Top 100 Contractors in PSC AC11: National Defense R&D Services; Department of Defense – Military; Basic Research, FY2025

Full ranking

Rank	Contractor	Net obligations	Share	Trend
1	Johns Hopkins University 2 awardees, including The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory LLC Top agencies DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) OSD (Office of the Secretary of Defense) WHS (DOD Washington Headquarters Service)	$353,822,011	19.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
2	RTX Corporation 8 awardees, including RTX BBN Technologies, Inc., Solipsys Corporation and Rockwell Collins, Inc. Top agencies Navy (Department of the Navy) DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) OSD (Office of the Secretary of Defense)	$308,909,140	16.7%	Rank history: #1 in FY2021, #3 in FY2022, #10 in FY2023 and #1 in FY2024; down 1 since FY2024.
3	Lockheed Martin Corporation 5 awardees Top agencies Navy (Department of the Navy) USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$286,149,023	15.4%	Rank history: #2 in FY2021, #4 in FY2022, #1 in FY2023 and #2 in FY2024; down 1 since FY2024.
4	Booz Allen Hamilton Holding Corporation Through Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. Top agencies Army (Department of the Army) USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$167,455,955	9.0%	Rank history: #94 in FY2021, #82 in FY2022, #3 in FY2023 and #3 in FY2024; down 1 since FY2024.
5	Leidos Holdings, Inc. Through Leidos, Inc. Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$48,430,298	2.6%	Rank history: #3 in FY2021, #2 in FY2022, #4 in FY2023 and #5 in FY2024; unchanged since FY2024.
6	Asgn Incorporated Through ECS Federal, LLC Top agencies Army (Department of the Army) WHS (DOD Washington Headquarters Service)	$46,636,622	2.5%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
7	The Boeing Company 4 awardees Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force) OSD (Office of the Secretary of Defense) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$43,052,530	2.3%	Rank history: #16 in FY2021, #5 in FY2022, #12 in FY2023 and #7 in FY2024; unchanged since FY2024.
8	Amentum Holdings, Inc. 2 awardees, including Amentum Technology, Inc. Top agencies Navy (Department of the Navy)	$35,210,148	1.9%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
9	Qinetiq Inc. Top agencies Army (Department of the Army)	$22,713,628	1.2%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2023 lists and #6 in FY2024; down 3 since FY2024.
10	Quantech Services Inc. Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$21,147,321	1.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2023 lists and #23 in FY2024; up 13 since FY2024.
11	General Dynamics Corporation 4 awardees, including General Dynamics Mission Systems, Inc., Applied Physical Sciences Corp and General Dynamics Information Technology, Inc. Top agencies OSD (Office of the Secretary of Defense) Navy (Department of the Navy) USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$17,905,608	1.0%	Rank history: #49 in FY2021, not on the FY2022 list, #11 in FY2023 and #16 in FY2024; up 5 since FY2024.
12	Yulista Support Services LLC Top agencies Army (Department of the Army)	$15,346,963	0.8%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
13	Applied Research Associates, Inc. Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force) OSD (Office of the Secretary of Defense) Army (Department of the Army)	$15,233,872	0.8%	Rank history: #10 in FY2021, #36 in FY2022, #7 in FY2023 and #13 in FY2024; unchanged since FY2024.
14	Northrop Grumman Corporation 7 awardees, including Northrop Grumman Systems Corporation Top agencies Navy (Department of the Navy) USAF (Department of the Air Force) DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)	$14,800,890	0.8%	Rank history: #5 in FY2021, #9 in FY2022, #16 in FY2023 and #10 in FY2024; down 4 since FY2024.
15	Battelle Memorial Institute Top agencies Army (Department of the Army) DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)	$14,224,250	0.8%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2022 lists, #34 in FY2023 and #21 in FY2024; up 6 since FY2024.
16	Georgia TECH Applied Research Corp Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force) DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$13,449,627	0.7%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2023 lists and #44 in FY2024; up 28 since FY2024.
17	World Wide Technology LLC Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$12,910,204	0.7%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
18	JJR Solutions LLC Top agencies Army (Department of the Army)	$11,824,390	0.6%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
19	L3Harris Technologies, Inc. 4 awardees, including L3 Technologies, Inc. Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$11,221,622	0.6%	Rank history: #7 in FY2021, #14 in FY2022, #14 in FY2023 and #20 in FY2024; up 1 since FY2024.
20	Fibertek, Inc. Top agencies Army (Department of the Army)	$10,876,780	0.6%	Rank history: #17 in FY2021, #6 in FY2022, #8 in FY2023 and #11 in FY2024; down 9 since FY2024.
