Attachment 11 - WI Master Plan and Design Guide.pdf

Wake Island Facility Master Plan 2016

FINAL - December 2016

Attachment 11

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WA K E I S L A N D M A S T E R P L A N

D E C E M B E R , 2 016

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COVER

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 3 ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS Page 5 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS Page 6

SECTION 1 - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Page 7

SECTION 2 - INTRODUCTION Page 13

SECTION 3 - MISSION & USAGE ANALYSIS Page 17

SECTION 4 - EXISTING CONDITIONS Page 25

EXISTING LAND USE MAP Page 53 EXISTING FACILITIES CONDITION PLAN Page 55 SECTION 5 - MASTER PLAN & CIP Page 61

END STATE LAND USE MAP Page 73 APPENDIX A - EXISTING FACILITIES INDEX Page 75

APPENDIX B - WAKE INSTALLATION DESIGN GUIDE Page 85

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

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BOS - Base Operations Support CIP - Capital Improvement Projects COR - Contracting Offi cer Representative DTRA - Defense Threat Reduction Agency DLA - Defense Logistics Agency FAA - Federal Aviation Administration HMS - Historic American Landscape Survey MCG - McCool Carlson Green Architects MDA - Missile Defense Agency MWR - Morale, Welfare and Recreation NIPRnet - Non-Secure Internet Protocol Router Network NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NRHP - National Register of Historic Places PACAF - Pacifi c Air Forces PRIMNM - Pacifi c Remote Island Marine National Monument PRSC - PACAF Regional Support Center RO - Reverse Osmosis SIPRnet - Secure Internet Protocol Router Network USAF - United States Air Force USACE - United States Army Corps of Engineers VORTAC - VHF Omnidirectional Range Beacon (VOR) and Tactical Air Navigation System Beacon (TACAN)

A C R O N Y M S & A B B R E V I A T I O N S

R E F E R E N C E D D O C U M E N T S » Wake Island Master Plan

» Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan for Wake Atoll, 15th Civil Engineering Squadron, Hickam Air Force Base, February 2008 (draft)

» Wake Island Facility Index, Booz Allen Hamilton, June 2009

» Marianas Region Architectural & Construction Standards, Setiadi Architects

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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y

S E C T I O N 1

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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y

Scope of this Report

The US Air Force contracted with The US Army Corps of Engineers, McCool Carlson Green Architects and their consulting engineers PDC Engineers and R&M Engineers to complete a new master plan for the Wake Island Facility operated by the PACAF Regional Support Center (PRSC). The master plan process began in October 2015 with a completion target of October 2016.

The Wake Island Master Plan is to serve as the single, integrated, authoritative reference for planning the ongoing and future maintenance and operation of Wake Island. The intent of the Plan is to right size the facility footprint and minimize the annual maintenance costs for the PRSC. The scope of the Plan includes:

» Evaluation of existing buildings and infrastructure

» Evaluation of current mission and inventory of tenants’ usage of facilities by percentage

» Projection of long term needs of the PRSC and approved tenants

» Development of a transitional plan with prioritized capital improvement projects (CIP) leading to a defi ned long term end state for Wake Island

» Development of an Installation Design Guide for Wake (under separate copy)

Methodology

A master planning team employed a combination of research, user interviews, collabora-tive work-sessions and on site observation in the compilation of this report. (A draft report was reviewed by PRSC and review comments incorporated into the fi nal draft.)

About Wake Island

Wake Island is a remote Pacifi c tropical coral atoll located about 2300 miles (3700 kilo-meters) west of Honolulu, Hawaii. It is comprised of three islets; Wake, Wilkes, and Peale around a shallow lagoon. The maximum elevation on the island is about 20 feet (6 meters) above mean low water. Average temperatures range between the mid 70s to low 80s Fahrenheit (25 to 28 degrees C.) Annual rainfall averages around 35 inches (906 mm).

Wake Mission & Facility Usage

The primary mission on Wake is maintenance and operation of the Wake Island Airfi eld.

Wake is under the control of Detachment 1 of the PRSC based on JBER in Anchorage, Alaska. A BOS Contractor manages the daily operations on Wake. Typical operations include:

» Support for trans-Pacifi c fl ight crews from Air Force, Marines, Navy and Army (continuous)

» Maintenance of Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) fuel bulk storage and refueling infrastructure (continuous)

» Support for Missile Defense Agency (MDA) operations (annual)

» Support for other US Government Organizations conducting testing and monitoring on Wake (periodic)

» Base engineering facility, utility, equipment and grounds main-tenance to support operations (continuous)

Island Population

There are no permanent residents on Wake, no families and no children. The base population on Wake is approxi-mately 100, composed of PRSC personnel and the BOS Contractors. A normal surge population with two Trans-Pacs and some third party contractors on site can ap-proach 300. In the event of a large MDA operation coinciding with other opera-tions a maximum surge could exceed 400.

Existing Facilities & Conditions

The master planning team looked in depth at the existing buildings, utilities and other infrastructure on Wake. Narratives describing existing conditions and a map of existing buildings are included in Section 4 of the report. Tables listing the existing buildings and outlining use and

Figure 1: Typical 1960s era concrete dormitory building in Downtown

Figure 2: Derelict building #1406 in use for storage & mainte-nance

Figure 3: Reverse Osmosis water treatment in building #1303

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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y condition are included in Appendix A.

