UFGS 31 00 00 Earthwork.pdf

SECTION 07 22 00 Page 1

SECTION TABLE OF CONTENTS

DIVISION 31 - EARTHWORK

SECTION 31 00 00

EARTHWORK

08/08

PART 1 GENERAL

1.1 REFERENCES

1.2 DEFINITIONS

1.2.1 Satisfactory Materials

1.2.2 Unsatisfactory Materials

1.2.3 Cohesionless and Cohesive Materials

1.2.4 Degree of Compaction

1.2.5 Topsoil

1.2.6 Unstable Material

1.2.7 Select Granular Material

1.2.7.1 General Requirements

PART 2 PRODUCTS

2.1 BURIED WARNING AND IDENTIFICATION TAPE

2.1.1 Warning Tape for Metallic Piping

2.1.2 Detectable Warning Tape for Non-Metallic Piping

2.2 DETECTION WIRE FOR NON-METALLIC PIPING

2.3 MULCH

2.3.1 Straw

PART 3 EXECUTION

3.1 GENERAL EXCAVATION

3.1.1 Underground Utilities

3.2 SELECTION OF BORROW MATERIAL

3.3 SHORING

3.3.1 General Requirements

3.4 BURIED TAPE AND DETECTION WIRE

3.4.1 Buried Warning and Identification Tape

3.4.2 Buried Detection Wire

3.5 BACKFILLING AND COMPACTION

3.5.1 Trench Backfill

3.5.2 Demolition Backfill

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3.6 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS

3.6.1 Water Lines

3.6.2 Electrical Distribution System

3.7 PLACING TOPSOIL

3.8 FINISHING

3.8.1 Grading Around Structures

3.8.2 Seeding

3.8.3 Bedding Placement

3.8.4 Cover

3.9 TESTING

3.9.1 In-Place Densities

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SECTION 31 00 00

EARTHWORK

08/08

PART 1 GENERAL

1.1 REFERENCES

The publications listed below form a part of this specification to the extent referenced. The publications are referred to within the text by the basic designation only.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION

OFFICIALS (AASHTO)

AASHTO T 180 (2010) Standard Method of Test for Moisture-Density

Relations of Soils Using a 10-lb Rammer and a 18-in Drop

AASHTO T 224 (2010) Standard Method of Test for Correction for Coarse

Particles in the Soil Compaction Test

ASTM INTERNATIONAL (ASTM)

ASTM C 136 (2006) Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates

ASTM D 422-63 (2007) Standard Test Method for Particle Size Analysis of

Soils

ASTM D 1140 (2000; R 2006) Amount of Material in Soils Finer that the

No. 200 Sieve

ASTM D 1556 (2007) Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place be the

Sand-Cone Method

ASTM D 1557 (2009) Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction

Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3)

ASTM D 2167 (2008) Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the

Rubber Balloon Method

ASTM D 2434 (1968; R 2006) Permeability of Granular Soils (Constant

Head)

ASTM D 2487 (2011) Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil

Classification System)

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ASTM D 2937 (2010) Density of Soil in Place by the Drive-Cylinder Method

ASTM D 4318 (2010) Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of

Soils

ASTM D 6938 (2010) Standard Test Method for In-Place Density and

Water Content of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)

1.2 DEFINITIONS

1.2.1 Satisfactory Materials

Satisfactory materials comprise any materials classified by ASTM D 2487 as GW, GP, GM, GP-GM, GW-GM, GC, GP-GC, GM-GC, SW, or SP. Satisfactory materials for grading comprise stones less than 8 inches.

1.2.2 Unsatisfactory Materials

Materials which do not comply with the requirements for satisfactory materials are unsatisfactory. Unsatisfactory materials also include man-made fills; trash; refuse; backfills from previous construction; and material classified as satisfactory which contains root and other organic matter or frozen material. Notify the COR when encountering any contaminated materials.

1.2.3 Cohesionless and Cohesive Materials

Cohesionless materials include materials classified in ASTM D 2487 as GW, GP, SW, and SP.

