PRFS-LD_RFP_FBO.pdf

USAID/Zimbabwe!RFP!No.!SOLV613V14V000009!

Poverty!Reduction!and!Food!Security!–!Livestock!Development!(PRFSVLD)!Program!

Page!3!of!107!

Table)of)Contents) PART)I)–)THE)SCHEDULE)....................................................................................................................)7!

SECTION)B)–)SERVICES)AND)PRICE/COSTS)..................................................................................)7!

B.1! PURPOSE!............................................................................................................................................!7!

B.2! CONTRACT!TYPE!AND!CONTRACT!SERVICES!......................................................................................!7!

B.3! ESTIMATED!COST,!FIXED!FEE,!AND!OBLIGATED!AMOUNT!.................................................................!7!

B.4! CONTRACT!BUDGET!AND!CEILINGS!....................................................................................................!7!

B.5!! PAYMENT!OF!FIXED!FEE!....................................................................................................................!7!

B.6! INDIRECT!COSTS!.................................................................................................................................!8!

B.7! REIMBURSABLE!COSTS!.......................................................................................................................!8!

SECTION)C)–)SPECIFICATIONS)..........................................................................................................)9!

C.1! Introduction!.......................................................................................................................................!9!

C.2! Background!......................................................................................................................................!10!

C.3! Program!Objectives!..........................................................................................................................!17!

C.4! Operating!Constraints!......................................................................................................................!21!

C.5! Rationale/Theory!of!Change!............................................................................................................!27!

C.6! Relationship!of!USAID’s!PRFSZLD!Program!to!USAID!Strategy,!USAID!Programs,!and!Other!Donor!

Programs!....................................................................................................................................................!27!

C.7!!PROGRAM!REPORTING!AND!OTHER!DELIVERABLES!...........................................................................!30!

SECTION)D)–)PACKAGING)AND)MARKING)...................................................................................)35!

D.1! BRANDING!&!MARKING!...................................................................................................................!35!

D.2! AIDAR!752.7009!MARKING!(JAN!1993)!............................................................................................!35!

D.3! BRANDING!POLICY!AND!STRATEGY!..................................................................................................!35!

D.4! ANTICIPATED!ELEMENTS!OF!MARKING!PLAN!..................................................................................!36!

D.5! APPROVAL!OF!CONTRACTOR!BRANDING!IMPLEMENTATION!AND!MARKING!PLAN!.......................!36!

SECTION)E)–)INSPECTION)AND)ACCEPTANCE)............................................................................)37!

E.1! NOTICE!LISTING!CONTRACT!CLAUSES!INCORPORATED!BY!REFERENCE!...........................................!37!

E.2!INSPECTION!AND!ACCEPTANCE!...........................................................................................................!37!

E.3!PERFORMANCE!STANDARDS!................................................................................................................!37!

SECTION)F)–)DELIVERIES)OR)PERFORMANCE)...........................................................................)38!

F.1! NOTICE!LISTING!CONTRACT!CLAUSES!INCORPORATED!BY!REFERENCE!...........................................!38!

F.2!!! PERIOD!OF!PERFORMANCE!............................................................................................................!38!

F.3! PLACE!OF!PERFORMANCE!................................................................................................................!38!

F.4! KEY!PERSONNEL!...............................................................................................................................!38!

F.5!! PLANS!&!REPORTS!...........................................................................................................................!39!

F.6! DELIVERABLES!..................................................................................................................................!41!

F.7! AIDAR!752.242Z70!PERIODIC!PROGRESS!REPORTS!(OCT!2007)!........................................................!41!

F.8! PROJECT!EVALUATION!......................................................................................................................!42!

Page!4!of!107!

F.9!AIDAR!752.7005,!SUBMISSION!REQUIREMENTS!FOR!DEVELOPMENT!EXPERIENCE!DOCUMENTS!(SEP!

2013)!..........................................................................................................................................................!42!

SECTION)G)–)CONTRACT)ADMINISTRATION)DATA).................................................................)44!

G.1! CONTRACTING!OFFICER’S!AUTHORITY!.............................................................................................!44!

G.2! DOCUMENTATION!FOR!PAYMENT,!AIDAR!752.7003!(NOV!1998)!...................................................!44!

G.3!!! CONTRACTING!OFFICER’S!REPRESENTATIVE!(COR)!........................................................................!46!

G.4! PAYING!OFFICE!.................................................................................................................................!46!

G.5! ACCOUNTING!AND!APPROPRIATION!DATA!.....................................................................................!46!

G.6! TECHNICAL!DIRECTIONS/RELATIONSHIP!WITH!USAID!.....................................................................!46!

SECTION)H)–)SPECIAL)CONTRACT)REQUIREMENTS)................................................................)49!

H.1! NOTICE!LISTING!CONTRACT!CLAUSES!INCORPORATED!BY!REFERENCE!...........................................!49!

H.2! ADS!302.3.5.5!REPORTING!OF!FOREIGN!TAXES!(JULY!2007)!...........................................................!49!

H.3! ADS!302.3.5.9!NONDISCRIMINATION!(JUNE!2012)!..........................................................................!50!

H.4! ADS!302.3.5.14(a)!USAID!DISABILITY!POLICY!(DECEMBER!2004)!.....................................................!51!

H.5! ADS!302.3.5.21!USAID!Implementing!Partner!Notices!(IPN)!Portal!for!Acquisition!(July!2014)!......!51!

H.6! ADS!302.3.5.22!Submission!of!Datasets!to!the!Development!Data!Library!(DDL)!(October!2014)!.!52!

H.7! AUTHORIZED!GEOGRAPHIC!CODE!...................................................................................................!54!

H.8! NONEXPENDABLE!PROPERTY!PURCHASES!AND!INFORMATION!TECHNOLOGY!RESOURCES!..........!54!

H.9! AUTHORIZED!WORK!DAY/WEEK!......................................................................................................!54!

H.10! EMPLOYMENT!OF!THIRD!COUNTRY!NATIONALS!(TCNs)!AND!COOPERATING!COUNTRY!

NATIONALS!(CCNs)!(AIDAR!722.170)!.........................................................................................................!55!

H.11! PERSONNEL!COMPENSATION!(JULY!2007)!....................................................................................!56!

H.12! ADDITIONAL!REQUIREMENTS!FOR!PERSONNEL!COMPENSATION!................................................!56!

H.13! LOGISTICAL!SUPPORT!....................................................................................................................!57!

H.14! LANGUAGE!REQUIREMENTS!..........................................................................................................!57!

H.15! AIDAR!752.219Z70!USAID!MENTORZPROTÉGÉ!PROGRAM!(JULY!2007)!.........................................!57!

H.16! SUBCONTRACTING!PLAN!REPORT!FOR!INDIVIDUAL!CONTRACTS!AND!SUMMARY!CONTRACTING!

REPORT!......................................................................................................................................................!57!

H.17! FOREIGN!GOVERNMENT!DELEGATIONS!TO!INTERNATIONAL!CONFERENCES!(JAN!2002)!............!58!

