Attachment C -Keesler AFB Architechtural Compatibility Guide (1).pdf

Architectural Compatibility Guide 1 Keesler Air Force Base

Executive Summary

To understand architectural compatibility and how it affects the Air Force, an understanding of the term is necessary.

Compatible is generally defined as “the ability to exist and perform in harmonious combination.” Architectural compatibility results from designing and building facilities in harmony with their natural and surrounding built environment. Therefore, architectural compatibility is concerned not only with the physical appearance of buildings, but with site planning, landscape development, security, and sustainability.

Military installations should provide efficient and pleasant physical environments conducive to attracting and retaining skilled and motivated personnel. The design, location, and maintenance of individual elements such as buildings, roads, parking lots, signs, and landscaping create the quality of the environment. Each of the elements should be functional, attractive, and harmonious with each other. This helps to create an environment that enhances the capability of the installations to support their mission and fosters pride in, and a commitment to military service.

Adoption of these guidelines by base leadership will ensure compliance and result in a homogenous community fabric improving overall installation appearance and mission effectiveness.

Specific study objectives include:

• To promote the sense of a unified community by strengthening the prevailing character of the base

• To define goals and objectives leading to more consistency for leadership decision-making

• To provide a view of the base in terms of Visual Districts

• To discuss recommended architectural themes for each

Visual District

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ATTACHMENT D

Architectural Compatibility Guide 2

Executive Summary

1 Introduction

1.1 Purpose

1.2 Use & Implementation

2 Base Information

2.1 Installation Profile

2.1.1 Location

2.1.2 Mission Summary

2.1.3 History of Base

2.2 Local Characteristics

2.2.1 Climate & Weather

2.2.2 Prevailing Architectural Character

2.2.3 Topography

3 Architectural Design Guidelines

3.1 Landscape/Site Design

3.1.1 Introduction

3.1.2 Installation Boundaries

3.1.3 Circulation

3.1.4 Open Spaces

3.1.5 Planting

3.1.6 Xeriscaping

3.1.7 Exterior Signage

3.1.8 Site Furniture

3.1.9 Site Lighting

3.2 Anti-Terrorism/

Force Protection

3.2.1 Introduction

3.2.2 Building Security Zones

3.2.3 Building siting

3.2.4 Vehicular Barriers

3.2.5 Building Forms

3.3 Sustainable Design

3.3.1 Introduction

3.3.2 Optimize Site Potential

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3.3.3 Minimize Energy Consumption

3.3.4 Protect and Conserve Water

3.3.5 Use Environmentally Preferable Products

3.3.6 Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)

3.3.7 Optimize Operational and Maintenance Practices

3.3.8 Air Force Sustainable Design Policy

3.4 General Design Standards

3.4.1 Introduction

3.4.2 Context

3.4.3 Site Planning

3.4.4 Form

3.4.5 Scale

3.4.6 Articulation

3.4.7 Interior Design

3.5 Visual Districts

3.5.1 Introduction

3.5.2 Administrative District

3.5.3 Community District

3.5.4 Training District

3.5.5 Medical District

3.5.6 Dormitory District

3.5.7 Family Housing District

3.5.8 Industrial District

3.5.9 Flightline District

3.5.10 Recreation District

3.5.11 Marina District

4 Planning & Design Resources

Architectural Compatibility Guide 4

1 Introduction

1.1 Purpose

The purpose of the Architectural Compatibility Guide (ACG) is to establish and document installation-specific standards and provide a tool to assure these standards are consistently applied. The ACG strives to recognize the cultural, environmental, climatic and existing facility conditions particular to Keesler AFB and define the appropriate styles, finishes, and materials to be used to achieve the best facility life-cycle costs and still retain the appropriate environment for people to achieve their highest productivity and efficiency.

• Provide a record of established goals, objectives, and decisions leading to more consistent decisions when a change in installation leadership occurs.

• Improve the environment through the installation’s construction projects.

• Provide a mechanism for environmental design continuity.

• Develop a baseline for review and, if necessary, for changes that may occur as a result of redirection in goals and objectives.

• Establish consistency in installation development which takes into account all elements of the environment.

• Influence design expression. These principles should not be so specific that design freedom is restricted. A designer should have sufficient latitude for creativity.

• Provide clear and consistent communication between the Air Force and designers; whether they are in-house or contracted professionals.

• Improve programming and budgeting by limiting the range of options and promoting consistency.

• Impart a sense of pride, organization, vitality, and good management. The installation should convey the feeling that it is a good place to work and live. It should reflect a leadership that cares about its people.

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1.2 Use & Implementation

The ACG is a tool to chart a course towards installation excellence and provides a means to assess the installation’s progress in achieving that end. The ACG is intended to be used at all stages of the facility delivery process from programming through construction, and even operations and maintenance. It is essential that the ACG be provided to the design agent and AE consultants early in the design process to assure that the entire design team understands the applicable design standards and objectives for the project.

The ACG is by no means a stand-alone document. It should always be used in conjunction with the planning and design resources found in chapter 4 of this document to ensure compliance with Base standards and goals.

