Attachment 2 QCVN-09-2024-BGTVT-Technical Regulation Automobiles.pdf

QCVN 09:2024/BGTVT

NATIONAL TECHNICAL REGULATION ON SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION FOR AUTOMOBILES

Preface

QCVN 09: 2024/BGTVT was compiled by the Vietnam Register, submitted by the Department of Science, Technology and Environment, appraised by the Ministry of Science and Technology, and issued by the Minister of Transport under Circular No. 48/2024/TT- BGTVT dated November 15, 2024.

QCVN 09: 2024/BGTVT replaces QCVN 09: 2015/BGTVT issued under Circular No.

87/2015/TT-BGTVT dated December 31, 2015 of the Minister of Transport.

NATIONAL TECHNICAL REGULATION ON SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION FOR AUTOMOBILES

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. Scope of governing

This regulation stipulates technical requirements for inspection, testing, and certification of safety and environmental protection in manufacturing, assembling, and importing of new automobiles (hereinafter referred to as vehicles).

1.2. Regulated subjects

This regulation applies to organizations and individuals involved in inspection, testing, and certification of safety and environmental protection for automobiles.

1.3. Definitions

1.3.1. Terms on vehicle dimensions are defined in TCVN 6528:1999 (Road vehicles - Dimensions of motor vehicles and towed vehicles - Terms and definitions).

1.3.2. Terms on vehicle masses are defined in TCVN 6529:1999 (Road vehicles - Masses - Vocabulary and codes).

1.3.3. Seat other driver's seat: means a seat for passenger on a vehicle other than the driver's seat.

1.3.4. Individual seat: means a seat designed and constructed to accommodate one seated passenger.

1.3.5. Double seat: means a seat designed and constructed to accommodate two passengers sitting side by side. Two adjacent but not connected seats are considered two single seats.

1.3.6. Bench seat: means a fully constructed seat intended to accommodate more than one passenger.

1.3.7. Seat-back: means the part of the seat that is almost vertical, designed to support the passenger’s back, shoulders and, possibly his head.

1.3.8. Seat-cushion: means the part of the seat which is arranged almost horizontally and designed to support a seated passenger.

1.3.9. Head restraint: means a device whose purpose is to limit the rearward displacement of an occupant’s head in relation to his torso to reduce the danger of injury to the cervical vertebrae in the event of an accident.

1.3.9.1. Integrated head restraint: means a head restraint formed by the upper part of the seat-back. Head restraints which meet the definitions at Points 1.3.9.2 and 1.3.9.3 but can only be detached from the seat or the vehicle structure by the use of tools or by partial or complete removal of the seat covering meet the present definition.

1.3.9.2. Detachable head restraint: means a head restraint consisting of a component separable from the seat, designed for insertion or positive retention in the seat-back structure.

1.3.9.3. Separate head restraint: means a head restraint consisting of a component separate from the seat, designed for insertion or positive retention in the structure of the vehicle.

1.3.10. Gangway: means the space providing access by passengers from any seat or row of seats to any other seat or row of seats or to any access passage from or to any service door.

It does not include:

The space required to accommodate the feet of seated passengers;

The space above the surface of any step or staircase;

Any space which affords access solely to one seat or one row of seats.

1.3.11. Service door: means a door intended for use by passengers in normal circumstances with the driver seated.

1.3.12. Single door: means a door affording one, or the equivalent of one, access passage.

1.3.13. Double door: means a door affording two, or the equivalent of two, access passages.

1.3.14. Emergency door: means a door intended for use by passengers as an exceptional exit and in an emergency only, it does not include service doors.

1.3.15. Emergency window: means a window, not necessarily glazed, intended for use as an exit by passengers in an emergency only.

1.3.16. Escape hatch: means an opening in the roof of the vehicle intended for use as an exit by passengers in an emergency only.

1.3.17. Sliding door: means a door which can be opened or closed only by sliding it in rectilinear motion or along rectilinear rails.

1.3.18. Emergency exit: includes emergency door, emergency window, escape hatch, and sliding door.

1.3.19. Single axle: means an individual axle.

1.3.20. Tandem axle group: means a group of two axles having their centres spaced no more than 2 m apart.

1.3.21. Tri-axle group: means a group of three axles having the centres of the two outermost axes spaced no more than 3 m apart.

1.3.22. Steering axle: means an axle with steering mechanism that govern the direction traveled by the vehicle and are controlled by the driver.

1.3.23. Twin steer axle group: means an axle group of two steering axles fitted with single tires having their centres spaced no more than 2 m apart, these axles are connected to the same mechanism to control the steering wheels.

1.3.24. Lift axle: means an axle equipped with a mechanism or device that can adjust the load distribution on the axle. Raising/lowering the wheels off/to the ground is automated or controlled by the driver.

1.3.25. Self-steering axle: means an axle which passively steers in response to the direction of the vehicle using mechanical mechanisms or control systems.

1.3.26. Vehicle category symbols are defined in TCVN 8658:2010 (Road vehicles - Motor vehicle category symbol).

1.3.27. Terms on vehicle lighting and light-signaling devices are defined in TCVN 6978:2001 (Road vehicles - Installation of lighting and light-signaling devices on motor vehicles and their trailers - Requirements and test methods in type approval).

1.3.28. Electric power train: means a system consisting of one or more energy storage devices (such as batteries or accumulators), electromechanical flywheels or capacitors, one or more electrical control devices and one or more electric motors which are used to convert the stored electrical energy into mechanical motion of the wheels to power the vehicle;

1.3.29. Rechargeable Electrical Energy Storage System (REESS): means the rechargeable electrical energy storage system that provides electric energy for the vehicle’s electric power train;

The REESS may include the necessary systems for physical support, thermal management, electronic controls, and casing.

