DPW038539P_-_Specification_-_WSMR_Avian_Protection_Plan_1-186.pdf

WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE

AVIAN PROTECTION PLAN

Submitted to:

Original Prepared February 2014 by:

Updated 23 May 2014

EDM International, Inc.

4001 Automation Way Fort Collins, Colorado 80525-3479 USA

970/204-4001 Fax: 970/204-4007 Email: www.edmlink.com

WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE

AVIAN PROTECTION PLAN

Submitted to:

Original Prepared February 2014 by:

Updated 23 May 2014

EDM International, Inc.

4001 Automation Way Fort Collins, Colorado 80525-3479 USA

970/204-4001 Fax: 970/204-4007 Email: www.edmlink.com

MAY 2014 AVIAN PROTECTION PLAN i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................. xvi

1.0 INTRODUCTION AND POLICIES ..................................................................... 1-1

1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1-1

1.2 Department of Defense Environmental and Avian Protection Policies .... 1-5

1.3 Utilities Privatization ................................................................................ 1-7

2.0 REGULATORY CONTEXT ................................................................................ 2-1

2.1 Federal Requirements ............................................................................ 2-1

2.1.1 Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) ................................................ 2-2

2.1.2 Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act (BGEPA) ......................... 2-3

2.1.3 Endangered Species Act (ESA) ................................................... 2-4

2.2 New Mexico Requirements ..................................................................... 2-4

2.3 Local Regulations ................................................................................... 2-4

2.4 Enforcement ........................................................................................... 2-4

2.5 Third-Party Lawsuits ............................................................................... 2-5

3.0 AVIAN INTERACTIONS .................................................................................... 3-1

3.1 Line Electrocutions ................................................................................. 3-1

3.2 Substation Electrocutions ....................................................................... 3-5

3.3 Collisions ................................................................................................ 3-6

3.4 Nesting .................................................................................................... 3-9

3.4.1 Stick Nests ................................................................................... 3-9

3.4.2 Cavity Nests on Utility Structures .............................................. 3-10

3.4.3 Ground Nests in Rights-of-Way or Substations ......................... 3-11

3.5 Bird Streamers and Insulator Contamination ........................................ 3-11

3.5.1 Streamers .................................................................................. 3-11

3.5.2 Avian Pollution ........................................................................... 3-12

4.0 BIRD SPECIES SUSCEPTIBLE TO UTILITY INTERACTIONS ........................ 4-1

4.1 Native Species ........................................................................................ 4-3

4.1.1 Turkey Vulture ............................................................................. 4-4

4.1.2 Bald Eagle ................................................................................... 4-5

4.1.3 Golden Eagle ............................................................................... 4-7

4.1.4 Swainson's Hawk ......................................................................... 4-9

4.1.5 Red-Tailed Hawk ....................................................................... 4-10

4.1.6 Harris's Hawk ............................................................................. 4-11

4.1.7 Ferruginous Hawk ..................................................................... 4-12

4.1.8 Rough-Legged Hawk ................................................................. 4-13

4.1.9 Aplomado Falcon ....................................................................... 4-14

4.1.10 Peregrine Falcon ..................................................................... 4-15

4.1.11 Prairie Falcon .......................................................................... 4-16

4.1.12 Greater Roadrunner ................................................................ 4-17

4.1.13 Great Horned Owl .................................................................... 4-18

4.1.14 Barn Owl .................................................................................. 4-19

4.1.15 American Crow ........................................................................ 4-20

4.1.16 Chihuahuan Raven .................................................................. 4-21

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TABLE OF CONTENTS, CONTINUED