H.18! ADS!302.3.5.19!USAIDZFINANCED!THIRDZPARTY!WEB!SITES!(AUG!2013)!.....................................!58!

H.19! AIDAR!752.225Z70!SOURCE!AND!NATIONALITY!REQUIREMENTS!(FEB!2012)!................................!59!

H.20! INSURANCE!AND!SERVICES!............................................................................................................!60!

H.21! CONSENT!TO!SUBCONTRACT!.........................................................................................................!62!

H.22! ENVIRONMENTAL!COMPLIANCE!...................................................................................................!62!

H.23! DISCLOSURE!OF!INFORMATION!.....................................................................................................!64!

H.24! AIDAR!752.7032!INTERNATIONAL!TRAVEL!APPROVAL!AND!NOTIFICATION!REQUIREMENTS!(APRIL!

2014)! 64!

H.25! 752.228Z70!MEDICAL!EVACUATION!(MEDEVAC)!SERVICES!(JUL!2007)!.........................................!65!

H.26! 752.231Z71!SALARY!SUPPLEMENTS!FOR!HG!EMPLOYEES!(OCT!1998)!..........................................!66!

H.27! 752.7004!EMERGENCY!LOCATOR!INFORMATION!(JUL!1997)!........................................................!66!

Page!5!of!107!

PART)II)–)CONTRACT)CLAUSES).......................................................................................................)67!

SECTION)I)–)CONTRACT)CLAUSES)..................................................................................................)67!

I.1! NOTICE!LISTING!CONTRACT!CLAUSES!INCORPORATED!BY!REFERENCE!............................................!67!

I.2!52.204Z1!APPROVAL!OF!CONTRACT!(DEC!1989)!...................................................................................!72!

I.3! 52.229Z8!TAXES!–!FOREIGN!COSTZREIMBURSEMENT!CONTRACTS!(MAR!1990)!...............................!72!

I.4! FAR!52.244Z2!SUBCONTRACTS!(OCT!2010)!.......................................................................................!72!

I.5! AIDAR!752.209Z71!ORGANIZATIONAL!CONFLICTS!OF!INTEREST!DISCOVERED!AFTER!AWARD!(JUN!

1993)!..........................................................................................................................................................!75!

I.6! AIDAR!752.228Z3!WORKERS’S!COMPENSATION!INSURANCE!(DEFENSE!BASE!ACT)!.........................!75!

PART)III)–)LIST)OF)DOCUMENTS,)EXHIBITS)AND)OTHER)ATTACHMENTS)......................)77!

SECTION)J)–)LIST)OF)ATTACHMENTS)...........................................................................................)77!

PART)IV)–)REPRESENTATIONS)AND)INSTRUCTIONS)..............................................................)78!

SECTION)K)–)REPRESENTATIONS,)CERTIFICATION)AND)OTHER)STATEMENTS)OF)

OFFERORS).............................................................................................................................................)78!

K.1! NOTICE!LISTING!CONTRACT!CLAUSES!INCORPORATED!BY!REFERENCE!...........................................!78!

K.2!AGREEMENT!ON,!OR!EXCEPTIONS!TO,!TERMS!AND!CONDITIONS!.......................................................!78!

K.3! FAR!52.204Z8!ANNUAL!REPRESENTATIONS!AND!CERTIFICATIONS!(MAY!2014)!..............................!78!

K.4! FAR!52.209Z5!CERTIFICATION!REGARDING!RESPONSIBILITY!MATTERS!(APR!2010)!........................!81!

K.5! INFORMATION!REGARDING!RESPONSIBILITY!MATTERS!(JUL!2013)!................................................!82!

K.6! FAR!52.222Z22Previous!Contracts!and!Compliance!Reports!(Feb!1999)!.........................................!83!

K.7! FAR!52.222Z25!Affirmative!Action!Compliance!(Apr!1984)!..............................................................!84!

K.8! 2.222�38!Compliance!with!Veterans'!Employment!Reporting!Requirements!(SEP!2010)!............!84!

K.9! FAR!52.230Z1!Cost!Accounting!Standards!Notices!and!Certification!(May!2012)!............................!84!

K.10!52.230Z7!PROPOSAL!DISCLOSUREZZCOST!ACCOUNTING!PRACTICECHANGES!(APR!2005)!.................!86!

K.11!AUTHORIZED!NEGOTIATORS!..............................................................................................................!87!

K.12!SIGNATURE!........................................................................................................................................!87!

SECTION)L)–)INSTRUCTIONS,)CONDITIONS,)AND)NOTICES)TO)OFFERORS)......................)88!

L.1! SOLICITATION!PROVISIONS!INCORPORATED!BY!REFERENCE!...........................................................!88!

L.2! 52.216Z1!TYPE!OF!CONTACT!(APR!1984)!..........................................................................................!88!

L.3! 52.215Z20!REQUIREMENTS!FOR!COST!OR!PRICING!DATA!OR!INFORMATION!OTHER!THAN!COST!OR!

PRICING!DATA!–!Alt.!IV!..............................................................................................................................!88!

L.4!!! 52.233Z2!SERVICE!OF!PROTEST!(SEP!2006)!.....................................................................................!89!

L.5! GENERAL!INSTRUCTIONS!TO!OFFERORS!..........................................................................................!89!

L.6! DELIVERY!INSTRUCTIONS!.................................................................................................................!90!

L.7! GENERAL!INSTRUCTIONS!FOR!PREPARATION!OF!THE!TECHNICAL!PROPOSAL!.................................!91!

L.8! TECHNICAL!APPROACH!(See!Section!M.2(a))!...................................................................................!92!

L.9! PERSONNEL!AND!TEAM!CONFIGURATION!(See!Section!M.2(b))!.....................................................!93!

L.10! INSTITUTIONAL!CAPACITY!AND!EXPERIENCE!(See!Section!M.2(c))!................................................!93!

Page!6!of!107!

L.11! CONTRACTOR!PAST!PERFORMANCE!..............................................................................................!94!

L.13! INSTRUCTIONS!FOR!THE!PREPARATION!OF!THE!COST!PROPOSAL!.................................................!96!

L.!14!INSTRUCTIONS!FOR!THE!PREPARATION!OF!BRANDING!PLANS!.......................................................!101!

SECTION)M)2)EVALUATION)FACTORS)FOR)AWARD)..............................................................)102!

M.1!!! GENERAL!INFORMATION!FOR!OFFERORS!....................................................................................!102!

M.2!! EVALUATION!FACTORS!.................................................................................................................!102!

M.3!! COST!EVALUATION!.......................................................................................................................!107!

M.4! DETERMINATION!OF!THE!COMPETITIVE!RANGE!AND!CONTRACT!AWARD!..................................!107!

Page!7!of!107!