Primary battery or accumulator (battery or accumulator used in this Regulation is referred to as battery) whose primary use is to supply power for starting the engine, lighting, or other vehicle auxiliaries’ systems is not considered as a REESS.

1.3.30. High voltage: means the classification of an electric component or circuit, if its maximum working voltage is > 60 V and ≤ 1500 V direct current (DC) or > 30 V and ≤ 1000 V alternate current (AC) root mean square;

1.3.31. Vehicle inlet: means the device on the externally chargeable vehicle into which the vehicle connector is inserted for the purpose of transferring electric energy from an external electric power supply;

1.3.32. Electric range: means the distance a vehicle can travel on a single full charge of the REESS (or other electrical energy storage devices) for pure electric vehicles or hybrid electric vehicles;

1.3.33. Fuel cell: means a device that converts the chemical energy of a fuel (such as hydrogen, natural gas, methanol) into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent.

1.3.34. Fuel cell system: means an assembly of fuel cell stacks, gas handling system, fuel flow control system, exhaust system, thermal management system, and water management system;

1.3.35. Vehicle fuel system: means an assembly of components used to store or supply hydrogen fuel to a fuel cell (FC) or internal combustion engine (ICE);

1.3.36. Fuelling receptacle: means the equipment to which a fuelling station nozzle attaches to the vehicle for hydrogen refueling. The fuelling receptacle is used as the fuelling port.

1.3.37. Compressed gaseous hydrogen (CGH2): means hydrogen compressed at high pressure and stored for use as fuel for hydrogen-fuelled vehicles;

1.3.38. Pressure relief device (PRD): means a device that, when activated under specified pressure conditions, is used to release hydrogen from a pressurized system and thereby prevent failure of the system;

1.3.39. Compressed hydrogen storage system (CHSS): means a system designed to store hydrogen fuel for hydrogen-fuelled vehicles and composes of a pressurized container, pressure relief devices (PRDs), and shut-off devices that isolate the stored hydrogen from the remainder of the fuel system and the environment;

1.3.40. Thermally-activated pressure relief device (TPRD): means a device that, when activated under specified temperature conditions, is used to release hydrogen from the system;

1.3.41. Hydrogen-fuelled vehicle: means a vehicle using compressed hydrogen as fuel for vehicle propulsion including fuel cell vehicles (FCV) or internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles;

1.3.42. Fuel cell vehicle (FCV): means a vehicle using fuel cell for vehicle propulsion. Fuel cell vehicles include the following types:

1.3.42.1. Pure fuel cell electric vehicle (PFCEV): means a vehicle in which the fuel cell system is the sole source of energy for the vehicle’s power train and auxiliary systems:

Off vehicle charging fuel cell vehicle (OVC-FCV) or Not off vehicle charging fuel cell vehicle

(NOVC-FCV);

Rechargeable Electrical Energy Storage System (REESS) or capacitor.

1.3.42.2. Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEV): means a vehicle in which the fuel cell system is integrated with an on-board rechargeable electrical energy storage system (REESS) to provide energy for the vehicle’s power train and auxiliary systems: FCHEV design options include: driver-selected operating modes or default operating mode if only one FCHEV mode is available;

1.3.43. Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS): means a system to assist the driver and enhance road safety, with warning systems to alert drivers of potential hazards and intervene with vehicle controls when necessary to avoid or reduce the severity of a collision in hazardous situations;

PART I.

SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION FOR AUTOMOBILES

2. TECHNICAL PROVISIONS

2.1. General requirements

2.1.1. Basic technical specifications

2.1.1.1. Maximum permissible dimensions:

2.1.1.1.1. Length: shall not exceed the vehicle length specified in Table 1.

Table 1 - Regulations on overall length of automobiles

No. Vehicle type Maximum length (m)

Dump truck

Having a total of 2 axles

Mass less than 5 tons 5.0

Mass from 5 tons to under 10 tons 6.0

Mass of 10 tons or more 7.0

Having a total of 3 axles 7.8

Having a total of 4 axles 9.3

Having a total of 5 axles 10.2

2 Articulated bus 20.0

3 C Other vehicles 12.2

2.1.1.1.2. Width: shall not exceed 2.5 m.

2.1.1.1.3. Height:

shall not exceed 4.2 m for double-decker coaches;

shall not exceed 4.0 m for other vehicles;

In addition, for vehicles with design mass of 5.0 tons or less, vehicle height (except for special-purpose vehicles with protruding parts including antennas, broadcast towers, or devices of similar structures which do not affect the vehicle’s stability) shall comply with the following regulations:

Figure 1a. Figure 1b.

Figure 1 - Maximum permissible height for vehicles with design mass of 5.0 tons or less

Where:

Hmax ≤ 1.75 WT

Hmax: maximum permissible height of vehicle (Figure 1);

Wt: the distance between centers of the footprints of two rear wheels if the rear axle is fitted with single wheels (Figure 1a) or the distance between centers of the footprints of two outer rear wheels if the rear axle is fitted with dual wheels (Figure 1b).