Implementing a strict design review process is important to ensure the Architectural Compatibility Plan is followed as projects are conceived, designed, and constructed. The flowchart to the left outlines the typical process for ensuring compliance with this guide.

YES

Determine which Visual District the proposed site falls in

Read and understand the requirements of the

ACG

Determine the architectural parameters appropriate for that Visual District

Develop conceptual design which addresses the stated objectives for the Visual District

Submit design to the design review board

Does the design comply with the specific design parameters laid out in the ACG?

Continue to review project for compliance throughout the construction process

NO

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2 Base Information

2.1 Installation Profile

2.1.1 Location

Keesler AFB is located in Biloxi, Mississippi, approximately midway between Mobile and New Orleans. The installation is on a narrow peninsula running west to east, with the Back Bay of Biloxi to the north and the Mississippi Sound, part of the Gulf of Mexico, to the south. US Highway 90 parallels the base’s southern border and provides access, by US Highways 49 and 110, to Interstate 10.

2.1.2 Mission Summary

Keesler is the home of one of the largest technical training centers and the second largest medical group in the Air Force.

The 81st Training Wing is the host unit. Major associate units are: Headquarters Second Air Force, the 403rd Wing, and the 738th Engineering Installation Squadron.

2.1.3 History of Base

During the Great Depression, Biloxi officials sought ways to spur economic development through the use of parkland. The city provided land for a Veterans Administration hospital and built an airport. The airport, with 1,563 acres, was donated for the 1941 establishment of an Army Air Corps technical training school. Keesler Army Airfield was named in honor of Second Lieutenant Samuel Reeves Keesler, Jr. A combat aerial observer from Greenwood, Mississippi, he was killed in action in France during World War I.

During World War II, Keesler trained 142,000 aviation mechanics and 336,000 recruits. Most B-24 bomber mechanics were Keesler graduates. Since 1947, when aircraft mechanics training was moved to other centers and the Air Force’s radar training school moved to Keesler, the primary mission has been electronics training.

The base underwent a multimillion dollar building program to meet the challenge of the Korean Conflict. Changes in radar and communications during the 1950s were reflected in

Architectural Compatibility Guide 7 technical training at Keesler. Communication and control courses moved to Keesler from Scott AFB. Missile and computer training began in the 1950s. In the 1960s, flying training was added to the training center’s mission with pilot training for foreign nationals, mostly from South Vietnam, in T-28, T-41, and C-47 aircraft. In 1968, personnel and administration courses were moved to Keesler from Amarillo AFB, and astronautics and space systems courses were added.

During the 1970s, tenant support expanded. The base’s primary aircraft became the C-130, used by new cartographic, weather reconnaissance, and Reserve tactical aircraft tenants.

To meet the needs of the C-130s and the c-9 aeromedical flights, the base extended the runway in 1974.

Throughout the 1970’s and the 1980s, training at Keesler AFB was continuously improved to be more cost effective and to develop the “whole person”. Two areas of training received increased attention in the early 1980s—the Airborne Warning and Control Systems (AWACS) and the Ground Launched Cruise Missile (GLCM). In 1981, when President Regan fired striking civilian air traffic controllers who were trained at Keesler stepped in to fill in the gap.

The 1990s brought the nation another military conflict, Operation Desert Storm. Many Keesler personnel played and active role, not only supporting troops and equipment movement, but also deploying to the Middle East. The 1990s has also brought Keesler new missions, resulting from base realignment and closure. Weather training was moved from Chanute AFB in 1993. Flying training returned in 1994 with the instruction of pilots in C-12 and C-21 aircraft. The Second Air Force was reactivated in 1993 as part of AETC and was Headquarters at Keesler. Kessler AFB remains the largest technical training center in the Air Force, having graduated nearly two million students, from every military branch and from more than 50 countries.

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Wing Headquarters portico

Triangle Dorm cornice detail

2.2 Local Characteristics

2.2.1 Climate & Weather

The climate of the region is subtropical, with mild winters and warm, moist summers. The high humidity should influence construction material and building system selection. Average temperatures range from 52 degrees in the winter to 83 degrees in the summer. Average annual precipitation is 61 inches, with July the wettest month and October the driest. In the autumn and winter, winds are predominantly from the north, and in the spring and summer, they are predominantly from the south. Wind velocity at the base averages six miles per hour; however, the maximum wind speed recorded at the base was 130 miles per hour during a hurricane.

2.2.2 Prevailing Architectural Character

The character of Keesler AFB has been preserved and enhanced through the use of contemporary architecture with regional detailing. Examples of the regional detailing can best be seen in the cornice details at the triangle dorm area and the portico at the Wing Headquarters building. Roof overhangs can reinforce the climate and sun conditions of the area.

Consistent color schemes and materials used throughout the base help to establish a good basis for architectural compatibility at Keesler.

