NIHLM2017001-UHP_Attachment_C.3_Typical_content_deliverableDigital_Gallery.pdf

Attachment C.3

Typical content deliverable—Digital Gallery

Exhibition Program Frankenstein: Digital Gallery Overview 7/31/2014

Total Number: 22 items

Digital Gallery Metadata Refine by:

• Title: 22 items (publish/sort excel columns-E/F)

• Creator: 20 items (author publish/sort for up to 3 in excel columns H/G, CD/CE, CF/CG)

• Topic: (excel column X) o Blood Transfusion: 6 o Chemistry: 6 o Dissection: 4 o Galvanism: 5 o Organ Transplant: 1

• Date: 1800- 1993 (publish/sort excel columns-K/L) o categories to be determined

• Type: (excel column BZ) o Books: 10 o Portraits: 5 o Illustrations: 4 o Pamphlets: 2 o Photograph: 1

Browse Detail page elements:

• Multiple creators: 7 items (6 with 2 authors; 1 with 3 authors)

• Related Assets: 9 items o OB10951, OB10952 o OB10658, OB10938, OB10939 o OB8020, OB10936, OB10940, OB10935

Explore Hot Stop activity: 2 items

• OB8020, OB10928

Frankenstein Digital Gallery Static Text for HTML pages 8/25/2014

Digital Gallery - Landing Page http://nlm.linkstudio.info/review-frankenstein/images/08-19-2014/dg-home-v08.jpg Top Introduction text from the DG content document:

In her novel, Mary Shelley is silent on just how Victor Frankenstein breathes life into his creation, saying only that success crowned “days and nights of incredible labor and fatigue.”

Scientists and physicians of Shelley’s time, tantalized by the elusive boundary between life and death, probed it through experiments with lower organisms, human anatomical studies, attempts to resuscitate drowning victims, and experiments using electricity to restore life to the recently dead.

Featured here is a selection of digitized, historical texts and images from the National Library of Medicine’s collections, which offers insight into the scientific practices and theories of the era.

Top left bar text: We invite you

Examine some of the works by scientists and philosophers who sought to benefit humankind through their investigations into “the secrets of nature.”

Two graphic icon texts:

Browse and learn about the scientific search for the principle of life.

Explore two medical devices developed to prolong life.

Digital Gallery - Browse Index http://nlm.linkstudio.info/review-frankenstein/images/08-19-2014/dg-browse-v08.jpg Top call to action text: Browse these works that explore the boundary between the living and the dead.

Digital Gallery – Explore Index http://nlm.linkstudio.info/review-frankenstein/images/08-19-2014/dg-explore-v08.jpg [here we will have only 2 thumbnails as per the 2 items in the hotspot activity] Top call to action text: Explore devices developed for blood transfusion and for keeping an organ alive outside of human body.

Title below “Choose an activity” bar: Science: Perfusion and Transfusion

Digital Gallery - Hotspots http://nlm.linkstudio.info/review-frankenstein/images/08-19-2014/dg-explore-hotspots-v08.jpg Title: Science: Perfusion and Transfusion Call to action text: What do you see when you look closely?

[See specific intro “Examine” and “Roll over” text in the DG hotspot script dated 8/25.]

Below the red line text: CHOOSE ANOTHER MEDICAL DEVICE FROM: Science: Perfusion and Transfusion http://nlm.linkstudio.info/review-frankenstein/images/08-19-2014/dg-home-v08.jpg http://nlm.linkstudio.info/review-frankenstein/images/08-19-2014/dg-browse-v08.jpg http://nlm.linkstudio.info/review-frankenstein/images/08-19-2014/dg-explore-v08.jpg http://nlm.linkstudio.info/review-frankenstein/images/08-19-2014/dg-explore-hotspots-v08.jpg

Frankenstein Website/Digital Gallery 8/25/2014

Metadata categories:

Creator:

Title:

Date: [a sort-by item that allows visitors to view entries chronologically.] Type:

• Book, Portrait, Illustration, Pamphlet, Photograph Topics:

• Blood Transfusion

• Organ Transplant

• Galvanism

• Dissection

• Chemistry

Description:

DG introduction text:

Digital Gallery

In her novel, Mary Shelley is silent on just how Victor Frankenstein breathes life into his creation, saying only that success crowned “days and nights of incredible labor and fatigue.”