2.1.1.1.4. The rear overhang (ROH) means the distance between the vertical plane passing through the centerline of the axle (single axle) or axle group (ROH line) to the rearmost point of the vehicle. The rear overhang of vehicles, excluding chassis and special-purpose vehicles as prescribed in Circular No. 53/2024/TT-BGTVT regulating the classification of road vehicles and identification signs of motor vehicles using clean energy, green energy, and environmentally friendly energy of the Minister of Transport, shall comply with the following requirements:

Shall not be greater than 65% of the wheelbase (Lcs) for passenger vehicles (wheelbase of an articulated bus is calculated for the first car);

Shall not be greater than 60% of the wheelbase (Lcs) for cargo vehicles;

Where: Wheelbase (Lcs) means the distance from ROH line to the center of the frontmost axle; ROH line is determined as followed:

If the vehicle has a single axle at the rear, ROH line is at the center of that axle;

If the vehicle has two axles or a tandem axle group at the rear and all axles are fitted with the same number of tires, ROH line is midway between centres of the two axles; if one axle is fitted with twice the number of tires as the other, ROH line is positioned two-third of the distance between centers of the two axles and closer to the axle with more tires;

If the vehicle has a tri-axle group, ROH line is midway between centres of the two outermost axles of the group;

If the rear axle group has a steering axle, self-steering axle, or lift axle combined with other axles (non-steering axles), only non-steering axles are considered in determining ROH line.

Determination of wheelbase (Lcs) and ROH line in specific cases is illustrated in Table 2 and Figure 2:

Figure 2 - Illustration of wheelbase (Lcs) and rear overhang (ROH) determination

Table 2 - Determination of ROH line in specific cases

No. Principles for determining ROH line Description

1 If the vehicle has only one rear axle, ROH line is at the center of that axle.

2 If the vehicle has a tandem axle group at the rear with only non-steering axles and all axles are fitted with the same number of tires, ROH line is midway between centres of the two axles.

3 If the vehicle has a tandem axle group at the rear with only non-steering axles and one axle is fitted with twice the number of tires as the other, ROH line is positioned two-third of the distance between centers of the two axles and closer to the axle with more tires.

Auxiliary tri-axle group using self-steering, caster-adjustable suspension system (it may be positioned in front of or behind other axles)

ROH line

ROH line

ROH line

ROH line

ROH line

4 If the vehicle has a tri-axle group at the rear with only non-steering axles and all axles are fitted with the same number of tires, ROH line is midway between centres of the two outermost axles of the group.

5 If the vehicle has one steering axle at the rear together with one non-steering axle, ROH line is at the center of the non-steering axle.

6 If the vehicle has one or two steering axles at the rear together with two non-steering axles, ROH line is midway between centres of the two non-steering axles.

7 If the vehicle has one or more retractable axles (lift axles) at the rear together with one or more non-retractable axles, ROH line is midway between centres of the outermost non-retractable axles of the group.

8 If the vehicle has 4 axles and and all axles are fitted with the same number of tires

- Without steering axle:

- With steering axle:

2.1.1.1.5. For vehicles with off-road features, designed for use on city streets or highways while also handling complex terrain like rocky paths, muddy trails, or steep inclines, the ground clearance is specified in Schedule F of this Regulation.

2.1.1.2. Maximum permissible axle load:

Single axle: 10 tons.

Tandem axle group, based on the distance between centers of the two axles - d:

d < 1.0 m: 11 tons;

1.0 m ≤ d < 1.3 m: 16 tons;

d ≥ 1.3 m: 18 tons;

Tri-axle group, based on the distance between centers of two adjacent axles - d:

d ≤ 1.3 m: 21 tons;

d > 1.3 m: 24 tons.

2.1.1.3. Maximum permissible mass:

ROH line

ROH line

ROH line

Steering axle or self-steering axle Non-steering axle

Non-steering axle

Non-steering axle

Steering axle or self-steering axle

Lift axle ROH line

ROH line

Steering axle Steering axle

The maximum permissible mass shall comply with the provisions in Table 3.

Table 3 - Maximum permissible mass:

No. Vehicle type Maximum permissible mass (tons)

1 Vehicles having a total of 2 axles 16

2 Vehicles having a total of 3 axles 24

3 Vehicles having a total of 4 axles 30

4 Vehicles having a total of 5 axles or more

4.1 Vehicles with distance from center of the first axle to center of the last axle ≤ 7m

4.2 Vehicles with distance from center of the first axle to center of the last axle > 7m

2.1.2. Other requirements

2.1.2.1. Vehicles and vehicle components shall be suitable for right-hand drive as prescribed.

2.1.2.2. The mass distributed on the steering axle (or axles) shall comply with the following requirements in both laden or unladen conditions (for articulated bus, this rate shall be determined for the first car):

Not less than 25% for passenger vehicles (except urban passenger vehicles);

Not less than 20% for other vehicles.

2.1.2.3. The vehicle's lateral static stability angle (not applicable to special-purpose vehicles) shall not be smaller than the following value:

28° in laden condition for passenger vehicles;

30° in unladen condition for vehicles with mass not greater than 1.2 times its unladen mass;

35° in unladen condition for other vehicles.

2.1.2.4. Vehicle systems and components shall have appropriate technical specifications for operating under normal conditions.

2.1.2.5. Passenger vehicles and cargo vehicles (general purpose trucks) fitted with liquid fuel tank shall comply with the provisions of QCVN 52:2024/BGTVT (National technical regulation on motor vehicle structure to the prevention of fire risks) or Regulation No. 34 of the UNECE (Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regard to the prevention of fire risks) - the reference version or its latest version.

2.1.2.6. For passenger vehicles having maximum design mass of more than 5 tons and seating capacity of 22 people or more, materials used in interior structure shall comply with the requirements specified in QCVN 53:2024/BGTVT (National technical regulation on the burning behaviour of materials used in the interior structure of certain categories of motor vehicles) or Regulation No. 118 of the UNECE (Uniform technical prescriptions concerning the burning behaviour of materials used in the interior construction of certain categories of motor vehicles) - the reference version or its latest version.

2.1.2.7. Weight per person shall be determined based on manufacturers’ guidelines but shall not be less than 65 kg/person (including 3 kg of carry-on luggage).