4.2 Non-Native Species .............................................................................. 4-22

4.2.1 House Sparrow .......................................................................... 4-23

4.2.2 European Starling ...................................................................... 4-24

4.2.3 Rock Pigeon .............................................................................. 4-25

4.2.4 Eurasian Collared-Dove ............................................................. 4-26

4.2.5 Monk Parakeet .......................................................................... 4-28

4.3 Game Birds ........................................................................................... 4-29

5.0 PERMIT COMPLIANCE .................................................................................... 5-1

5.1 Permits Relating to Avian Interactions .................................................... 5-1

5.1.1 Special Purpose Salvage Permit (MBTA) .................................... 5-1

5.1.2 Special Purpose Relocate Permit (MBTA) ................................... 5-4

5.1.3 Depredation Permit (MBTA) ........................................................ 5-5

5.1.4 Recovery Permit (ESA) ................................................................ 5-6

5.1.5 Eagle Nest Take Permit (BGEPA) ............................................... 5-6

5.2 New Mexico Permits ............................................................................... 5-7

5.3 Permittee Responsibility ......................................................................... 5-8

6.0 MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES AND WSMR REPORTING SYSTEMS ......... 6-1

6.1 Injured Birds ............................................................................................ 6-1

6.2 Carcass Reporting and Management ..................................................... 6-3

6.2.1 Carcass Disposal ......................................................................... 6-4

6.2.2 Permits Required for Carcass Disposal ....................................... 6-4

6.3 Corrective Measures ............................................................................... 6-5

6.4 Personnel Safety .................................................................................... 6-5

6.5 Record Keeping ...................................................................................... 6-6

6.6 Nest Management .................................................................................. 6-6

6.6.1 Nest Assessment and Reporting ................................................. 6-7

6.6.2 Nest Identification, Protection, and Removal Protocols ............... 6-7

6.6.3 Nest Removal, Relocation, and Destruction ................................ 6-9

6.6.4 Nest Evaluation Protocol ........................................................... 6-10

7.0 WSMR CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS .......................................................... 7-1

7.1 New Construction ................................................................................... 7-1

7.2 Retrofitting Standards ............................................................................. 7-1

7.3 Site Cleanup ........................................................................................... 7-1

7.4 Inspection ............................................................................................... 7-2

8.0 DISTRIBUTION ELECTROCUTIONS ............................................................... 8-1

8.1 Tangent Structures ................................................................................. 8-1

8.1.1 Single-Phase Tangent Structures ................................................ 8-2

8.1.2 Three-Phase Tangent Structures ................................................ 8-2

8.1.3 New Construction ........................................................................ 8-4

8.1.4 Retrofitting Horizontal Tangent Structures ................................... 8-6

8.1.5 Retrofitting Vertical Distribution Structures ................................ 8-11

8.2 Three-Phase Deadend Structures ........................................................ 8-15

8.2.1 New Construction ...................................................................... 8-15

8.2.2 Retrofitting ................................................................................. 8-18

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8.3 Risers .................................................................................................... 8-18

8.4 Transformers ........................................................................................ 8-20

8.5 Capacitors, Regulators, and Reclosers................................................. 8-26

8.6 Cutouts ................................................................................................. 8-28

8.7 Surge Arresters ..................................................................................... 8-30

8.8 Stinger and Jumper Wires .................................................................... 8-33

8.9 Pole-Top Grounds ................................................................................ 8-35

8.10 Brackets ................................................................................................ 8-37

8.11 Guying .................................................................................................. 8-38

8.12 Regulator By-Pass Switches and Disconnect Switches ........................ 8-40

8.13 Three-Phase Switchgear ...................................................................... 8-41

8.14 Perch Management .............................................................................. 8-43

8.14.1 Elevated Perches .................................................................... 8-44

8.14.2 Perch Discouragers ................................................................. 8-46

9.0 SUBSTATION ELECTROCUTIONS .................................................................. 9-1

9.1 Equipment ............................................................................................... 9-3

9.1.1 Power Transformers .................................................................... 9-4

9.1.2 Busses ......................................................................................... 9-6

9.1.3 Other Equipment ......................................................................... 9-7

9.1.4 Risers .......................................................................................... 9-8

9.1.5 Arresters ...................................................................................... 9-9

9.1.6 Cutouts ...................................................................................... 9-10

9.1.7 Regulator By-Pass Switches and Disconnect Switches ............ 9-11

9.1.8 Three-Phase Switchgear ........................................................... 9-12

9.1.9 Jumpers ..................................................................................... 9-14

9.2 Fencing and Perimeter Design ............................................................. 9-15

9.3 Substation Getaways ............................................................................ 9-17

10.0 COLLISIONS ................................................................................................... 10-1

10.1 Overhead Static Wires .......................................................................... 10-2

10.2 Wire Marking ......................................................................................... 10-3

10.2.1 Flapper .................................................................................... 10-4

10.2.2 BirdMARK and FireFly Bird Flight Diverters ............................. 10-6

10.2.3 Bird Flight Diverter (BFD) – Preformed Line Products ............. 10-7

10.2.4 Swan Flight Diverter (SFD) ...................................................... 10-8

10.2.5 Spiral Vibration Damper (SVD) ................................................ 10-9

10.2.6 Bird Flight Diverter (BFD) – Power Line Sentry ..................... 10-10

10.2.7 TE Connectivity Avian Flight Diverter .................................... 10-10

10.3 Corona ................................................................................................ 10-11

10.4 Wire Marking Conclusions .................................................................. 10-12

10.4.1 Marker Type .......................................................................... 10-12

10.4.2 Marker Spacing ..................................................................... 10-13

10.4.3 Engineering Considerations ................................................... 10-16

11.0 NEST MANAGEMENT .................................................................................... 11-1

11.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 11-1

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11.2 Nest Platforms ...................................................................................... 11-2