Master Plan Summary

Master Plan Vision and Goals This master plan replaces Wake’s previous master plan. It identifi es current trends and needs and proposes a plan to meet these needs over time. The Plan also aims to steer the Wake Island facility in the direction it wants to go. The Wake Island planning group collect-ed ideas from a cross-section of Wake administrators, tenants and contractors. From this input a vision for Wake and a list of long term goals were developed to guide the planning.

Vision: Effi cient, durable, attractive facilities, organized to streamline the Wake Island missions and operating in harmony with local ecology and cultural artifacts.

Goals:

» Provide appropriate housing and meals for a typical island population of 200 with maximum surge capacity to 500.

» Consolidate or relocate activities from underutilized facilities to improve operations effi ciency and reduce utility and maintenance load from facilities overall.

» Repair or replace mission critical buildings and utility infrastructure in accord with the Wake Island Design Guidelines.

» Preserve and enhance the natural and cultural resources of the Wake Atoll.

Master Plan Recommendations The Wake Island mission is not anticipated to change signifi cantly in the near future.

Accordingly the recommendations of the Master Plan are focused on replacement, repair, consolidation and overall improvements to the effi ciency of operations on Wake. The recommendations are itemized in the Capital Improvement Plan (CIP) and organized into Projects in Planning or Design, Near Term and Long Term Recommendations. In summary, the recommendations include:

Projects in Planning or Design

» Building Systems Upgrades to the Dining Hall

» Paving of Taxiway Bravo, the Hot Cargo Pad and Wake Avenue

» Island-wide upgrades to Electrical Distribution, Sewer System, Water Mains and Fire Alarm systems

» Solar Photovoltaic and Hot Water projects to improve energy effi ciency

» MDA Offi ce and Communications buildings

» New Sprung storage structure for the PRSC

» Power Plant Repairs/Upgrades

Near Term Recommendations » Building Systems Upgrades to the

Dormitories

» Power Plant Improvements

» Water conservation and security through repair of leaking fi re tanker and replacement of Downtown Pressure Zone #3

» Laundry Exhaust Improvements

» Supply Warehouse Offi ces Remodel

Long Term Recommendations » Replace & Consolidate Base

Engineering and Maintenance Facilities

» Replace & Right-Size Base Ops/ Air Terminal Facility

» Replace & Consolidate Dining & Services Facilities

» Replace & Consolidate Fire Stations

» Construct Covered Storage to protect Vehicles & Equipment

» Replace Water Treatment Plant

» Construct New Base Housing & Consolidate out of inundation zone

» Expand Supply Warehouse Capacity & Consolidate Operations

» Outdoor Recreation and Fitness Center Improvements

Section 5 of this report includes more detailed descriptions and analysis of the recommendations.

Figure 4: Power plant building #1190

Figure 5: Bulk fuel storage in the 1800 area on Wilkes Island

Figure 6: Base Ops air terminal building #1502

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I N T R O D U C T I O N

S E C T I O N 2

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About Wake Island Wake Island is a remote Pacifi c tropical coral atoll located about 2300 miles (3700 kilome-ters) west of Honolulu, Hawaii. It is comprised of three islets; Wake, Wilkes, and Peale around a shallow lagoon. The maximum elevation on the island is about 20 feet (6 meters) above mean low water. Average temperatures range between the mid 70s to low 80s Fahrenheit (25 to 28 degrees C.) Annual rainfall averages around 35 inches (906 mm). Wake Atoll is designated as a National Historic Landmarkis listed on the Historic American Landscape Survey (HMS) and is within the Pacifi c Remote Island Marine National Monument (PRIMNM).

Historical Time Line » Visited by Marshall Islanders in prehistory but never known to be inhabited

» Discovered by Captain Alvaro de Neyra from Spain in 1568

» Discovered by British Captain Samuel Wake in 1796

» Surveyed by Charles Wilkes of the USA in 1841

» USA President William McKinley formally ordered the US Navy to take possession of Wake and a U.S. fl ag was raised on site in 1899.

» Japanese feather harvesters frequented the island in the early 20th Century.

» Pan American Airways constructed a hotel, dock, and other recreational facilities on Wake and stopped over with their “Flying Clippers” starting in 1935

I N T R O D U C T I O N

Figure 7: Satellite photograph of Wake Atoll in October 2015

» US Navy began construction of a military base on the Atoll in early 1941

» On December 8, 1941 the Island was attacked by the Japanese in the now famous WWII battle of Wake Island. At that time the Island housed about 449 Marines, 68 naval personnel, and 1221 civilians from the Morrison Knudsen Corporation.

» December 23, 1941 a second and overwhelming Japanese force took control of the island (after suffering some losses) and captured or killed the U.S. defenders.

» Following WWII the US Navy manned a Naval Air Base on the island.

» Typhoon Olive hit Wake in 1952. Winds reached 142mph and “fl attened nearly every building on the island”.

» Wake was used as a strategic base during the Korean War. President Harry Truman met U.S. General Douglas McArthur on the island for a conference about the war on October 15, 1950.

» Wake was used as a transpacifi c support base during the Vietnam War. Many of the existing buildings still in use were constructed during this period.

» Typhoon Sarah caused widespread damage to Wake facilities in September 1967

» An agreement between the Air Force and the US Department of the Interior trans-fered the civil administration of Wake to the Air Force effective June 24, 1972.

» In 1985 Wake Island was designated a United States National Historic Landmark.

» US Army constructed two missile launch pads on Peacock Point in 1989.