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2.2.3 Topography

The Gulf Coast Geosynclines dominate the regional geologic structure. It is a large sinking trough of the delta-deposited sediments in the Gulf of Mexico. Records of on-base drilling show recent and coastal deposits directly overlaying the Graham Ferry formation contain layers of gumbo, shells, clay, sand and shale. The geologic units underlying Keesler AFB are not disrupted by faulting of other geologic discontinuities. The coastal area of Mississippi has not been seismically active in recent time and lies in a zero zone of seismicity.

Keesler AFB is located within the Pamlico Plain, a major landform in the East Gulf subdivision of southern Mississippi.

The Pamlico Plain is generally flat or gently undulating with elevations averaging from 5 to 30 feet above mean sea level.

Depressions are frequently wet and poorly drained. Ground elevation on Keesler ranges from sea level to approximately 30 feet above sea level.

Small tidal creeks drain into the Back Bay of Biloxi along Keesler’s northern edge. The stormwater sewer system dominates surface water hydrology in the interior. A manmade lake is located on the golf course. Water has been found less than three feet below the surface. The water table occurs as a replica of the topographic surface and slopes gently towards the Back Bay and the Mississippi Sound.

Citronelle Aquifer is the shallowest significant source of ground water in much of southern Mississippi; however, the extent of it near Keesler is unclear. The Miocene Aquifer at Keesler AFB extends from 20 to over 3,500 feet below land surface.

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3 Architectural Design Guidelines

3.1 Landscape/Site Design

3.1.1 Introduction

Landscaping and site design should provide developed outdoor spaces to promote social interaction and foster a sense of community on the base. Existing features, such as trees and views should be capitalized on whenever possible.

3.1.2 Installation Boundaries

The appearance of installation boundaries can be enhanced by providing simple and low maintenance plantings. These plantings can also serve to limit sight lines into the facility, thus improving security.

3.1.3 Circulation

Streets Provide access to facilities from secondary (collector) streets to reduce congestion associated with main arterial streets.

Where possible, divide main entrances with landscaped traffic medians between entry and exit lanes.

Troopwalks Troopwalks should be considered during development as a base planning element. They are pedestrian circulation on a larger scale.

• Troopwalks should be 10-12 feet wide.

• Road crossings should incorporate a crosswalk with flashing lights to warn motorists.

• Vehicle access should be prohibited and controlled through the use of bollards. Extra consideration for emergency vehicles should be made if the troopwalk is to support that function, both in location and design.

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• Materials should match the adjacent facilites. Colors and detailing should be repeated with special attention to walk intersections.

Sidewalks Sidewalks, plazas, and covered walkways should be an important element in any new construction project.

• Sidewalks should be separated from vehicular traffic whenever possible.

• Walkways to building entrances should be 8 feet wide.

• Sidewalks should typically be 6 feet wide.

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Bicycle Paths Bicycles comprise an alternate form of transportation at Keesler AFB, but often they must compete with motorized vehicles and pedestrians for roadway space. Dedicated bicycle paths are encouraged to allow safe movement by bicycle to all major areas of the base.

• Separate bike routes from both roadways and sidewalks.

• The width of the bike routes shall be a minimum of 8 feet.

• Provide concrete paving for bike routes.

• Crossings shall be marked with clearly visible painted stripes.

• Careful attention should be paid to curb cuts at roadway intersections.

Parking Areas Vehicle parking areas consume more site space and impact more on the physical environment than any other site feature.

Paving increases storm water runoff, results in increased reflected and absorbed radiation, and raises the ambient air temperature of the surrounding area. Parking areas also contribute to reflected sun glare off vehicles, increased air pollution, and concentrated contamination of runoff from leaking oil and antifreeze. Parking lots should effectively remove vehicles from the street, be well lit, and include convenient walkways from the parking spaces up to the main entry of the building they serve.

Small parking areas are usually preferable to large parking areas, as they enhance the visual environment by increasing the percentage of landscaped area to paved area.

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Dead-end parking may only be used to serve 20 or fewer parking spaces.

Parking lots with more than 20 spaces require separate ingress/egress drives.

Parking areas shall be designed based on the following criteria:

• Parking lots should be located to maximize sharing with other related facilities.

• Typical parking bay shall be 9 feet x 19 feet.

• 90-degree spaces and two-way traffic aisles are the desired configuration.

• Minimum distance between parking areas and buildings shall be 82 feet (25 meters).

• One-way drives should be a minimum of 12 feet wide.

• Two-way drives should be between 24-26 feet wide.

• Curbing shall be continuous where possible and serve as wheel stops.

• Avoid on-street parking.

• Parking lots that promote cross-traffic between parallel streets should be avoided.

• On-street, head-in parking that would require backing of a vehicle onto any street should not be permitted.

• Parking and crosswalk striping should follow base standards or the Military Traffic Management Commander transportation agency (MTMC).

• Perimeter screen planting shall be encouraged to minimize the visual impact of parking areas.

• Within large parking areas rows shall be divided by a center island. Islands shall be at least 8 feet wide if they are to contain trees.

• Avoid planting shrubs in islands. Trees are acceptable.

