Attachment 3 - UFC 3 230 02.pdf

UFC 3-230-02

10 December 2019

Change 2, 1 November 2023

UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC)

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE:

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

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UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC)

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE: WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

Any copyrighted material included in this UFC is identified at its point of use.

Use of the copyrighted material apart from this UFC must have the permission of the copyright holder.

Indicate the preparing activity beside the Service responsible for preparing the document.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS

NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING \2\ SYSTEMS /2/ COMMAND (Preparing Activity)

AIR FORCE CIVIL ENGINEER CENTER

Record of Changes (changes are indicated by \1\ ... /1/)

Change No. Date Location 1 1 April 2021 1. Revised paragraph 2-5 to comply with America’s

Water Infrastructure Act and added a reference to Air Force AWIA ERP Checklist.

2. Revised paragraph 5-4.1.5 and Table 5-8 to clarify recommended maintenance frequencies.

3. Deleted paragraph 7-2.1.2, duplicate paragraph.

4. Revised paragraph 7-2.1.3 to clarify hydrant flushing procedure.

5. Changed AFI 32-1067 to AFMAN 32-1067 throughout

UFC.

2 1 Nov. 2023 Modified backflow prevention testing requirements in

Chapter 9.

This UFC supersedes UFC 3-230-02, Operation and Maintenance: Water Supply Systems, dated 10 July 2001.

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FOREWORD

The Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) system is prescribed by MIL-STD 3007 and provides planning, design, construction, sustainment, restoration, and modernization criteria, and applies to the Military Departments, the Defense Agencies, and the DoD Field Activities in accordance with USD (AT&L) Memorandum dated 29 May 2002. UFC will be used for all DoD projects and work for other customers where appropriate. All construction outside of the United States is also governed by Status of Forces Agreements (SOFA), Host Nation Funded Construction Agreements (HNFA) and, in some instances, Bilateral Infrastructure Agreements (BIA).

Therefore, the acquisition team must ensure compliance with the most stringent of the UFC, the SOFA, the HNFA, and the BIA, as applicable.

UFC are living documents and will be periodically reviewed, updated, and made available to users as part of the Services' responsibility for providing technical criteria for military construction. Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (HQUSACE), Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC), and the Air Force Civil Engineer Center (AFCEC) are responsible for administration of the UFC system. Defense agencies must contact the preparing Service for document interpretation and improvements. Technical content of UFC is the responsibility of the cognizant DoD working group. Recommended changes with supporting rationale must be sent to the respective service proponent office by the following electronic form: Criteria Change Request. The form is also accessible from the Internet site listed below.

UFC are effective upon issuance and are distributed only in electronic media from the following source:

• Whole Building Design Guide website https://www.wbdg.org/ffc/dod.

Refer to UFC 1-200-01, DoD Building Code (General Building Requirements), for implementation of new issuances on projects.

AUTHORIZED BY:

GEORGE O. LEA JR, P.E., CCM

FCMAA NAC

Chief, Military Engineering Branch US Army Corps of Engineers

R. DAVID CURFMAN, P.E.

Chief Engineer Naval Facilities Engineering Command

NANCY J. BALKUS, P.E., SES MICHAEL McANDREW Deputy Director of Civil Engineers DCS/Logistics, Engineering & Force Protection (HAF/A4C) HQ United States Air Force

Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Facilities Management) Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Sustainment)

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UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC)

REVISION SUMMARY SHEET

Document: UFC 3-230-02, Operation and Maintenance: – Water Supply Systems

Superseding: UFC 3-230-02, Operation and Maintenance: Water Supply Systems dated 10 July 2001.

Description: This document is to serve as a comprehensive operations and maintenance manual that on-site field and operations staff within the tri-service agencies can easily navigate through for operations and maintenance (O&M) of their water supply systems.

Reasons for Document:

• Provide updated O&M guidance that covers water supply systems of varying capacity and capabilities in a clear and concise manner for on-site hands on use by Department of Defense (DoD) field and operations staff.

• Provide relevant O&M features and details that clearly distinguish between “required elements” and “best practices.”

• Provide reference sources from both existing DoD-specific guidance documents as well as accepted industry standard guidelines.

Impact: Standardized guidance will assist operators in obtaining higher availability and design life from their systems.

Unification Issues:

Army:

• Technical Bulletin – Medical (TB MED) 576 to be additional standard for compliance with United Stated Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Regulations for the Army.

• USA-CERL TR N-86/11 to be additional standard for emergency planning, natural disasters, manmade disasters, and vulnerability assessment for the Army.

• Public Works Technical Bulletin (PWTB) 200-1-46, 200-1-94, and 200-1- 104 to be additional standards for water conservation for the Army.

• PWTB 200-1-86 to be additional standard for water availability determination for the Army.

• Preliminary Report: Field Test of Trash Rack Heating to Prevent Frazil Ice Blockage to be additional standard for intake maintenance for the Army.

• TB MED 575 to be additional standards for swimming pool maintenance for the Army.

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Air Force:

• Air Force Instruction (AFI) 32-1064 to be additional standard for Safety for the Air Force.

• Air Force Guidance Memorandum (AFGM) 2017-32-01 to be additional standard for cybersecurity for the Air Force.

• AFI 32-2001 to be additional standard for fire protection for the Air Force.

• AF997 to be standard form for recording data for the Air Force.

• \1\ AFMAN 32-1067 /1/ to be additional standard for administrative issues in cross-connection control for the Air Force.