Cohesive materials include materials classified as GC, SC, ML, CL, MH, and CH. Materials classified as GM and SM will be identified as cohesionless only when the fines are nonplastic.

Perform testing, required for classifying materials, in accordance with ASTM D 4318, ASTM C136, ASTM D 422, and ASTM D 1140.

1.2.4 Degree of Compaction

Degree of compaction required, except as noted in the second sentence, is expressed as a percentage of the maximum density obtained by the test procedure presented in ASTM D 1557 abbreviated as a percent of laboratory maximum density. Since ASTM D 1557 applies only to soils that have 30 percent or less by weight of their particles retained on the 3/4 inch sieve, express the degree of compaction for material having more than 30 percent by weight of their particles retained on the 3/4 inch sieve as a percentage of the maximum density in accordance with AASHTO T 180 and corrected with AASHTO T 224. To maintain the same percentage of coarse material, use the "remove and replace" procedure as described in NOTE 8 of Paragraph

7.2 in AASHTO T 180.

1.2.5 Topsoil

Material suitable for topsoils obtained from offsite areas is defined as: Natural, friable soil representative of productive, well-drained soils in the area, free of subsoil, stumps, rocks larger than one inch diameter, brush, weeds, toxic substances, and other material detrimental to plant growth. Amend topsoil pH range to obtain a pH of 5.5 to 7.

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1.2.6 Unstable Material

Unstable materials are too wet to provide proper support.

1.2.7 Select Granular Material

1.2.7.1 General Requirements

Select granular material consist of materials classified as GW, GP, SW, or SP by ASTM D 2487 where indicated. The liquid limit of such material must not exceed 35 percent when tested in accordance with ASTM D 4318. The plasticity index must not be greater than 12 percent when tested in accordance with ASTM D 4318, and not more than 35 percent by weight may be finer than No. 200 sieve when tested in accordance with ASTM D 1140.

Provide a minimum coefficient of permeability of 0.002 feet per minute when tested in accordance with ASTM D 2434.

PART 2 PRODUCTS

2.1 BURIED WARNING AND IDENTIFICATION TAPE

Provide polyethylene plastic and metallic core or metallic-faced, acid- and alkali-resistant, polyethylene plastic warning tape manufactured specifically for warning and identification of buried utility lines. Provide tape on rolls, 3 inches minimum width, color coded as specified below for the intended utility with warning and identification imprinted in bold black letters continuously over the entire tape length. Warning and identification to read, “CAUTION, BURIED (intended service) LINE BELOW” or similar wording. Provide permanent color and printing, unaffected by moisture or soil.

Warning Tape Color Codes

Red: Electric

Blue: Water Systems

2.1.1 Warning Tape for Metallic Piping

Provide acid and alkali-resistant polyethylene plastic tape conforming to the width, color, and printing requirements specified above, with a minimum thickness of 0.003 inch and a minimum strength of 1500 psi lengthwise, and 1250 psi crosswise, with a maximum 350 percent elongation.

2.1.2 Detectable Warning Tape for Non-Metallic Piping

Provide polyethylene plastic tape conforming to the width, color, and printing requirements specified above, with a minimum thickness of 0.004 inch, and minimum strength of 1500 psi lengthwise and 1250 psi crosswise. Manufacture tape with integral wires, foil backing, or other means of enabling detection by a metal detector when tape is buried up to 3 feet deep.

Encase metallic element of the tape in a protective jacket or provide with other means of corrosion protection.

2.2 DETECTION WIRE FOR NON-METALLIC PIPING

Insulate a single strand, solid copper detection wire with a minimum of 12 AWG.

2.3 MULCH

2.3.1 Straw

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Stalks from oats, wheat, rye, barley, or rice. Furnish in air-dry condition and of proper consistency for placing with commercial mulch blowing equipment. Straw shall contain no fertile seed.