Scientists and physicians of Shelley’s time, tantalized by the elusive boundary between life and death, probed it through experiments with lower organisms, human anatomical studies, attempts to resuscitate drowning victims, and experiments using electricity to restore life to the recently dead.

Featured here is a selection of digitized, historical texts and images from the National Library of Medicine’s collections, which offers insight into the scientific practices and theories of the era.

OB10935

http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM~1~1~101434808~173016:-James-Blundell--H--Room--J-- Cochra?qvq=q:B06429;lc:NLMNLM~1~1&mi=0&trs=1 Alt tag: A man (James Blundell) in suit sitting and looking to the right.

Creator: Henry Room, painter (1802–1850); and John Cochran, engraver (1821–1865) Title: James Blundell Date: 1836 Type: Portrait Topic: Blood Transfusion http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM%7E1%7E1%7E101434808%7E173016:-James-Blundell--H--Room--J--Cochra?qvq=q:B06429;lc:NLMNLM%7E1%7E1&mi=0&trs=1 http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM%7E1%7E1%7E101434808%7E173016:-James-Blundell--H--Room--J--Cochra?qvq=q:B06429;lc:NLMNLM%7E1%7E1&mi=0&trs=1

Description: English physician, James Blundell (1791–1878) performed the first successful human-to-human blood transfusion in 1825. He developed an apparatus called a “gravitator,” a copper cup with a metal handle to collect blood and funnel it from the donor to the recipient. Blundell developed this life-saving technique in response to his patients dying of hemorrhage, excessive bleeding, during childbirth.

OB8020

Alt tag: Funnel-like instrument connects left arm of woman lying in bed to right arm of man standing nearby.

Creator: unknown Title: Blundell’s Gravitator from The Lancet, June 13, 1829 Date: 1829 Type: Illustration Topic: Blood Transfusion Description: This illustration accompanied James Blundell’s article, “Observations on Transfusion of Blood” in The Lancet. It demonstrated how the “Gravitator” device should be positioned to deliver the donor’s blood to the patient.

OB10936

http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM~1~1~101407693~193423:John-Haighton,-M-D--F-R-S-Lecturer- ?qvq=q:B029733;lc:NLMNLM~1~1&mi=0&trs=1 Alt tag: A man (John Haighton) sitting and looking to the left by a table with a book and skull on it.

Creator: Harry Ashby (1794–1836) Title: John Haighton, M.D. F.R.S Date: 1818 Type: Portrait Topic: Blood Transfusion Description: John Haighton (1755–1823) was an English physician and lecturer on obstetrics and midwifery at St. Thomas and Guy’s School and Hospital. Noted for conducting experiments in physiology, his work was a major influence on his nephew, James Blundell (1791–1878), whose accomplishments include the first successful human-to-human blood transfusion.

http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM%7E1%7E1%7E101407693%7E193423:John-Haighton,-M-D--F-R-S-Lecturer-?qvq=q:B029733;lc:NLMNLM%7E1%7E1&mi=0&trs=1 http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM%7E1%7E1%7E101407693%7E193423:John-Haighton,-M-D--F-R-S-Lecturer-?qvq=q:B029733;lc:NLMNLM%7E1%7E1&mi=0&trs=1

OB10940

http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/0062114 Alt tag: Title page of a book.

Creator: James Blundell (1791–1898) Title: Lectures on the principles and practice of midwifery Date: 1842 Type: Book Topics: Blood Transfusion Description: Eminent English obstetrician and professor, James Blundell, wrote this textbook as a companion to his lectures. In it, he details the female reproductive anatomy, explains how to deliver babies and care for mothers, and describes treatments for several complications of pregnancy and childbirth, including blood transfusion. Blundell was the first to perform a human-to-human blood transfusion and developed a method to do so in order to save his patients who hemorrhaged during childbirth.

OB10937

http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM~1~1~101395962~164978:The-Transfusion-of-Blood---An- Opera?qvq=q:A08432;lc:NLMNLM~1~1&mi=0&trs=1 Alt tag: A group of men and women surround a woman in a bed receiving a transfusion from a seated man.