21	Virginia Commonwealth University 2 awardees, including Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force) DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)	$10,567,372	0.6%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2022 lists, #17 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024 list; up 197 since FY2024.
22	Integrated Solutions for Systems, Inc. Top agencies Army (Department of the Army) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$7,433,066	0.4%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2023 lists and #28 in FY2024; up 6 since FY2024.
23	Sierra Nevada Company, LLC Top agencies OSD (Office of the Secretary of Defense)	$6,933,165	0.4%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
24	Galois, Inc. Top agencies DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)	$6,389,353	0.3%	Rank history: #93 in FY2021, not on the FY2022–FY2023 lists and #25 in FY2024; up 1 since FY2024.
25	University of Hawaii Top agencies OSD (Office of the Secretary of Defense)	$6,068,750	0.3%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2023 lists and #61 in FY2024; up 36 since FY2024.
26	Sri International Top agencies DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)	$5,780,534	0.3%	Rank history: #26 in FY2021, #25 in FY2022, not on the FY2023 list and #50 in FY2024; up 24 since FY2024.
27	Toyon Research Corporation Top agencies Army (Department of the Army) USAF (Department of the Air Force) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$5,759,997	0.3%	Rank history: not on the FY2021 list, #86 in FY2022, #56 in FY2023 and #55 in FY2024; up 28 since FY2024.
28	Systems & Technology Research LLC Top agencies DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)	$5,592,543	0.3%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; up 95 since FY2024.
29	New Mexico State University Top agencies Army (Department of the Army)	$5,567,030	0.3%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2023 lists and #31 in FY2024; up 2 since FY2024.
30	Physical Sciences Inc. 2 awardees, including Faraday Technology, Inc. Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force) Navy (Department of the Navy) Army (Department of the Army)	$5,537,505	0.3%	Rank history: #11 in FY2021, #16 in FY2022, #26 in FY2023 and #27 in FY2024; down 3 since FY2024.
31	Leonardo S.p.A. 2 awardees, including DRS Network & Imaging Systems LLC and DRS Advanced ISR LLC Top agencies OSD (Office of the Secretary of Defense)	$4,987,786	0.3%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2022 lists, #99 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024 list; returned.
32	TEC Solutions LLC Top agencies WHS (DOD Washington Headquarters Service) USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$4,887,917	0.3%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
33	CACI International Inc. Through Caci, Inc. - Federal Top agencies DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) Army (Department of the Army) OSD (Office of the Secretary of Defense)	$4,855,155	0.3%	Rank history: not on the FY2021 list, #18 in FY2022, #19 in FY2023 and #24 in FY2024; down 9 since FY2024.
34	Anduril Industries Inc. Top agencies OSD (Office of the Secretary of Defense)	$4,421,019	0.2%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2022 lists, #27 in FY2023 and #9 in FY2024; down 25 since FY2024.
35	University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$4,366,511	0.2%	Rank history: #27 in FY2021 and not on the FY2022–FY2024 lists; up 102 since FY2024.
36	Chickasaw Nation Through Corvid Technologies, LLC Top agencies Navy (Department of the Navy) OSD (Office of the Secretary of Defense) Army (Department of the Army)	$4,115,989	0.2%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; up 269 since FY2024.
37	Teledyne Technologies Incorporated Through Teledyne Flir Unmanned Ground Systems, Inc. Top agencies Army (Department of the Army)	$4,013,867	0.2%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
38	Human Systems Integration Inc. Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$3,999,907	0.2%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
39	Rutgers, the State University Top agencies Army (Department of the Army)	$3,826,834	0.2%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2022 lists, #15 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024 list; returned.
40	Diversified Technologies, Inc. Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$3,755,141	0.2%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2022 lists, #92 in FY2023 and #46 in FY2024; up 6 since FY2024.
41	DCS Corporation Top agencies Navy (Department of the Navy)	$3,462,240	0.2%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; up 98 since FY2024.
42	Riverside Research Institute 2 awardees Top agencies DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)	$3,434,696	0.2%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; up 73 since FY2024.
43	Kitware Inc. Top agencies DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$3,333,269	0.2%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2022 lists, #24 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024 list; up 61 since FY2024.
44	Jacobs Government Services Company Through Amentum Technology, Inc. Top agencies Navy (Department of the Navy)	$3,256,860	0.2%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2023 lists and #8 in FY2024; down 36 since FY2024.
45	Vision Point Systems, Inc. Top agencies Army (Department of the Army)	$3,137,182	0.2%	Rank history: #79 in FY2021, not on the FY2022–FY2023 lists and #49 in FY2024; up 4 since FY2024.