11.3 Stick Deflectors ................................................................................... 11-10

11.4 Alternative Construction ...................................................................... 11-11

12.0 AVIAN STREAMERS ...................................................................................... 12-1

13.0 AVIAN POLLUTION ........................................................................................ 13-1

14.0 RISK ASSESSMENT PROTOCOL .................................................................. 14-1

14.1 Overall Approach .................................................................................. 14-1

14.1.1 Identifying At-Risk Bird Species ............................................... 14-3

14.1.2 Map Development ................................................................... 14-3

14.1.3 Field Assessment .................................................................... 14-4

14.2 Electrocution Risk Assessment ............................................................. 14-5

14.2.1 Pole-Risk Classification ........................................................... 14-5

14.2.2 Habitat Classification ............................................................... 14-7

14.2.3 Identifying At-Risk Bird Species ............................................. 14-12

14.2.4 Electrocution Risk Assessment Summary ............................. 14-14

15.0 RESULTS FOR WSMR ELECTROCUTION ANALYSIS ................................. 15-1

15.1 Approach .............................................................................................. 15-1

15.2 Survey Results ...................................................................................... 15-2

15.3 Positive Practices ................................................................................. 15-2

15.4 Distribution Voltage Electrocution Risk ................................................. 15-7

15.4.1 Overview .................................................................................. 15-7

15.4.2 Incomplete Retrofitting ............................................................. 15-7

15.4.3 Tangent Structures ................................................................ 15-11

15.4.4 Deadend Structures and Corner Poles .................................. 15-15

15.4.5 Steel Structures ..................................................................... 15-18

15.4.6 Ground Banks ........................................................................ 15-20

15.4.7 Equipment Retrofitting Issues ................................................ 15-21

15.4.8 Pole-top Groundwires ............................................................ 15-24

15.4.9 Grounded Guy Wires ............................................................. 15-24

15.4.10 Bracket Grounding ............................................................... 15-24

15.4.11 Nesting Issues ..................................................................... 15-25

15.4.12 Summary Comments ........................................................... 15-27

15.5 Materials List ....................................................................................... 15-28

15.6 Implementation Schedule ..................................................................... 15-1

16.0 AVIAN PROTECTION TRAINING AND PUBLIC AWARENESS ..................... 16-1

16.1 WSMR Personnel Training ................................................................... 16-1

16.2 Published Training Resources .............................................................. 16-2

16.3 Public Awareness ................................................................................. 16-3

17.0 ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENT ............................................................. 17-1

18.0 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS ............................................................................ 18-1

19.0 LITERATURE CITED ...................................................................................... 19-1

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APPENDIX A WSMR 2002 COMMANDERS GUIDANCE