• Lighting poles shall be located in center or side islands.

• Comply with the requirements of the Americans with

Disabilities Act (ADA) for the design of parking areas.

• Accessible parking shall be provided at the following ratios:

Up to 100 spaces: 1 accessible bay per 25 bays. 100 to 200 spaces: 1 accessible bay per 50 bays. 200 to 500 spaces: 1 disabled bay per 100 bays

• Accessible parking spaces shall be designated by a sign showing the symbol of accessibility.

• Ramps should be provided for the handicapped as required.

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• Angled parking shall be as per the Military Traffic Management Commander transportation agency

(MTMC).

Orient driving aisles perpendicular to the facility, minimizing pedestrian aisle crossings.

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3.1.4 Open Spaces

Open spaces are an important feature to include in facility development. They are especially important in housing, dormitory, school, and community districts. Outdoor spaces may be formally or informally defined. Courtyards and atriums are examples of formal outdoor spaces. Informal outdoor spaces are typically defined with the use of site furnishings or landscaping.

• Provide proper lighting at outdoor spaces that are intended for evening use.

• Paving should be kept to a minimum in order to reduce reflected solar radiation.

• Playground equipment shall conform to safety and accessibility standards.

• Provide site amenities such as barbeque pits, picnic tables, and pavilions adjacent to housing and community districts.

3.1.5 Planting

Landscaping has an enormous impact on installation appearance and resource conservation. The creative and appropriate use of trees, shrubs, plants, and topography can create pleasant and stimulating surroundings for work, home, and recreation.

Among the functional uses of plants are:

Shade Provision – Deciduous trees planted to the south, east, and west of facilities provide summer shade. As these trees lose their leaves in winter, they allow for solar heat gain.

Sound Attenuation – Trees and shrubs can be effective noise buffers. A combination of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs is more effective than exclusively deciduous plants.

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Functional uses of landscaping

Wind Protection – Dense masses of large evergreen trees can be used to intercept prevailing winter and summer winds. This can influence the energy efficiency of facilities and increase the livability of outside spaces.

Glare Control – Trees, shrubs and vegetation can dramatically reduce glare and reflection especially in parking lots.

Air Filtration – Large masses of plants can physically and chemically filter and deodorize the air, reducing air pollution.

Trees help to clean the air by removing poisonous gases and particulate matter such as pollen and dust. Trees also reduce atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide.

Architectural – Plants can effectively be used to define exterior spaces. The following are some of the architectural uses of plants:

• Provide context for a building.

• Soften corners, angles, bare walls, and hard architectural lines.

• Accent entry areas and serve as focal points.

• Provide a transition between the vertical walls of a building and the horizontal ground plane.

• Function as a barrier to vehicular or pedestrian traffic.

• Screen undesirable features such as mechanical equipment, substations, transformers, and service areas.

• ATFP unobstructed space requirements must be considered.

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3.1.6 Xeriscaping

Xeriscape is the conservation of water and energy through creative and adaptive landscape design. Xeriscape landscapes provide attractive solutions that save water and maintenance.

Xeriscape is an attractive, sustainable landscape that conserves water and is based on sound horticultural practices.

Xeriscaping should not be confused with “zero-scaping”. Any landscape can be a Xeriscape if attention is given to conserving water and using indigenous plantings. Xeriscaping is a method, not a style, of landscaping.

Xeriscape Principles By applying the following principles of xeriscape design, Keesler AFB can use valuable water resources efficiently and lower maintenance requirements while increasing the aesthetic appeal of the landscape:

• Plan and design comprehensively – Have a plan. Find out where things are. Consider the view, slope, exposure and soils of the area. Take into account the existing vegetation and topography of the site and intended use. Decide where things will be. Decide when things will be done. Most landscapes are best done in phases.

• Minimize Turf Areas – The type and location of turf areas should be considered a major design element of the landscape. The selection and location of turf should be decided on the same basis as other plantings, such as your purpose and function of the landscape. The reduction or elimination of high water-use turf areas, and locating them separately so that they may be watered more efficiently, can result in significant reductions in water use.

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• Improve the Soil – Improve the soil through the addition of organic matter.

Plants will grow better and use water more effectively and efficiently.

• Irrigate Efficiently – If an irrigation system is to be installed, it should be well planned and well managed. Turf areas should be watered separately. Group plants with like water needs, and water each group on separate zones. Not all plants need the same amount of water. Irrigation needs to change with the season and the weather. Irrigate according to the needs of the plants, rather than watering on a fixed schedule. Even plants used in Xeriscape will require supplemental irrigation until they become established (two or three years).

• Select Appropriate Plants – Plant selection should be based on the intended use in the landscape. Use of more plants with low water needs and native plants will allow the maximum water conservation.

• Use Organic Mulches – Mulch minimizes evaporation, reduces weed growth, slows erosion and helps prevent soil temperature fluctuations.

Organic mulch such as wood chips or bark is best, and although this mulch will decompose slowly over time, it will improve the soil by adding nutrients. The use of plastic is not recommended because it will cause organic mulch to slide and prevent air and water from filtering into the soil.