2.1.2.8. Seating capacity (including the driver and the assistant) (N) for passenger vehicles in all cases shall comply with the following requirements:

N ≤ (Gtbmax - G0 - L* V)/ Gn

Where:

G tbmax = Maximum permissible mass (maximum mass of the vehicle as prescribed by competent authorities) (kg);

G0 = Unladen mass of the vehicle (kg);

L = Luggage weight determined by volume of the luggage compartment (kg/m3) (L = 100 kg/m3);

V = Total volume (m3) of the luggage compartment (if any);

Gn = Weight per person

2.1.2.9. Vehicle chassis number: vehicles shall have a chassis number stamped on its chassis or body, except for vehicles manufactured or assembled from vehicles that already have a chassis number (or vehicle identification number - VIN) and comply with the following requirements:

2.1.2.9.1. The location and attachment of chassis number shall comply with the requirements on location and attachment of vehicle identification number specified in TCVN 6580: 2000 (Road vehicles - Vehicle identification number (VIN) - Location and attachment).

2.1.2.9.2. The content and structure of chassis number shall comply with the requirements for vehicle identification number specified in TCVN 6578: 2014 (Road vehicles - Vehicle identification number (VIN) - Content and structure). The 10th character of a vehicle's chassis number shall indicate the model year.

2.1.2.10. The placement of license plate mounting spaces in the front and rear of a vehicle shall ensure that the license plates are easily visible, properly installed, and securely attached to the vehicle. Shape and dimensions of the space for mounting rear license plate shall accommodate a flat (or nearly flat) rectangular plate with the following minimum dimensions:

width: 520mm, height: 110mm or width: 330mm, height: 165mm.

2.2. Engine and power transmission system

2.2.1. Engine power per ton of maximum design mass shall not be less than 7.35 kW. This requirement shall not be applicable to chassis, special-purpose vehicles, pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, hydrogen-fuelled electric vehicles, and vehicles with maximum design mass of 30 tonnes or more.

2.2.2. Under laden conditions, a vehicle (not applicable to special-purpose trucks, tractors, special-purpose vehicles, and vehicles with maximum design mass of 30 tons or more) shall meet the following requirements:

2.2.2.1. Elapsed time of vehicle acceleration from departure to completion of 200 m distance shall satisfy the following conditions:

t ≤ 20 + 0,4G In which:

t - Elapsed time of vehicle acceleration from departure to completion of 200 m distance (in seconds);

G - Maximum design mass of the vehicle (in tons).

2.2.2.2. Maximum speed shall not be less than 60 km/h.

2.2.3. Under laden and dry road conditions, when moving forward, the vehicle shall be able to overcome slopes with a gradient of 20% (12% for articulated bus). When attempting to overcome a slope, the engine and power transmission system shall function normally.

2.3. Wheel

2.3.1. Solid construction, properly fitted.

2.3.2. Tires on the same axle of a vehicle used under normal operating conditions shall be of the same type. Tires shall be of appropriate quantity, pressure, and specifications (size, speed rating, load index) and consistent with the vehicle's technical documents and design.

Tires used for each type of vehicle shall comply with the provisions of QCVN 34:2024/BGTVT (National technical regulation on pneumatic tires for automobiles) or Regulation No. 30 of the UNECE (Uniform provisions concerning the approval of pneumatic tires for motor vehicle and their trailer) or Regulation No. 54 of the UNECE (Uniform provisions concerning the approval of pneumatic tires for commercial vehicles and their trailers) - the reference versions or their latest versions.

2.3.3 Vehicles shall be equipped with wheel guards at the wheels or wheel axle groups.

Wheel guards may be formed by vehicle-mounted components such as parts of the bodywork, mudguards, or other similar components and shall comply with the following requirements:

For passenger vehicles of M1 category, wheel guards of rearmost wheel shall be formed by radial planes at an angle of 30° towards the front and 50° towards the rear of the center of the wheels, overall width of the wheel guard shall be sufficient to cover the tire width. Point (A) is the intersection of the rear edge of the wheel guard with the horizontal plane 150 mm above the axis of rotation of the wheels. Point (A) shall lie outwards of the median longitudinal plane of the tire in case of single wheels or the outermost tire in the case of twin wheels and the position is not described in Figure 3a of this Regulation;

Figure 3a - Wheel guard of M1 vehicle q: Overall width of wheel guard p: Depth of the recess on wheel guard r: Static radius of the tire b: Tire width

Point A: the intersection of the rear edge of the wheel guard with the horizontal plane 150 mm above the axis of rotation of the wheels

For other vehicles, wheel guards (including fenders and mudguards) shall be sufficient to cover the tire width of the rearmost wheels at the top, front and rear. The clearance between

Front Rear

Outward Inward the bottom edge of the rear axle wheel guard and the road surface shall not be greater than 300mm.

Figure 3b - Clearance of fender plate from road surface

For N1 and N2 vehicles with a maximum permissible mass not exceeding 7.5 tons, the requirements for M1 vehicles described in Figure 3a or the requirements for other categories of vehicle described in Figure 3b of this Regulation may apply.

2.3.4. For vehicles with a spare wheel, lifting and lowering mechanism (if any) shall not be located on the port side of the vehicles. If the vehicles are equipped with 02 or more spare wheels, one wheel shall not be located on the port side of the vehicles.

2.3.5. Light alloy wheels fitted on cars and trucks with maximum design mass not exceeding

3.5 tons shall comply with the requirements specified in QCVN 78:2024/BGTVT (National technical regulation on light alloy wheels for automobiles) or Regulation No. 124 of the UNECE (Uniform provisions concerning the approval of wheels for passenger cars and their trailer) - the reference version or its latest version

2.4. Steering system

2.4.1. Ensuring precise steering, smooth and safe control at all speeds and loads within the vehicle's technical specifications.