» US Air Force 15th Wing from Hickam AFB was given control of Wake in 2002.

» Super Typhoon Ioke made a direct hit on Wake in August 2006. Winds were estimat-ed at 155mph with gusts to 190mph.

» January 6, 2009 proclamation 8336 established the waters around Wake Atoll as part of the Pacifi c Remote Islands Marine National Monument.

» Control of Wake was passed to the PRSC located at Joint Base Elmendorf- Richardson in Anchorage, Alaska in 2010.

» Wake Island is included in the Historic American Landscape Survey (HALS UM-1). The Wake survey report was compiled in 2011.

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S E C T I O N 3

M I S S I O N & U S A G E A N A L Y S I S

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Wake Island Mission & Operations

The primary mission on Wake is the maintenance and operation of the Wake Island Airfi eld.

Wake is under the control of Detachment 1 of the PRSC based on JBER in Anchorage, Alaska. A BOS Contractor manages the daily operations on Wake. Typical operations include:

» Support for trans-Pacifi c fl ight crews from Air Force, Marines, Navy and Army (continuous)

» Maintenance of Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) fuel bulk storage and refueling infrastructure (continuous)

» Support for Missile Defense Agency (MDA) operations (annual)

» Support for other US Government Organizations conducting testing and monitoring on Wake (periodic)

» Base engineering facility, utility, equipment and grounds maintenance to support operations (continuous)

Current Tenant Groups

PACAF Regional Support Center Operational control of Wake Island was transferred from the 15th Wing, located at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, to the PRSC, located at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska on 1 October 2010. PRSC Detachment 1 is located on Wake Island. Det 1 is comprised of an offi cer, who acts as the base commander, and 3 non-commissioned offi cers who are the government’s Contracting Offi cer Representatives (CORs) for the BOS contractor on island.

The primary mission of the Detachment is the maintenance and operation of Wake Island Airfi eld.

Base Operations Support (BOS) Contractor Civilian contractors conduct most base operations and maintenance on Wake. Private contractors have operated Wake for decades with the contract occasionally changing hands but with many of the on-island staff remaining the same. There are typically 80-95 BOS Contractor personnel on Wake and approximately 75 percent are Thai nationals.

Missile Defense Agency When active the MDA is the island’s largest tenant. They conduct seasonal operations in the “MDA Area” on the SE portion of Wake, south of the airfi eld. During a large operation the MDA may have 300 personnel on the island. The MDA occupies the H-shaped dormi-tories (1175 & 1176) and provides their own temporary housing when on island in the form of tent structures and cabins. The tents and cabins are assembled in the downtown area prior to the start of MDA operations and disassembled afterwards. This temporary housing is warehoused on the island when not in use. MDA sends an advance group of 60-80 with their own aircraft in the build-up to an operation. MDA personnel use the dining facility which has been supplemented with additional equipment, staff and meal shifts to meet the increased demand during an MDA operation. The BOS Contractor has restricted use of Drifter’s Reef recreational facility and the MWR equipment by MDA personnel in order to maintain access for other island residents and transients.

The MDA relies heavily on the environmental services of the USAF at Wake Island Airfi eld.

The USAF 611th CES Environmental staff and BOS Contractor provide the MDA with annual migratory bird permit coverage, NEPA analysis support, and adoption of the 611th’s Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan and Integrated Cultural Resource Management Plan (ICRMP) as their own to utilize when operating on island.

Trans Pacifi c Flights (Trans-Pacs) Wake serves as a refueling stop for USAF, US Marines and US Navy transpacifi c aircraft.

These “Trans-Pacs” typically include multiple aircraft, approximately 50 personnel and stay 48-72 hours for refueling and maintenance. Facilities must be maintained to house and feed these itinerant personnel.

In a typical scenario a group of 5-10 fi ghters arrives with a large tanker. Fighters park on taxiway bravo and heavies park on the hardstands in front of the Terminal. The fl ight crew receives a safety briefi ng in the terminal and is then transported by bus to Downtown and processed in the billeting offi ce and given rooms. The fl ight crew eats meals in the dining hall during their stay. Dining hours may be extended occasionally to meet fl ight schedules.

The crew usually stays only one night and is bussed back to the airfi eld in the morning after breakfast for departure. There is no aircraft parts inventory on Wake so occasionally a crew will stay longer while waiting on parts for a repair.

Other Government Organizations There are a variety of other US Government organizations that have a limited presence on Wake. They typically utilize small, specialized facilities and send seasonal, transient person-nel to conduct routine maintenance or research.

» National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA) maintains a tide monitoring station on Wake. Transient personnel visit once a year for routine mainte-nance. NOAA sends 2-3 personnel on the ATI rotator fl ight for this work and they stay 2 weeks (until the next rotator).

» Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) – The DLA controls the fuels infrastructure on Wake.

They have no permanent personnel on the island but send transient personnel for twice annual fuel resupply and as needed for construction and maintenance

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» Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) maintains nuclear non-proliferation treaty monitoring stations on Wake. Transient personnel visit periodically for maintenance.

Third Party Contractors Frequently groups of construction workers, consulting engineers, surveyors etc. visit the island. They are accommodated in the dormitories and dining facility in the same fashion as visiting airmen. The civil engineering division of USAF 611th from JBER in Anchorage have been working on Wake during winters to complete abatement, demolition and major maintenance projects.