APPENDIX B WSMR MAY 2011 COMMITMENTS TO USFWS

APPENDIX C FEDERAL AND STATE PERMIT APPLICATIONS

APPENDIX D USFWS NEST DESTRUCTION MEMORANDUM AND REGION 2

INTERIM EMPTY NEST POLICY

APPENDIX E WSMR BIRD INCIDENT TRACKING FORM

APPENDIX F LINEMAN’S GUIDE TO AVIAN DISEASES

APPENDIX G DEVICE AND MATERIALS MANUFACTURER CONTACT LIST

APPENDIX H WSMR CONFIGURATION GUIDE

APPENDIX I ELECTROCUTION FIELD DATA FORM

APPENDIX J WSMR RETROFITTING DATA MATRIX

APPENDIX K TRAINING SYLLABUS AND DVD

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1. 12 Key APP Elements Reference Guide. .................................................... 1-3 Table 2-1. Protected status for birds. ........................................................................... 2-1 Table 3-1. Range of bird sizes for species susceptible to electrocution at WSMR. ...... 3-2 Table 4-1. Bird species most susceptible to electrocution risks from WSMR operations. ......................................................................................................... 4-2 Table 5-1. Actions allowed for each type of federal and state permit. .......................... 5-2 Table 8-1. Conductor cover manufacturers. ................................................................. 8-7 Table 8-2. Conductor cover properties. ...................................................................... 8-10 Table 8-3. Groundwire molding manufacturers. ......................................................... 8-12 Table 8-4. Manufacturers of isolating disks. ............................................................... 8-14 Table 8-5. Deadend cover manufacturers. ................................................................. 8-18 Table 8-6. Wheel-type transformer protector manufacturers. ..................................... 8-22 Table 8-7. Manufacturers of snap-on bushing covers. ............................................... 8-23 Table 8-8. Transformer animal contact barriers. ........................................................ 8-25 Table 8-9. Cutout cover manufacturers. ..................................................................... 8-28 Table 8-10. Manufacturers of split-seam jumpers. ..................................................... 8-34 Table 8-11. Pin insulating manufacturers. .................................................................. 8-35 Table 8-12. Manufacturers of switch barriers. ............................................................ 8-40 Table 8-13. Manufacturers of isolating plates. ............................................................ 8-41 Table 8-14. Manufacturers of animal-friendly switches. ............................................. 8-42 Table 8-15. Perch manufacturers. .............................................................................. 8-44 Table 8-16. Perch discourager manufacturers. .......................................................... 8-46 Table 9-1. Substation protection vendors. .................................................................... 9-2 Table 9-2. Manufacturers of switch barriers. .............................................................. 9-11 Table 9-3. Manufacturers of isolating plates. .............................................................. 9-13 Table 9-4. Manufacturers of animal-friendly switches. ............................................... 9-14 Table 9-5. Manufacturers of animal fencing. .............................................................. 9-17 Table 9-6. Manufacturers of animal getaway barriers. ............................................... 9-17

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LIST OF TABLES, CONTINUED

Table 10-1. Bird collision devices and manufacturers. ............................................... 10-4 Table 11-1. Nest deflector manufacturers. ............................................................... 11-11 Table 12-1. Perch discourager and cover-up material manufacturers. ....................... 12-3 Table 13-1. Shield and barrier manufacturers. ........................................................... 13-2 Table 15-1. Minimum materials list for electrocution mitigation based on the

WSMR avian risk assessment. ...................................................................... 15-29

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1. WSMR is located in south-central New Mexico. ......................................... 1-1 Figure 1-2. Primary components of an APP. ................................................................ 1-4 Figure 2-1. WSMR lies within USFWS Region 2. ......................................................... 2-2 Figure 3-1. Golden Eagle. ............................................................................................ 3-2 Figure 3-2. Illustration of eagle size and recommended clearances to minimize electrocution hazards (APLIC 2006). ................................................................. 3-4 Figure 3-3. Substation fitted with insulation. ................................................................. 3-6 Figure 3-4. Sandhill Cranes (Grus canadensis) flying over a marked power line. ........ 3-7 Figure 3-5. On the left, the wire orientation of the lattice structure in a horizontal configuration reduces the number of wire planes as compared to a vertical configuration on the right. .................................................................................. 3-8

Figure 3-6. Vegetation (a) and topography (b) creating flight barriers that route flying birds over a power line, thus minimizing collision risk. ............................. 3-9

Figure 3-7. Bald Eagle nest on a steel lattice transmission structure. ........................ 3-10 Figure 3-8. Woodpecker damage to a wood H-frame structure. ................................. 3-10 Figure 3-9. Killdeer eggs within substation fenced area. ............................................ 3-11 Figure 3-10. An Osprey producing a “streamer” from the edge of a nest. .................. 3-12 Figure 3-11. Accumulated avian excretion (bird pollution) on an insulator. Bird pollution can lead tracking faults, particularly on the underside of insulators where rain increases conductivity but does not wash insulators clean. ............................................................................................................... 3-13

Figure 4-1. Turkey Vulture. ........................................................................................... 4-4 Figure 4-2. Adult Bald Eagles. ...................................................................................... 4-5 Figure 4-3. Adult Bald Eagle. ....................................................................................... 4-6 Figure 4-4. Golden Eagle. ............................................................................................ 4-6 Figure 4-5. Immature Bald Eagle. ................................................................................ 4-6 Figure 4-6. Golden Eagle. ............................................................................................ 4-7 Figure 4-7. Immature Golden Eagle (C60) banded by the Raptor View Research

Institute in Montana in 2008 and recovered at WSMR in 2009 after it was found electrocuted. ............................................................................................ 4-8