2.4.2. Steered wheels shall be able to maintain the

vehicle in straight direction and return to straight direction when the force on steering wheel is removed (when the driver stops turning the steering wheel).

2.4.3. When operating, moving components of the steering system shall not contact with any part of the vehicle such as its body or chassis.

2.4.4. The steering wheel shall not get caught on the driver's clothing and equipment while driving.

2.4.5. When the steering wheel is turned to the right and left, there should be no difference in the force applied to the steering wheel.

2.4.6. Steering wheel play:

Cars and passenger vehicles with up to 12 seats (including driver), trucks with mass of up to 1,500 kg: shall not exceed 10°;

Other vehicles: shall not exceed 15°.

2.4.7. Side slip angle of the front steered wheel shall not be more than 5 mm/m.

2.4.8. Minimum turning radius of the outer front tire track shall not be more than 12 m. This regulation shall not apply to vehicles with dimensions exceeding the limits specified in Point 2.1.1.1.

2.5. Braking system

Mudguard

Fender

2.5.1. Vehicles shall have a service brake system and a parking brake system.

2.5.2. Service brake system and parking brake system shall be operated independently.

Actuator of the service brake system shall be of 2 lines or more. Service brake system shall be fitted on all wheels.

2.5.3. Brake fluid or compressed air in the braking system shall not leak. Fluid or air pipes shall be securely attached and free of cracks.

2.5.4. The mechanical actuation of service brake and parking brake shall be flexible, light and firm. The free play shall comply with manufacturer's specifications.

2.5.5. Service brake system shall be constructed and fitted to allow the driver to fully operate the brakes while remaining seated in the driver's seat and keeping hands on the steering wheel.

2.5.6. When in use, parking brake system shall remain operational without continuous application by the driver.

2.5.7. A compressed air service brake system shall comply with the following requirements:

2.5.7.1. The valves shall function properly.

2.5.7.2. After 8 full-stroke actuations of the service brake pedal, air pressure in the tank shall not decrease to less than half the pressure at the first actuation. The test shall be performed in line with the following requirements:

Initial energy level (compressed air pressure) in the compressed air tank shall be specified by the manufacturers. It shall be at a level to achieve the specified braking performance of the service brake system;

Compressed air shall not be added to the tanks or chamber (for tanks with multiple chambers) during the test. In addition, the service brake air tanks or chambers shall be isolated from the auxiliary equipment air tanks or chambers.

2.5.8. Service brake performance

2.5.8.1. Service brake performance in bench test: Test mode: vehicle in complete condition (with 01 driver);

Requirements: Total braking force shall not be less than 50% of the vehicle's unladen mass and 01 driver;

Braking force deviation on one axle (between right and left wheels):

KSL = (PFlarge - PFsmall).100%/PFlarge

K SL shall not be greater than 25%.

Where:

KSL: braking force deviation on one axle;

PFlarge: large braking force;

PFsmall: small braking force.

2.5.8.2. Service brake performance in road test:

Test track: flat, dry, and clean; asphalt concrete surface, cement concrete surface, or other type of road surface with minimum adhesion coefficient of 0.6.

2.5.8.2.1. Testing in unladen condition (with 01 driver)

Braking performance shall be evaluated based on one of the following two criteria: braking distance or maximum braking acceleration specified in Table 4;

When service brake is applied, the vehicle shall not deviate outside the braking corridor specified in Table 4. Braking corridor is the lane section with the width specified in Table 4.

During the test, the vehicle shall move so that the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle is close to the centerline of the braking corridor.

Table 4 - Service brake performance in unladen test

Category Initial velocity prior to braking

(1) (km/h)

Braking distance - Sp

(m)

Maximum braking acceleration - Jpmax (m/s 2 )

Braking corridor

(m)

Car 50 ≤ 19 ≥ 6,2 2.5

Trucks and passenger vehicles with maximum design mass of no more than 3.5 tons

50 ≤ 21 ≥ 5,8 2.5

Other vehicles (2) 30 ≤ 9 ≥ 5,4 3.0

Where:

(1): permissible error when testing from 0 to +2 km/h;

(2): Regulations on braking corridor shall not apply to vehicles with an overall width greater than the limits specified in Point 2.1.1.1.2.

2.5.8.2.2. Testing in laden condition:

Braking performance shall be evaluated based on one of the following two criteria: braking distance or maximum braking acceleration specified in Table 5;

When service brake is applied, the vehicle shall not deviate outside the braking corridor specified in Table 5

Table 5 - Service brake performance in laden test

Category Initial velocity prior to braking

(1) (km/h)

Braking distance - Sp

(m)

Maximum braking acceleration - Jpmax (m/s 2

Braking corridor

(m) (3)

Car 50 ≤ 20 ≥ 5,9 2.5

Trucks and passenger vehicles with maximum design mass of no more than 3.5 tons

50 ≤ 22 ≥ 5,4 2.5

Other vehicles (2) 30 ≤ 10 ≥ 5,0 3.0

Where:

(1): permissible error when testing from 0 to +2 km/h;

(2): Braking performance requirement under laden test shall not apply to tractors;

(3): Regulations on braking corridor shall not apply to vehicles with an overall width greater than the limits specified in Point 2.1.1.1.2.

2.5.9. Parking brake performance

Parking brake performance shall be evaluated by bench test or road test.