• AFI 10-246 and QTP 4B071-15 to be additional standards for vulnerability assessment for the Air Force.

• AFI 48-144 to be additional standards for compliance with EPA regulations.

• Air Force Policy Directive (AFPD) 90-8 contains additional requirements for the Air Force for environment, safety, occupational health, and risk management.

• Air Force Water Conservation Guidebook contains additional requirements for water conservation for the Air force.

• \1\ Air Force AWIA ERP Checklist /1/

Navy:

• Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, BUMED Instruction, BUMEDINST 6240.10C, provides additional requirements for the Navy.

• Commander Navy Installations Command, CNIC Instruction, CNICINST 5090.1A, provides additional overseas water system requirements for the Navy.

• Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, OPNAV Instruction, OPNAVINST 5090.1E, provides additional environmental compliance requirements for the Navy.

• Headquarters United States Marine Corps, Marine Corps Order, MCO 5090.2, provides additional requirements for Marine Corps personnel and installations.

• Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, BUMED Publication, NAVMED P-5010- 5, for additional water quality and operational requirements for the Navy.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1-1 BACKGROUND

1-2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE

1-3 APPLICABILITY

1-4 GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS

1-5 SAFETY

1-6 REFERENCES

1-7 BEST PRACTICES

1-8 GLOSSARY

CHAPTER 2 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS AND OPERATION

2-1 ORDER OF PRECEDENCE

2-2 SYSTEM OVERVIEW

2-3 WATER UTILITY STAFFING

2-4 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

2-5 EMERGENCY PLANNING

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2-6 SECURITY AND RISK MANAGEMENT

2-7 REGULATIONS AFFECTING WATER SYSTEMS

2-8 WATER CONSERVATION

CHAPTER 3 RAW WATER SUPPLY

3-1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW

3-2 WATER USE

3-3 GROUNDWATER SUPPLIES

3-4 SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES

3-5 WATER QUALITY

CHAPTER 4 WATER TREATMENT

4-1 WATER TREATMENT

4-2 TREATING WATER AT THE SOURCE

4-3 UNIT TREATMENT PROCESSES

4-4 TASTE AND ODOR CONTROL

4-5 CONTROLLING ORGANIC CHEMICALS

4-6 TREATMENT PLANT INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

4-7 CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL APPLICATION

4-8 WATER TREATMENT PLANT RESIDUES

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4-9 DESALINATION

4-10 WATER SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 5 PUMPS AND DRIVERS

5-1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW

5-2 PUMPS

5-3 OPERATION OF PUMPS

5-4 PUMP MAINTENANCE

5-5 PUMP DRIVERS

5-6 ACCESSORIES

5-7 RECORDKEEPING

5-8 PUMP SAFETY

CHAPTER 6 DISTRIBUTION AND STORAGE

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6-1 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DESIGN AND INSTALLATION

6-2 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OPERATION

6-3 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM MAINTENANCE

6-4 STORAGE FACILITY OPERATION

6-5 STORAGE FACILITY MAINTENANCE

CHAPTER 7 VALVES AND HYDRANTS

7-1 VALVES AND VALVE OPERATION

7-2 HYDRANTS

CHAPTER 8 INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL AND WATER METERS

8-1 OVERVIEW

8-2 INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

8-3 INSTRUMENTATION MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR

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8-4 SAFETY

CHAPTER 9 CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL AND BACKFLOW PREVENTION 133

9-1 CROSS-CONNECTIONS AND BACKFLOW

9-2 \2\ DEGREE OF HAZARD /2/

9-3 BACKFLOW PREVENTION

9-4 INSPECTION AND TESTING SCHEDULE

9-5 MAINTENANCE OF BACKFLOW PREVENTERS

9-6 ADMINISTRATIVE

9-7 RECORDS OF INSPECTION \2\ AND TESTING /2/

CHAPTER 10 GENERAL MAINTENANCE

10-1 GENERAL

10-2 MAINTENANCE INSPECTIONS AND REPAIRS

10-3 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

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10-4 MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT

10-5 LUBRICATION

10-6 COMBUSTION ENGINES

10-7 CHEMICAL STORAGE AND FEEDERS

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10-8 TANKS AND RESERVOIRS

10-9 PIPELINES

10-10 CHAIN DRIVE

10-11 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

CHAPTER 11 SWIMMING POOL OPERATIONS

11-1 RESPONSIBILITIES

11-2 OPERATIONS

11-3 MAINTENANCE

APPENDIX A BEST PRACTICES

A-1 MEASURING WATER LEVELS AND DRAWDOWN

A-2 5/3 RULE SAMPLE CALCULATION

A-3 STATIC LEVEL, PUMPING LEVEL, AND DRAWDOWN CALCULATION.