Percentage of Facility Use by Tenant

To insure equitable cost sharing of the operations of Wake Island, the USAF needs to under-stand how facility, infrastructure and supply use is divided among the various tenants. A detailed tracking and accounting of percentage of use is beyond the scope of this report.

However, the available data have been interpreted to give an approximate accounting of current use.

Aircraft Operations Records of aircraft operations from 2009-2015 were analyzed as part of this report. An aircraft operation is defi ned as one aircraft landing or takeoff. In recent years airfi eld traffi c has decreased and concentrated on the 2nd quarter of the year. 2015 Operations totaled

397, 180 of which were in Q2. The data provided break these operations down by branch of the armed forces and civilian fl ights. They do not indicate the number of personnel on each aircraft or whether the operation was a “Gas-and-Go” or if personnel stayed overnight.

The graphs on the this page illustrate percentage of airfi eld operations by user group.

Meals Data Data tracking meals provided on Wake over the past 16 months (FY15-FY16) were also analyzed. Since everyone on Wake receives the majority of their meals from the dining facility this pro-vides a fairly accurate picture of head count on the island and is subdivided into Base Operations (BOS) personnel, MDA and Transpac personnel (DOD) and third party contractors (TPC).

For FY2015, the total occupancy calcu-lated in Man-days was 49,946.

One Man-day is defi ned as one person on-island for one 24-hour period, eating 3 meals. These numbers are subject to the accuracy of meal count data provided for review, and to variations in eating habits between the various groups.

It should be noted that DOD and TPC numbers are not uniform throughout the year. The bulk of DOD use occurs in discrete events typically lasting several weeks. This pattern corresponds to surges in the billeting data on the next page.

Billeting Data The billeting records provided are divided into MDA, USAF Temporary Duty, Other Military and 3rd Party Contractors.

The data appear to be exclusive of BOS Contractor housing. Data were

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M I S S I O N & U S A G E A N A L Y S I S provided for a 16 month period covering FY2015 and a portion of FY2016. During this period the monthly totals range from 100 to over 500 beds. There is a peak of “Non-ISSA Military” activity in the 2nd Quarter and a peak of MDA activity in the 4th Quarter. When these levels of occupancy are compared to the total housing available on the island (table on Page 29), it is clear that if two of these surge events were coincident there would be a signifi cant housing shortage.

Through interviews with BOS Contractors and Air Force Det 1 on Wake it was also clear that the surges tax the capacity of the kitchen and dining hall as well. During a surge, two additional shifts per meal are sometimes added. This is manageable in the short term but requires overtime labor and adds to the overall installation operating cost.

The table below and graph on the following page illustrate the billeting information ob-tained and analyzed for this report.

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S E C T I O N 4

E X I S T I N G C O N D I T I O N S

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E X I S T I N G C O N D I T I O N S

Current Land Use

General Zoning Land use on Wake is informally zoned into 5 main areas:

1. Downtown is the north end of Wake Island and includes the majority of the base housing, the dining facility, billeting, clinic, laundry, recreation areas and the power plant.

2. The “Industrial Area” occupies the midsection or east side of Wake Island and is the focal point for base engineering, maintenance, supply and warehousing, and POL fuels. The water treatment and potable water storage is also located here.

3. The Airfi eld extends most of the length of the south end of Wake and includes the runway, taxiways alpha and bravo and the Base Ops Air Terminal building.

4. The “MDA Area” occupies Peacock Point, the SE tip of Wake Island.

5. The Port Area is at the western tip of Wake and is connected by a causeway around the harbor to the Bulk Fuel Storage area on Wilkes Island.

Constraints and Hazards There are several constraints and hazards that affect land use and should be considered in planning for Wake. These are illustrated on the Existing Land Use Map included at the end of this section.

» Historic Inundation Zones: areas that are known to have fl ooded due to typhoon storm surge or rogue waves as estimated on the Map. These include a portion of Downtown occupied by the dormitories and the inner coast of the lagoon affecting the runway.

» Prevailing Winds on Wake are from the NNE with some minor seasonal variation.

» Salt Spray: All parts of the atoll are subject to air born salt spray. The east coast of Wake, where the reef breaks close to shore and upwind of prevailing breezes is reported to be more heavily affected. This leads to even more aggressive corrosion and increased maintenance requirements for buildings and utilities.

» Airfi eld height and setback restrictions apply to any development on the south end of Wake including the Port Area and MDA Area.

» The Missile Blast Radius in the MDA Area and Hot Cargo Blast Radius (relocating to the east end of the runway) preclude any housing development in these areas.

» Historic Buildings and Memorials: Wake Atoll has a rich history and the islands are sprinkled with artifacts and ruins, especially of WWII signifi cance. The Air Terminal (#1502) and old Control Tower (#1601) are eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Various other structures qualify for evaluation as historic buildings due to their age.

» The waters around Wake Atoll are designated as part of the Pacifi c Remote Island

Marine National Monument (PRIMNM). This designation con-strains many in-water activities.

Existing Buildings

There are over 200 buildings on Wake Atoll. A majority of the existing structures on Wake, Peale and Wilkes islands are listed in the Real Property Inventory by number and bear a number plaque on the building. In this report we refer to buildings by this inventory number which can be cross-referenced on the Existing Facility Map at the end of this section and in the existing facility inventory list in Appendix A. There are no buildings currently in use on Peale Island or on the western half of Wilkes Island, west of fuel bulk storage area. The existing derelict buildings on those islands are not addressed in detail in this report.