Figure 4-8. Swainson’s Hawk. ...................................................................................... 4-9 Figure 4-9. Red-tailed Hawk. ...................................................................................... 4-10 Figure 4-10. Harris's Hawk. ........................................................................................ 4-11 Figure 4-11. Ferruginous Hawk. ................................................................................. 4-12

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LIST OF FIGURES, CONTINUED

Figure 4-12. Rough-legged Hawk. ............................................................................. 4-13 Figure 4-13. Aplomado Falcon. .................................................................................. 4-14 Figure 4-14. Peregrine Falcon. ................................................................................... 4-15 Figure 4-15. Prairie Falcon. ........................................................................................ 4-16 Figure 4-16. Greater Roadrunner. .............................................................................. 4-17 Figure 4-17. Great Horned Owl. ................................................................................. 4-18 Figure 4-18. Barn Owl. ............................................................................................... 4-19 Figure 4-19. American Crow. ..................................................................................... 4-20 Figure 4-20. Chihuahuan Raven. ............................................................................... 4-21 Figure 4-21. House Sparrow. ..................................................................................... 4-23 Figure 4-22. European Starling. ................................................................................. 4-24 Figure 4-23. Rock Pigeon. .......................................................................................... 4-25 Figure 4-24. Eurasian Collared-dove.......................................................................... 4-26 Figure 4-25. Larger Eurasian Collared-dove in comparison with smaller native

Mourning Dove. ............................................................................................... 4-27 Figure 4-26. Monk Parakeet. ...................................................................................... 4-28 Figure 4-27. Monk Parakeet Nest. ............................................................................. 4-28 Figure 6-1. Dead or injured bird management procedures. .......................................... 6-2 Figure 6-2. Nest management procedures. .................................................................. 6-8 Figure 6-3. Red-tailed Hawk safely nesting on a distribution pole – non-emergency. ............................................................................................... 6-10 Figure 8-1. Typical distribution single-phase tangent pole configuration. ..................... 8-2 Figure 8-2. Typical three-phase pole with ridge-pinned construction. .......................... 8-3 Figure 8-3. Typical tangent structure provides adequate separation (40 inches) for hawks. .......................................................................................................... 8-3 Figure 8-4. Typical tangent structure provides inadequate separation (60 inches) for eagles. .......................................................................................................... 8-3 Figure 8-5. Flat-top unit provides inadequate separation (40 inches) for hawks. ......... 8-4 Figure 8-6. Eagle-friendly three-phase pole configuration using an 8-foot dropped crossarm. ........................................................................................................... 8-4 Figure 8-7. Eagle-friendly three-phase pole configuration using a 10-foot crossarm. ........................................................................................................... 8-5 Figure 8-8. Retrofitting a typical ridge-pinned tangent structure. .................................. 8-6 Figure 8-9. Retrofitting a typical flat-top tangent structure. ........................................... 8-6 Figure 8-10. Exensor Technology conductor cover. ..................................................... 8-8 Figure 8-11. Salisbury conductor cover. ....................................................................... 8-8 Figure 8-12. MidSun group conductor cover. ............................................................... 8-8 Figure 8-13. Preformed Line Products conductor cover. .............................................. 8-8 Figure 8-14. Conductor cover with additional insulating hose. ..................................... 8-9 Figure 8-15. DMX industries conductor cover. ............................................................. 8-9 Figure 8-16. EcoElectrical conductor cover. ................................................................. 8-9 Figure 8-17. Kaddas conductor cover. ......................................................................... 8-9 Figure 8-18. TE Connectivity conductor cover. .......................................................... 8-10 Figure 8-19. Power Line Sentry conductor cover. ...................................................... 8-10

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Figure 8-20. Prairie Falcon on pole top (safe location). .............................................. 8-11 Figure 8-21. Vertical tangent unit (hardware is bonded). ............................................ 8-11 Figure 8-22. Groundwire molding. .............................................................................. 8-12 Figure 8-23. Groundwire routed away from hardware. ............................................... 8-13 Figure 8-24. Covering each phase with a conductor cover (Kaddas). ........................ 8-13 Figure 8-25. Horizontal post insulators covering each phase (TE Connectivity). ....... 8-13 Figure 8-26. Isolating each phase with an isolating disk (Salisbury). ......................... 8-14 Figure 8-27. Isolating each phase with a perch discourager (Power Line Sentry). ..... 8-14 Figure 8-28. Three-phase double deadend with exposed jumpers over the crossarms (potentially lethal). .......................................................................... 8-15 Figure 8-29. Three-phase double deadend with jumpers passing under the crossarms (bird-friendly). ................................................................................. 8-15 Figure 8-30. Three-phase deadend structure framed as eagle-friendly. (drawing not to scale) ..................................................................................................... 8-16 Figure 8-31. Three-phase tap deadend structure framed as eagle-friendly.

