N; growing forage grasses and legumes in a way that provides food sources for livestock while increasing soil carbon storage x 4, 5, 15, 16, 23, 34

Trees in croplands/agroforestry

Trees in windbreaks and riparian areas, alley cropping, and farmer-managed natural regeneration

(FMNR)

x 1, 2, 4, 9, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 28, 34

Attachment H, Agency Example List of Natural Climate Solutions, Oregon Buys Solicitation No. S-33000-00014253;

Avoid conversion of agriculture

Avoid conversion to urban land cover x x 9, 50, 51, 52

Silvopasture Integrating trees, forage crops, and livestock systems on the same land through planting of trees and forages on same lands that animals graze x 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 53

References 1 Griscom, B. W., Adams, J., Ellis, P. W., Houghton, R. A., Lomax, G., Miteva, D. A., … Fargione, J. (2017). Natural climate solutions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS, 114(44), 11645-11650.

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2 Mariani, G., Moullec, F., Atwood, T. B., Clarkson, B., Conant, R., Cullen-Unsworth, L., … Mouillot, D. (2024). Co-benefits and trade-offs between natural climate solutions and Sustainable Development Goals. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 22(10), e2807. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2807

3 Lu, N., Tian, H., Fu, B., Yu, H., Piao, S., Chen, S., … Smith, P. (2022). Biophysical and economic constraints on China's natural climate solutions. Nature Climate Change, 12, 847-853. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01432-3

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5 Stagnari, F., Maggio, A., Galieni, A., & Pisante, M. (2017). Multiple benefits of legumes for agriculture sustainability:

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7 Tan, Z. D., Lupascu, M., & Wijedasa, L. S. (2021). Paludiculture as a sustainable land use alternative for tropical peatlands: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 753, 142111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142111

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9 Institute for Natural Resources (2023). Final Report: Foundational Elements to Advance the Oregon Global Warming Commission's Natural and Working Lands Proposal. Institute for Natural Resources, Oregon State University, Covallis, Oregon. 171. Retrieved from: https://climate.oregon.gov/natural-working-lands

Attachment H, Agency Example List of Natural Climate Solutions, Oregon Buys Solicitation No. S-33000-00014253;

Attachment H, Agency Example List of Natural Climate Solutions, Oregon Buys Solicitation No. S-33000-00014253;

10 Andrews, H. M., Homyak, P. M., Oikawa, P. Y., Wang, J., & Jenerette, G. D. (2022). Water-conscious management strategies reduce per-yield irrigation and soil emissions of CO₂, N₂O, and NO in high-temperature forage cropping systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems, & Environment, 332, 107944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.107944

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12 Oregon Global Warming Commission (2021). Natural and Working Lands Proposal 2021. Retrieved from https://climate.oregon.gov/s/2021-OGWC-Natural-and-Working-Lands-Proposal.pdf

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15 U.S. Climate Alliance (2023). Natural & Working Lands Inventory Improvements: A Guide for States. Retrieved from: https://usclimatealliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/USClimateAlliance_Guide_NWLInventoryImprovements_Updated2022_2020.pdf

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18 Wilson, K. N., Salzer, D. W., & Passero, M. C. (2024). Climate mitigation potential of natural climate solutions and clean energy on The Nature Conservancy properties in Calfifornia, USA. PLoS ONE, 19(10), e0311195.

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22 Chahal, I., Vyn, R. J., Mayers, D., & Eerd, L. L. V. (2020). Cumulative impact of cover crops. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 13381. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70224-6

23 Bossio, D.A., Cook-Patton, S.C., Ellis, P.W., Fargione, J., Sanderman, J., Smith, P., … Griscom, B.W. (2020). The role of soil carbon in natural climate solutions. Nature Sustainability, 3, 391-398. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020- 0491-z

24 Roe, S., Streck, C., Beach, R., Busch, J., Chapman, M., Daioglou, V., … Lawrence, D. (2021). Land-based measures to mitigate climate change: Potential and feasibility by country. Global Change Biology, 27(23), 6025-6058.