Building numbering on Wake progresses from the 100 area at the Old Chapel north and counter clockwise to the 1100 area in Downtown and then returns clockwise on the lagoon side to the 1800 area at the Fuel Farm. A couple facilities in the Golf Course area are labeled 2100 (golf club-house) and 2059 (sewer pump station #8).

Structural Systems There are numerous types of construction on the island. These include; cast in place concrete, precast concrete, concrete masonry units, wood framed with stucco, pre-engineered metal buildings, modifi ed connex structures, and fabric covered structures such as Weatherhaven, E X I S T I N G C O N D I T I O N S

Figure 10: NOAA tide and weather monitoring building #1703

Figure 9: Derelict old dining hall facility

Figure 8: Old Chapel #106 near Base Ops

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E X I S T I N G C O N D I T I O N S

Clamshell, and Sprung. There are also a number of unique design features such as various roof, door, and window types. Some construction types and components have faired better than others over time. Each of these is discussed in more detail in the Installation Design Guide in Appendix B.

Housing There are several types of housing in use on Wake including single dormitory rooms with shared latrines, pairs of rooms sharing one latrine, open berth bunkhouse, duplex houses

Table 1: Table summa-rizing existing housing.

Refer to the Existing Building Index and Existing Facilities Map in this report for more information.

and single family houses. In addition MDA has erected a man camp of modular huts and bunkhouse tents. A majority of the housing is located in the 1100 Downtown area in walking distance of the Dining Facility, Gym, Store and Chapel. The exceptions are the Air Force offi cer houses, located close to the Industrial area in the 500-900 blocks. The billeting offi ce in dor-mitory building 1116 is the check-in point for all BOS Contractor managed housing.

The table on the previous page summa-rizes the existing housing on Wake and can be cross-referenced with the Existing Building Index in Appendix A of this report and the included Existing Facilities Map.

General Problems with the Existing Housing:

» Age: All of the permanent housing is over 40 years old and has weath-ered several major tropical storms.

While great effort has been paid to repair and maintain the buildings, they are reaching the end of their expected life and maintenance costs will continue to increase.

» Flooding: In addition to high winds and storm surge, rogue wave events have reportedly fl ooded dormitory buildings 1117, 1115, 1120 and 1128. Storm damage has been repaired on the buildings that remain but their remains the pos-sibility of similar damage in future rogue waves and storm surge in this location.

» Mold: High humidity makes housing susceptible to mold growth. Recent heavy rains fl ooded and soaked

E X I S T I N G C O N D I T I O N S

Figure 13: Shared toilet rooms in H-shaped dormitories #1175 & #1176

Figure 12: Duplex offi cer hous-ing #944

Figure 11: Typical 1960s era concrete dormitory building in Downtown

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E X I S T I N G C O N D I T I O N S portions of dormitory buildings 1116, 1118 and 1120. The extra moisture led to signifi cant mold growth in and on walls and over 40 rooms are uninhabitable pending repairs.

» Termites: Wood framed portions of the housing are subject to termite infestation and damage, which is often undetected until the damage is extensive. The contractor houses and dormitories 1175 & 1176 are wood framed structures with stucco on exterior walls. The other dormi-tories, while primarily cast in place concrete, have wood framed infi ll panels in the exterior walls and wood framed interior partitions and have had termite problems.

» Structural: Structural analysis is not within the scope of this report but there is visible structural cracking in areas of the dormitories and the visible termite damage to the lanai roof framing of contractor housing.

These issues should be addressed for the long-term safety of the occupants.

» Standards: The dormitories on Wake are over 55 years old and they no longer meet building codes in some respects nor do they meet the Air Force Facility and Guest Room Standards for size of rooms and private baths.

Dining Facility The BOS Contractor stocks, supplies and prepares 3 meals a day for everyone on the island. The number of meals served

Figure 16: Kitchen in the Dining Hall #1104

Figure 15: Exterior of Dining Hall #1104 with windows boarded up

Figure 14: Interior of Dining Hall #1104 per day has varied from 160 to 800 over the past 16 months according to BOS Contractor records.

The Dining Facilities include the dining hall and kitchen (#1104) and the connected cold storage building (#1105) plus additional cold storage units outdoors under a roof (#1105). Dry food and cold food storage is several hundred feet away in building #1125.

Additionally, two freezer units are used to store meats in the Supply Warehouse (#1402) two miles away in the Industrial Area. Dry and frozen foods arrive by supply barge once annually and fresh produce every two weeks on the ATI rotator fl ight from Hawaii.

The dining hall is one large room (3400sf) with a posted capacity of 215. The tables and chairs in the room accommodate approximately 100. Take out containers are also available and many full time personnel take their meals to go. The food service is a caf-eteria-style line with a separate salad bar, desert case, cold drinks and coffee machines.

Usage data is collected by voluntary sign-in at the head of the line on lists separated into On-Island and Transient personnel.

Typical open hours for dining are: Breakfast 0700-0800, Lunch 1130-1230 and Dinner 1700- 1800. These hours are sometimes fl exed to accommodate fl ight times of departing Trans- Pacs. When MDA has a large operation, the number of people on the island is tripled and the dining hours are extended with shifts assigned to MDA.

The Dining Facility buildings were built in 1961 and a majority of the fi nishes and fi xtures ap-pear to be original. Kitchen equipment is a mixture of original and newer equipment. Like the dormitories, these buildings have been subject to storm damage and termite damage.