PART 3 EXECUTION

3.1 GENERAL EXCAVATION

Perform excavation of every type of material encountered within the limits of the project to the lines, grades, and elevations indicated and as specified. Perform the grading in accordance with the typical sections shown and the tolerances specified in paragraph FINISHING. Transport satisfactory excavated materials and place in fill or embankment within the limits of the work.

Excavate unsatisfactory materials encountered within the limits of the work below grade and replace with satisfactory materials as directed. Include such excavated material and the satisfactory material ordered as replacement in excavation. Dispose surplus satisfactory excavated material not required for fill or embankment in areas approved for surplus material storage or designated waste areas. Dispose unsatisfactory excavated material in designated waste or spoil areas. During construction, perform excavation and fill in a manner and sequence that will provide proper drainage at all times.

3.1.1 Underground Utilities

The Contractor is responsible for movement of construction machinery and equipment over pipes and utilities during construction. Excavation made with power-driven equipment is not permitted within two feet of known utility or subsurface construction. For work immediately adjacent to or for excavations exposing a utility or other buried obstruction, excavate by hand.

Start hand excavation on each side of the indicated obstruction and continue until the obstruction is uncovered or until clearance for the new grade is assured. Support uncovered lines or other existing work affected by the contract excavation until approval for backfill is granted by the COR. Report damage to utility lines or subsurface construction immediately to the COR.

3.2 SELECTION OF BORROW MATERIAL

Select borrow material to meet the requirements and conditions of the particular fill or embankment for which it is to be used. Unless otherwise provided in the contract, the Contractor is responsible for obtaining the right to procure material, pay royalties and other charges involved, and bear the expense of developing the sources, including rights-of-way for hauling from the owners. Borrow material from approved sources on Government-controlled land may be obtained without payment of royalties. Unless specifically provided, do not obtain borrow within the limits of the Maryland Air National Guard Base without prior written approval.

3.3 SHORING

3.3.1 General Requirements

Submit a Shoring and Sheeting plan for approval 15 days prior to starting work. Submit drawings and calculations, certified by a registered professional engineer, describing the methods for shoring and sheeting of excavations. Finish shoring, including sheet piling, and install as necessary to protect workmen, banks, adjacent paving, structures, and utilities.

Remove shoring, bracing, and sheeting as excavations are backfilled, in a manner to prevent

SECTION 07 22 00 Page 7 caving.

3.4 BURIED TAPE AND DETECTION WIRE

3.4.1 Buried Warning and Identification Tape

Provide buried utility lines with utility identification tape. Bury tape 12 inches below finished grade; under pavements and slabs, bury tape 6 inches below top of subgrade.

3.4.2 Buried Detection Wire

Bury detection wire directly above non-metallic piping at a distance not to exceed 12 inches above the top of pipe. Extend the wire continuously and unbroken, from manhole to manhole.

Terminate the ends of the wire inside the manholes at each end of the pipe, with a minimum of 3 feet of wire, coiled, remaining accessible in each manhole. Furnish inslated wire over it’s entire length.

3.5 BACKFILLING AND COMPACTION

Place backfill and compact to at least 90 percent laboratory maximum density for cohesive materials or 95 percent laboratory maximum density for cohesionless materials, to prevent wedging action or eccentric loading upon or against the structure. Finish compaction by sheepsfoot rollers, pneumatic-tired rollers, steel-wheeled rollers, vibratory compactors, or other approved equipment.

3.5.1 Trench Backfill

Backfill trenches to the existing grade. Leave the joints and couplings uncovered during the pressure test. Do not backfill the trench until all tests are performed.

3.5.2 Demolition Backfill

Fill the area of demolition with satisfactory material. Place backfill material and compact as follows:

Deposit backfill in layers of a maximum of 12 inches loose thickness, and compact it to 90 percent maximum density for cohesive soils and 95 percent maximum density for cohesionless soils.

