Exhibit 1 - Design Parameters.doc

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RECOVERY* Trail Maintenance - Pisgah National Forest, North Carolina
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AG-4419-S-10-0360
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Exhibit 1 - Design Parameters

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Design Parameters Design Parameters are technical guidelines for the survey, design, construction, maintenance, and assessment of National Forest System trails, based on their Designed Use and Trail Class and consistent with their management intent1. Local deviations from any Design Parameter may be established based on trail-specific conditions, topography, or other factors, provided that the deviations are consistent with the general intent of the applicable Trail Class.

Designed Use

HIKER/PEDESTRIAN

Trail Class 1
Trail Class 2
Trail Class 3 2
Trail Class 4 2
Trail Class 5 2
Design Tread Width
Wilderness

(Single Lane)

0” – 12”
6” – 18”
12” – 24”

Exception: may be

36” – 48” at steep side slopes 18” – 24” Exception: may be 36” – 48” at steep side slopes Not applicable

Non-Wilderness

(Single Lane)

0” – 12”
6” – 18”
18” – 36”

24” – 60”

36” – 72”

Non-Wilderness

(Double Lane)

36”
36”
36” – 60”
48” – 72”
72” – 120”

Structures

(Minimum Width)

18”
18”
18”
36”
36”
Design Surface3
Type
Native, ungraded

May be continuously rough

Native, limited grading May be continuously rough

Native with some onsite borrow or imported material where needed for stabilization, occasional grading Intermittently rough Native with improved sections of borrow or imported material, routine grading Minor roughness

Likely imported material, routine grading Uniform, firm, and stable

Protrusions
≤ 24”

Likely common and continuous ≤ 6” May be common and continuous ≤ 3” May be common, not continuous ≤ 3 ” Uncommon, not continuous No protrusions

Obstacles

(Maximum Height) 24”

14”

10”

8”

No obstacles

Design Grade 3
Target Grade
5% – 25%
5% – 18%
3% – 12%
2% – 10%
2% – 5%

Short Pitch Maximum

40%
35%
25%
15%
5%

FSTAG: 5% – 12%2

Maximum Pitch Density
20% – 40% of trail

20% – 30% of trail

10% – 20% of trail

5% – 20% of trail

0% – 5% of trail

10/16/2008 Designed Use

HIKER/PEDESTRIAN

Trail Class 1
Trail Class 2
Trail Class 3 2
Trail Class 4 2
Trail Class 5 2
Design Cross Slope
Target Cross Slope
Natural side slope
5% – 20%
5% – 10%
3% – 7%
2% – 3%

(or crowned)

Maximum Cross Slope
Natural side slope
25%
15%
10%
3%
Design Clearing
Height
6’
6’ – 7’
7’ – 8’
8’ – 10’
8’ – 10’
Width
≥ 24”

Some vegetation may encroach into clearing area 24” – 48” Some light vegetation may encroach into clearing area 36” – 60”

48” – 72”

60” – 72”

Shoulder Clearance
3” – 6”
6” – 12”
12” – 18”
12” – 18”
12” – 24”
Design Turn
Radius
No minimum
2’ – 3’
3’ – 6’
4’ – 8’
6’ – 8’

For definitions of Design Parameter attributes (e.g., Design Tread Width and Short Pitch Maximum) see FSH 2309.18, section 05.

2 Trail Classes 3, 4, and 5, in particular, have the potential to provide accessible passage. If assessing or designing trails for accessibility, refer to the Forest Service Trail Accessibility Guidelines (FSTAG) for more specific technical provisions and tolerances (FSM 2350).

3 The determination of trail-specific design grades, design surface, and other Design Parameters should be based upon soils, hydrological conditions, use levels, erosion potential, and other factors contributing to surface stability and overall sustainability of the trail.

Design Parameters are technical guidelines for the survey, design, construction, maintenance, and assessment of National Forest System trails, based on their Designed Use and Trail Class and consistent with their management intent1. Local deviations from any Design Parameter may be established based on trail-specific conditions, topography, or other factors, provided that the deviations are consistent with the general intent of the applicable Trail Class.

Designed Use

PACK AND SADDLE

Trail Class 1
Trail Class 2
Trail Class 3
Trail Class 4
Trail Class 5
Design Tread Width
Wilderness

(Single Lane)

Typically not designed or actively managed for equestrians, although use may be accepted
12” – 18”

May be up to 48” along steep side slopes 48” – 60” or greater along precipices 18” – 24”

May be up to 48” along steep side slopes

48” – 60” or greater along precipices 24”

May be up to 48” along steep side slopes

48” – 60” or greater along precipices Typically not designed or actively managed for equestrians, although use may be accepted

Non-Wilderness

(Single Lane)

12” – 24”

May be up to 48” along steep side slopes

48” – 60” or greater along precipices 18” – 48”

48” – 60” or greater along precipices 24” – 96”

48” – 60” or greater along precipices

Non-Wilderness

(Double Lane)