2.5.9.1. Parking brake performance on test bench

Test mode: vehicle in complete condition (with 01 driver);

Requirements Total braking force is not less than 16% of the vehicle's unladen mass and 01 driver;

2.5.9.2. Parking brake performance on test slope

Test mode: vehicle in unladen condition (with 01 driver);

Test slope: a slope of 20%, dry and clean, with road surface meeting the requirements at Point 2.5.8.2;

Requirements: the vehicle shall be able to stop on the slope in both uphill and downhill directions.

2.5.10. Sleeper coaches shall be equipped with an anti-lock braking system (ABS).

2.6. Suspension System

2.6.1. Suspension system shall withstand loads imposed on it, ensuring the necessary smoothness for operation on the road.

2.6.2. Suspension system components and assemblies shall be securely fitted to ensure vehicle balance. There shall be no leakage of compressed air (for air suspension) or hydraulic oil (for hydraulic suspension).

2.6.3. Natural oscillation frequencies of suspension part of a passenger vehicle in laden condition (determined by method specified in Schedule A of this Regulation) shall not be greater than 2.5 Hz.

2.7. Fuel system

2.7.1. Requirements for gasoline or diesel fuel system

2.7.1.1. Fuel tank filtration and ventilation system shall comply with the following requirements:

Ensure no fuel leakage;

Fitted at least 300 mm from the exhaust pipe outlets and at least 200 mm from electrical switches and open connectors;

Not placed inside passenger compartment or cargo compartment.

2.7.1.2. Fuel line material shall be resistant to the type of fuel the vehicle is using.

2.7.1.3. Fuel line (except hoses) shall be securely clamped, the distance between two adjacent clamps shall not exceed 1000 mm.

2.7.2. Requirements for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fuel system

2.7.2.1. General requirements:

All components shall be properly positioned and securely clamped; Ensure no LPG leakage;

No part of the LPG system shall protrude from the external surface of the vehicle except the gas filling head which may protrude no more than 10 mm;

LPG system components shall be located 100 mm or more from exhaust pipes or similar heat sources unless they are suitably insulated.

2.7.2.2. Requirements for LPG tanks: As prescribed in Schedule B, Point B.1 of this Regulation.

2.7.3. Requirements for compressed natural gas (CNG) fuel system

2.7.3.1. General requirements:

All components shall be properly positioned and securely clamped;

Ensure no CNG leakage;

No part of the CNG system shall protrude from the external surface of the vehicle except the gas filling head which may protrude no more than 10 mm;

CNG system components shall be located 100 mm or more from exhaust pipes or similar heat sources unless they are suitably insulated;

CNG system components installed in the luggage compartment shall be enclosed by an airtight enclosure;

Airtight enclosure vent shall be open to external environment of the vehicle and shall not be directed towards the wheel wells or heat sources such as exhaust pipes.

2.7.3.2. Requirements for CNG tanks: As prescribed in Schedule B, Point B.2 of this Regulation.

2.7.4. Requirements for liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuel system

2.7.4.1. General requirements:

All components shall be properly positioned and securely clamped;

Ensure no LNG leakage;

Fuel line and valves shall be protected or properly fitted to avoid being crushed or damaged during movement;

Pipes or hoses containing accumulated LNG shall be fitted with thermal expansion devices to prevent pressure build-up;

Slack fuel line shall be securely fastened to the vehicle body by mechanical means to avoid contact with connecting parts and pressure-bearing systems while the vehicle is operating.

To prevent flammable LNG leakage, the first shut-off valve shall be an instantaneous safety device that can close automatically in the event of unintended vehicle movement or ignition during loading/unloading. The valve can also be closed by remote control. All vents including pressure relief devices and relief valves shall be connected to a vent pipe, and allow safe discharge. The control cabinet shall be ventilated so that flammable gases cannot accumulate inside.

2.7.4.2. Requirements for LNG tanks: As prescribed in Schedule B, Point B.3 of this Regulation.

2.8. Electrical system

2.8.1. Electrical wires (including those located in the engine compartment) shall be protected, insulated, and securely clamped in positions on the vehicle body to avoid damage due to cutting, grinding, or rubbing.

2.8.2. Electrical connectors, terminals, and switches shall be insulated.

2.8.3. All batteries shall be securely fitted. Battery compartment shall be separated from passenger compartment and driver's compartment and ventilated to outside air.

2.9. Chassis and body

2.9.1. The chassis and body shall be securely fitted;

2.9.2. Cargo racks are not allowed on the roof of passenger vehicles of all types. Hand luggage racks located inside passenger compartment (if any) shall be of a sturdy structure to prevent luggage from falling out.

2.9.3. Cargo vehicles, special-purpose vehicles, and trailer trucks with mass of 3.5 tons or more shall be fitted with side guards in accordance with the following requirements:

No part of the side guards shall increase the vehicle’s overall width. On the main part of the side guards, outer surface of the side guards shall not extend more than 150 mm inward from the sides of the vehicle. Within 250 mm of the side guard rear ends, outer surface of the side guards shall not extend more than 30 mm inward from outer edge of the rear tires (deformation of tires due to contact with road surface shall not be taken into consideration), as shown in Figure 4 of this Regulation;

Figure 4 - Side guard installation position on horizontal plane

Upper edge of the side guards shall not be less than 700 mm above the road surface. Lowest edge of the side guards shall not be more than 550 mm above the road surface;

Side guard installation shall not be required where clearance between the vehicle body and the road surface at side guard installation position is less than 700 mm. Openings are allowed on the side guards for specialized mechanisms and specialized equipment to operate (if any).