Creator: Unknown Title: The Transfusion of Blood - An Operation at the “Hôpital de la Pitié,” at Paris Miranda Date: 1874 Type: Illustration Topic: Blood Transfusion Description: This illustration from the July 4, 1874 edition of Harper's Weekly shows a doctor performing a blood transfusion on a woman in a Paris hospital. In 1825, James Blundell (1791–1878) performed the first successful blood transfusion on a woman dying of hemorrhage during childbirth. Blundell performed 10 transfusions during his practice, five being successful (and four on women suffering from hemorrhage). The illustration, from Blundell’s lifetime, demonstrates the importance and acceptance of his procedure.

OB10941

http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/0062114 http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM%7E1%7E1%7E101395962%7E164978:The-Transfusion-of-Blood---An-Opera?qvq=q:A08432;lc:NLMNLM%7E1%7E1&mi=0&trs=1 http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM%7E1%7E1%7E101395962%7E164978:The-Transfusion-of-Blood---An-Opera?qvq=q:A08432;lc:NLMNLM%7E1%7E1&mi=0&trs=1 http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/67160390R

Creator: Robert Barnes (1817–1907), and Benjamin F. Dawson (1847–1888) Date: 1874 Title: Obstetric operations, including the treatment of haemorrhage Type: Book Topic: Blood Transfusion Description: This book offers instruction on various surgical procedures to address complications in childbirth.

Barnes emphasizes choosing techniques and instruments carefully, and places precedence on the mother’s life over the fetus’. He explains performing blood transfusions as a way to treat hemorrhage and save the lives of mothers experiencing complications during childbirth. In 1825, several decades before the publication of this book, James Blundell performed the first human-to-human transfusion, saving the life of a patient who was dying of hemorrhage during childbirth.

OB10938

http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/2551025R

Creator: Sir Humphry Davy (1778–1829) Title: Elements of chemical philosophy Date: 1812 Type: Book Topic: Chemistry Description: Davy outlines the basics of chemistry as it was understood in the early 19th century, explaining the laws that govern chemical reactions, detailing the properties of various substances, and classifying chemicals based on their interactions with one another. He describes the goals of chemistry as discovering the causes of chemical reactions and applying that knowledge to use chemicals in ways that benefit people. Mary Shelley recorded in her diary that she was reading this book when she was writing Frankenstein; Or the Modern Prometheus (1818).

http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/67160390R http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/2551025R

OB10658

http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM~1~1~101413363~194148:Sir-Humphrey-Davy,-Bart--P-R-S-pain?qvq=q:B05963;lc:NLMNLM~1~1&mi=0&trs=1 Alt tag: A man (Humphry Davy) seated and looking to the left resting his arm on a desk.

Creator: James Lonsdale, painter (1777–1839); and James Thomson, engraver (1788–1850) Title: Sir Humphrey Davy, Bart. P.R.S Date: ca. 1825 Type: Portrait Topic: Chemistry Description: Sir Humphry Davy (1778–1829) was an English chemist and inventor. Davy is credited for identifying some properties of chlorine and iodine. He brought chemistry to the public by holding popular demonstrations of chemical phenomena at the Royal Institute in London. Mary Shelley grew up surrounded by intellectuals like Davy, friends of her parents. Shelley recorded in her diary that she was reading Davy’s Elements of chemical philosophy when she was writing Frankenstein: Or the Modern Prometheus (1818).

OB10939

http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/2562029R

Creator: Jane Haldimand Marcet (1769–1858), and Sir Humphry Davy (1788–1829) Title: Conversations on chemistry: in which the elements of that science are familiarly explained and illustrated by experiments and plates: to which are added, some late discoveries on the subject of the fixed alkalies Date: 1813 Type: Book Topic: Chemistry http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM%7E1%7E1%7E101413363%7E194148:Sir-Humphrey-Davy,-Bart--P-R-S-pain?qvq=q:B05963;lc:NLMNLM%7E1%7E1&mi=0&trs=1 http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM%7E1%7E1%7E101413363%7E194148:Sir-Humphrey-Davy,-Bart--P-R-S-pain?qvq=q:B05963;lc:NLMNLM%7E1%7E1&mi=0&trs=1 http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/2562029R