46	Vantor Services Inc. Top agencies Army (Department of the Army)	$3,060,962	0.2%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2023 lists and #35 in FY2024; down 11 since FY2024.
47	National Security Innovations, Inc. Top agencies WHS (DOD Washington Headquarters Service)	$2,846,408	0.2%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
48	Rite-Solutions, Inc. Top agencies Navy (Department of the Navy)	$2,587,621	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2022 lists, #93 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024 list; up 53 since FY2024.
49	Spectral Energies LLC Top agencies Army (Department of the Army) Navy (Department of the Navy) USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$2,566,757	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2023 lists and #45 in FY2024; down 4 since FY2024.
50	Expedition Technology, LLC Top agencies OSD (Office of the Secretary of Defense) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$2,543,810	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
51	Sonalysts Inc. Top agencies Navy (Department of the Navy)	$2,418,124	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2022 lists, #29 in FY2023 and #41 in FY2024; down 10 since FY2024.
52	Lucidean, Inc. Top agencies Army (Department of the Army)	$2,299,587	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
53	Aarno Labs LLC Top agencies DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)	$2,069,004	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; up 114 since FY2024.
54	The Survice Engineering Company LLC Top agencies Army (Department of the Army) OSD (Office of the Secretary of Defense)	$2,056,566	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; up 65 since FY2024.
55	Perceptronics Solutions, Inc. Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$2,041,239	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2022 lists, #28 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024 list; up 203 since FY2024.
56	Arete Associates Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$1,975,596	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021 list, #90 in FY2022, #67 in FY2023 and #56 in FY2024; unchanged since FY2024.
57	Triton Systems, Inc. Top agencies Navy (Department of the Navy) USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$1,944,647	0.1%	Rank history: #20 in FY2021, #24 in FY2022, #33 in FY2023 and #34 in FY2024; down 23 since FY2024.
58	KRI At Northeastern University, LLC Top agencies Army (Department of the Army)	$1,927,741	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2022 lists, #36 in FY2023 and #72 in FY2024; up 14 since FY2024.
59	Mimyr, LLC Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$1,919,450	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
60	Outpost Technologies, Inc. Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$1,897,171	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; up 148 since FY2024.
61	TDA Research, Inc. Top agencies DMEA (Defense Microelectronics Activity) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$1,895,093	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2022 lists, #73 in FY2023 and not on the FY2024 list; up 169 since FY2024.
62	The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania Top agencies DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)	$1,856,991	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2023 lists and #38 in FY2024; down 24 since FY2024.
63	Creare LLC Top agencies Navy (Department of the Navy) Army (Department of the Army) USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$1,843,059	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021 list, #45 in FY2022, #65 in FY2023 and #74 in FY2024; up 11 since FY2024.
64	Opto-Atomics Corp. Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$1,839,991	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
65	Soar Technology Inc. Through Accelint AI, LLC Top agencies DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)	$1,820,000	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2023 lists and #91 in FY2024; up 26 since FY2024.
66	Trail of Bits Inc. Top agencies DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)	$1,812,373	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; up 103 since FY2024.
67	Lynntech Inc. Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$1,809,839	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; up 63 since FY2024.
68	Telemetrak, Inc. Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$1,799,938	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
69	Raytum Photonics LLC Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$1,799,915	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; up 113 since FY2024.
70	Radiabeam Technologies, LLC Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$1,799,745	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; up 209 since FY2024.
71	Science, Engineering, Management Solutions, LLC Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$1,799,737	0.1%	Rank history: #38 in FY2021, not on the FY2022–FY2023 lists and #85 in FY2024; up 14 since FY2024.
72	Digital Optics Technologies Inc. Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$1,796,478	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; up 154 since FY2024.
73	University of Houston System Top agencies Army (Department of the Army)	$1,795,872	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2023 lists and #47 in FY2024; down 26 since FY2024.
74	Caliola Engineering, LLC Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$1,741,969	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; up 47 since FY2024.
75	Par Technology Corporation Through Par Government Systems Corporation Top agencies Army (Department of the Army)	$1,728,355	0.1%	Rank history: #12 in FY2021, not on the FY2022–FY2023 lists and #59 in FY2024; down 16 since FY2024.
76	Cornerstone Research Group Inc Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$1,682,738	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; up 31 since FY2024.
77	Strategic Analysis, Inc. Top agencies Navy (Department of the Navy)	$1,670,105	0.1%	Rank history: #51 in FY2021, #37 in FY2022, #61 in FY2023 and #90 in FY2024; up 13 since FY2024.