PART)I)–)THE)SCHEDULE)

SECTION)B)–)SERVICES)AND)PRICE/COSTS))

B.1) PURPOSE)

The!purpose!of!this!contract!is!to!provide!technical!assistance!and!other!services!as!described!in!

detail!in!Section!C,!Statement!of!Objectives!for!the!implementation!of!USAID/Zimbabwe’s!Poverty!

Reduction!and!Food!Security!–!Livestock!Development!(PRFSVLD)!Program.!!

B.2) CONTRACT)TYPE)AND)CONTRACT)SERVICES))

This!is!a!costVplusVfixedVfee!(CPFF)!completionVtype!contract.!For!the!consideration!set!forth!below,!

the!Contractor!must!achieve!the!performance!objectives!and!deliverables!or!outputs!described!in!

Section!C!and!F!in!accordance!with!the!performance!standards!specified!herein.!!

B.3) ESTIMATED)COST,)FIXED)FEE,)AND)OBLIGATED)AMOUNT))

a)!The!estimated!cost!for!the!performance!of!the!work!required!hereunder,!exclusive!of!fixed!fee,!is!

$______.!The!fixed!fee,!if!any,!for!the!contract!period!is!$_________.!The!total!estimated!cost!plus!fixed!

fee!is!$_________.!!

b)!Within!the!estimated!cost!plus!fixed!fee!(if!any)!specified!in!paragraph!(a)!above,!the!amount!

currently!obligated!and!available!for!reimbursement!of!allowable!costs!incurred!by!the!Contractor!

(and!payment!of!fee,!if!any)!for!performance!of!the!contract!period!hereunder!is!$_____.!The!

Contractor!must!not!exceed!the!aforesaid!obligated!amount!unless!authorized!by!the!Contracting!

Office!pursuant!to!the!clause!of!this!contract!entitled!“Limitation!of!Funds”!(FAR!52.232V22).!See!

Section!I!of!this!contract.!!

c)!Funds!obligated!hereunder!are!anticipated!to!be!sufficient!through!_______.!Funding!for!this!

contract!will!be!on!an!incremental!basis,!subject!to!the!availability!of!funds.!!

B.4) CONTRACT)BUDGET)AND)CEILINGS))

a)!The!contract!budget!found!herein!is!based!on!the!Contractor’s!original!proposal!and/or!final!

proposal!revision,!which!was!accepted!by!USAID!through!award!of!this!contract.!

b)!Without!prior!written!approval!of!the!Contracting!Officer,!the!Contractor!may!not!exceed!the!

total!estimated!costs!set!forth!in!the!budget!or!the!total!obligated!amount,!whichever!is!less.!!

c)!The!following!itemized!budget!sets!forth!the!estimates!for!reimbursement!of!dollar!costs!for!

individual!line!items!of!cost,!and!the!fixed!fee!(if!any).!!

B.5)) PAYMENT)OF)FIXED)FEE)

The!Government!must!pay!the!Contractor!for!performing!this!contract!the!fixed!fee!specified!in!the!

Schedule.!!

Page!8!of!107!

The!fee!must!be!paid!in!installments!at!the!time!of!each!payment!on!account!of!allowable!cost.!The!

amount!of!each!such!installment!will!be!determined!by!applying!to!the!amount!payable!as!

allowable!cost!a!percentage!reflecting!the!ratio!of!total!contract!fee!to!total!contract!estimated!costs.!!

In!the!event!of!discontinuance!of!the!work!in!accordance!with!the!clause!of!the!contract!entitled!

“Termination!(Cost!Reimbursement)”!(FAR!52.249V6),!the!fee!must!be!reVdetermined!by!mutual!

agreement!equitably!to!reflect!the!reduction!in!the!work!actually!performed.!The!amount!by!which!

such!fee!is!less!than,!or!exceeds,!payments!previously!made!on!account!of!the!fee!must!be!paid!to,!or!

repaid!by!the!Contractor,!as!applicable.!!

B.6) INDIRECT)COSTS))

The!contract!clause!entitled!“Allowable!Cost!and!Payment!(DEC!2002)”,!FAR!52.216V7,!specifies!that!

the!indirect!cost!rates!must!be!established!for!each!of!the!Contractor’s!accounting!periods!that!

apply!to!this!contract.!Pending!establishment!of!revised!provisional!or!final!indirect!rates,!allowable!

indirect!costs!must!be!reimbursed!on!the!basis!of!the!following!negotiated!provisional!or!

predetermined!rates!and!the!appropriate!bases:!!

Description!! Rate! Base! Type! Period!!

1/! ! 1/! 1/! ! !

[TO!BE!DETERMINED]!

B.7) REIMBURSABLE)COSTS))

The!US!dollar!costs!allowable!must!be!limited!to!reasonable,!allocable,!and!necessary!costs!

determined!in!accordance!with!FAR!31!(Contract!Cost!Principles),!AV21!(Cost!Principles!for!

Educational!Institutions),!AV122!(Cost!Principles!for!NonVProfit!Organizations),!FAR!52.216V7!

(Allowable!Cost!and!Payment),!FAR!52.216V8!(Fixed!Fee),!as!applicable,!and!AIDAR!752.7003!

(Documentation!for!Payment)!in!order!to!be!reimbursable!under!this!contract.!!

[END!OF!SECTION!B]!

Page!9!of!107!

SECTION)C)–)SPECIFICATIONS)

C.1) Introduction) The!USAID/Zimbabwe!Mission!has!as!one!of!its!development!objectives!to!“improve!food!security!

in!target!areas.”!!Both!the!Mission’s!Humanitarian!Assistance!and!Resilience!Office!(HAR)!and!the!

Economic!Growth!Office!(EG)!share!this!objective,!with!HAR!focusing!on!beneficiaries!that!are!

typically!more!vulnerable!and!in!more!extreme!poverty,!and!EG!focusing!on!beneficiaries!that!are!

typically!poor!but!with!some!productive!assets.1!!!In!addition,!EG!programs!focus!on!beneficiaries!in!

Natural!Regions!III,!IV,!and!V,!while!HAR!programs!focus!on!beneficiaries!in!Natural!Regions!IV!and!

V2.!!The!two!programs!are!complementary!and!together!strive!to!achieve!the!Mission’s!

Development!Objective!of!“Food!Security!in!Target!Areas!Increased”.!

The!development!program!described!in!this!Statement!of!Objectives!is!intended!to!focus!primarily!

on!poor!beneficiaries!(some!beneficiaries!may!be!categorized!as!being!in!extreme!poverty).!The!

Poverty!Reduction!and!Food!Security!(PRFS)!program!targets!assistance!to!four!subVsectors:!!high!

value!crops,!staple!food!crops,!beef!cattle,!and!dairy!cattle.!!The!overall!objectives!of!the!PRFS!

Program!are!to!(1)!reduce!rural!poverty!and!improve!food!security!of!targeted!smallholder!

agricultural!producers!through!increased!agricultural!production,!productivity,!and!market!

linkages,!(2)!improve!the!nutrition!and!hygiene!practices!leading!to!improved!nutrition!status!of!

beneficiary!households,!and!(3)!strengthen!local!capacity!to!implement!agricultural!development!

programs.!