60”
60” – 84”
84” – 120”

Structures

Other than -bridges: 36”

Bridges without handrails: 60”

Bridges with handrails: 84” clear width Other than bridges: 36”

Bridges without handrails: 60”

Bridges with handrails: 84” clear width Other than bridges: 36”

Bridges without handrails: 60”

Bridges with handrails: 84” clear width

Design Surface2
Type

Native, limited grading May be frequently rough Native with some onsite borrow or imported material where needed for stabilization, occasional grading Intermittently rough Native, with improved sections of borrow or imported material, routine grading Minor roughness

Protrusions

≤ 6”

May be common and continuous ≤ 3”

May be common, not continuous ≤ 3”

Obstacles

12”

6”
3”

Designed Use

PACK AND SADDLE

Trail Class 1
Trail Class 2
Trail Class 3
Trail Class 4
Trail Class 5
Design Grade 2
Target Grade

5% – 20%

3% – 12%
2% – 10%

Short Pitch Maximum

30%
20%
15%

Maximum Pitch Density

15% – 20% of trail

5% – 15% of trail
5% – 10% of trail
Design Cross Slope
Target Cross Slope

5% – 10%

3% – 5%
0% – 5%

Maximum Cross Slope

10%

8%
5%
Design Clearing
Height

8’ – 10’

10’

10’ – 12’

Width

72”

72” – 96”

96”

Shoulder Clearance

6” – 12”

Pack clearance: 36” x 36” 12” – 18”

Pack clearance: 36” x 36” 12” – 18”

Pack clearance: 36” x 36”

Design Turn
Radius

4’ – 5’

5’ – 8’
6’ – 10’

For definitions of Design Parameter attributes (e.g., Design Tread Width and Short Pitch Maximum) see FSH 2309.18, section 05.

The determination of trail-specific design grades, design surface, and other Design Parameters should be based upon soils, hydrological conditions, use levels, erosion potential, and other factors contributing to surface stability and overall sustainability of the trail.

Design Parameters are technical guidelines for the survey, design, construction, maintenance, and assessment of National Forest System trails, based on their Designed Use and Trail Class and consistent with their management intent1. Local deviations from any Design Parameter may be established based on trail-specific conditions, topography, or other factors, provided that the deviations are consistent with the general intent of the applicable Trail Class.

Designed Use

BICYCLE

Trail Class 1
Trail Class 2
Trail Class 3
Trail Class 4
Trail Class 5
Design Tread Width
Single Lane
6” – 12”
12” – 24”
18” – 36”
24” – 48”
36” – 60”
Double Lane
36” – 48”
36” – 48”
36” – 48”
48” – 84”
72” – 120”

Structures

18”
18”
36”
48”
60”
Design Surface2
Type
Native, un-graded

May be continuously rough Sections of soft or unstable tread on grades < 5% may be common and continuous

Native, limited grading May be continuously rough Sections of soft or unstable tread on grades < 5% may be common

Native with some onsite borrow or imported material where needed for stabilization, occasional grading Intermittently rough Sections of soft or unstable tread on grades < 5% may be present, but not common Native, routine grading with improved sections of borrow or imported materials Stable with minor roughness

Likely imported material, routine grading

Uniform, firm, and stable

Protrusions
≤ 24”

Likely common and continuous ≤ 6”

May be common and continuous ≤ 3”

May be common, not continuous ≤ 3”

No protrusions

Obstacles

24”

12”
10”
8”
No obstacles
Design Grade 2
Target Grade
5% – 20%
5% – 12%
3% – 10%
2% – 8%
2% – 5%

Short Pitch Maximum

30%

50% on downhill-only segments 25%

35% on downhill-only segments

15%
10%
8%
Maximum Pitch Density
20% – 30% of trail
10% – 30% of trail
10% – 20% of trail
5% – 10% of trail
0% – 5% of trail

Designed Use

BICYCLE

Trail Class 1
Trail Class 2
Trail Class 3
Trail Class 4
Trail Class 5
Design Cross Slope
Target Cross Slope
5% – 10%
5% – 8%
3% – 8%
3% – 5%
2% – 3%
Maximum Cross Slope
10%
10%
8%
5%
5%
Design Clearing
Height
6’
6’ – 8’
8’
8’ - 9’
8’ - 9’
Width
24” – 36”

Some vegetation may encroach into clearing area 36” – 48”

60” – 72”

72” – 96”

72” – 96”

Shoulder Clearance
0’ – 12”
6” – 12”
6” – 12”
6” – 18”
12” – 18”
Design Turn
Radius
2’ – 3’

3’ – 6’

4’ – 8’

8’ – 10’
8’ - 12’

For definitions of Design Parameter attributes (e.g., Design Tread Width and Short Pitch Maximum) see FSH 2309.18, section 05.

The determination of trail-specific design grades, design surface, and other Design Parameters should be based upon soils, hydrological conditions, use levels, erosion potential, and other factors contributing to surface stability and overall sustainability of the trail.

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