Distance from the front end of the side guards to the front wheels and distance from the rear end of the side guards to the rear wheels shall not be more than 300mm as shown in Figure 5a of this Regulation;

Figure 5a - Maximum distance between two ends of side guards

Fixed devices fitted on the vehicle such as: spare wheels, battery compartments, gas tanks, fuel tanks, and tool boxes meeting the above dimension requirements shall be considered part of the side guards, clearance between these parts and the side guards shall not be more than 150 mm, as shown in Figure 5b of this Regulation;

Maximum distance between two ends of side guards

Main part of the side guard

Area for installation of side guard

Overall width bounding plane of the vehicle.

Rear end of the side guard

Outer edge of the outermost wheel

Longitudinal centerline of the vehicle

Figure 5b - Distance from rear end of side guards to front edge of fixed devices on a vehicle

Corners of the side guards shall be rounded and free of sharp edges. Outer surface of side guards shall be flat and continuous from front to rear. The side guard structure shall include:

one or more horizontal rails or flat panels or a combination of flat panels and rails;

If the side guard has more than one horizontal rail, the distance between two adjacent rails of shall not be more than 300 mm and front end of the side guard shall have a vertical rail or equivalent structure connecting the ends of horizontal rails. If the side guard is made of only one horizontal rail, the horizontal rail shall not be less than 120 mm in width.

To reduce the clearance between front tires and side guard front ends, side guard front ends may be curved inwards with a minimum radius of 50 mm for N2 vehicles and 100 mm for N3 vehicles or may be bent diagonally inwards at an angle not exceeding 450.

2.9.4. General purpose trucks with mass of 3.5 tons or more shall be fitted with rear guard in accordance with the following requirements:

Upper edge of the rear guard shall not be less than 700 mm above the road surface. Lowest edge of the rear guard shall not be more than 550 mm above the road surface;

Rear guard installation shall not be required where clearance between the vehicle body and the road surface at rear guard installation position is less than 700 mm or the clearance allows operation of specialized mechanisms and specialized equipment fitted at the rear (if any).

Rear guard width shall not exceed the overall width of the vehicle. Distance between two ends of the rear guard and overall width bounding planes on two sides of the vehicle (deformation of tires due to contact with road surface shall not be taken into consideration) shall not be more than 100 mm, as shown in Figure 6a of this Regulation;

Figure 6a

Maximum clearance from front edge of devices to rear end of side guards

Overall width bounding plane

Overall width bounding plane

Rear guard

Road surface

Overall length bounding plane

Figure 6b

Figure 6 - Position of the rear guard

No part of the rear guard shall increase the vehicle's overall length. Horizontal distance from outer surface of the rear guard to inner surface of the overall length bounding plane shall not be more than 400mm, as shown in Figure 6b of this Regulation;

Rear guard ends shall not curve backwards or its outer edge shall not be sharp. Corners of the rear guard shall be rounded;

The rear guard requirements shall not apply to tractors.

2.9.5. Vehicle body shall not have sharp edges or protruding parts that pose a danger to other road users. This requirement may not apply to certain special purpose vehicles.

2.10. Vehicles with towing equipment

For vehicles of categories M and N with towing equipment at the rear to tow trailers and semi-trailers, this equipment shall be securely fitted, the locking latch and locking pin (if any) shall not open by themselves, and the safety chain or cable (if any) shall be secure and not separated during operation.

2.10.1. Vehicles with towing equipment shall be equipped with electrical connector to connect lighting equipment (rear lights, brake lights, and license plate lights) of the towed vehicle;

Towing equipment shall not cover the vehicle license plate, unless the towing equipment is removable or has a structure allowing position adjustment so as not to cover the vehicle license plate.

2.10.2. Maximum permissible towing capacity shall align with the total mass of vehicle combination (trailer trucks or semi-trailer trucks) specified in Circular No. 39/2024/TT-BGTVT.

2.10.2.1. For vehicles of categories M1 and N1, maximum design towing capacity shall meet the following requirements:

2.10.2.1.1. When towing a trailer without braking system or a vehicle with inoperative braking system, maximum permissible towing capacity shall be the lowest of the following values but shall not exceed 750 kg:

Maximum design towing capacity of towing equipment;

Half of the vehicle's mass in running order. The vehicle's mass in running order is calculated by adding 75 kg to its unladen mass.

2.10.2.1.2. When towing a trailer or a vehicle with operative braking system, maximum design towing capacity shall be the lowest of the following values but shall not exceed 3,500 kg:

Maximum design towing capacity of towing equipment;

Design mass of towing vehicle or 1.5 times design mass of towing vehicle for off-road vehicles as prescribed in to Schedule F of this Regulation.

2.10.2.2. For vehicles of categories M2 and M3, maximum permissible design towing capacity shall meet the following requirements:

2.10.2.2.1. Maximum permissible design towing capacity shall not exceed 3,500kg.

2.10.2.2.2. Engine power per ton of maximum design mass of the vehicle combination shall not be less than 5 kW. This requirement shall not apply to pure electric driving mode of HEV vehicles.

2.10.2.3. For vehicles of categories N2 and N3, engine power per ton of maximum design mass of the vehicle combination shall not be less than 5 kW. This requirement shall not apply to pure electric driving mode of HEV vehicles.

2.11. Cabin

2.11.1. Vehicle control, indicators, and signals

2.11.1.1. The following control mechanisms, devices, and switches (if any) shall be fitted so that they are easily identifiable and operable by the driver in seated position:

Engine and transmission system control mechanisms and devices include engine start and stop switch; ignition timing control; fuel injection timing control; accelerator pedal; clutch;

gearbox;

Braking system control mechanisms;

Control mechanisms for lighting, horn, turn signals, windshield washers and wipers, and windshield heating.

2.11.1.2. Engine and transmission system control mechanisms (except engine start switch;

accelerator pedal; transmission system control), control mechanisms related to lighting, windshield washers and wipers, and windshield heating shall be designed with identification symbols arranged near the control mechanisms to be visible to the driver. Turn signal control shall be marked with identification symbol for easy recognition of turning direction of each turn signal by the driver.