PRFS!seeks!to!address!food!security!at!the!household,!community,!and!national!levels.!!At!the!

beneficiary!level,!all!beneficiary!households!are!expected!to!suffer!from!poverty!and!food!insecurity!

to!varying!degrees.!!Some!beneficiary!households!will!not!have!access!to!sufficient!food!(from!their!

own!production!as!well!as!purchased!food)!to!be!able!to!eat!three!nutritionally!dense!meals!per!

day,!12!months!per!year.!!Other!beneficiaries!have!adequate!access!to!food!to!be!able!to!eat!three!

meals!per!day,!12!months!per!year,!but!eat!a!nutritionally!poor!diet!and!therefore!suffer!from!

varying!degrees!of!malnutrition.!!The!PRFS!program!is!expected!to!address!both!of!these!issues!by:!

1)!increasing!the!quantity,!quality!and!diversity!of!food!production,!leading!to!increased!sales!and!

income,!and!2)!effecting!nutritional!behavior!change!at!the!household!level!leading!to!improved!

quantity!and!quality!of!food!consumed.!!In!addition,!most!beneficiary!households!and!communities!

are!likely!to!have!Water,!Sanitation,!and!Hygiene!(WASH)!deficits!and!will!benefit!from!the!hygiene!

messaging!and!behavior!change!interventions!provided!by!this!program.!!At!the!community!and!

1!In!accordance!with!international!definitions,!extreme!poverty!is!measured!as!the!percentage!of!the!

population!living!on!less!than!$1.25!per!day!(in!2005!prices).!!The!Zimbabwe!National!Statistics!Agency!

(Zimstat)!uses!a!food!poverty!line!to!measure!extreme!poverty.!!The!Food!Poverty!Line!(FPL)!which!is!defined!

as!income!needed!to!purchase!a!basket!of!food!that!meets!minimum!nutritional!and!caloric!requirements,!is!

set!at!$1.07!per!person!per!day,!and!is!the!threshold!for!extreme!poverty.!!The!Total!Consumption!Poverty!

Line!(TCPL),!that!uses!the!FPL!as!a!base!and!adds!minimum!other!consumption!expenditures!on!housing,!

health!care!and!other!basic!needs,!is!set!at!$2.52!per!person!per!day,!and!is!the!threshold!for!poverty.!

2!See!Annex!D!for!descriptions!of!the!natural!regions.!!Natural!Region!III!is!located!mainly!in!the!midValtitude!

areas!of!the!country!and!receives!annual!rainfall!of!500V750!mm.!!Natural!Region!IV!is!located!in!the!lowVlying!

areas!and!receives!annual!rainfall!of!450V650!mm.!!Natural!Region!V!is!located!in!lowland!areas!below!900!

meters!above!sea!level!and!receives!erratic!annual!rainfall!of!less!than!650!mm.!

Page!10!of!107!

national!levels,!Zimbabwe!struggles!with!periodic!droughts,!periodic!and!seasonal!food!production!

deficits,!high!prices,!a!stagnant!economy,!high!unemployment,!and!a!weak!private!sector,!leading!to!

high!levels!of!poverty!and!food!insecurity.!!The!PRFS!program!is!expected!to!help!tackle!these!

challenges!through!increased!national!food!production,!increased!income,!increased!private!

investment,!increased!employment,!and!a!rejuvenation!of!the!private!sector.!!Targeted!increases!in!

annual!production!resulting!from!PRFS!(by!year!5)!are!approximately!25,000!metric!tons!of!maize,!

2.0!million!kg!of!beef,!and!15.6!million!liters!of!milk.3!!These!equate!to!meeting!the!annual!average!

consumption!for!225,000!people!for!maize,!1.0!million!people!for!dairy,!and!475,000!people!for!

beef.!!A!substantial!quantity!of!additional!horticultural!vegetables!and!fruit!will!also!be!produced!as!

a!result!of!PRFS!interventions4.!!PRFS!will,!therefore,!contribute!to!improving!both!household!and!

national!food!security!and!poverty!reduction.!

The!overarching!PRFS!Program!includes!the!following!four!components:!

• Component!1:!!high!value!crops!

• Component!2:!!staple!foods!and!pulses!

• Component!3:!!beef!cattle!

• Component!4:!!dairy!cattle!

This)Statement)of)Objectives)focuses)on)two)components)of)the)PRFS)Program:)development) of)the)beef)and)dairy)cattle)sectors)(Components)3)and)4)above).))!!A!separate!award!will!be!

made!under!the!PRFS!Program!(via!a!separate!funding!opportunity!for!local!organizations)!for!

highVvalue!food!crops!(Component!1!above)!and!staple!foods!and!pulses!(Component!2!above).!The!

organization!which!implements!livestock!and!dairy!development!(Components!3!and!4)!will!also!

undertake!local!capacity!strengthening!with!the!local!awardee!and!subVawardees.!!

C.2) Background) C.2.A.) Overview)of)Zimbabwe’s)Economy,)Agriculture,)and)Food)Security)Situation)

Prior!to!2000,!Zimbabwe!was!the!breadbasket!for!Southern!Africa.!!Zimbabwe!was!the!third!largest!

exporter!of!tobacco!in!the!world,!the!largest!beef!exporter!in!Africa,!and!was!a!major!producer!of!

milk,!sugar,!fruit,!and!horticultural!products.!!Agriculture!was!the!mainstay!of!the!economy,!

including!the!manufacturing!sector,!given!the!huge!demand!for!processing!of!agricultural!products.!!

The!forward!and!backward!linkages!that!agriculture!had!to!manufacturing!and!services!were!the!

engines!of!growth!for!the!economy.!!Agriculture!in!2000!represented!51!percent!of!total!export!

earnings;!however,!this!fell!to!29!percent!in!2008.!!!Presently,!agriculture!contributes!between!15V 20!percent!of!overall!GDP.!!!

Since!2000,!Zimbabwe!has!experienced!a!series!of!economic,!political,!and!social!shocks!(induced!

by!the!Fast!Track!Land!Reform!Program!and!hyperinflation)!resulting!in!loss!of!livelihoods,!

increasing!poverty!and!human!displacement,!and!reduced!food!security.!!The!formal!economy!

virtually!ceased!to!function!in!2007!and!2008,!the!years!in!which!hyperinflation!culminated,!and!

3!This!is!based!on!average!annual!consumption!of!15!liters/capita!of!milk,!4.3!kg/capita/year!of!meat,!and!110!

kg/capita/year!of!maize!

4!The!quantity!will!depend!on!the!mix!of!crops,!as!well!as!the!number!of!hectares!of!each.!

Page!11!of!107!

started!to!rebound!in!2009!after!the!adoption!of!a!multiVcurrency!regime.!With!few!opportunities!

for!formal!employment,!which!is!estimated!at!less!than!20!percent!of!the!workforce,!most!