A-4 METRIC STATIC LEVEL, PUMPING LEVEL, AND DRAWDOWN

CALCULATION

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A-5 FIELD HEAD CALCULATION

A-6 METRIC FIELD HEAD CALCULATION

A-7 BEST PRACTICE PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX B GLOSSARY

B-1 ACRONYMS

B-2 DEFINITION OF TERMS

APPENDIX C REFERENCES

FIGURES

Figure 2-1 Water Supply System Configurations

Figure 3-1 Effects of Overlapping Field of Influence – Pumped Wells

Figure 3-2 Jetting Tool for Well Screening

Figure 3-3 Piping Arrangement for Backwashing and Backblowing

Figure 5-1 Types of Wearing (Sealing) Ring

Figure 5-2 Typical Well Pumping and Recovery Test

Figure 10-1 Backwash Rate for Media Cleaning

Figure 10-2 Multiple Hook Gauge

Figure A-1 Using Air Line to Find Depth of Water Level

TABLES

Table 3-1 Liquid Chlorine Volume per Water-Filled Well at 50 mg/L

Table 3-2 Materials Required for 100 Gallons (400 Liters) of Chlorine Solution

Table 3-3 Jetting Nozzle Discharge

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Table 3-4 Eductor Submergence Required for Various Well Depths

Table 3-5 Air Requirements for Backwashing Well Screen with Air Lift

Table 3-6 Maintenance Checklist for Groundwater Supplies

Table 3-7 Inspection and Maintenance Checklist for Surface Water Supplies . 32

Table 3-8 Maintenance Checklist for Dams

Table 3-9 Water Quality Characteristics

Table 4-1 Chemicals Used in Water Treatment

Table 4-2 Water Treatment Plant Residue Disposal Summary

Table 5-1 Comparison of Pump Discharge and Head

Table 5-2 Routine Operation-s Checklist for Centrifugal Pumps

Table 5-3 Troubleshooting Checklist for Centrifugal Pumps

Table 5-4 Troubleshooting Checklist for Progressive-Cavity Pumps

Table 5-5 Lubrication Schedule for Centrifugal-Type Pumps

Table 5-6 Hand Oiler Adjustment

Table 5-7 Guide for Stuffing Box Inspection

Table 5-8 Maintenance Checklist for Bearings

Table 5-9 Startup Checklist for Vertical Turbine Well Pumps

Table 5-10 Troubleshooting Checklist for Vertical Turbine Well Pumps

Table 5-11 Routine Operations Checklist for Electric Motors

Table 5-12 Operations Checklist for Gasoline and Diesel Engines

Table 6-1 Checklist for Distribution System Maintenance

Table 6-2 Flow Rate and Number of Hydrant Outlets Required to Flush Water Mains with 30 psi (207 kPa) of Pressure

Table 6-3 Current and Voltage Required to Thaw Wrought-Iron and Cast-Iron Pipe

Table 7-1 Valves and Accessories Maintenance Checklist

Table 7-2 Distribution System Valve Maintenance Checklist

Table 7-3 Maintenance Checklist for Fire Hydrants

Table 8-1 Maintenance Checklist for Flow, Pressure, and Level Sensors

Table 8-2 Maintenance Checklist for Transmission Systems

Table 8-3 Maintenance Checklist for Indicators, Registers, and Recorders ... 128

Table 8-4 Maintenance Checklist for Water Meters

Table 8-5 Maintenance Checklist for Weirs and Flumes

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Table 10-1 Maintenance Checklist for Aeration Equipment

Table 10-2 Maintenance Checklist for Rapid Mix, Flocculation, and Sedimentation Basins

Table 10-3 Maintenance Checklist for Gravity Filtration Equipment

Table 10-4 Maintenance Checklist for Ion-Exchange Softening Units

Table 10-5 Maintenance Checklist for Distillation Equipment

Table 10-6 Maintenance Checklist for Compressors

Table 10-7 Lubricating Oils, Greases, and Preservatives

Table 10-8 Lubricating Oil and Grease Uses

Table 10-9 Troubleshooting Checklist for Solution-Feed, Vacuum-Operated Gas Chlorinators

Table 10-10 Maintenance Checklist for Chlorination Equipment

Table 10-11 Maintenance Checklist for Dry Chemical Feeders

Table 10-12 Calibration Tests for Dry Chemical Feeders

Table 10-13 Maintenance Checklist for Solution Chemical Feeders

Table 10-14 Maintenance Checklist for Storage Facilities

Table 10-15 Troubleshooting Checklist for Chain Drives

Table 10-16 Suggested Tools for Water Treatment Plants

Table 10-17 Suggested Equipment for Water Treatment Plants

Table 10-18 Suggested Materials and Supplies for Water Treatment Plants

Table 11-1 Monthly Operating Checklist for Swimming Pools

Table 11-2 Troubleshooting Checklist for Swimming Pools

EQUATIONS

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1-1 BACKGROUND.

This Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) document updates the requirements of and replaces UFC 3-230-02 (10 July 2001).

1-2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE.

This UFC provides general technical guidance for operating and maintaining potable water systems that are fit for human consumption (FFHC), at fixed military installations.

Since no two installations are exactly alike, this UFC is supplemental to site-specific operations and maintenance (O&M) manuals provided for each installation. An example of a user-friendly O&M manual template can be found on the State of Colorado’s website: https://colorado.gov/pacific/cdphe/drinking-water-operations-and-maintenance-om-manual Use the best practice document Small Water System Operation and Maintenance Manual, as referenced in Appendix B for information on a manual template.

1-3 APPLICABILITY.

This UFC applies to fixed-base water systems and in some limited cases swimming pools. To provide military personnel with the most up-to-date information available, the UFC guides the reader to industry standards, manuals of practice, training guides, handbooks, and miscellaneous documents published by the American Water Works Association (AWWA) and other authorities in the water supply and treatment field.

1-4 GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS.

Comply with UFC 1-200-01, DoD Building Code. UFC 1-200-01 provides applicability of model building codes and government criteria for typical design disciplines and building systems as well as for accessibility, antiterrorism, security, high performance and sustainability requirements, and safety. Use this UFC in addition to UFC 1-200-01 and the UFCs and government criteria referenced therein.