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• Practice Proper Maintenance – Proper pruning, weeding and fertilization, plus attention to the irrigation system, will preserve and enhance the quality of Xeriscape. A landscape adapted to the environment will require less maintenance, less fertilizer and reduce the use of pesticides and other chemicals.

Some maintenance practices that can save water are:

• Raise the height of turf grass mowers.

• Regularly inspect irrigation sprinklers.

• Replenish mulch around plants.

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Base Entry Signage

Typical Monument Signage

3.1.7 Exterior Signage

Only signs that professionally communicate direction and location to those functions and activities that truly warrant identification shall be used. The number of signs on each installation shall be held to the absolute minimum required for directions, identification, and customer service. Develop and execute a plan that standardizes sign material, color, style, and placement throughout the base.

General Standards Exterior and interior signs will have a standard installation format, color, and size as specified in UFC 3-120-01 United Facilities Criteria Air Force Sign Standard. Particular attention is directed to the following:

• Interior signage shall comply with Chapter 11.

• Exterior signage shall comply with Chapter 4.

• Main gate signs shall conform with Section 4B, pages 66 thru 75.

• Signs placed in and around the airfield environment, must comply with the requirements of AFI 32-1044, Visual Air Navigation Systems.

The command publication “AETC Installation Excellence Guide” should also be used as a reference.

Exterior signs (except traffic control signs) should be in shades of brown and in 3-dimensional letters mounted directly on the facility or sign compliant with the base exterior sign program and color scheme. All signage must be consistent with the installation’s architectural guidelines.

Entry Signs Installation entry signs greet the visitor and set the “first impression” of the base. Use unpainted stainless or aluminum letters on a stucco background which is compatible with the base architectural theme.

Base entry signs shall contain only the following information:

• Air Force Symbol

• The words “U.S. AIR FORCE”

• The installation name

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Typical directional signage

Directional Install directional signs only where needed to guide visitors and new base personnel.

Buildings Identify buildings with 3-dimensional letters mounted directly to the facility. Ensure individual letter-type signs affixed to buildings are readable from a reasonable distance on the frontage street. See base exterior sign program for more details. Do not place logos, emblems, or murals on buildings.

Street Signs Street signs will have brown background with white letters and will display the AETC shield to the left of the street name.

Consolidate traffic signs to extent allowable on the same posts.

Warning Signs Install warning signs only where required by codes. Use warning colors (red, yellow, etc.) as accent, not as background. Keep lettering sized to what is required: for example, if a sign is to be readable at 25 feet, do not install a sign that’s readable at 200 feet. Consolidate multiple hazard signs at a single location rather than spreading them across the building. Do not place signs on doors unless it is necessary to provide information concerning the room behind the door. For example, a sign considered necessary would be a warning sign for a high-voltage electrical equipment room.

Do not place warning signs on the outside of utility or equipment room doors unless required by code (and then use the minimum size allowable). Ensure signage design is consistent throughout a facility and installation.

Other Signs Traffic control signs must be consistent (in color, format, size, and placement) with the manual of Uniform Traffic Control devices and state laws.

Monument-type signs should be used only for Wing Headquarters, numbered Air Force Headquarter facilities, and Family Housing entries. Light monument signs for night visibility if required. Electronic marquee signs should be located at primary base entrances and base operations runway entrance only.

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Strictly limit reserved parking signs to visitors, customers, handicapped, and key officials. Use metal (framed) signs approximately 4 inches high and mechanically fastened to the vertical curb face. Design and color should match the installation-wide system.

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Picnic table

Typical park bench

3.1.8 Site Furniture

Along with landscape development, the appropriate selection of site furniture can give a project a finished appearance. Site furniture also serves to make outdoor spaces more inviting and encourages their regular use. Site furniture that is compatible with the architectural style of the facilities compliments the base and makes the outdoor spaces more usable and appear more organized. Poorly selected or poorly placed site furniture and signage can draw attention away from an otherwise well designed site and building.

The landscape architect should coordinate the selections with the architect and interior designer to ensure smooth transitions are made in the procession from within the building to the outdoors and vice versa. Effective transitions are achieved when building materials, colors, and design details from the building are incorporated into paving materials, signage and site furnishings. Items such as benches, trash receptacles, tables, etc. should be standardized. The uncontrolled placement of unrelated site items should not be permitted.

Site furniture consisting of bollards, landscape lighting, outdoor seating, trash receptacles, tree grates, and bicycle racks play an important function in unifying the features of a project. These features properly coordinated and integrated with architectural styles, colors, and materials provide the basis for a fully integrated design. Site furniture selections should be composed of unifying elements, which relate well with each other.

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Typical outdoor trash receptacle

Compatible outdoor shelter

In cases where trees are proposed in outdoor paved areas, tree grates should be used to provide a maintenance free planting environment and protection of new trees. Selection of tree grate style, design, and color should be coordinated with other site furniture needs. Likewise, tree grates provide a continuum of the ground plane without an uneven surface hazard. Trees planted in these environments also have special subsurface anchoring requirements since they provide no above ground obstacles for site users.