Zimbabweans!engage!in!subsistence!agriculture!or!other!informal!employment.!!Agricultural!

production!declined!by!79!percent!between!2002!and!2008,!and!gross!domestic!product!(GDP)!fell!

by!more!than!50!percent!between!2000!and!2008.!The!2008/2009!agricultural!season!saw!the!

country’s!worst!crop!failure!in!history!due!to!economic!mismanagement,!lack!of!access!to!seeds!and!

fertilizer,!and!uneven!rainfall.!!!

Since!2009!the!economy!has!begun!to!recover!from!the!crisis!as!a!result!of!the!installation!of!a!

multiVcurrency!regime!which!quickly!brought!inflation!under!control,!as!well!as!liberalization!of!

certain!agricultural!markets.!!Economic!growth!rebounded!from!2009!through!2013,!with!GDP!

growth!ranging!from!10!percent!to!12!percent!in!the!early!recovery!years!to!3!percent!or!less!in!

2013.!!Store!shelves,!which!were!largely!empty!in!2007/2008,!are!now!wellVstocked,!though!

primarily!with!imported!goods.!!Agriculture!also!enjoyed!strong!growth!ranging!between!15V17!

percent!during!the!recovery!period,!but!production!levels!in!most!value!chains!remain!far!below!

levels!achieved!in!the!late!1990s.!!For!instance,!while!Zimbabwe!was!a!net!exporter!of!dairy!

products!in!the!1990s,!today!it!imports!approximately!60!percent!of!its!dairy!needs.!!Zimbabwe!also!

imports!between!25!percent!and!30!percent!of!its!cereal!needs!(maize,!rice,!and!wheat)!whereas!in!

the!1980s,!cereal!production!met!or!exceeded!consumption!levels.!!The!once!thriving!export!

horticulture!market!is!now!a!small!fraction!of!preV2000!levels,!and!the!export!beef!market!no!longer!

exists.!

The!steady!and!precipitous!decline!in!the!agricultural!sector!from!2000!to!2009!had!a!devastating!

impact!on!the!country.!!The!agricultural!sector!has!been!severely!affected!by!an!exodus!of!

entrepreneurs,!management,!and!skilled!labor!due!to!forced!evictions,!more!favorable!

opportunities!in!other!countries,!and!lack!of!profitability!and!business!incentives.!!Liquidity,!both!

within!the!agricultural!sector!and!the!financial!sector,!is!at!very!low!levels,!creating!a!shortage!of!

credit!and!very!high!interest!rates!for!those!who!are!able!to!secure!credit.!!Unclear!land!tenure!

arrangements!impede!the!use!of!land!as!loan!collateral.!!Many!agriVbusinesses!and!banks!are!very!

weak!and!underVcapitalized.!!Agricultural!input!producers,!including!suppliers!of!fertilizer,!

chemicals,!and!feed,!are!operating!at!well!under!50!percent!of!their!capacity!because!of!the!collapse!

of!the!sector.!!In!addition,!poor!infrastructure,!high!costs,!the!country’s!indigenization!policy!

(requiring!indigenous!majority!ownership),!and!perceptions!of!high!levels!of!corruption,!weak!rule!

of!law,!weak!business!enabling!environment,!and!high!country!risk!combine!to!dramatically!reduce!

the!level!of!foreign!direct!investment!in!Zimbabwe.!

As!a!result!of!the!economic!crisis!and!agricultural!decline,!in!2009!humanitarian!agencies!provided!

emergency!food!assistance!to!approximately!seven!million!people—more!than!half!the!nation’s!

population.!!However,!as!noted!above,!since!2009!Zimbabwe!has!partially!recovered!from!its!

economic!and!food!security!crisis.!!The!need!for!emergency!food!aid!has!declined!substantially,!but!

recurrent!drought!continues!to!pose!a!major!threat!to!food!security.!In!2013/14,!humanitarian!

agencies!provided!food!assistance!to!approximately!1.5V2.0!million!people!in!the!aftermath!of!a!

drought!in!2012/13.!!Due!to!higher!and!more!consistent!rainfall,!production!from!the!2013/14!

agricultural!season!was!substantially!higher!than!the!previous!season,!but!an!estimated!565,000!

Page!12!of!107!

people!will!still!require!food!aid!in!2014/15.!!Lack!of!access!to!yearVround!water!and!irrigation!

leaves!hundreds!of!thousands!of!rural!households!vulnerable!to!drought!and!other!periodic!shocks.!

In!spite!of!the!challenges!and!the!exodus!of!skilled!personnel!mentioned!above,!Zimbabwe!has!a!

wealth!of!agricultural!and!agroVbusiness!technical!experts!and!advisors.!!There!also!exists!an!agroV manufacturing!infrastructure!base,!although!it!is!largely!outdated!and!in!need!of!new!equipment!

and!additional!capital.!!In!addition,!compared!to!most!African!nations,!Zimbabwe!is!blessed!with!an!

educated!work!force.!!Finally,!there!are!ready!markets!for!many!cash!crops!such!as!tea,!sugar,!

cotton,!poultry,!dairy,!beef,!and!horticulture,!as!well!as!the!staple!food!crops!such!as!maize,!

groundnuts,!and!sugar!beans.!!!

C.2.B.) Poverty)in)Zimbabwe)

A!recent!national!poverty!survey5!defines!extreme!poverty!using!a!Food!Poverty!Line!(FPL)!which!

is!defined!as!income!needed!to!purchase!a!basket!of!food!that!meets!minimum!nutritional!and!

caloric!requirements,!is!set!at!$1.07!per!person!per!day,!and!is!the!threshold!for!extreme!poverty.!!

The!Total!Consumption!Poverty!Line!(TCPL)!uses!the!FPL!as!a!base!and!adds!minimum!other!

consumption!expenditures!on!housing,!health!care!and!other!basic!needs,!is!set!at!$2.52!per!person!

per!day,!and!is!the!threshold!for!poverty.!!

According!to!the!Poverty,!Income,!Consumption!and!Expenditures!Survey!(PICES),!conducted!in!

2011/2012,!Zimbabwe!has!among!the!highest!poverty!rates!in!Africa.!!SeventyVsix!percent!of!rural!

households!are!poor!(i.e.,!household!income!is!below!the!TCPL),!and!nearly!23!percent!are!

extremely!poor!(i.e.,!household!income!is!below!the!FPL).!!Poverty!prevalence!is!even!higher!for!

communal!farming!households,!where!82!percent!are!poor,!and!26!percent!are!extremely!poor.!!

Prevalence!varies!significantly!by!province!and!by!district.!!For!example,!as!seen!below,!over!35!

percent!of!households!in!Matabeleland!North!are!extremely!poor,!while!almost!82!percent!of!

households!are!poor.!!!

5!Zimbabwe’s!national!statistics!office!(ZIMSTAT)!carried!out!a!12Vmonth!household!survey!covering!over!