1-4.1 International Plumbing Code (IPC).

IPC regulates the supply of potable water from public and individual sources to fixtures and outlets so that it remains FFHC. IPC also provides regulation on preventing backflow conditions.

1-5 SAFETY.

All DOD facilities must comply with DoDI 6055.01 and the applicable Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) safety and health standards. The portions that apply directly to O&M of water treatment plants is under Part 1910, Occupational Safety and Health Standards, and its associated subparts. Implementation of these OSHA standards at military installations is by way of specific service regulations. The service

Change 2, 1 November 2023 regulations are available through the installation’s safety, occupational health, and fire department officers. Keep these regulations in the workplace and ensure they are available to all personnel. Use DoDD 4715.1E and follow the safety precautions included throughout this UFC and in applicable references. Specific instructions are included in the appropriate service regulations. Instruction manuals and other training aids are available through the library or training office.

General guidelines for safe work practices and techniques for a variety of water utility work situations can be found in the following best practice documents AWWA M3;

Water Treatment Plant Operation, Volumes 1 and 2; Work Practices for Asbestos- Cement Pipe; and ASCE 56-10.

For the Air Force, see Air Force Instruction (AFI) 32-1064. Air Force Policy Directive (AFPD) 90-8 contains additional requirements for safety and occupational health.

1-6 REFERENCES.

Appendix A contains a list of references used in this document. The publication date of the code or standard is not included in this document. Unless otherwise specified, the most recent edition of the referenced publication applies.

1-7 BEST PRACTICES.

Appendix B identifies supplemental information and practices for completing certain O&M tasks. This includes industry best practices documents and recommendations, and calculation examples. If a best practices document contains content or instructions that differ from UFGS or UFC, then UFGS and UFC shall prevail. An example of a user-friendly O&M manual template can be found on the State of Colorado’s website:

https://colorado.gov/pacific/cdphe/drinking-water-operations-and-maintenance-om-manual

1-8 GLOSSARY.

Appendix C contains acronyms, abbreviations, and terms.

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CHAPTER 2 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS AND OPERATION

2-1 ORDER OF PRECEDENCE.

The operation of all fixed military installations’ water systems must comply with specific regulatory and environmental requirements.

2-1.1 Foreign Countries.

DoD water supply systems must achieve, maintain, and monitor compliance with applicable environmental requirements and monitor these environmental requirements worldwide. DoD 4715.05-G, Overseas Environmental Baseline Guideline Document (OEBGD), applies when there are no FGS in place. Therefore, in foreign countries this UFC will be used for DoD projects to the extent that it is allowed by and does not conflict with the applicable international agreements and the applicable FGS or OEBGD.

For Army: Army regulations pertaining to the provision of drinking water apply to all Army installations and are found in AR 200-1, AR 420-1, AR 40-5, and TG 179. The Army regulations refer to guidance and procedures outlined in DA PAM 40-11;

Technical Bulletin Medical (TB MED 575 and TB MED 576) as appropriate.

2-1.2 Water Quality Standards.

DoD water supply systems must achieve, maintain, and monitor compliance with applicable environmental requirements and monitor these environmental requirements worldwide.

2-1.2.1 Within the United States.

For Installations located in the United States and its territories and possessions the water supply system must comply with the following criteria precedence:

1. All applicable, state, and local drinking water regulations for the project location;

2. DoDI 4715.06, Environmental Compliance in the United States;

3. For Navy: BUMEDINST 6240.10C, OPNAVINST 5090.1E, NAVMED P- 5010-5 and MCO 5090.2;

4. For Army: Technical Guide, (TG MED 179), US Army Public Health Command, April 2015; AR 200-1 (Environmental Protection and Enhancement), AR 420-1 (Facilities Management) and AR 40-5 (Preventive Medicine);

5. Utility provider’s requirements;

6. Additions to the above criteria as indicated in this UFC; and

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7. Refer to references in Appendix A for guidance.

2-1.2.2 Foreign Countries.

For Installations located outside of the United States and its territories and possessions the water supply system must comply with the following criteria precedence:

1. The Forward of this UFC (All construction outside of the United States is also governed by Status of Forces Agreements (SOFA), Host Nation Funded Construction Agreements (HNFA), and in some instances, Bilateral Infrastructure Agreements (BIA.));

2. Final Governing Standards (FGS);

3. DoDI 4715.05;

4. DoD 4715.05-G, OEBGD;

5. For Navy: BUMEDINST 6240.10C, OPNAVINST 5090.1E, CNICINST 5090.1A, NAVMED P-5010-5 and MCO 5090.2;

6. Army Only: TG MED 179;

7. Utility provider’s requirements;

8. Additions to the above criteria as indicated in this UFC; and

9. Refer to Appendix B for guidance.

2-2 SYSTEM OVERVIEW.

All fixed military installations’ water systems have a water supply source and facilities for distributing water to the point of use. At some installations, treatment and pumping facilities are also required. Figure 2-1 displays a typical water supply system configuration.

Minimum requirements for the operation of drinking water treatment plants and supply systems fall within the following categories:

• Compliance with regulatory requirements

• Operational management practices

• Plant-real property management and maintenance

• Water quality management

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Figure 2-1 Water Supply System Configurations

Establish goals within each category, with the primary objective of maintaining the protection of public health. Maintain a consistent operation that satisfies the goals for each system. No changes should be made to the water system without first considering the compliance impacts or need for regulatory consultation and approval of any change.