Description: This book provides an introduction to chemistry meant for middle class women, who typically had limited science education and exposure to chemistry. Davy called upon Marcet, a frequent attendee of his public demonstrations on chemistry, to explain complicated chemical concepts in informal, common language. Sir Humphry Davy was a friend of Mary Shelley’s father, William Godwin, whose home attracted many intellectuals of the time. Shelley recorded in her diary that she was reading Davy’s Elements of chemical philosophy when she was writing Frankenstein: Or the Modern Prometheus (1818).

OB10659

OB10659

http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM~1~1~101409136~168586:Henricus-Cornelius-Agrippa-R-- Coope?qvq=q:B01611;lc:NLMNLM~1~1&mi=0&trs=1 Alt tag: A man (Agrippa) in profile to the right, and seated wearing a hat and robes.

Creator: Robert Cooper Date: Early 19th century Title: Henricus Cornelius Agrippa Type: Portrait Topic: Chemistry Description: Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (1486–1535) was a German occultist, magician, and alchemist. His work, La Philosophie Occulte (1727) is considered one of the most important texts in Western occultism. In Frankenstein; Or the Modern Prometheus (1818), young Victor Frankenstein reads the entire works of Cornelius Agrippa, hoping to access a “secret store of knowledge” about the natural world.

OB10951

http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/9414554 http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM%7E1%7E1%7E101409136%7E168586:Henricus-Cornelius-Agrippa-R--Coope?qvq=q:B01611;lc:NLMNLM%7E1%7E1&mi=0&trs=1 http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM%7E1%7E1%7E101409136%7E168586:Henricus-Cornelius-Agrippa-R--Coope?qvq=q:B01611;lc:NLMNLM%7E1%7E1&mi=0&trs=1 http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/9414554

Alt tag: Cover of a book.

Creator: National Library of Medicine, Hahnemann University Library, and Washington University School of Medicine Date: 1993 Title: Paracelsus, five hundred years: three American exhibits Type: Pamphlet Topic: Chemistry Description: This booklet combines highlights from three institutions’ celebrations of the 500th birthday of Paracelsus (1493–1541): the National Library of Medicine, the Hahnemann University Library, and Washington University School of Medicine. Paracelsus, five hundred years gives a biography of the Renaissance physician whose many contributions include establishing the role of chemistry in medicine; and discusses the legacy of his work. In Frankenstein; Or the Modern Prometheus (1818), Victor Frankenstein apprentices himself to Professor Waldheim, who praises both Paracelsus and Agrippa (1486–1535) as “men whose indefatigable zeal provided the foundation of modern knowledge.”

OB10952

http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/56021480R

Creatorr: Lewis Henry Steiner (1827–1892) Date: 1853 Title: Paracelsus and his influence on chemistry and medicine Type: Book Topic: Chemistry Description: Steiner compares Paracelsus (1493–1541)—credited for establishing the role of chemistry in medicine—to other important figures in the history of medicine and chemistry, offers a biography, and discusses Paracelsus’ legacy in 19th century biomedical science. In Frankenstein; Or the Modern Prometheus (1818), Professor Waldheim, Victor Frankenstein’s mentor, refers to Paracelsus and Agrippa (1486–1535) as “men whose indefatigable zeal provided the foundation of modern knowledge.”

OB10945

http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/56021480R http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM~1~1~101415634~177998:Luigi-Galvani-F--Spagnoli-dis--A-- M?qvq=q:B012612;lc:NLMNLM~1~1&mi=0&trs=1 Alt tag: A man (Luigi Galvani) wearing a suit and wig, seated and looking to the left.

Creator: Francesco Spagnoli, painter; and Antonio Marchi, engraver Title: Luigi Galvani Date: ca. 1879 Type: Portrait Topic: Galvanism Description: Luigi Galvani (1737–1798) was an Italian physician who discovered that electrical current, the result of chemical reactions within the body, stimulates movements in muscles. Galvani’s discoveries paved the way for new explorations into physiology, the development of life-saving therapies, and the advent of neurology. Mary Shelley’s knowledge of galvanism and the hopes for its potential in her time are evident as Victor Frankenstein makes several references to electricity in Frankenstein; Or the Modern Prometheus (1818).