Noted Dining Facilities Issues Include:

» All windows but 1 are boarded up in the dining hall so there is no daylight or views.

» Loud fan-driven air curtains activate every time a person enters or exits the room and two televisions with the volume up are positioned at either end of the room.

» Interior fi nishes in the dining hall are original and highly stained and unattractive.

» Doors and door hardware are improvised, site-built contraptions that don’t latch and don’t seem to have an effective way to be secured.

» There is one very small and diffi cult to access toilet for each men and women in the dining hall and one men’s toilet for the kitchen staff. Both are severely outdated and there are no toilet facilities for women in the kitchen.

» Furniture in the dining hall was handed down from Guam after storm damage. It is serviceable but not ideal.

» The electrical service is outdated and undersized for the current use. New equip-ment cannot be added without tripping breakers.

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E X I S T I N G C O N D I T I O N S » Inadequate grill space (a majority of the burners on the grill do not function)

» Cold storage for food is spread out in 4 facilities, 2 of them removed from the kitchen. Consolidation would allow for more effi cient use of space, lower energy costs and a more streamlined food service operation.

In general the dining hall is not a very pleasant place to eat. There are current plans to refurbish some of the fi nishes but the building is nearing the end of its useful life and is a potential bottleneck to the scale of operations on Wake.

Laundry Building #1103 houses the laundry services.

These include bedding linens and towels, collected from the dormitories each Tuesday. The laundry also sometimes han-dles service uniforms but there are seldom large groups of uniformed personnel on the island. Individual clothes washing is self-service at free machines in Recreation building #1109 and in a converted dorm room in #1116.

The laundry building includes a laundry room with commercial washers, extractors and dryers, a linen storage room, an offi ce and a single toilet room. The space seems adequate for the function, with room for adding equipment if necessary. MDA brought some new machines for their operations in 2015. The building was con-structed in 1961 but is in fair condition. The roofi ng has been replaced since 2009. Figure 19: Interior of Base Ops/

Air Terminal (#1502)

Figure 18: Exterior of Base Ops/ Air Terminal (#1502)

Figure 17: Interior of Laundry (#1103)

Noted Issues Include:

» The dryers vent directly into the laundry room making it very hot and humid

» Asbestos pipe insulation abatement and window rot issues noted in the 2009 Facility Index do not appear to have been addressed.

Base Operations / Air Terminal Building #1502 consolidates Base of Operations and the Air Terminal in one facility. As such it is central to the Wake mission. The Base Ops/ Air Terminal building was constructed in 1962 and is eligible for listing on the NRHP. The building has a number of evident problems from structural cracking and termite damage to outdated building systems and fi xtures.

As a critical facility and shelter it should be given a high priority for major renovation or replacement.

The table on the following page summarizes the current uses of the facility with approxi-mate areas dedicated to each function.

There are several areas in this facility that seem oversized for the current use. In general the terminal arrivals/departures hall is sized for 200 people but seldom handles more than 50 at a time. Some of this excess space will be taken up if plans to install baggage and pas-senger screening equipment are implemented. The MAC conference room may be useful occasionally but is not well located for private conferences and usually sits empty. The post offi ce is a large area that serves a very limited function. Offi ces throughout the building are generously sized and some appear mostly unused. A replacement plan for this consolidat-ed facility could likely reduce square footage by 20% or more while better meeting all the user’s needs.

Noted Program Defi ciencies Include:

» No passenger and baggage screening – Installing this equipment is reportedly in the works.

» The armory does not meet specs and is located through a storage room off the main terminal hall.

» There is no detention space. In 2015 a man had to be detained in the old jail in building #1504, a crumbling ruin with no power or water/sewer and a leaking roof.

Base Engineering, Supply & Maintenance The 1400-1500 Industrial Area, between Downtown and the Airfi eld is the focal point for maintenance, repair, supply and warehousing on the island. Use of the facilities in this area is divided between CFSI, USAF 611th and the MDA. Operational needs met by this area include:

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» Logistics/ Transportation management

» Supplies receiving, warehousing and distribution

» Heavy equipment storage and maintenance

» Public works management

» Liquid fuels management

» Environmental technician

» Vehicle maintenance & small en-gine repair

» Plumbing, electrical/mechanical, carpentry, welding/metalwork and paint shops

For accountability purposes, some of these functions are duplicated in separate spac-es by the 611th. Many of the buildings in this area are in an advanced state of failure, are marked for demolition and yet are still actively in use to meet operational needs. The public works offi ces (#1401), environmental offi ce (#1401), vehicle maintenance and storage buildings (#1406 & #1407), the paint shop (#1410), storage building (#1509) and the electrical shop (#1513) are all in poor or derelict condition but are still in use. Tensile fabric “Sprung” structures have been erected in lieu of permanent facilities to meet vehicle storage and shop needs. The Sprungs are aluminum-framed with tensioned fabric skin. They are in good condition but are less than 5 years old and have not been tested by storm conditions on Wake.

Recreation & Cultural Facilities Recreation facilities on Wake include

Figure 22: “Drifter’s Reef” Lanai (#1109)

Figure 21: Base Engineering with Sprung structure behind

Figure 20: Derelict shop building still in use by 611th

37| F I N A L indoor and outdoor areas, both devel-oped and natural. All existing recreational facilities are located in the Downtown area.

Indoor Recreation Facilities » The Gym in building #1128 is well equipped with a variety of exercise machines and an open room with mats, a punching bag, pull up bar and TV with DVD for playing workout videos. The Gym is open 24 hours.