Starting, temporarily stopping, or ending operations of a water treatment plant or supply system must comply with the established goals and meet all regulatory requirements.

Treatment plant production capacity should adequately meet system demands at all times. Operation and maintenance functions should be conducted in such a manner that plant site safety and water quality are not compromised.

2-2.1 Water Source.

The most common way to provide potable water at fixed military installations is to buy it from a nearby utility, either a municipality or a private water company. At installations where purchased water is not an option, obtain the water from surface water or groundwater sources such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs, or wells.

More detailed information on water supply is provided in Chapter 3.

2-2.2 Water Treatment.

Water treatment facilities vary from providing basic disinfection of groundwater supplies to sophisticated treatment plants using one or more of the following processes:

coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, membrane technologies, carbon treatment, lime-soda softening, fluoridation, disinfection, and desalination. Depending on the quality of

Change 2, 1 November 2023 the source water and other pertaining factors, some water treatment facilities may only require chlorination.

More detailed information on water treatment is provided in Chapter 4.

2-2.3 Water Distribution.

The primary components of a water distribution system are pumps, pipes, and storage facilities. Well pumps are used to lift water from wells and may discharge directly to a distribution system, storage, or treatment plant. Low-lift pump stations move water from a surface supply to the intake of a non-pressure treatment plant. High-service pump stations transfer potable water from non-pressurized sources, such as storage reservoirs, directly to the distribution system. Pumps are installed in a pipeline or pressure zone of a distribution system to increase the pressure or meet peak demands.

Pressure-reducing valves can be used to reduce the pressure for use in a lower pressure zone.

Pumps are included in Chapter 5. Information on water distribution and storage is provided in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 covers valves and hydrants.

2-3 WATER UTILITY STAFFING.

2-3.1 Certification.

Operator certification requirements of water supply facilities vary by regulatory jurisdiction. Just as the number of personnel required is determined by the needs of the facility, determine the numbers and grade levels of certified operators that are required at a given installation by analyzing the size and complexity of the facility installation.

Regulatory agencies will also indicate the minimum licensed operator requirements to maintain compliance. For more information on certification, contact the Association of Boards of Certification for Operating Personnel in Water Utilities and Pollution Control Systems (ABC):

Executive Director, ABC 2805 SW Snyder Blvd., Suite 535 Ankeny, IA 50023 Web: http://www.abccert.org/

For more information on service-specific certification, contact the Operator Certification Office of the specific service.

2-3.2 Training.

Obtain operator training by attending technical schools, community colleges, short courses, and workshops and by successfully completing home study courses. Once certification is obtained, have continual training to maintain high standards of service;

ensure safe, efficient operation; and stay informed of all current technical developments.

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Additional information on training can be obtained either from ABC or AWWA M52 and from the Operator Certification Office of the specific service.

2-4 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT.

Maintain records as evidence of conformity to requirements and system goals. Records are also necessary for planning purposes. The information management system’s needs will vary by installation. The system, at the very least, should contain documented procedures defining the controls needed for identification, storage, protection, retrieval, retention time, and disposition of records. Update records, such as maps, routinely as changes are made to the installation and its surrounding area.

A computerized information management system is recommended for safe file storage.

Maintain all records in accordance with service procedures. Example documentation to be maintained in the information management system includes the following compliance requirements:

• Monthly operating reports (MOR)

• Regulatory compliance records

• Monitoring plan and compliance test results

• Sample locations—frequency, low-residual sites, long travel-time sites

• Disinfectant residual results—maximum, minimum, average statistics

• Ammonia and heterotrophic plate count results

• Disinfection goals and residual results

• Disinfection byproduct results—maximum, minimum, averages

• Color, taste, and odor results

• Backflow prevention testing records

• Coliform testing results

Documents that can be considered best practice information that should be maintained in the information management system:

• Flushing program results

• Piping materials used

• Storage tank detention time, cleaning records, treatment evidence

• Leak detection and water loss calculations

• Main repair/replacement information

• Service line repair/replacement information

• Valve exercise goals and numbers

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• Valve replacement goals and numbers

• Hydrant exercise goals and numbers

• Hydrant replacement goals and numbers

• Meter testing and replacement records

• Pressure records—maximum, minimum, averages

• Flow records—maximum, minimum, averages

• External corrosion—testing records

• Pump station operation and maintenance records

• Pipeline restoration and replacement records

• Pipeline disinfection records

• Corrosion monitoring results

2-4.1 Operating Records.

Maintain records, if applicable, for the following unit processes as listed below.

Additional best practice information on these processes can be found in Water Treatment Plant Operation, Volumes 1 and 2:

• Activated carbon

• Aeration

• Chlorination

• Corrosion/scale control

• Filtration

• Fluoridation

• Ion-exchange

• Iron and manganese control

• Pre-sedimentation

• Reverse osmosis

• Screening

• Sedimentation

• Water softening

• Water weed control

• Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection

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2-4.2 Logs.

Enter daily operating data in a daily log to provide a record of daily and average monthly operations. Record data from all aspects of treatment and operations, including routine duties, unusual conditions (operational and maintenance), accidents, complaints, and visitors.

Complete monthly and annual operating reports as assigned by site supervisors.

Monthly operating reports permit technical review of current performance and comparison of performance over a long period of time. Accumulated monthly reports show variations caused by changes of seasons, methods of operation, and installation population. Annual reports include a description of the facilities, volume of water pumped/treated, quantity of chemicals consumed, capital costs, operating costs, and personnel status. Ensure annual reports are clear, concise, and informative. Keep the format consistent from year to year to facilitate comparison with past performance.