OB10942

http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101170217

Creator: Charles Harley Cleaveland (1817–1863) Title: Galvanism: its approach as a remedial agent Date: 1853 Type: Book Topic: Galvanism Description: Cleaveland presents a compilation of writings from medical practitioners who used the application of electrical current to treat their patients. Galvanism is the contraction of muscle stimulated by electricity.

Discovered by Italian physician Luigi Galvani (1737–1798), it was thought to have the potential to revive the dead. Mary Shelley’s knowledge of galvanism and the hopes for its potential in her time are evident as Victor Frankenstein makes several references to electricity in Frankenstein; Or the Modern Prometheus (1818).

http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM%7E1%7E1%7E101415634%7E177998:Luigi-Galvani-F--Spagnoli-dis--A--M?qvq=q:B012612;lc:NLMNLM%7E1%7E1&mi=0&trs=1 http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM%7E1%7E1%7E101415634%7E177998:Luigi-Galvani-F--Spagnoli-dis--A--M?qvq=q:B012612;lc:NLMNLM%7E1%7E1&mi=0&trs=1 http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101170217

OB10943

http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/63861720R

Creator: John Ives Date: 1879 Title: Electricity as a medicine, and its mode of application Type: Book Topic: Galvanism Description: In this book, physician John Ives details the ways 19th-century physicians treated diseases and injuries with electrical current. He offers a general explanation of how electricity heals people—by affecting blood supply, producing heat, restoring the lost functions of impaired body parts, and soothing nerves. Also, Ives delves into the electrical treatment of several diseases of the nervous and reproductive systems. Galvanism, the contraction of muscle stimulated by electricity, was discovered in the 18th century. Electrical current was thought to have healing or invigorating properties. Mary Shelley’s knowledge of galvanism and the hopes for its potential in her time are evident as Victor Frankenstein makes several references to electricity in Frankenstein;

Or the Modern Prometheus (1818).

OB10946

http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM~1~1~101436708~140554:-Central- Galvanization,-first-stage?qvq=q:A013530;lc:NLMNLM~1~1&mi=0&trs=1 Alt tag: A seated youth, holding a tube and wires, as another person places wires on the youth’s head.

Creator: R. D. Mussey (1780–1866) Title: Central Galvanization, first stage http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/63861720R http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM%7E1%7E1%7E101436708%7E140554:-Central-Galvanization,-first-stage?qvq=q:A013530;lc:NLMNLM%7E1%7E1&mi=0&trs=1 http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM%7E1%7E1%7E101436708%7E140554:-Central-Galvanization,-first-stage?qvq=q:A013530;lc:NLMNLM%7E1%7E1&mi=0&trs=1

Date: 1881 Type: Illustration Topic: Galvanism Description: This illustration demonstrates a galvanization treatment. Galvanization—applying electrical current to the body—evolved into a medical therapy in the 19th and early 20th century. Italian physician Giovanni Aldini (1762–1834), Luigi Galvani’s nephew, believed that electricity had great medical potential.

Aldini tested the use of electrical current on his own brain before successfully applying it to treat people with personality disorders and depression. Physicians thought galvanization of the brain, depicted here, also helped with insomnia, hysteria, hypochondria. Mary Shelley’s knowledge of galvanism and the hopes for its potential in her time are evident as Victor Frankenstein makes several references to electricity in Frankenstein; Or the Modern Prometheus (1818).

OB10944

http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/64230750R

Creator: T. K. Taylor Title: The medical pocket companion, or, Domestic adviser: designed for both married and single: containing a brief description of the causes, symptoms, and treatment of the most common and obstinate diseases which affect humanity: together with many valuable hints upon the preservation of health, and the proper management of infancy and childhood Date: 1858 Type: Book Topic: Galvanism Description: This book provides descriptions of common diseases and instruction on how to treat them, for the everyday person. A chapter titled “Galvanism.” focuses on the application of electric current to alleviate suffering. In the mid-19th century, many in the scientific community, and in the general public, believed electricity to have therapeutic and invigorative properties. Mary Shelley’s knowledge of galvanism and the hopes for its potential in her time are evident as Victor Frankenstein makes several references to electricity in Frankenstein; Or the Modern Prometheus (1818).