(drawing not to scale) ...................................................................................... 8-16 Figure 8-32. Three-phase deadend structure fitted with an insulated extended link on center phase. ....................................................................................... 8-16 Figure 8-33. Three-phase double deadend structure fitted with two insulated extended links. ................................................................................................. 8-17 Figure 8-34. Three-phase double deadend structure fitted with four insulated extended links. ................................................................................................. 8-17 Figure 8-35. Three-phase vertical structure. .............................................................. 8-17 Figure 8-36. Typical deadend cover installation. ........................................................ 8-18 Figure 8-37. Unprotected riser pole. ........................................................................... 8-19 Figure 8-38. Protected riser pole with pothead covers. .............................................. 8-19 Figure 8-39. Protected riser pole (Salisbury). ............................................................. 8-20 Figure 8-40. Protected riser pole (Hubbell Power Systems). ...................................... 8-20 Figure 8-41. Riser pothead cover (Kaddas). .............................................................. 8-20 Figure 8-42. Riser mounted below cutouts. ................................................................ 8-20 Figure 8-43. Three options for protecting transformers. ............................................. 8-21 Figure 8-44. “Wheel-type” bushing cover from the manufacturer. .............................. 8-22 Figure 8-45. After-market bushing covers. ................................................................. 8-22 Figure 8-46. After-market bushing covers. ................................................................. 8-23 Figure 8-47. Hubbell Power Systems bushing covers installed incorrectly (left) and correctly (right) over transformer bushings. .............................................. 8-24 Figure 8-48. Passive barrier to deter climbing animal contact (Rauckman). .............. 8-25 Figure 8-49. 3MTM Electrostatic Animal Guard. .......................................................... 8-25 Figure 8-50. Rauckman Utility Products ZAPshieldTM. ............................................... 8-25 Figure 8-51. Recloser fitted with animal protection. ................................................... 8-26 Figure 8-52. Capacitor bank factory-ordered with animal protection. ......................... 8-27 Figure 8-53. Regulator with horizontal arrester. ......................................................... 8-27 Figure 8-54. Regulator with horizontal arrester cover (TE Connectivity). ................... 8-27 Figure 8-55. Regulator with horizontal arrester cover (Salisbury). ............................. 8-27

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Figure 8-56. Hawk perched between unprotected cutouts and arresters. .................. 8-28 Figure 8-57. Protected cutout/arrester combination. .................................................. 8-28 Figure 8-58. Protected cutout/arrester combination with exposed horns.................... 8-29 Figure 8-59. Cutout cover (TE Connectivity). ............................................................. 8-29 Figure 8-60. Cutout cover (Salisbury). ........................................................................ 8-29 Figure 8-61. Cutout cover (Kaddas). .......................................................................... 8-29 Figure 8-62. Cutout cover with gap due to large diameter jumper wire and cover with hole too small to accommodate the jumper. ............................................. 8-30 Figure 8-63. Cutout cover with gap between top of cover and bottom of jumper insulation. ........................................................................................................ 8-30 Figure 8-64. Installing new and retrofitting surge arresters. ....................................... 8-31 Figure 8-65. Transformer mounted surge arrester with wildlife cap. .......................... 8-31 Figure 8-66. Transformer with gapped arrester. ......................................................... 8-32 Figure 8-67. Transformer bushing cover with knockouts for a gapped surge arrester. ........................................................................................................... 8-32 Figure 8-68. Combination transformer bushing and gapped surge arrester covers. ............................................................................................................. 8-32 Figure 8-69. Underarm horizontally mounted surge arrester to reduce animal exposure. ......................................................................................................... 8-32 Figure 8-70. Surge arrester with cap and insulated groundwire. ................................ 8-33 Figure 8-71. Insulated jumper wire for new installations. ............................................ 8-33 Figure 8-72. Split-seam stinger retrofit (Salisbury insulating SALCOR cover material). ......................................................................................................... 8-33 Figure 8-73. Covered jumper with an exposed contact point. .................................... 8-34 Figure 8-74. Covered jumper supported with a vice-top insulator (Hendrix). .............. 8-34 Figure 8-75. Covered jumper isolated with a pin cover. ............................................. 8-35 Figure 8-76. Exposed pole-top groundwire ................................................................ 8-36 Figure 8-77. Pole with a pole-top ground properly gapped to reduce the risk of raptor electrocutions. ....................................................................................... 8-36 Figure 8-78. Single-phase grounded metal bracket with unprotected cutout/arrester. ................................................................................................ 8-37 Figure 8-79. Three-phase grounded metal bracket with unprotected potheads/arresters and jumpers. ..................................................................... 8-37 Figure 8-80. Single-phase ungrounded fiberglass bracket. ........................................ 8-37 Figure 8-81. Three-phase ungrounded fiberglass bracket with protected cutouts/arresters and jumpers. ........................................................................ 8-37 Figure 8-82. Guy wire with inadequate separation. .................................................... 8-38 Figure 8-83. Fiberglass strain rods to prevent a pathway to ground. ......................... 8-39 Figure 8-84. Insulating link to prevent a pathway to ground. ...................................... 8-39 Figure 8-85. Guy wires attached to grounded pole bands. ......................................... 8-39 Figure 8-86. Switch barrier (TE Connectivity). ............................................................ 8-40 Figure 8-87. Switch barrier (Salisbury). ...................................................................... 8-40 Figure 8-88. Switch with isolating plate. ..................................................................... 8-41 Figure 8-89. Switch with isolating plates. ................................................................... 8-41