2.11.1.3. Speedometer, indicators, and dashboard showing indicators and operating status of turn signals, headlights, fuel system, engine coolant, lubricating oil, braking system, battery charging system, or other systems shall be appropriately positioned to be visible to the driver in daylight or in low light conditions.

For electric vehicles such as PEV, HEV, PHEV, PFCEV, and FCHEV, the speedometer or dashboard shall show indicators and operating status of turn signals, headlights, braking system, engine operating mode, and other systems:

Indicators: Storage of electrical energy in the REESS, storage of other energy in systems of the vehicle;

Warnings: Insulation resistance exceeding safety level; low power level (not required for NOVC-HEV vehicles) and connection to external power supply for charging; hydrogen fueling status when the hydrogen supply is plugged in.

2.11.1.4. Vehicle horn control system or vehicle horn button shall be conveniently located for easy use by the driver in all conditions without affecting vehicle operation.

2.11.1.5. Positioning and tracking system, map, and location data, if fitted on the vehicle, shall not violate the sovereignty, unity, and territorial integrity of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

2.11.2. Return spring of the accelerator, brake, and clutch pedals (if any) shall ensure that these pedals automatically return to their original position when the driver stops applying force.

2.11.3. Symbols shall be available for easy identification of gear positions. If gear shift knob or buttons are fitted, they shall be appropriately located for easy shifting.

2.11.4. Vehicles fitted with automatic gearbox shall not allow the engine to be started when gear lever or gear shift knob or buttons (if fitted) is in the Drive or Reverse position;

If gear lever is mounted on the steering column, rotation direction of the gear lever from Neutral to Drive shall be clockwise.

2.11.5. Seat layout in the cabin shall comply with the following conditions:

Driver's seat shall satisfy the requirements stated in Point 2.12 of this Regulation;

Passenger seat cushion width and depth shall satisfy the requirements stated in Point 2.14.2 of this Regulation;

If the cabin has two rows of seats, the space between the first row and the second row (L) shall not be less than 630 mm;

Seat layout in the cabin shall not affect the driver's ability to control the vehicle and allow sufficient space for occupants to put their feet on the floor;

In all cases, the number of people sitting in a truck cabin shall be no more than 6.

2.12. Driver's seat

2.12.1. Driver's seat shall be appropriately fitted to ensure the driver's vision to operate the vehicle.

2.12.2. Driver's seat shall have enough space for the driver to operate the controls easily.

Eccentricity between the driver's seat and the steering column shall not affect the driver's ability to control the vehicle and shall not be more than 40 mm. Seat cushion width and depth shall not be less than 400 mm.

2.12.3. Driver's seat of a passenger vehicle shall allow longitudinal adjustment, and the seat-back shall allow tilt adjustment.

2.13. Passenger compartment

2.13.1. Passenger compartment shall be designed to ensure safe operation.

2.13.2. For passenger compartment without air conditioning, ventilation shall comply with the following requirements:

When the vehicle is moving at 30 km/h, at passenger's head level, air flow velocity shall not be less than 3 m/s;

Vents shall be able to adjust the air flow.

2.13.3. Gangway

2.13.3.1. Gangway along the body of a passenger vehicle with 16 seats or more (excluding the driver's seat) shall have minimum clear width of 300 mm and minimum clear height of 1700 mm. Space above the gangway shall be designed and constructed to permit free passage of a gauging device consisting of two co-axial cylinders with an inverted truncated cone interposed between them. The gauging device dimensions are prescribed in Figure 7.

Figure 7 - Gangway gauging device

For vehicles fitted with foldable seats on the gangway, measurement shall be performed with the seats folded when not in use. This regulation shall not apply to the last row of seats in the vehicle and the rows of seats located in the engine compartment.

2.13.3.2. Steps may be fitted on the gangway and their width shall be equal to gangway width and satisfy the requirements stated in Table 7 and described in Figure 12 of this Regulation.

2.13.4. Except for urban passenger vehicles, standing room shall not be arranged on other types of passenger vehicles.

2.13.5. Special requirements for sleeper coaches

2.13.5.1. Beds shall be securely fitted and arranged along movement direction of the vehicle;

each bed shall only accommodate one person and shall have safety belt meeting the requirements specified in Point 2.16 of this Regulation.

2.13.5.2. Bed layout shall ensure sufficient space for users to get in and out conveniently; bed cushion dimensions and other fitting dimensions shall comply with the regulations on dimensions described in Figure 8 of this Regulation.

Figure 8 - Bed layout on a sleeper coach

Spacing between 2 beds D1 shall not be less than 1,650 mm;

Bed cushion width R1 shall not be less than 480 mm;

Gangway width R2 (including the last row of beds) shall not be less than 400 mm;

Space above the gangway of a sleeper coach shall permit free passage of a gauging device consisting of a cylinder of Ф400 mm where the height of the cylinder is described in Figure 7:

C1 shall not be less than 750 mm;

C2 shall not be less than 780 mm;

D1 is measured from the first point of the front bed cushion to the first point of the rear bed cushion, excluding the carry-on luggage compartment. R1 is measured at a position 200 mm forward on the bed cushion from the intersection between the bed cushion and the seat-back.

C1 and C2 are measured from the middle of the bed cushion width, 200 mm forward on the bed cushion from the intersection between the bed cushion and seat-back.

2.13.5.3. Parts of bed frame that may make contact with or injure passengers shall be properly rounded or curved and free of sharp or pointy edges that may harm users.

2.13.5.4. Thickness of bed cushion (measured at the…