» Building #1109 is a consolidated recreation and service facility including the Drifter’s Reef bar, two game rooms with pool tables, table tennis and shuffl eboard, a free library, a barbershop, a self-service laundry room and a covered outdoor seating area facing the beach. The barbershop and Drifter’s Reef have set open hours while the rest of the facility is always open.

» Building #1181 is a non-denomina-tional chapel with services each Sunday morning. An addition to the back of this building houses the island radio station.

» Building #1169 houses the Thai temple and a room for arts, crafts and music.

» Prior to tropical storm Ioke (2006) there was a 10-lane bowling alley in Downtown. The storm destroyed the roof and there was no attempt to repair it. Consequently, the interior was damaged by water and the building was eventually demolished.

E X I S T I N G C O N D I T I O N S

Figure 25: Basketball Court w/ Fire Station Beyond

Figure 24: Exterior of Thai Tem-ple & Music Room (#1169)

Figure 23: Interior of Chapel (#1181)

» Building #1110 is a small ceramic studio. It is missing door and windows and marked for demolition.

Outdoor Recreation Facilities Developed outdoor recreation areas include a tennis court and baseball fi eld south of the dining facility. Both are in need of rehabilitation. Adjacent to Drifter’s Reef there is a sand volleyball court and derelict tennis courts with no nets or fencing. The green space that extends east from the Chapel is known as the golf course. There are some Frisbee golf goals and a rundown “golf clubhouse” (#2100) but no golf greens or holes.

There are good places to swim, especially in the lagoon, around the atoll. In the channel between Wake & Peale Islands, close to the dining facility in downtown is a sandy beach area with a good swimming hole. The BOS Contractor usually operates a recreational equipment lending service, providing bicycles, kayaks and snorkeling gear.

Abandoned & Derelict Buildings There are a number of ruined buildings and infrastructure in various states of decay. Many buildings were marked for demolition years ago but funding for a comprehensive program of abatement and demolition has not been available. A work crew from the Air Force 611th has been spending the winter months on Wake completing demolition and repair projects. In general the approach is to demolish derelict buildings as able and necessary.

There are also some buildings marked for demolition that are still actively used and needed for operations. Most in this category are located in the industrial area.

Solid waste disposal is a challenge on the island as there is no landfi ll. There have been efforts to reuse crushed concrete from demolition as fi ll with use of the Air Force rock crush-er on Wake.

Existing Utilities

Water Wake Island has no natural source of fresh water. Various attempts at harvesting rainwater

E X I S T I N G C O N D I T I O N S

Figure 26: Beach BBQ in Downtown

39| F I N A L have met only limited success over the years, due to the limited rainfall and corresponding need for large amounts of storage capacity and treatment. Some rainwater is still collected for industrial or incidental landscaping needs, but the vast majority of water needs must be met by importing water or manufacturing it on the island.

Currently water is produced by a reverse osmosis plant located in the industrial area (#1303) Brackish groundwater (essentially seawater) is pumped from a deep well near the lagoon and processed through a reverse osmosis (RO) fi ltration system in Building 1303. The RO process removes all minerals from the water, making it corrosive, so the water plant adds various minerals back into the water to help pro-tect distribution piping. Chlorination takes place prior to pumping the treated water into 2 concrete storage tanks with a total capacity of 600,000 gallons.

The tanks are former rain catchment storage tanks, re-purposed for potable water storage by covering them with geodesic aluminum roofs. The tanks were not designed for this purpose and do not have means for circulation within the tanks to prevent stagnation. As a result, the water must be re-chlorinated as it leaves the tanks and enters the distribution sys-tem. The operational intent is to run the RO system for an 8 hour shift or less, producing enough fi nish water to offset the usage of about 20,000 gallons each day. This replaces the draw down from the storage tanks, keeping them essentially full at all times.

The next stage is underground piping

E X I S T I N G C O N D I T I O N S

Figure 29: Sewage Drying Area at Peacock Point

Figure 28: Pressure Zone 3 Serv-ing Downtown

Figure 27: Water Storage Tanks (2 Domed Tanks In Use) distributing fi nish water to 3 zones of the island. When the system was installed, there was considerable water demand distributed around the island, and the zones were established to even out the load. Pressure zones 1 and 2 serving the industrial and airport areas are largely unused now due to demolition and decommissioning of large tracts of housing and support facilities. Zone 3 serving downtown (housing and dining) is by far the largest zone in use today.

Each zone consists of a large storage tank which is fi lled by manually opening the valve from the central distribution piping and running the main pumps at the water plant. Staff must monitor water levels in these tanks and refi ll them as needed. Pump houses for each zone then pump water from the storage tanks into large pressure tanks to serve each zone distribution system. Pressures are currently kept low due to weak piping in buildings causing leaks at higher pressures.

Zones 1 and 2 each have a 10,000 gallon vertical steel tank for storage, and a 2,000 gallon pressure tank. Zone 3 has two storage tanks (SIZE) and two pressure tanks at 3500 and 4500 gallons. The pressure stations are in poor condition, particularly Zone 3 tanks.

Zone 1 has a single branch which serves the mid-island industrial area. Zone 2 also has a single branch, serving the airfi eld operations area at the east end of the runway. Zone 3 serves the downtown area using 3 separate metered branches. It appears that one branch serves the north housing area, another serves the dining hall and laundry, and a third serves the south housing area (MDA). Branch pipe routing could not be verifi ed on-site or using drawings.