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25 Griscom, B.W., Busch, J., Cook-Patton, S.C., Ellis, P.W., Funk, J., Leavitt, S.M., … Worthington, T. (2020). National mitigation potential from natural climate solutions in the tropics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 375, 20190126. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0126

26 Finlayson, C., Roopsind, A., Griscom, B.W., Edwards, D. P., & Freckleton, R. P. (2022). Removing climbers more than doubles tree growth and biomass in degraded tropical forests. Ecology and Evolution, 12(3), e8758.

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32 Miles, L., & Kapos, V. (2008). Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation: Global land-use implications. Science, 320(5882), 1454-1455. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155358

33 Rötzer, T., Moser-Reischl, A., Rahman, M.A., Hartmann, C., Paeth, H., Pauleit, S., & Pretzsch, H. (2021). Urban tree growth and ecosystem services under extreme drought. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 308-309, 108532.

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34 Chang, C. H., Erbaugh, J. T., Fajarado, P., Lu, L., Molnár, I., Papp, D., … Masuda, Y. J. (2024). Global evidence of human well-being and biodiversity impacts of natural climate solutions. Nature Sustainability, 8, 75-85.

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Attachment H, Agency Example List of Natural Climate Solutions, Oregon Buys Solicitation No. S-33000-00014253;

36 Pendleton, L., Donato, D. C., Murray, B. C., Crooks, S., Jenkins, W. A., Sifleet, S., (2012). Estimating global "blue carbon" emissions from conversion and degradation of vegetated coastal ecosystems. PLoS ONE, 7, e43542-e43542.

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45 Nagy, R., Fusco, E. J., Balch, J. K., Finn, J. T., Mahood, A., Allen, J. M., & Bradley, B. A. (2021). A synthesis of the effects of cheatgrass invasion on US Great Basin carbon storage. Journal of Applied Ecology, 58, 327-337.

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46 Maxwell, T. M., & Germino, M. J. (2022). The effects of cheatgrass invasion on U.S. Great Basin carbon storage depend on interactions between plant community composition, precipitation seasonality, and soil climate regime.

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47 Hasselquist, N. J., Germino, M. J., Sankey, J. B., Ingram, L. J., & Glenn, N. F. (2011). Aeolian nutrient fluxes following wildfire in sagebrush steppe: Implications for soil carbon storage. Biogeosciences, 8, 3649-3659.

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Attachment H, Agency Example List of Natural Climate Solutions, Oregon Buys Solicitation No. S-33000-00014253;

48 Deng, J., Gho, L., Salas, W., Ingraham, P., Charrier-Klobas, J. G., Frolking, S., Li, C. (2022). A decreasing trend of nitrous oxide emissions from California cropland from 2000 to 2015. Earth's Future, 10, e2021EF002526.

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49 Sleeter, B. M., Wilson, T. S., Sharygin, E., & Sherba, J. T. (2017). Future scenarios of land change based on empirical data and demographic trends. Earth's Future, 5, 1068-1083. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017EF000560

50 Huang, S., Ghazali, S., Azadi, H., Moghaddam, S. M., Viira, A. H., Janečková, … Urban, A. (2023). Contribution of agricultural land conversion to global GHG emissions: A meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 876(10), 162269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162269

51 Zheng, H., & Zheng, H. (2023). Assessment and prediction of carbon storage based on land use/land cover dynamics in the coastal area of Shandong Province. Ecological Indicators, 153, 110474.

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52 Liu, K., & Wang, J. (2021). Driving Mechanism of land conduct on urban spatial expansion in China: Empirical analysis based on 273 prefecture-level cities. Resource Science, 43, 764-775. https://doi.org/10.18402/resci.2021.04.11

53 Smith, M. M., Bentrup, G., Kellerman, T., MacFarland, K., Straight, R., Ameyaw, L., & Stein, S. (2022). Silvopasture in the USA: A systematic review of natural resource professional and producer-reported benefits, challenges, and management activities. Agriculture, Ecosystems, & Environment, 326, 107818.

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54 Henry, B., Allen, D., Badhery, W., Bray, S., Carter, J., Dalal, R. C., … McMillan, H., (2024). Soil carbon sequestration in rangelands: A critical review of the impacts of major management strategies. The Rangeland Journal, 46(3), RJ24005. https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ24005

Attachment H, Agency Example List of Natural Climate Solutions, Oregon Buys Solicitation No. S-33000-00014253;