OB10949

http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/64230750R http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM~1~1~101431149~191084:-Andreas-Vesalius--Edouard-Hamman-- ?qvq=q:B025732;lc:NLMNLM~1~1&mi=0&trs=1 Alt tag: A man (Andreas Vesalius) stands in a cluttered room reaching for a scalpel, by a cadaver on a table.

Creator: Edouard Hamman (1819–1888) Date: 1848 Title: Andreas Vesalius Type: Illustration Topic: Dissection Description: Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) was an anatomist and physician, often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy. He performed dissections and created anatomical charts for students, believing that knowledge of anatomy was vital in the practice of surgery. In 1543 he published De humani corporis fabrica libri septem, one of the most influential works in Western medicine. The books were based on Vesalius’ observations from his human dissections.

OB10947

http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/61011310R

Creator: J. M. Allen Title: The practical anatomist, or, The student's guide in the dissecting-room Date: 1856 Type: Book Topic: Dissection Description: This guide for medical students performing dissections gives a detailed description of the human anatomy, complete with diagrams. In the 19th century, dissection became an integral part of medical education, as well as a social and political issue. Questions arose about how to meet the growing demand for cadavers and the ethics of dissection. Some suppliers resorted to stealing corpses from graves, prompting the British Parliament to enact laws that regulated the procurement of bodies for educational purposes. Frankenstein; or The Modern Prometheus (1818) reflects the focus on dissection during Mary Shelley’s time. Victor Frankenstein, an anatomist, visits graveyards, charnel houses, and dissection rooms of hospitals to acquire the parts needed to assemble his creature.

http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM%7E1%7E1%7E101431149%7E191084:-Andreas-Vesalius--Edouard-Hamman--?qvq=q:B025732;lc:NLMNLM%7E1%7E1&mi=0&trs=1 http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM%7E1%7E1%7E101431149%7E191084:-Andreas-Vesalius--Edouard-Hamman--?qvq=q:B025732;lc:NLMNLM%7E1%7E1&mi=0&trs=1 http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/61011310R

OB10948

http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101211215 Alt tag: Title page of a pamphlet.

Creator: Marmaduke Burr Wright (1803–1879) Title: A lecture on the exhumation and dissection of human bodies Date: 1846 Type: Pamphlet Topic: Dissection Description: Wright, a lecturer at the Medical College of Ohio, warns against lax standards for acquiring bodies to dissect in medical schools. He posits that less regulation would lead to more criminal activity, like grave-robbing, and the dehumanization of the bodies being dissected. In the mid-19th century, demand for cadavers increased, as dissection became a major part of medical education. Many institutions turned a blind eye to the illegal activities of those who supplied the bodies. People debated the ethical and legal ramifications of dissection around the time Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein; or The Modern Prometheus (1818).

OB10950

http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/2557007R

Creator: Robert Hooper (1773–1838) Title: The London dissector, or System of dissection practised in the hospitals and lecture rooms of the metropolis: explained by the clearest rules, for the use of students: comprising a description of the muscles, vessels, nerves, and viscera of the human body, as they appear on dissection: with directions for their demonstration Date: 1809 Type: Book Topic: Dissection http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101211215 http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/2557007R

Description: In detail, Hooper instructs medical students on how to do human dissections, as they were done in London hospitals and medical schools in the early 19th century. At this time, dissection became an integral part of medical education, as well as a social and political issue. Questions arose about how to meet the growing demand for cadavers and the ethics of dissection. Some suppliers resorted to stealing corpses from graves, prompting the British Parliament to enact laws that regulated the procurement of bodies for educational purposes. Frankenstein; or The Modern Prometheus (1818) reflects the focus on dissection during Mary Shelley’s time. Victor Frankenstein, an anatomist, visits graveyards, charnel houses, and dissection rooms of hospitals to acquire the parts needed to assemble his creature.