2-4.3 Water Supply System Maps and Records.

Prepare and maintain records of all installations and equipment for the water supply system. These records are to include an inventory listing of all locations and an individual record for each location. Complete or revise records when the components of the system are installed, replaced, repaired, or adjusted. Record locations using Geographic Information System (GIS). Where available, use prescribed forms for recording the data. GIS features include the following:

• GIS can store and display geographically referenced information that is represented through map display. GIS can store information that is useful for system analysis, including pipe assets, customer meter locations, land parcel data, aerial photography, street locations, digital elevation models (DEMs), digital terrain models (DTMs) and more. The usefulness of GIS pipe data is dependent on the way the information is collected and stored in GIS. GIS data may be used to build and, or, update distribution system models to create a detailed representation of the water distribution network.

• Distribution system modeling software data and results can be imported and exported to and from GIS. For utilities that have established a GIS, the added functionality of interfacing with a model can be valuable from enterprise, customer, and operational perspectives. Information in GIS is saved in file formats that most modeling software can access and can be translated into a format that can be imported into a model database.

Beneficial data to be transferred between systems may pertain to demand allocation, topography extraction, and results presentation. GIS can be linked to various types of systems, including customer information systems, asset management systems, and common databases. GIS and other applications make building and maintaining models more efficient, valuable, and accurate, and they support various analysis and reporting

Change 2, 1 November 2023 functions. Understand how GIS is used and use the system to maintain records for operating manuals, equipment lists, maintenance, repairs, and additional water supply system details, as needed.

For more information on GIS and modeling of water distribution systems, see AWWA M32.

2-4.4 Maintenance.

Keep maintenance records, including manufacturers’ catalogs, brochures, and instruction manuals for all installed equipment. Use shop drawings and as-built drawings for equipment and facilities along with maintenance manuals to achieve efficient O&M of various systems. At a minimum, document when service was last performed and when it will be required again for each piece of equipment. To the extent possible, include a complete repair and cost history for all installed equipment.

2-4.5 Laboratory Reports.

Follow state and local requirements for reporting the results of water analysis. These requirements are at least as stringent as federal requirements, but specific requirements vary from state to state. Some general information that as a best practice might be recommended for inclusion in every report is covered in Water Treatment Plant Operation, Volumes 1 and 2.

2-4.6 Cost Accounting.

The waterworks supervisor should maintain records of operating costs in addition to those that are maintained by accounting personnel. Use these records to provide up-to-the-minute information on expenditures, predict yearly costs, and forecast budgets.

2-4.7 Data Analysis.

Establish an operating and maintenance procedure that documents the functionality of major pieces of mechanical equipment pertaining to water treatment and water supply systems. Record operational conditions and variables via operating logs or industrial control systems, such as supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems.

Use feedback and results from SCADA systems, with additional software programs, to optimize control and operational planning. Develop the necessary graphics to assist in data analysis using Microsoft Excel or other useful software programs. Maintain water sampling details and analysis results and records using programs such as Microsoft Excel. Records should present historical data trends, changes in treatment patterns, or other changes that may affect water quality or plant efficiency. Analyze data trends and develop an action plan to respond to changes.

Maintain an adequate record-keeping system to allow for the continuous assessment of the water treatment and water supply systems. Establish a review cycle of the records to verify that operational control requirements pertaining to water quality, laboratory operations, and mechanical equipment are being satisfied. For more information on

Change 2, 1 November 2023 record-keeping, data management, and data review, see AWWA G100 and AWWA G400.

2-5 EMERGENCY PLANNING.

Develop procedures for water system protection, emergency operation, and ensuring an adequate water supply to protect public health and fire protection. \1\ Section 2013 of America’s Water Infrastructure Act requires community drinking water systems serving more than 3,300 people to develop or update risk assessments and emergency response plans. The law specifies the components that the risk assessments and emergency response plans must address, such as:

1. Strategies and resources to improve the resilience of the system, including the physical security and cybersecurity of the system,

2. Plans and procedures that can be implemented, and identification of equipment that can be utilized, in the event of a malevolent act or natural hazard that threatens the ability of the community water system to deliver safe drinking water,

3. Actions, procedures, and equipment which can obviate or significantly lessen the impact of a malevolent act or natural hazard on the public health and the safety and supply of drinking water provided to communities and individuals, including the development of alternative source water options, relocation of water intakes, and construction of flood protection barriers, and

4. Strategies that can be used to aid in the detection of malevolent acts or natural hazards that threaten the security or resilience of the system. /1/

See publications AWWA M5, AWWA M19, AWWA M52, and AWWA (1994) handbook on Minimizing Earthquake Damage for more information on emergency planning.

For the Army, USA-CERL TR N-86/11 contains further information on emergency planning.

\1\ For the Air Force, AWIA ERP Checklist. /1/

2-5.1 Fire Protection.

Provide fire protection for two broad categories: general protection of installation facilities, and protection of the water supply and treatment facilities and equipment. For more best practice information on fire protection planning and procedures, see AWWA M5 and AWWA M31.

For the Air Force, the Civil Engineer Operations Flight Chief is responsible for the inspection, testing, maintenance, and documentation associated with all fire detection, notification, suppression, water distribution systems, including fire pumps. For further information on the Air Force Fire Emergency Services Program, see AFI 32-2001.

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2-5.2 Natural Disasters.