30,000!households’!income,!and!consumption!expenditure!patterns!from!June!2011!to!June!2012,!the!so!

called!Poverty,!Income!and!Consumption!Expenditure!Survey!(PICES).!!!See!Annex!C!for!more!information.!

Page!13!of!107!

See!Annex!C!for!further!details,!including!a!map!showing!poverty!indices!by!district.!

Food!insecurity!and!high!levels!of!poverty!in!communal!farming!areas!are!driven!by!many!factors!

that!include!a!focus!on!subsistence!agriculture,!production!of!low!value!crops,!lack!of!appreciation!

and!understanding!that!farming!is!a!business6,!lack!of!knowledge!and!application!of!good!

agricultural!practices,!lack!of!finance!to!access!sufficient!quantities!of!high!quality!inputs,!and!a!lack!

of!relationships!with!and!linkages!to!providers!of!inputs!and!buyers!of!surplus!output.!!While!

government!and!donor!programs!have!provided!free!or!subsidized!inputs!in!recent!years,!they!tend!

to!be!provided!in!insufficient!quantities!to!drive!productivity!improvement!and!noticeable!

increases!in!income.!!In!addition,!the!national!agricultural!extension!service!lost!many!of!its!

experienced!extension!officers!during!the!crisis!years,!and!lacks!resources!to!effectively!reach!the!

more!than!1.5!million!communal!farmers,!resulting!in!low!productivity!gains.!!The!national!average!

yield!for!maize!production!has!ranged!between!600!–!700!kilograms/hectare!in!recent!years,!with!

the!national!average!reaching!850!kilograms/hectare!in!the!2013/14!season!due!to!improved!

rainfall!conditions7.!!Reliance!on!government!or!donor!input!programs!and!production!of!maize!or!

other!low!value!crops,!often!with!very!little!surplus,!has!trapped!smallholder!farmers!in!a!cycle!of!

poverty,!food!insecurity,!and!dependency.!

6!One!of!the!ways!this!manifests!itself!is!a!cultural!tendency!to!retain!cattle!until!they!die!or!until!money!is!

needed!for!school!fees,!funerals,!weddings,!etc.,!rather!than!viewing!them!as!productive!business!assets!that!

should!be!sold!at!their!prime!to!maximize!income.!!Another!manifestation!is!the!lack!of!record!keeping!and!

lack!of!understanding!of!the!profitability!of!the!various!farm!enterprises!undertaken!by!each!household.!

7!Note!that!this!is!the!national!average!across!all!types!of!farms!including!communal,!smallVscale!commercial,!

A1,!A2,!and!periVurban.!!The!average!for!communal!farms!in!2013/14!was!500!kg/hectare.!

Page!14!of!107!

C.2.C.) Malnutrition:))Under2nutrition,)Underweight,)and)Stunting)in)Zimbabwe)

Malnutrition!in!Zimbabwe,!especially!as!manifested!in!stunting!in!children!less!than!five!years!of!

age,!remains!a!challenge.!!According!to!the!Multiple!Indicator!Cluster!Survey!(MICS)!2014,!more!

than!oneVquarter!of!all!children!(28!percent)!are!stunted!(8.!!While!the!average!is!28!percent,!in!

some!districts!stunting!rates!exceed!40!percent.!!Research!studies!have!demonstrated!that!stunting!

is!linked!to!diminished!intellectual!function!and!achievement!in!school,!reduced!lifetime!earnings,!

and!adverse!pregnancy!outcomes!later!in!life.9!

The!MDG!goal!of!reducing!the!underVweight!population!by!oneVhalf!will!not!likely!be!achieved!by!

2015.!!The!latest!figures!indicate!that!11!percent!of!children!under!five!years!is!underweight10.!!

Currently,!an!estimated!140,000!children!die!before!their!fifth!birthday!(underVfive!mortality!rate!

(U5MR)!of!75/1000)11.!!Although!the!causal!factors!are!many,!malnutrition!is!one!of!the!leading!

underlying!causes!of!underVfive!deaths.!!Prevalence!of!micronutrient!deficiencies!is!high!across!all!

population!subVgroups!of!Zimbabweans.!!Vitamin!A!deficiency!affects!35.8!percent!of!preVschool!

children!and!20!percent!of!pregnant!women12.!!About!56!percent!of!preVschool!children!and!28!

percent!of!pregnant!women!are!anemic!(DHS!(2010V11)),!and!about!16!percent!of!school!children!

suffer!from!iodine!deficiency!(MoHCW!&!UNICEF!(2009)).!!In!general,!nutritional!deficits!are!much!

more!common!in!rural!areas!than!in!urban!areas.!!See!Annex!E!for!maps!and!additional!information!

regarding!malnutrition!in!Zimbabwe.!

Malnutrition!in!Zimbabwe!is!caused,!at!least!in!part,!by!poor!dietary!diversity!–!maize!in!various!

forms!comprises!a!large!percentage!of!the!calories!consumed!by!Zimbabweans.!!Diets!are!

predominantly!plantVbased!(especially!starchy!plants)!and!therefore!proteins!and!vitamins!are!not!

consumed!regularly!and!in!sufficient!quantities!by!the!majority!of!rural!Zimbabweans!to!provide!

the!minimum!recommended!daily!allowance.!!In!addition,!low!rates!of!exclusive!breastfeeding!are!

also!attributed!to!poor!nutritional!outcomes!for!children!less!than!two!years!of!age.!!Finally,!illness!

(such!as!diarrhea,!dysentery,!!and!cholera)!caused!by!unsafe!water,!poor!hygiene,!and!poor!sanitary!

conditions!leads!to!low!absorption!of!the!nutrients!that!are!present!in!insufficient!quantities!in!the!

foods!consumed.!

C.2.D.) Gender)and)Agriculture)

Consistent!with!USAID’s!Gender!Equality!and!Female!Empowerment!Policy,!USAID/Zimbabwe!

seeks!to!integrate!gender!equality!and!female!empowerment!into!the!PRFSVLD!program.!!Studies!

show!that!integrating!gender!and!empowering!women!not!only!raises!the!wellVbeing!of!women,!but!

also!leads!to!better!societal!outcomes.!!A!study!conducted!by!the!Food!and!Agriculture!Organization!

(FAO)!estimated!that!if!women!had!the!same!access!to!productive!resources!as!did!men,!they!could!

increase!yields!on!their!farms!by!20V30!percent,!raising!agricultural!production!by!2.5V4!percent,!

8!ZimStat,!2014,!Multiple!Indicator!Cluster!Survey!2014,!Key!Findings!Report,!page!14.!

9!Presentation!by!Dr.!Jeffrey!K.!Griffiths,!Director,!USAID!Innovation!Lab!for!Nutrition!–!Africa!and!Professor!

of!Public!Health!&!Medicine,!Tufts!University!School!of!Medicine,!February!2014!

10!ZimStat,!MICS!2014,!page!14.!

11!Ibid.!

12!WHO!(1999).!