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Figure 8-90. Switch with built-in animal protection. .................................................... 8-42 Figure 8-91. Eagle on a three-phase tangent structure with inadequate separation. ....................................................................................................... 8-43 Figure 8-92. Elevated perch (Aluma-Form). ............................................................... 8-44 Figure 8-93. Elevated perch (Hughes Brothers). ........................................................ 8-44 Figure 8-94. Raptor perching below an elevated perch. ............................................. 8-45 Figure 8-95. Improperly installed elevated perch and unprotected pole. .................... 8-45 Figure 8-96. Elevated perch on a three-phase tangent structure. .............................. 8-45 Figure 8-97. Power Line Sentry "Raptor Guard" perch discourager design to deter perching within the triangle. .................................................................... 8-47 Figure 8-98. Kaddas perch discourager design to deter perching within the triangle. ............................................................................................................ 8-47 Figure 8-99. Bird perching on a perch discourager. ................................................... 8-47 Figure 8-100. Perch discourager shifting a raptor to the pole top. .............................. 8-47 Figure 8-101. Perch discourager shifting a bird to a more problematic area. ............. 8-48 Figure 8-102. Raptor perching under a perch discourager. ........................................ 8-48 Figure 8-103. Inappropriate use of a traffic cone as a perch discourager. ................. 8-48 Figure 8-104. Flash marks on discourager. ................................................................ 8-49 Figure 8-105. Eagle perched next to a discourager (hazardous). .............................. 8-49 Figure 8-106. Example of improper use of a perch discourager to minimize hawk perching - maximum 5-inch spacing. ............................................................... 8-49 Figure 8-107. Example of improper use of a perch discourager to minimize eagle perching - maximum 10-inch spacing. ............................................................. 8-49 Figure 8-108. Correct perch discourager installation for different configurations using a variety of products*. ............................................................................ 8-50 Figure 8-109. Bird nesting in small plastic spikes. ...................................................... 8-51 Figure 8-110. Example of improper use of bird spikes for perch management. ......... 8-51 Figure 8-111. Hawk nest between perch discouragers. ............................................. 8-52 Figure 8-112. Osprey nest start in bird spikes. ........................................................... 8-52 Figure 8-113. Plastic falcon on primary meter pole. ................................................... 8-52 Figure 8-114. Plastic owl unsuccessfully preventing Osprey nesting. ........................ 8-52 Figure 9-1. Bushing cover. ........................................................................................... 9-3 Figure 9-2. Shrink-fit insulation. .................................................................................... 9-4 Figure 9-3. Bushing cover allowing thermal imaging. ................................................... 9-5 Figure 9-4. Substation bus supports for animal protection. .......................................... 9-6 Figure 9-5. Busbar insulation. ...................................................................................... 9-6 Figure 9-6. Shrink-to-fit bus insulation (TE Connectivity). ............................................ 9-7 Figure 9-7. Form-fitted bus insulation (Salisbury). ........................................................ 9-7 Figure 9-8. Recloser fitted with animal protection. ....................................................... 9-7 Figure 9-9. Protected riser pole with pothead covers. .................................................. 9-8 Figure 9-10. Surge arrester with arrester cap. .............................................................. 9-9 Figure 9-11. Cutout with an insulating cover. ............................................................. 9-10 Figure 9-12. Switch barrier. ........................................................................................ 9-11 Figure 9-13. Switch barrier (TE Connectivity). ............................................................ 9-12