OB10928

Alt tag: Tall, narrow, glass instrument with curved, cylindrical pipes and valves.

Creator: Alexis Carrel (1873–1944), and Charles Lindbergh (1902–1974) Title: Perfusion pump assembly from The Culture of Organs Date: 1938 Type: Photograph Topic: Organ Transplant Description: This photograph shows a profusion pump developed by aviator Charles Lindbergh and the Nobel Prize-winning French surgeon Alexis Carrel in the 1930s. The pump, or “glass heart,” was capable of maintaining organs and tissues outside the body by providing them with a supply of oxygenated blood. By 1935, they had sustained a variety of animal organs—hearts, kidneys, ovaries, spleens—in the germ-free Pyrex glass pump, but they did not use human tissues.

Frankenstein: Hot Spot Activity 8/25/2014

Title: Science: Perfusion and Transfusion

OB # image Field Content

OB8020

Call to action What do you see when you look closely?

Description Examine this illustration from an 1829 article in The Lancet showing a human blood transfusion performed by James Blundell. Dr. Blundell developed a device that revived a woman dying of blood loss with her husband’s blood. The device was called a “gravitator,” as it used gravity to transport the donor’s blood to the patient.

Roll over different areas of the illustration to discover answers to the questions below.

Caption ID Blundell’s Gravitator from The Lancet, June 13, 1829

Rollover question 1

How does the gravitator’s funnel work?

Rollover question 2

Why is it beneficial to have the brace clasps be adjustable?

Rollover question 3

Where is the man positioned in relation to his wife?

Rollover answer 1

The funnel is placed under the man’s right arm, and is partially covered to capture his blood without spills. Marks inside the funnel indicate two fluid ounces in order to help physicians maintain the flow of a safe amount of blood to the patient. The stopper at the base of the funnel connects to a tube that leads to the patient’s vein.

Rollover answer 2

Adjustable clasps can fit various sizes, shapes, and sides of a patient’s arm, and allow physicians to align and insert the flexible tubular end into the patient’s vein. This tube was made of soft silver to accommodate the flexibility of a vein. James Blundell notes that the tube should always be inserted in the direction of the patient’s heart.

answer 3

James Blundell’s gravitator placed the husband, the blood donor, above and near the wife, which drew criticism as the patient might be contagious and harm the healthy donor. There also were possible complications during a transfusion. Blundell urged on-going study of the patient’s face for convulsions and twitches throughout the transfusion, to detect signs of “an overcharge of the heart.”

Asset Magnification

OB8020 gravitator_crop.tif

OB10928

Call to action What do you see when you look closely?

Description Examine this photograph of a perfusion pump invented by Nobel Prize-winning scientist, Dr. Alexis Carrel, and transatlantic aviator, Charles Lindbergh. The device successfully preserved animal organs outside of the body by simulating perfusion, the body’s natural process that delivers blood to small blood vessels in organs. The perfusion pump was influential to later developments in organ transplantations and open-heart surgeries.

Roll over different areas of the image to discover answers to the questions below.

Caption ID Perfusion pump assembly from The Culture of Organs, 1938

Rollover question 1

What happens in this part of the pump?

Rollover What is inside of the bulb?

question 2 question 3 What material do you think was used to make this device?

Rollover answer 1

An organ would be placed in the slanted cylindrical chamber and above the platinum screen divider before the curved part. The slant decreased the organ’s exposure to air contaminants, and allowed for the nutrient-rich fluid to flow through the organ then pass through a silica-sand filter in the curved tube, and cycle down to the reservoir chamber at the base of the pump.

answer 2

The perfusion pump had three openings to the outside air. Carrel and Lindbergh lightly packed non-absorbent cotton in the bulbs that were connected to the openings to filter any contaminants in the incoming air, and to maintain a sterile environment inside of the device.

answer 3

The transparency of the cylinder may be a clue for you. The cylinder is made of a particular type of glass, Pyrex, which is now commonly used in baking pans. This glass material helped the success of the pump, as it could withstand the heat of sterilization, resist abrasive chemicals in perfusion fluid, and prevent blood from clotting in the pump.

Asset Magnification

OB10928.jpg

dg_OB8020_i_mag