Water is not currently metered at each facility. There is a meter on each main branch leaving the pressure stations but there is no documentation of which buildings are served by each branch.

Water quality is regularly tested. Recently, high levels of lead, copper, and THM have been observed in some facilities. Analysis of the issue was performed by others, and it was determined that regular fl ushing of the lines suffi ced to reduce the levels below concern thresholds.

Sewer Treatment and disposal of sewage has been handled different ways through the years.

During the most populated years on Wake, local septic tanks and leach fi elds were the prevalent system. Most of these have failed and been abandoned for many years. Now, there is a centralized treatment facility at Peacock Point, where all waste from the island is intended to be sent for treatment.

The lack of topography on Wake requires a pumped force main type system, which is run from the downtown area to the east beach and then down along the shoreline to Peacock point. Along the way, separate branch systems drain by gravity or local lift station to the shoreline pump stations along the force main. A total of 10 lift or pump stations route the wastewater along the main and branch lines.

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The north part of Wake Island known as “Downtown” is the main water consumption zone, and therefore is logically the chief producer of wastewater. It is also the furthest from the treatment facility, at approximately 15,000 feet distance. Lift stations 10, 9, and 8 collec-tively serve all the facilities in Downtown. From there, buried piping routes to pump stations 6, 5, 4, 3, and 1 in order on the way to Peacock Point. Branch piping joins the main from lift stations 7 and 2 along the route through the industrial area. The main terminal Ops building drains by gravity to lift station 1.

Conversations with staff indicate that the main lines are very leaky, losing most if not all of the wastewater underground before reaching the treatment facility. The pump stations along the eastern shore are particularly prone to damage from typhoons and have been replaced or repaired multiple times.

Fire Protection Airfi eld Aircraft operation requires fi re trucks standing by during landing and takeoff in the event of an incident. Various fi re response vehicles are housed at a relatively new fi re station build-ing located north of the airfi eld terminal Ops building (#1522). Currently the 4000 gallon tank on the airport fi re tanker truck leaks its entire contents within a few hours, requiring a refi ll before each aircraft operation. There are often multiple operations per day; on aver-age perhaps 2 fi lls are required, using 8,000 gallons of water per day.

Fire department personnel report that they fi ll the truck from stored rainwater in the old catchment system storage tanks near the water plant. These tanks are not refi lled at the rate they are drawn down, and will eventually run out of usable water. Staff estimates a year or so of reserve capacity is available.

Building Protection Building-level fi re protection consists primarily of local fi re extinguishers. At one time there was a limited underground fi re water distribution system with hydrants but this is not current-ly functional.

Some specialty buildings had other types of fi re protection such as an Ansul system in the kitchen, but these are no longer in service.

Sprinkler systems are not installed in any of the buildings currently in use.

Plumbing Indoor plumbing in most facilities is outdated, in poor condition, and at or beyond the end of its useful service life. Most facility plumbing (excepting 1502 Base Ops main restrooms, and the MDA housing) is barely functional and should be upgraded or replaced.

Water Service Building service generally feeds up from underground into a small mechanical room, often housing a water heater. Pipe size seems to be adequate based on suffi cient available pressure at most fi xtures. Staff reports that supply pressures are purposefully kept low to reduce piping failures within the buildings.

Usage meters, backfl ow prevention, and pressure regulation are not provided.

Sprinkler systems are not installed, so risers are not present at the service entries.

Water Heating Each dormitory building with showers and restrooms has a water heater in the room where the potable water enters the building. The water heaters are electric tank-style, typically 50 gallon capacity.

Recirculation to fi xtures is not provided.

Other housing facilities such as the duplex-es have electric water heaters for each living unit. Some are instantaneous tankless type; most are tank type.

Base Operations has several electric tank water heaters to serve the large restrooms and showers in the terminal. Incidental hot water needs around the island such as warehouse offi ces are met with local electric tank-type water heaters.

Commercial-grade laundry machines at the main base laundry facility heat their own water and only require cold water service. Other personal laundry facilities such as the one in the recreation hall use hot water from tank-style electric heaters in the associated building.

Water Piping In the downtown area housing facilities, piping runs from each water service entry through the fi rst fl oor hallway soffi t to each fi rst-fl oor restroom group into accessible plumbing chases. Where there are second fl oor restrooms, those are fed from the fi rst-fl oor chase below.

The Air Terminal (#1502) has larger restrooms suitable for a group of disem-barking passengers, in addition to smaller

E X I S T I N G C O N D I T I O N S

Figure 31: Corroded Toilet Flush Valve in Dormitory

Figure 30: Fire Engine in Down-town Fire Station (#1140)

Figure 32: Corroded Faucet in Dormitory

43| F I N A L facilities for the operations portion of the facility. The main restrooms have been renovated recently and are in acceptable condition. The remaining fi xtures are in fair to poor condition.

Contractor housing (1000 series buildings) are standard duplex housing units with one or two standard bathrooms and a standard kitchen.

Most other facilities have limited or no plumbing. Where there is plumbing, typi-cally a single restroom and janitor closet, fed directly from underground.

Materials are an ad-hoc mixture of cop-per, steel, and PVC. Copper and steel piping corrode quickly and fail often.

Repairs have trended towards using PVC or PEX, which have high success rates compared to other materials.

Fixtures Fixture types and brands vary widely across the island.