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Figure 9-14. Switch barrier (Salisbury). ...................................................................... 9-12 Figure 9-15. Switch with isolating plate. ..................................................................... 9-12 Figure 9-16. Switch with isolating plates (Salisbury). ................................................. 9-12 Figure 9-17. Switch with built-in animal protection. .................................................... 9-13 Figure 9-18. Switch with built-in animal protection (S&C Electric Company). ............. 9-13 Figure 9-19. Covered jumper wire for new installations. ............................................. 9-14 Figure 9-20. Covered jumper wire for retrofitting. ....................................................... 9-15 Figure 9-21. Kinectrics PowerKage. ........................................................................... 9-16 Figure 9-22. TransGard fence. ................................................................................... 9-16 Figure 9-23. Substation getaway pole. ....................................................................... 9-17 Figure 10-1. Aviation markers improve visibility of transmission lines during inclement weather. .......................................................................................... 10-1 Figure 10-2. Flock of Sandhill Cranes crossing a marked distribution line en route to a feeding area. ............................................................................................. 10-1 Figure 10-3. Distribution line bisecting a water source used by birds as a movement corridor. .......................................................................................... 10-1 Figure 10-4. Distribution of collisions recorded by Pandey et al. (2008) using the

Bird Strike Indicator (reprinted with permission of the authors). ...................... 10-2 Figure 10-5. Birds perched next to spinning diverter. ................................................. 10-3 Figure 10-6. White flapper. ......................................................................................... 10-5 Figure 10-7. Flapper installation. ................................................................................ 10-5 Figure 10-8. BirdMARK device. .................................................................................. 10-6 Figure 10-9. FireFly during the day. ........................................................................... 10-7 Figure 10-10. FireFly at night. .................................................................................... 10-7 Figure 10-11. BFD manufactured by Preformed Line Products. ................................. 10-7 Figure 10-12. BFDs for various wire sizes. ................................................................. 10-8 Figure 10-13. SFD being placed on a static wire. ....................................................... 10-8 Figure 10-14. SFDs installed at 20-foot intervals in Indiana. ...................................... 10-9 Figure 10-15. Spiral Vibration Damper. ...................................................................... 10-9 Figure 10-16. Power Line Sentry BFDs. ................................................................... 10-10 Figure 10-17. TE Connectivity BCIC AFD. ............................................................... 10-11 Figure 10-18. UV corona discharge from a flapper device mounted on an energized 345kV transmission conductor. ..................................................... 10-11 Figure 10-19. SFD placement for three wires. .......................................................... 10-14 Figure 10-20. SFD placement for two static wires. ................................................... 10-15 Figure 10-21. Installing SFDs with a helicopter. ....................................................... 10-16 Figure 11-1. Problem Red-tailed Hawk nest on an unprotected distribution line. ....... 11-1 Figure 11-2. Problem Osprey nest on a distribution line. ............................................ 11-1 Figure 11-3. Bald Eagle nest on a transmission line structure. .................................. 11-2 Figure 11-4. Bald Eagle nest and debris on a transmission line structure. ................. 11-2 Figure 11-5. Raptor chick defending itself in a nest. .................................................. 11-2 Figure 11-6. Osprey frustration nest. .......................................................................... 11-3 Figure 11-7. Nesting platform above a retrofitted single-phase pole. ......................... 11-3 Figure 11-8 Nesting platform on a surrogate pole. .................................................... 11-3

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Figure 11-9. Osprey nesting on platform attached to pole-top extension. .................. 11-4 Figure 11-10. Red-tailed Hawk nest on a pole fitted with perch discouragers. ........... 11-4 Figure 11-11. Osprey platform with an elevated perch on a surrogate pole. .............. 11-5 Figure 11-12. Eagle nesting platform on a transmission lattice tower. ....................... 11-5 Figure 11-13. Manufactured Aluma-Form Osprey nesting platform. .......................... 11-6 Figure 11-14. Osprey Nest Platform. .......................................................................... 11-7 Figure 11-15. Raptor platform with pegs. ................................................................... 11-8 Figure 11-16. Raptor platform on pole top. ................................................................. 11-9 Figure 11-17. Raven platform below crossarms. ........................................................ 11-9 Figure 11-18. Stick deflector to keep nesting materials from attaching to the structure. .......................................................................................................