• Seating should be oriented to user needs of waiting and resting.

• Locate tables together with seating that is oriented to the user needs of relaxing, or eating in less formal spaces with a pleasant setting and attractive view.

• Trash receptacles should be located along walkways, and at all building entrances, seating areas, and vending machines. Keep trash receptacles clear of circulation paths.

• The size of trash receptacles should be dependent upon the location and use of receptacle.

• Trash containers should be located in areas enclosed by walls or plant material that screen the receptacles.

• Utilize bollards to separate vehicular and pedestrian traffic, to direct access, or as decorative elements in pedestrian areas.

• Bicycle rack design should be same throughout the installation.

• Playgrounds should be consistent throughout the installation and meet specific criteria of materials, color and design.

• Movable planters shall be used in paved pedestrian areas to provide screening or aesthetic appeal.

• The sizes and design of these planters shall be standardized and meet ATFP requirements.

• A specific type of shelter should be defined to be utilized installation-wide for bus shelters.

• Picnic shelters should be strategically located and sized for shared use.

• Avoid rowlock detailing at brick wall caps to prevent efflorescence. Alternate detailing can be accomplished with pre-cast concrete caps which minimize the number of joints. These joints should be filled with sealant rather than grout.

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Typical street lighting

Typical street lighting in family housing areas

3.1.9 Site Lighting

Site lighting is an integral part of any construction project. It ensures that occupants have a means of safely moving within outdoor spaces.

• Building entrances should be accentuated with light allowing them to be readily identified at night.

• Security lighting should be mounted on buildings wherever possible to reduce the number of poles.

• Provide adequate site lighting at any point where there is a change in grade requiring steps, near handicapped and motorcycle parking areas, and near main entrances to buildings.

• Streetscape lighting should be standardized throughout the base to one or two types and styles. Consider both compatibility and durability.

• In general, use overhead lighting in lieu of low level lighting, as it more efficient and economical.

• Streetscape lighting should be mounted on individual poles, and not on the exterior of facilities.

• Sight hazards such as steps, ramps and steep embankments should be illuminated with a combination of low level and high level lighting.

• Trees and landscaping should be considered in lighting distribution, as they can negate lighting levels.

• Fixtures should provide an overlapping illumination pattern of approximately 2 meters.

• Set parking area lighting at a standard height of 9 to 15 meters above grade.

• Use the recommendations of the IES Lighting Handbook to establish illumination levels.

• Energy-efficient, high-pressure sodium lamps with color correction ensure optimum visual acuity and are recommended for energy-conscious site lighting.

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Typical path lighting

Typical lighted bollard in marina district

Typical pole lighting in marina district

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3.2 Anti-Terrorism/

Force Protection

Raised planter beds prevent vehicular access

Alternating barrier types can avoid monotonous streetscapes

3.2.1 Introduction

Anti-terrorism/force protection measures have an enormous impact on the visual aesthetics of the base. AT/FP measures should be integral to the design process so as not to appear as an afterthought. Barriers and bollards should be consistent with the architectural theme of the base and should be of like materials, finishes and detailing.

The image and quality of life at Keesler AFB has suffered in the absence of a well-coordinated and unified approach to the design of building perimeter security. Installation of repetitive elements such as highway barriers or bollards along streets will continue to degrade the aesthetic value of these spaces.

To restore the beauty and dignity of these spaces, building perimeter security should be integrated into an attractive system of streetscape and landscape designs.

When designing installation security measures, keep the following goals in mind:

• Provide security in the context of site beautification, rather than as a separate or redundant system of components whose only purpose is security.

• Expand on the palette of elements that can gracefully provide perimeter security in a manner that does not clutter the landscape, while avoiding the monotony of endless lines of jersey barriers or bollards, which only evoke defensiveness.

• Provide perimeter security in a manner that does not excessively restrict or impede operational use of sidewalks or pedestrian and vehicular mobility, nor impact the health of existing trees.

• Identify an implementation strategy that can be efficiently coordinated in the most cost effective manner.

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3.2.2 Building Security Zones

The issue of installation security may be looked at in terms of security zones. These security zones correspond to building and site relationships. Each of these zones, ranging from the building’s interior to the public streets around the building, have different security risks and responses. These can be translated into different architectural, landscape, and streetscape responses to meet those needs.

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Raised planters

Plinth wall

Zone 1: Building Interior Zone 1 deals strictly with building interiors and is beyond the scope of this document.

Zone 2: Building Perimeter A building’s perimeter is its last line of defense from exterior threats. The following are recommended guidelines for security measures to be implemented at the building’s perimeter:

• Ensure that the main entrance does not face an installation perimeter or other uncontrolled vantage point with direct lines of sight to the entrance.

• The use of sloped roofing systems is preferred.

• Consider the use of ductile materials which are capable of large deformations without complete failure.

• Avoid reentrant corners which magnify the effects of an explosive blast.