Page!15!of!107!

and!reduce!the!number!of!food!insecure!persons!by!up!to!150!million.13!!A!gender!analysis!

conducted!in!Zimbabwe!in!201214!revealed!that!women!comprise!more!than!half!of!the!agricultural!

labor!force,!typically!performing!such!tasks!as!planting,!weeding,!watering,!and!harvesting.!!

However,!they!frequently!lack!decisionVmaking!control!over!the!financial!proceeds!from!marketing!

farm!output,!as!well!as!decisions!to!sell!cattle.!!In!addition,!women!often!do!not!have!control!over!

land!or!large!livestock,!and!generally!lack!access!to!credit.!!There!are!also!significant!workload!

imbalances!in!rural!households,!as!women!tend!to!not!only!perform!much!of!the!agricultural!field!

work,!but!also!fetch!water!and!firewood,!prepare!food!for!the!household,!clean!the!home,!and!care!

for!the!children!and!elderly.!!Finally,!women!have!traditionally!been!excluded!from!most!leadership!

roles!in!community!organizations,!whether!they!are!farmers!unions!or!commodity!associations,!

irrigation!committees,!or!milk!collection!centers.!!While!some!of!these!gender!imbalances!are!

beginning!to!change!(partially!due!to!the!exodus!of!men!seeking!employment!in!other!countries!and!

the!consequent!high!levels!of!femaleVheaded!households),!there!is!still!need!for!significant!

improvement!in!gender!equity.!!The!national!constitution!which!was!approved!in!2013!provides!for!

and!requires!much!greater!gender!equity!throughout!society,!but!there!are!many!measures!that!

need!to!be!taken!to!realize!its!ideals!and!objectives.!

C.2.E.)Youth)and)Agriculture)

Zimbabwe!has!an!agriculture!based!economy!which!provides!employment!and!income!for!60!–!70!

percent!of!the!population!and!has!the!potential!to!increase!employment!opportunities!especially!for!

young!people.!!According!to!a!2012!study!done!by!the!Food,!Agriculture!and!Natural!Resources!

Policy!Analysis!Network!(FANRPAN),!the!subsistence!nature!of!smallholder!agriculture!has!

contributed!to!entrenched!negative!perceptions!by!young!people!of!the!sector15!who!view!farming!

as!doing!backVbreaking!labor!in!the!fields!and!getting!little!to!show!for!it.!!Nonetheless,!agriculture!

is!one!of!the!engines!driving!the!Zimbabwe!economy.!!Experience!from!the!current!USAID/!

ZimbabweVsupported!programs!have!shown!that!where!markets!and!incomes!are!involved,!young!

people!are!keen!to!engage!in!agriculture.!!Young!people!have!been!involved!in!a!recentlyVcompleted!

dairy!project,!and!in!the!production!of!high!value!crops!such!as!bananas,!cherry!peppers,!and!

paprika.!!Farmers!have!given!testimonies!of!their!sons!and!daughter!leaving!formal!employment!to!

get!engaged!in!agriculture.!!Critical!to!this!shift!in!mindset!has!been!training!in!farming!as!a!

business,!technical!training,!market!linkages,!contract!farming!arrangements,!access!to!finance!and!

young!people!realizing!that!they!could!make!money!through!agriculture.!!!!

In!a!2013!report,!Agriculture*as*a*Sector*of*Opportunity*for*Young*People*in*Africa,!the!World!Bank!

highlighted!that!agriculture!is!Africa’s!largest!employer!and!has!the!potential!to!absorb!millions!of!

new!job!seekers.!According!to!the!report,!increased!focus!on!agriculture!could!enhance!

13!Hafez!Ghanem,!The!State!of!Food!and!Agriculture!2010V11:!!Women!in!Agriculture:!!Closing!the!Gender!Gap!

for!Development!(Rome,!The!Food!and!Agricultural!Organization,!2011).!!!

14!See!“USAID/Zimbabwe!Gender!Analysis!and!Assessment!for!Feed!the!Future!Programming”,!Prepared!for!

USAID!by!ACDI/VOCA!and!Banyan!Global,!January!2012.!

15“Current!and!Emerging!Youth!Policies!and!Initiatives!with!a!Special!Focus!on!Link!to!Agriculture:!!

Zimbabwe!Case!Study!Report.”!!April!2012.!!!

Page!16!of!107!

productivity,!reduce!food!prices,!increase!incomes!and!create!employment.!Young!people’s!

involvement!in!this!process!is!crucial;!the!profession’s!requirements!for!energy,!innovation,!and!

physical!strength!make!it!ideally!suited!for!young!people!in!the!15!to!34!yearVold!age!range.!!!!

C.2.F.) Recent)History)of)USAID)Agriculture)and)Food)Security)Programming)in)Zimbabwe)

Since!2002,!USAID!has!provided!emergency!humanitarian!assistance!in!Zimbabwe.!In!2009,!USAID!

expanded!to!“humanitarian!plus”!programming,!which!included!a!more!robust!democracy!program!

and!a!reVentry!into!agriculture!and!economic!growth!sectors.!!In!FY!2009!and!2010,!as!part!of!the!

Mission’s!early!Relief!to!Development!Transition!(R2DT)!process,!USAID!initiated!economic!growth,!

livelihood,!and!recovery!activities!targeted!at!increasing!agricultural!productivity!and!incomes!to!

complement!humanitarian!interventions!and!provide!a!more!comprehensive!response.!These!

programs!included!the!Title!II!emergencyVfunded!Promoting!Recovery!in!Zimbabwe!(PRIZE)!

project!that!aimed!to!improve!resiliency!and!initiate!the!transition!from!emergency!response!to!

development.!!Additionally,!USAID!commenced!eleven!Economic!Support!Fund!(ESF)Vfinanced!

agriculture!sector!and!livelihood!development!activities!focused!on!increased!production!and!

expanded!commercialization!for!viable!farmers.!!One!of!the!key!livelihood!grants!was!the!dairy!

development!activity!implemented!by!Land!O’Lakes!from!January!2010!to!November!2013.!

In!October!2010,!the!Mission!commenced!two!programs!focused!on!agricultural!development.!!The!

Zimbabwe!Agricultural!Income!and!Employment!Development!Program!(ZimVAIED)!focuses!on!

increasing!incomes,!food!security,!and!employment!for!150,000!poor!rural!smallholder!households.!!

ZimVAIED!has!developed!demonstration!plots,!trained!farmers!in!good!agricultural!practices!and!

farming!as!a!business,!facilitated!the!development!of!market!linkages!with!input!suppliers!and!

buyers,!and!facilitated!access!to!credit!through!the!Agritrade!credit!component.!The!ZimVAIED!

program!will!end!in!September!2015.!

