Attachment_1_-_Technical_Annexes.docx

ATTACHMENT 1: TECHNICAL ANNEXES

Annex A – Donor Interventions

Livelihoods and Food Security Program (LFSP) – Agricultural Productivity & Nutrition

· Raise farm productivity thru improved agricultural practices

· Agricultural Development Fund - provide grants to farmers’ groups, NGOs, research & extension services, etc. to deliver innovative solutions to raise productivity of smallholder farmers

· Stimulate demand & supply of affordable and nutritious foods including fortification of food crops.

LFSP - Markets

· Linking farmers’ groups with commercial markets

Provisional LFSP -Productive Safety Nets Program –

· Provide incomes for poorer farmers

· assets development (irrigation wells, soil conservation, etc.)

Annex B - Planned Provinces and Districts for USAID’s Amalima and ENSURE Title II Programs

Annex C - Poverty in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe’s national statistics office (ZIMSTAT) carried out a 12-month household survey of over 30,000 households’ income, gathering consumption expenditure patterns from June 2011 to June 2012, the so called Poverty, Income and Consumption Expenditure Survey (PICES). This survey gives the world the best glimpse at standards of living and poverty in Zimbabwe in more than a decade. The results of the survey are found in two reports, a PICES survey report 2011/12, and a separate report on Poverty, called “Poverty and Poverty Datum Line Analysis in Zimbabwe 2011/12.” Both reports are publicly available on ZIMSTAT’s website[footnoteRef:1]. [1: http://www.zimstat.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=87:other_pub]

The study defines poverty using a basic needs approach and differentiates between poor and extremely poor households. Extremely poor households are those whose income from all sources is less than the Food Poverty Line (FPL) which is defined as income needed to purchase a basket of food that meets minimum nutritional and caloric requirements. Poor households are those whose income from all sources is greater than the FPL, but less than a Total Consumption Poverty Line (TCPL). The TCPL is defined as the FPL plus some minimum other consumption expenditures on housing, health care and other basic needs. The study sets the current FPL at roughly $1.07 per person per day, while the TCPL is $2.52 per person per day.

According to the survey, Zimbabwe has among the highest poverty rates in Africa. Seventy-six percent of rural households are poor, and nearly 23 percent are extremely poor. Poverty prevalence is even higher for communal farming households, where 82 percent are poor, and 26 percent are extremely poor. Prevalence varies significantly by province and by district. For example, as seen below, over 35 percent of households in Matabeleland North are extremely poor, while almost 82 percent of households are poor.

There are also disparities among districts within the same province. The following map outlines poverty by district. For example, there are five districts in Matabeleland North where poverty exceeds 80 percent. The highest being Nkayi district where more than 95 percent of households are poor.

The PICES study breaks down sources of income in a number of ways. For example, the average annual household income for households on communal lands is around $2,430 (including in-kind and imputed income from rents). This statistic, compared to the average annual household income at the rural poverty line of $3,683, suggests that on average, communal farming household incomes would need to increase by $1,253 per year to eliminate poverty. Currently, the average annual household cash income from agriculture for households on communal lands is only $522, accounting for less than a quarter of their total income (including imputed and in-kind income).

PICES studies can be found on ZIMSTAT’s website at the following link. http://www.zimstat.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=87:other_pub

Annex D – Map and Description of Natural Regions in Zimbabwe[footnoteRef:2] [2: Source: http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0395e/a0395e06.htm]

Zimbabwe is divided into five agro-ecological regions, known as natural regions (Figure 1), on the basis of the rainfall regime, soil quality (Figure 2) and vegetation among other factors. The quality of the land resource declines from Natural Region (NR) I through to NR V (Moyo, 2000; Vincent and Thomas, 1961).

Natural Region I This region lies in the east of the country. It is characterized by rainfall of more than 1 000 mm/year (most of which falls throughout the year), low temperatures, high altitude and steep slopes. The country's timber production is located in this region. The plantations are owned mainly by the State through the Forestry Commission and by multinationals. There are several small owner-operated plantations and sawmills. NR I is ideally suitable for intensive diversified agriculture and livestock production, mainly dairy farming. Common crops are tropical crops such as coffee and tea, deciduous fruits, such as bananas and apples, and horticultural crops, such as potatoes, peas and other vegetables. Flowers, such as proteas (Proteaceae spp.), are grown for export.

Natural Region II This region is located in the middle of the north of the country. The rainfall ranges from 750 to 1 000 mm/year. It is fairly reliable, falling from November to March/April. Because of the reliable rainfall and generally good soils, NR II is suitable for intensive cropping and livestock production. It accounts for 75-80 percent of the area planted to crops in Zimbabwe. The cropping systems are based on flue-cured tobacco, maize, cotton, wheat, soybeans, sorghum, groundnuts, seed maize and burley tobacco grown under dryland production as well as with supplementary irrigation in the wet months. Irrigated crops include wheat and barley grown in the colder and drier months (May-September). NR II is suitable for intensive livestock production based on pastures and pen-fattening utilizing crop residues and grain. The main livestock production systems include beef, dairy, pig and poultry. Prior to 2000, the region was dominated by the large-scale farming subsector characterized by highly mechanized farms of 1 000-2 000 ha under freehold title and owner-operated. Following the agrarian and land reform programmes initiated in 1999/2000, a large proportion of the farms were subdivided into smaller units and allocated to new farmers under the A1 and A2 small-scale farming system.