• Consider using small windows instead of large expanses of glass.

Zone 3: Building Yard The building yard is that portion of the site located between the building’s exterior envelope and the sidewalk or street.

The following are recommended guidelines for security measures to be implemented in the building yard zone:

• Security measures should relate primarily to the character of the building itself.

• Do not impede pedestrian access to building entries or pedestrian circulation on adjacent sidewalks.

• Use raised planters, plinth walls, or landscaped berms as vehicular barriers.

• Use bollards, light poles, planters, or other furnishings to create secure gaps and limit vehicular access through pedestrian access points.

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Zone 4: Sidewalk The sidewalk zone is located between the building yard and the curb or parking lane. The following are recommended guidelines for security measures to be implemented in this zone:

• Design security measures to relate primarily to the character of the visual district.

• Incorporate security design within the design of street lighting, planters, bollards, and landscaping.

• Do not impede pedestrian access to entries or pedestrian circulation on the sidewalks.

• Integrate design elements such as planters and bollards into the overall streetscape design.

Zone 5: Curb or Parking Lane The curb or parking lane is that portion of the street adjacent to the curb. The following are recommended guidelines for security measures to be implemented in the curb or parking lane security zone:

• Avoid on-street parking wherever possible.

• Curbside loading zones and service access should be located where such use can be controlled and monitored.

Zone 6: Street The thoughtful planning of vehicular circulation can reduce or eliminate the potential for automobiles to become a threat to buildings and pedestrians. A balance must be found between providing efficient vehicular circulation and providing a safe environment.

• Traffic calming devices can be used to slow the speed of vehicles near high risk facilities.

• Thoughtful street closures and traffic rerouting can produce pleasant pedestrian campuses.

• Avoid direct or straight-line access to high risk facilities.

• When planning new roads, route major corridors away from concentrations of high risk facilities.

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3.2.3 Building siting

Proper siting is the first step in creating safe and efficient facilities. A properly sited facility reduces its attractiveness as a viable target for malicious acts. When possible, take advantage of existing site features, such as trees or berms which may enhance security.

Standoff Distances The easiest and least costly opportunity for achieving the appropriate levels of protection against terrorist threats is to incorporate sufficient standoff distance into project designs.

While sufficient standoff distance is not always available, maximizing standoff distance always results in the most cost-effective solution. Maximizing standoff distance also ensures that there is opportunity in the future to upgrade buildings to meet increased threats or to accommodate higher levels of protection.

In general, the cost to provide force protection decreases as the distance between an asset and threat increases.

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Eliminate vantage points to increase security for building occupants.

High speed vehicle approaches Minimizing a vehicle's speed allows vehicle barriers to be lighter and less expensive should vehicle barriers ever become necessary. To facilitate reductions in vehicle speeds in the future, ensure there are no unobstructed vehicle approaches perpendicular to inhabited buildings at the required parking and roadway standoff distances.

Unobstructed space It is assumed that aggressors will not attempt to place explosive devices in areas near buildings where these explosive devices could be visually detected by building occupants observing the area around the building. Therefore, ensure that obstructions within 10 meters (33 feet) of inhabited buildings or portions thereof do not allow for concealment of explosive devices 6 inches or greater in height. This does not preclude the placement of site furnishings or plantings around buildings. It only requires conditions such that any explosive devices placed in that space would be observable by building occupants.

Vantage points Vantage points are natural or man-made positions from which potential aggressors can observe and target people or other assets in and around a building. Identify vantage points outside the control of personnel in the targeted building and either eliminate them or provide means to avoid exposure to them. Means to avoid exposure may include actions such as reorienting the building or shielding people or assets in and around the building using such measures as reflective glazing, walls, privacy fencing, or vegetation.

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Even well-designed barriers can be overwhelming if used repeatedly.

Retaining wall integrated with pedestrian circulation

Building Entrance Layout The areas outside of installations are commonly not under the direct control of the installations. Where the main entrances to buildings face installation perimeters, people entering and exiting the buildings are vulnerable to being fired upon from vantage points outside the installations.

For new inhabited buildings, ensure that the main entrance to the building does not face an installation perimeter or other uncontrolled vantage points with direct lines of sight to the entrance.

3.2.4 Vehicular Barriers

Vehicular barriers are commonly the most visible AT/FP elements. Although barriers must be functional to withstand the force of a moving vehicle, they may also be designed as elements which improve the overall streetscape. A one-size-fits-all approach should be avoided. Instead, a kit of parts should be developed to address the issue of AT/FP while avoiding monotony.

• Avoid the excessive use of temporary barriers (i.e.

concrete or water filled jersey barriers)

• Temporary barriers should be removed in a timely manner after permanent barriers have been put in place.

• Site furnishings such as benches, planters, and fountains may be hardened to act as vehicular barriers.

• Retaining walls can form effective barriers if properly engineered.

• Rows of trees may be used as part of a barrier system.

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3.2.5 Building Forms

Effective design of building layout and orientation can significantly reduce opportunities for terrorists to target building occupants or injure large numbers of people.