78	Smart Information Flow Technologies LLC Top agencies DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) USAF (Department of the Air Force) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$1,653,224	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021 list, #79 in FY2022, not on the FY2023 list and #70 in FY2024; down 8 since FY2024.
79	Charles River Analytics, Inc. Top agencies DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) DHRA (Defense Human Resources Activity) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$1,610,314	0.1%	Rank history: #33 in FY2021, #23 in FY2022, #46 in FY2023 and #58 in FY2024; down 21 since FY2024.
80	Dynasil Corporation of America Through Radiation Monitoring Devices, Inc. Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$1,523,483	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2023 lists and #71 in FY2024; down 9 since FY2024.
81	Arizona State University Top agencies DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)	$1,485,499	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2023 lists and #30 in FY2024; down 51 since FY2024.
82	Sofitc JV LLC Top agencies Army (Department of the Army)	$1,432,787	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; up 54 since FY2024.
83	JP Analytical LLC Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$1,430,000	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
84	Electro-Magnetic Applications, Incorporated Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$1,429,979	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; up 148 since FY2024.
85	Intellisense Systems Inc Top agencies Navy (Department of the Navy)	$1,426,430	0.1%	Rank history: #24 in FY2021, #33 in FY2022, #60 in FY2023 and #73 in FY2024; down 12 since FY2024.
86	Architecture Technology Inc. Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$1,389,991	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; up 91 since FY2024.
87	Atsp Innovations Inc. Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$1,389,779	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
88	Kratos Sre, Inc. Top agencies Navy (Department of the Navy)	$1,386,357	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
89	Red Balloon Security, Inc. Top agencies DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)	$1,379,643	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2023 lists and #75 in FY2024; down 14 since FY2024.
90	The Pennsylvania State University Top agencies Navy (Department of the Navy) DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)	$1,351,894	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021 list, #29 in FY2022, #37 in FY2023 and #60 in FY2024; down 30 since FY2024.
91	Sossec Inc. Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$1,351,509	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
92	Vysnova Partners LLC Top agencies DHA (Defense Health Agency)	$1,283,569	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2023 lists and #99 in FY2024; up 7 since FY2024.
93	Bluerisc Inc. Top agencies Army (Department of the Army) Navy (Department of the Navy)	$1,242,866	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2023 lists and #94 in FY2024; up 1 since FY2024.
94	Chameleon Consulting Group, LLC Top agencies Army (Department of the Army)	$1,232,847	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
95	Copper River Infrastructure Services LLC Through Reconcraft, LLC Top agencies USAF (Department of the Air Force)	$1,213,934	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
96	Mile Two LLC Top agencies WHS (DOD Washington Headquarters Service)	$1,199,939	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
97	Simplesense Inc. Top agencies WHS (DOD Washington Headquarters Service)	$1,199,926	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
98	Intrinsic Enterprises Inc. Top agencies WHS (DOD Washington Headquarters Service)	$1,199,877	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
99	Polaris Aero LLC Top agencies WHS (DOD Washington Headquarters Service)	$1,199,045	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.
100	Rebel Space Technologies Inc. Top agencies WHS (DOD Washington Headquarters Service)	$1,198,135	0.1%	Rank history: not on the FY2021–FY2024 lists; new.

How this ranking works

• Source: every contract action FPDS records (as published on SAM.gov) in the period, as GovTribe received it.
• Amounts are net obligations: what was obligated, less what was deobligated. Shares are of $1.85 billion obligated before deobligations, so they never pass 100%.
• Parent companies: each action counts under the ultimate parent its award record names, or under the awardee when it names none, so no dollar counts twice. Parents of the same name (Inc., LLC and the like aside) count as one company, since FPDS records a company's parent under more than one UEI over time. GovTribe corrects a few parents and names by hand; see the corrections.
• Fiscal year 2025 ran Oct 1, 2024 – Sep 30, 2025. The Department of Defense reports its contract actions to FPDS about 90 days late, so a fiscal year is ranked once they're in, in February, and the list doesn't change after.
• Rank changes compare with FY2024. "New" marks a company outside that period's top 500, and "Returned" one of those that was on an earlier fiscal year's list.
• Rank lines show each company's rank on every fiscal year's list since FY2021, #1 at the top, on a scale that gives the top of the list more room. A dashed stretch spans years it wasn't on the list. The step from FY2024 takes the color of the rank change beside it.
• Placeholder recipients FPDS uses when it names no company ("Miscellaneous Foreign Contractors" and the like) aren't ranked.

Quick answers