Natural Region III NR III is located mainly in the mid-altitude areas of the country. It is characterized by annual rainfall of 500-750 mm, mid-season dry spells and high temperatures. Production systems are based on drought-tolerant crops and semi-intensive livestock farming based on fodder crops. The predominant farming system is smallholder agriculture. Large-scale farming accounts for 15 percent of the arable land production, most of the land being used for extensive beef ranching (Roth, 1990). Smallholder agriculture in the communal farming areas is under relatively intensive cropping systems. The main crops are maize (the staple foodgrain) and cotton (a major cash crop). NR III is suitable for the production of groundnuts and sunflowers as cash crops.

Natural Region IV NR IV is located in the low-lying areas in the north and south of the country. The characteristics of the region are: annual rainfall of 450-650 mm, severe dry spells during the rainy season, and frequent seasonal droughts. Although NR IV is considered unsuitable for dryland cropping, smallholder farmers grow drought-tolerant varieties of maize, sorghum, pearl millet (mhunga) and finger millet (rapoko). NR IV is ideally suitable for cattle production under extensive production systems and for wildlife production.

Natural Region V NR V covers the lowland areas below 900 m above sea level in both the north and south of the country. The rainfall is less than 650 mm/year and highly erratic. Although NR V receives reasonable rainfall in the northern part of Zimbabwe along the Zambezi River, its uneven topography and poor soils make it unsuitable for crop production. Generally, NR V is suitable for extensive cattle production and game-ranching.

Although both NR IV and NR V are too dry for crop production, households on the communal lands in these regions grow grain crops (maize and millet) for their food security and some cash crops such as cotton. Crop yields are extremely low and the risk of crop failure is high in one out of three years (Rukuni and Eicher, 1994). Cattle and goat production are major sources of cash income.

Annex E – Nutritional Deficits in Zimbabwe[footnoteRef:3] [3: Source for most charts and maps in Annex E: Zimbabwe National Nutrition Survey - 2010]

Prevalence of Anemia[footnoteRef:4] [4: Source for anemia data is Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey, 2010-2011]

Note that prevalence of anemia among pregnant women is 32 percent compared to 28 percent for those that are not pregnant.

Prevalence of Exclusive Breastfeeding[footnoteRef:5] [5: Source for data on breastfeeding is Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey, 2010-2011]

Annex F – Cattle Distribution by Province

Source: “First Round Crop and Livestock Assessment 2013/14 Season”, Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanization, and Irrigation Development, March 2014, page 23

Annex G –Studies and Other Reports

Gender Mainstreaming Facilitator’s Manual (https://dec.usaid.gov/dec/content/Detail.aspx?ctID=ODVhZjk4NWQtM2YyMi00YjRmLTkxNjktZTcxMjM2NDBmY2Uy&rID=MzQ2NTE1) Gender Mainstreaming Participant’s Resource Book (https://dec.usaid.gov/dec/content/Detail.aspx?ctID=ODVhZjk4NWQtM2YyMi00YjRmLTkxNjktZTcxMjM2NDBmY2Uy&rID=MzQ2NTE3) DAI (Zim-ACP)

Farming as a Family Business Participant Workbook (https://dec.usaid.gov/dec/content/Detail.aspx?ctID=ODVhZjk4NWQtM2YyMi00YjRmLTkxNjktZTcxMjM2NDBmY2Uy&rID=MzQ2NTE4) Farming as a Family Business Training Manual (https://dec.usaid.gov/dec/content/Detail.aspx?ctID=ODVhZjk4NWQtM2YyMi00YjRmLTkxNjktZTcxMjM2NDBmY2Uy&rID=MzQ2NTIw) DAI (Zim-ACP)

Annex H – Key Nutrition, Hygiene, and Health Practices Nutrition Practices:

· Exclusive breastfeeding of infants less than six months of age

· Introduce complementary foods of high nutritional value and energy at six months while continuing breast feeding for up to two years

· ProvideVvitamin A and iron in the child’s diets or through supplementation

· Household Dietary Diversity – consuming at least 5 of 10 food groups consistently (cereals; roots/ tubers; pulses/nuts/seeds; oils/fats; milk/yogurt/cheese; eggs; meat/poultry/fish; dark green leafy vegetables; yellow/orange vegetables & fruits; other fruits & vegetables)[footnoteRef:6] [6: See “Guidelines for Measuring Household and Individual Dietary Diversity”, FAO, http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i1983e/i1983e00.pdf]

· All household members consume 3 meals daily, and adults consume 2,100 kcals per day Hygiene Practices:

· Hand washing station with cleansing agent & water within 10 paces of latrines

· Wash hands with cleansing agent at 4 critical moments (after defecating; after cleaning a child or handling diapers; before preparing food; before eating)

· Dispose of solid household waste in protected pit

· Use recommended water treatment/purification technologies

· Store water in safe storage containers

· Dispose all feces including the children’s in a toilet/latrine.

Prevalence of Anemia Among Children 6-59 Months 6-59 Mo No Anemia Mild Anemia Moderate Anemia Severe Anemia 0.44 0.27 0.28999999999999998 0.01 Prevalence of Anemia Among Women 15 - 49 Years 6-59 Mo No Anemia Mild Anemia Moderate Anemia Severe Anemia 0.72 0.2 7.0000000000000007E-2 0.01 Prevalence of Anemia Among Men 15 - 49 Years 6-59 Mo No Anemia Some Anemia 0.86 0.14000000000000001 Prevalence of Exclusive Breastfeeding 0 - 6 Months 0-6 Mo Non-Exclusive Breastfeeding Exclusive Breastfeeding 0.69 0.31 image3.jpeg image4.PNG image5.PNG image6.PNG image7.PNG image8.PNG image9.PNG image10.PNG image11.PNG image12.PNG image1.png image2.png