Even where the minimum standoff distances are achieved, many aspects of building layout and other architectural design issues may be incorporated to improve overall protection of personnel inside buildings.

• Utilize sloped roofing systems which will deflect objects thrown on them.

• Avoid reentrant corners which magnify the effects of an explosive blast.

• Avoid exposed structural elements on the exterior of a facility.

• Do not allow drive-up/drop-off areas to be located under any inhabited portion of a building.

• Parking beneath buildings or on rooftops shall not be allowed.

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3.3 Sustainable

Design

3.3.1 Introduction

Building construction and operation has an enormous direct and indirect impact on the environment. As economies and population continue to expand, designers and builders face a unique challenge to meet demands for new and renovated facilities that are accessible, secure, healthy and productive while minimizing their impact on the environment.

The main objectives of sustainable design are to avoid resource depletion of energy, water, and raw materials;

prevent environmental degradation caused by facilities and infrastructure throughout their life cycle; and create built environments that are livable, comfortable, safe and productive.

3.3.2 Optimize Site Potential

Creating sustainable buildings starts with proper site selection. The location of a building affects a wide range of environmental factors - as well as other factors such as security and accessibility - like the energy consumed by occupants for commuting, the impact on local ecosystems, and the extent to which existing structures and infrastructures are utilized. If possible, locate buildings in areas of existing development and consider renovating existing buildings and historic properties.

Sustainable site planning should consist of a whole system approach that seeks to:

Minimize Development of Open Space

• Retrofit an existing building.

• Use disturbed land/brown fields.

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Control Erosion Through Improved Landscaping Practices

• Use vegetation, anti-erosion grading and stabilization techniques to keep the soil in place.

• Infiltrate storm-water runoff on site, design for storm-water retention on site and use other retention methods.

• Use vegetated swales and depressions to reduce runoff.

Reduce Heat Island Using Landscaping and Building Design Methods

• Landscape using, preferably, existing trees and other vegetation to shade walkways, parking lots, and other open areas. Ensure that site work and landscaping are integrated with security and safety design.

• Cover walkways, parking lots, and other open areas that are paved or made with impermeable materials. Ensure that shading devices do not block critical sightlines for security.

• Finish the facility's roof with light-colored materials to reduce energy loads and extend the life of the roof.

Minimize Habitat Disturbance

• Use environmentally responsible methods to keep local vegetation in place.

• Reduce building and paving footprints.

• Limit site disturbance to a minimal area around the building perimeter.

• Plan construction staging areas with the environment in mind.

Restore the Health of Degraded Sites

• Focus on restoration of degraded areas, increasing the existence of healthy habitat for native species.

• Conserve water use through xeriscaping with native plants.

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Design for Sustainable Transportation

• Site the building with public transportation access in mind and limit on-site parking.

• Use porous alternatives to traditional paving for roads and walkways.

• Make provisions for bicycling, walking, carpool parking, and telecommuting; and provide refueling/recharging facilities for alternative fuel/electric vehicles.

3.3.3 Minimize Energy Consumption

A building should rely on a mixture of conservation, passive design measures and fossil fuels for its operation. It should meet or exceed applicable energy performance standards.

During the facility design and development process, building projects must have a comprehensive, integrated perspective that seeks to:

Reduce Heating, Cooling and Lighting Loads Through Climate- Responsive Design and Conservation Practices

• Use passive solar design; orient, size and specify windows;

and locate landscape elements with solar geometry and building load requirements in mind.

• Use high-performance building envelopes; select walls, roofs and other assemblies based on long-term, insulation and durability requirements.

Employ Renewable or High-Efficiency Energy Sources

• Evaluate the use of common, on-site renewable energy technologies such as day lighting, and solar water heating.

• Investigate the use of emerging, on-site renewable energy technologies such as photovoltaic and wind turbines.

• Evaluate purchasing electricity generated from renewable sources or low polluting sources such as natural gas.

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Specify Efficient HVAC and Lighting Systems

• Use energy efficient HVAC equipment and systems.

• Use lighting systems that consume less than 1 watt/square foot for ambient lighting.

• Evaluate energy recovery systems that pre-heat or pre-cool in-coming ventilation air in commercial and institutional buildings.

• Investigate the use of integrated generation and delivery systems, such as co-generation, fuel cells, and off-peak thermal storage.

Optimize Building Performance and System Control Strategies

• Use sensors to control loads based on occupancy, schedule and/or the availability of natural resources such as light or ventilation.

• Evaluate the use of modular components such as boilers or chillers to optimize part-load efficiency and maintenance requirements.

• Evaluate the use of Direct Digital Controls.

Monitor Project Performance

• Use a comprehensive, building-commissioning plan throughout the life of the project.

• Use metering to confirm building energy and environmental performance through the life of the project.

3.3.4 Protect and Conserve Water

In many parts of the country, fresh water is an increasingly scarce resource. A sustainable building should reduce, control or treat site-runoff, use water efficiently, and…