3.6 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS

Special requirements for both excavation and backfill relating to the specific utilities are as follows:

3.6.1 Water Lines

Excavate trenches to a depth that provides a minimum cover of 3 feet from the existing ground surface, to the top of the pipe.

3.6.2 Electrical Distribution System

Provide a minimum cover of 24 inches from the finished grade to direct burial cable and conduit or duct line, unless otherwise indicated.

3.7 PLACING TOPSOIL

Prepare the compacted subgrade soil to a 2 inches depth for bonding of topsoil with subsoil.

Spread topsoil evenly to a thickness of 4 inches and grade. Do not spread topsoil when frozen

SECTION 07 22 00 Page 8 or excessively wet or dry. Obtain material required for topsoil from offsite areas.

3.8 FINISHING

Provide soil preparation, fertilizing, seeding, and surface topdressing of all newly graded finished earth surfaces, unless indicated otherwise, and at all areas inside or outside the limits of construction that are disturbed by the Contractor’s operations. Finish the surface of areas to be turfed from settlement or washing to a smoothness suitable for the application of turfing materials. Repair graded, topsoiled, or backfilled areas prior to acceptance of the work, and re-established grades to the required elevations and slopes.

3.8.1 Grading Around Structures

Construct areas within 5 feet outside of each building and structure line true-to-grade, shape to drain, and maintain free of trash and debris until final inspection has been completed and the work has been accepted.

3.8.2 Seeding

Do not seed when ground is muddy, frozen, snow covered or in an unsatisfactory condition for seeding. Apply seed within twenty four hours after seedbed preparation. Sow weed by approved sowing equipment. Seeding method shall be broadcasted and drop seeding or hydroseeding.

3.8.3 Bedding Placement

Spread bedding material uniformly on prepared subgrade as indicated. Compaction of bedding is not required. Finish bedding to present even surface free from mounds and windrows.

3.8.4 Cover

Straw mulch shall be spread uniformly. Mulch shall be spread by hand, blower-type mulch spreader, or other approved method. The mulch shall not be bunched or clumped. Sunlight shall not be completely excluded from penetrating to the ground surface. All areas installed with seed shall be mulched on the same day as the seeding. Mulch shall be anchored immediately following spreading.

3.9 TESTING

Perform testing by the Contractor's validated testing facility. Submit qualifications of commercial testing laboratory or the Contractor's validated testing facilities.

a. Determine field in-place density in accordance with ASTM D 1556, ASTM D 2167, or ASTM D 6938. When ASTM D 6938 is used, check the calibration curves and adjust using only the sand cone method as described in ASTM D 1556. ASTM D 6938 results in a wet unit weight of soil in determining the moisture content of the soil when using this method.

b. Check the calibration curves furnished with the moisture gauges along with density calibration checks as described in ASTM D 6938; check the calibration of both the density and moisture gauges at the beginning of a job on each different type of material encountered and at intervals as directed by the COR. ASTM D 2937, use the Drive Cylinder Method only for soft, fine-grained, cohesive soils. When test results indicate, as determined by the COR, that compaction is not as specified, remove the material, replace and recompact to meet specification requirements.

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c. Perform tests on recompacted areas to determine conformance with specification requirements. Contractor shall provide a State of Maryland registered professional civil engineer to certify inspections and test results. These certifications shall state that the tests and observations were performed by or under the direct supervision of the engineer and that the results are representative of the materials or conditions being certified by the tests. The following number of tests, if performed at the appropriate time, will be the minimum acceptable for each type operation.

3.9.1 In-Place Densities

The frequency of in-place compaction testing including density and moisture content wall be as follows:

a. At least one test for every 1,000 cubic yards of material placed in a mass fill.

b. At least one test for every 200 cubic yards of fill placed in trenches or surrounding structures.

c. At least one test per 2,500 square feet per lift of compacted soil liner or fill in roadbed.

d. At least one test for every 100 feet of roadway for road subgrades.

e. At least one test for every 500 square feet per lift in structural fill or on subgrades for foundations.

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