The!Zimbabwe!Agricultural!Competitiveness!Program!(ZimVACP)!focuses!on!improving!the!policy!

and!enabling!environment!for!agriculture.!!ZimVACP!accomplished!its!objectives!by!strengthening!

civil!society!organizations!such!as!farmers!unions!and!commodity!associations,!building!their!

capacity!to!conduct!high!quality!evidenceVbased!analyses!of!policies!and!regulations,!and!

strengthening!their!capacity!to!effectively!advocate!for!appropriate!policies!and!regulations!which!

will!support!improved!competitiveness!in!various!agricultural!value!chains.!!The!project!will!end!in!

February!2015.!!

In!June!2013,!USAID/Zimbabwe!initiated!two!fiveVyear!development!food!aid!programs,!Amalima!

and!“Enhancing!Nutrition,!Stepping!Up!Resilience!and!Enterprise”!(ENSURE).!!These!programs,!

implemented!by!CNFA!and!World!Vision!respectively!and!their!consortia!partners,!work!with!

vulnerable!households!in!ten!districts!in!Manicaland,!Masvingo,!and!Matabeleland!North!and!South!

that!have!received!food!aid!for!the!past!several!years!and!to!develop!resiliency!and!selfVsufficiency!

at!the!household!and!community!levels.!!The!programs!will!rehabilitate!or!build!community!assets!

such!as!irrigation!schemes!and!dip!tanks,!and!promote!conservation!agriculture,!market!linkages,!

nutrition,!hygiene,!and!community!and!household!resilience!targeted!at!approximately!600,000!

individuals!or!approximately!120,000!vulnerable!households.!!See!Annex!B!for!further!information!

about!Amalima!and!ENSURE.!

Page!17!of!107!

In!2014,!the!Mission!will!launch!a!new!Water,!Sanitation,!and!Hygiene!activity!implemented!by!

Development!Aid!from!People!to!People!(DAPP)!and!Zimbabwe!Applied!Health!Education!and!

Development!(ZimAHEAD).!!This!new!activity!will!address!significant!WASH!needs!in!several!rural!

areas,!and!will!include!training!on!health,!nutrition,!hygiene,!how!to!grow!and!prepare!healthy!

foods,!and!training!on!soil!and!water!conservation;!repair!of!existing!wells,!boreholes,!and!pumps;!

construction!of!new!wells,!water!pans!for!cattle!drinking!points,!household!hand!washing!systems,!

and!latrines;!and!establishment!and!strengthening!of!community!health!clubs.!!These!interventions!

will!complement!the!agricultural!development!and!income!generation!interventions!of!ZimVAIED,!

providing!a!more!robust,!holistic!set!of!solutions!to!poor!rural!beneficiary!households.!

C.3) Program)Objectives) USAID/Zimbabwe’s!new!Poverty!Reduction!and!Food!Security!Program!(PRFS)!aims!to:!!(1)!reduce!

rural!poverty!and!increase!incomes!and!food!security!of!targeted!smallholder!agricultural!

producers!through!increased!agricultural!production!and!productivity,!and!market!linkages;!!(2)!

improve!the!hygiene!and!nutrition!practices!leading!to!improved!nutritional!status!of!beneficiary!

households;!and!(3)!build!the!capacity!of!local!organizations!to!implement!agricultural!

development!activities!funded!by!USAID.!!The!first!two!objectives!are!consistent!with!the!Agency’s!

and!Bureau!for!Food!Security’s!objectives!to!reduce!poverty!by!20!percent!and!reduce!stunting!by!

20!percent.!!The!third!objective!is!consistent!with!the!Agency’s!USAID!Forward!objective!to!build!

local!implementation!capacity.!

These!objectives!are!described!in!more!detail!below.!

The!first!objective!of!USAID/Zimbabwe’s!overarching!PRFS!Program!is!to!reduce!household!

poverty!and!increase!incomes!and!food!security!of!smallholder!agricultural!producers!through!

increased!agricultural!production!and!productivity.!!Specifically!for!components!3!and!4!(beef!and!

dairy!cattle),!the!Mission!seeks!to!sustainably!increase!annual!agricultural!incomes!by!an!average!of!

$1,200!per!year!for!3,000!beef!farmers!and!by!$2,000!per!year!for!2,000!dairy!farmers!(see!table!

below!for!additional!details).!!

Page!18!of!107!

The!targeted,!aspirational!increase!in!annual!agricultural!incomes!(by!year!5)!is!broken!out!by!

component!as!follows:!

) ) Target)by)Year)5) Component) Number)of)

Beneficiary)

HHS)

Average) Increase)in)HH) Agricultural) Income)

Average)Total) HH)Agricultural)

Income16)

Percent) Reduction)in) Poverty) (HHs)17)

Component!3:!!Beef!

Cattle!

3,000! $1,200! $1,600! 60!percent!

Component!4:!!Dairy! 2,000! $2,000! $2,50018! 70!percent!

Under)Objective)1,)the)PRFS)–)LD)Project)will)focus)exclusively)on)Components)3)and)4.!The!

economic!objective!of!the!beef!cattle!component!is!to!enable!each!beneficiary!household!to!own!a!

minimum!herd!size!of!approximately!15V20!beef!cattle!by!Year!5!such!that!the!household!could!sell!

a!minimum!of!four!head!of!cattle!per!year!on!a!sustainable!basis!through!formal!market!channels!

(market!value!of!approximately!$1,600!V!$3,200)19.!

The!economic!objective!of!the!dairy!component!is!to!enable!each!beneficiary!household!to!own!a!

minimum!of!three!high!quality!milking!cows!with!a!minimum!average!yield!of!12!liters/cow/day!

(300!days/year)!by!Year!5,!with!linkages!(i.e.,!regular!milk!deliveries)!established!between!

beneficiary!households!and!nearby!sustainable!milk!collection!centers.!!A!household!generating!

that!volume!of!milk!should!earn!a!profit!(revenue!less!costs)!of!at!least!$2,700!per!year20.!!!

The!second!objective!of!the!PRFSVLD!program!is!to!improve!access!to!and!utilization!of!nutritious!

foods!and!improve!hygiene!behaviors!for!all!beneficiary!households.!!Ultimately!behavior!changes!

in!the!areas!of!nutrition!and!hygiene!are!expected!to!lead!to!improved!health!and!nutrition!

outcomes!including!a!reduction!in!stunting.!!However,!measurable!populationVlevel!changes!in!

stunting!are!not!expected!during!the!life!of!the!program.!!Consequently,!program!targets!are!

focused!on!more!measurable!changes!in!hygiene!and!nutrition!behaviors.!!The!targeted,!

16!Note!that!Total!HH!Agricultural!Income!figures!in!this!table!assume!a!baseline!HH!agricultural!income!of!

$400!per!year!for!Component!3!and!$500!per!year!for!Component!4.!!Targets!for!average!baseline!HH!

agricultural!income!in!Year!5!will!have!to!be!adjusted!based!on!actual!baseline!data!collected!in!Year!1.!

17!Note:!!the!figures!in!this!column!refer!to!the!percent!of!targeted!beneficiary!households!which!will!be!

assisted!to!rise!above!the!poverty!line!by!increasing!their!household!income!from!ag…