Address the effects and develop mitigation measures for natural disasters, including earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods. Discussions of the effects of natural disasters, and measures to mitigate them can be found in publications AWWA M19, AWWA M60, and AWWA (1994) handbook on Minimizing Earthquake Damage.

For the Army, USA-CERL TR N-86/11 contains further information on natural disaster response.

2-5.3 Manmade Disasters.

Address the effects and develop mitigation measures for manmade disasters and include accidents, riots, strikes, hazardous material spills, vandalism, terrorism, and bomb blasts. Discussions of the effects of man-made disasters, and measures to mitigate them can be found in AWWA M19.

For the Army, USA-CERL TR N-86/11 contains further information on manmade disaster response.

2-6 SECURITY AND RISK MANAGEMENT.

Each site has an explicit, easily communicated, and readily available security plan.

Implement this plan as part of daily operations. Train all employees on the security plan and incorporate their security responsibilities into their job duties.

For the Air Force, Air Force Guidance Memorandum (AFGM) 2017-32-01 contains further information on cybersecurity. AFPD 90-8 contains requirements for risk management.

2-6.1 Vulnerability Assessment.

Perform an assessment to identify potential vulnerabilities in the security of the installation. Water system vulnerability assessment is required for compliance with the Bioterrorism Act of 2002. The assessment should include the following steps:

1. Asset characterization

2. Threat characterization

3. Consequence analysis

4. Vulnerability analysis

5. Threat likelihood analysis

6. Risk/Resilience likelihood

7. Risk/Resilience analysis

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Identify resources required to maintain the security program and make necessary improvements. Review and update the risk assessment as new hazards and threats emerge. See AWWA J100 for the full risk analysis and management for critical asset protection (RAMCAP) process. For a list of common water system components and how each component may be vulnerable to typical hazards, as well as an example of a vulnerability assessment, see AWWA M19. Do not share weaknesses in system security outside of the site security officer, department heads, and supervisors as determined by the site security plan.

For the Army, required information on vulnerability assessment can be found in USA-

CERL TR N-86/11.

For the Air Force, required information on vulnerability assessment can be found in AFI 10-246 and QTP 4B071-15.

2-7 REGULATIONS AFFECTING WATER SYSTEMS.

Congress passed the original Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) in 1974 (amended and reauthorized in 1986 and 1996) to ensure that the public drinking water system serving the U.S. population would meet established SDWA standards. These standards, known as the Primary Drinking Water Regulations and Secondary Drinking Water Regulations, set the numeric limits for drinking water quality. These regulations apply to all public water systems, defined as an entity that provides FFHC water through a distribution system to a minimum of 15 service connections or an average of 25 people for a minimum of 60 days a year. Most of the military installation water supplies are considered public water systems and are required to comply with local, state, and federal drinking water regulations, including public notification requirements.

Installations within the United States should comply with all state waterworks regulations or local regulations for the project location and the utility providers’ requirements as applicable. Installations should check with the bio-environmental engineer and base environmental coordinator to assure compliance with the applicable regulations.

2-7.1 EPA Regulations.

SDWA and the 1986 and 1996 amendments to SDWA direct the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to promulgate regulations and guidance on maintaining drinking water quality to protect the public health. The 1996 amendments waived the sovereign immunity. All U.S. states have the primacy for the implementation of SDWA provisions, except for Wyoming and District of Columbia for which EPA requirements take precedence.

Individual states can establish additional required compliance requirements. For Installations located in the United States and its territories and possessions the water supply system must comply with the order of precedence criteria as outlined in 2-1.2.1 Within the United States.

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For the Air Force, see AFI 48-144 for guidance on compliance with EPA regulations.

For the Army, see Technical Bulletin-Medical (TB MED) 576 for guidance on compliance with EPA regulations.

2-7.2 Government Regulations for Overseas Installations.

For projects outside of the United States and its territories and possessions, the water supply system must follow the order of precedence criteria as outlined in 2-1.2.2 Foreign Countries.

2-8 WATER CONSERVATION.

Water conservation programs emphasize long-term improvements in water use efficiency and to manage drought planning. All U.S. states have the primacy for the implementation of SDWA provisions, except for Wyoming and District of Columbia for which EPA requirements take precedence. Individual states can establish additional required compliance requirements that include conservation, water allocation and unaccounted for water limits. Best practice information can be found in AWWA M60.Example water conservation practices can be found below.

• Efficient utilization of sources of supply.

• Leak detection and repair.

For the Army, see Public Works Technical Bulletin (PWTB) 200-1-46, 200-1-94, and 200-1-104.

For the Air Force, see Air Force Water Conservation Guidebook.

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CHAPTER 3 RAW WATER SUPPLY

3-1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW.

This chapter provides general information pertaining to raw water supply sources.

Chapter 3 also presents specific information on the operation and maintenance of water wells, dams and reservoirs, and intake structures.

See publication AWWA M21 and AWWA M50 for distinctions between source waters and an overview of hydraulic principles. Some best practice information can be found in Water Treatment Plant Operation, Volumes 1 and 2.

3-2 WATER USE.

Water use is for residential, commercial, and industrial purposes and for fire protection.

The most important reason for maintaining continuity of service is to protect public health. To adequately supply all water requirements, water system operators need to know the magnitude and occurrence of peak flows, anticipated growth, and maximum projected water demand of the service area based on a 50-year drought.

A discussion of water use issues and emergency and alternative water sources can be found in AWWA M21 and AWWA M50. Some best practice information can be found in Water Treatment Plant Operation, Volumes 1 and 2.

For the Army, PWTB 200-1-86 provides guidance for water availability determination.

3-3 GROUNDWATER SUPPLIES.

Detailed information on groundwater sources, water well terminology, well location and construction practices, and well types can be found in AWWA M21, and AWWA A100.

Best practice information can be found in Water Treatment Plant Operation, Volumes 1 and 2.

3-3.1 Well Operation.

Groundwater sources are normally used to supplement surface-water sources. General engineering support in the form of well drilling by engineers is provided to the water collection and distribution process. Specific considerations necessitating well drilling are:

• When surface sources of water are not available in enough quantity or quality to support the force. This is likely to occur in arid terrain where the quantity of water required is high and surface sources are low. In arid environments, exploring and using groundwater can reduce the need to transport water to a desired location.

• If the distribution system is insufficient to support the force, haul distances may be significantly reduced by a well drilled close to the consumer.

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• Chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear or other type of contamination is expected that would render surface sources unusable.

• The mission is part of a humanitarian and civic assistance and, or, foreign humanitarian assistance mission. A major portion of the world’s population lacks a readily available source of potable water. Providing a potable source by conducting well drilling operations may be the decisive operation in stability and, or, reconstruction operations and a critical part of the overall information operations campaign.

Follow all established operating procedures when installing and operating wells.

Guidance on installing and operating wells is included in NTRP 4-04.4.13/FM 3- 34.469/AFMAN 32-1072, Water-Well Drilling Operations.

3-3.1.1 Aquifer Performance.

Analyze water well performance by calculating well yield, drawdown, and specific capacity. These calculations provide information for selecting appropriate pumping equipment and identifying any changes in the productive capacity of the well. Examples of such calculations are in Appendix B. Best Practice guidance from Water Treatment Plant Operation, Volumes 1 and 2 can be used for further parameter definition and additional sample calculations.

3-3.1.2 Pump Schedule.

When water is pumped from a well, a depression is produced in the water table as drawdown occurs. When pumping stops, the water again rises to the static water level.

The depth and lateral extent of the cone of depression depends on the pumping rate of the well. If two or more wells are located so closely together that their cones of depression overlap, the wells compete for the groundwater. As a result, each well produces less water than if it operated alone (Figure 3-1).

Place operating wells as far apart as possible to minimize the effect of overlapping cones of depression. Operate wells in rotation to equalize wear on pumping equipment.

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Figure 3-1 Effects of Overlapping Field of Influence – Pumped Wells

3-3.1.3 Well Pump Operation.

Follow established operating procedures when pumping wells and keep pumping rates within the specified design range. Continuous operation generally is preferable to frequent starting and stopping, but the varying water demand and storage capacity usually require some combination of on and off time. Both over-pumping and frequent starting and stopping can damage the aquifer, resulting in reduced yield. In coastal areas, over-pumping may also cause saltwater intrusion. Frequent start/stop operations also shorten equipment life and consume more energy. It is usually preferable to limit pump starts to fewer than one per hour.

Follow the recommended operation guidelines below. Well pump information is included in AWWA M21 and best practice Small Water System Operation and Maintenance.

• Always prime the pump with potable water.

• Disinfect the pump and drop pipe before installation and after any repair.

• Disinfect the equipment as it is lowered into the well, with special attention to the disinfection of the pump packing.

• Keep the drain from the pump base open and provide for the drain to be diverted away from the source.

3-3.1.4 Safe Pumping Yield.

Safe pumping yield is the amount of water that can be withdrawn from a well without producing an undesired effect on the well production. It is developed by comparing the measured drawdown to the maximum measured drawdown and how long it takes for

Change 2, 1 November 2023 the well to recover. This is further defined as the maximum amount of water that the well can produce over a certain period. Operate the well at a pumping rate that achieves 50% of the maximum drawdown to prolong the life of the well and decrease maintenance. Perform maintenance on the well to restore well yield if the desired yield cannot be obtained at this pumping rate.

3-3.1.5 Well Disinfection.

Disinfect wells, springs, infiltration galleries, and radial collectors as a normal maintenance procedure. Disinfect deep wells after original development, each time the pump is removed, each time the screen is cleaned using the surging method, and whenever regular bacteriological analyses indicate contamination is present. Well disinfection is required because well components are susceptible to contamination by pathogens before and during installation. ANSI/AWWA C654-13 provides steps for the disinfection of wells and can be used as a guide for procedures in chlorination and bacteriological testing. Full disinfection procedures are available in AWWA A100, Chapter 11.

The available disinfectants are described below.

• Calcium Hypochlorite. Select a calcium hypochlorite conforming to AWWA B300 in granular or tablet form containing approximately 65% available chlorine by weight. Store the container in a cool, dark, dry environment to prevent deterioration. It is recommended that calcium hypochlorite not be used in water with high calcium hardness (greater than 100 milligrams per liter [mg/L]) unless it is dissolved in solution prior to well application.

• Sodium Hypochlorite. Select a sodium hypochlorite conforming to AWWA B300 that contains approximately 5 to 15% available chlorine. Special attention must be paid to control its length of storage and conditions to minimize deterioration.

• Liquid Chlorine. Liquid chlorine should only be used in combination with appropriate gas-flow chlorinators and injectors and under the direct supervision of an employee trained in its use and emergency procedures.

Select chlorine conforming to AWWA B301 that contains 100% available chlorine and packaged in steel containers. See Table 3-1 for proper chlorine volumes.