NIHLM2017001-UHP_Attachment_C.1_Typical_content_deliverableExhibition_and_design_elements.pdf

Attachment C.1

Typical content deliverable—Exhibition and design elements

Exhibition Program For All the People (web exhibition script) November 10 2015 number type text asset Notes

Section 1 exhibition

For All the People: A Century of Citizen Action in Health Care Reform intro text

Health care reform has been a contentious political issue in the United States for more than a hundred years.

Even after the passage of the Affordable Care Act in 2010, which expanded access to health insurance coverage for millions of people, Americans continue to disagree on whether and how to make quality health care available to all.

From the beginning of the 20th century to today, citizens have made their voices heard in these debates. Health care reform is usually associated with presidents and national leaders, but this exhibition tells the lesser-known story of how movements of ordinary people helped shape the changing American health care system.

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Physicians rally in support of health reform, New York City, August 29, Courtesy Thomas Altfather Good

For most of the 20th century, the American Medical Association was a powerful and successful opponent of government health care reform, especially proposals for national health insurance. However, not all physicians opposed reforms, and some created their own reform organizations. Many doctors and medical students also worked closely with citizen groups to expand access to quality health care.

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Alt tag Two White male doctors smile facing viewer amidst a group of demonstrators in a street.

Add “Read Transcript” icon [Protes t s ign] Doctors for health reform

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Senior citizens and supporters protesting high pharmaceutical costs at a Gray Panthers of San Francisco demonstration, 2006

Courtesy Patricia Jackson

Sometimes calling themselves patients, sometimes consumers, people in need of medical care have formed the backbone of grassroots health care activism in the United States.

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Mult irac ia l group of protesters in ra in, hold ing s igns, protesters in foreground are e lder ly.

Add “Read Transcript” icon [Protes t s igns] Health care is our r ight!

Reconsider and replace Medicare par t d Hi ho do nut hole pharma go to hel l !

PhARMA: Pay

Cal i forn ia ’s par t d b i l l !

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Nurses meeting at the Delta Health Center, a community-controlled clinic in Mound Bayou, MS, 1968

Courtesy Daniel Bernstein/Jack Geiger Minority and low-income Americans have organized to bring quality health care to their communities for over a century. Responding to neglect from government and private providers, community members have created their own public health campaigns, hospitals, clinics, and health centers.

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Three Afr ican American women sit around a desk;

two of the women are nurses.

Section 2 Section Title The Need for Care section/banner text

Early in the 20th century, rapid industrialization, new waves of immigration, and growing labor unrest made the health of workers and the poor a matter of national concern.

Working people protested dangerous and unhealthy conditions, started worker-owned clinics and hospitals, and advocated for health insurance coverage. African Americans, excluded from mainstream medical care, also created their own health care insti tutions in the face of segregation.

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The Urban League, a civil rights organization, co-sponsored this well-baby clinic to combat high infant mortality in African American neighborhoods, Detroit, MI, Courtesy University of Michigan- Bentley Historical Library

African Americans suffered disproportionately high rates of infant and maternal mortality, disease, and malnutri tion.

Hospitals were segregated by race or absent altogether from black neighborhoods and rural areas. Organizations like the Urban League, founded in 1918, launched campaigns for public health education and medical services in African American communities.

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21 W hite and Afr ican Amer icans, inc luding chi ldren, on steps of a bui ld ing surrounded by stro l lers.

Interns and nurses at Provident Hospital and Training School, Chicago, 1922

Courtesy National Library of Medicine

Most hospitals did not allow African American physicians to practice in them, and many refused to treat black patients. Starting in the late 19th century, African American physicians and community members founded hundreds of black community hospitals across the nation, including Chicago’s Provident Hospital and Training School in 1896.

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33 Afr ican American male and female doctors and nurses gathered for a group photograph.

Miners in Chance Mine, possibly in the Coeur d’Alene region of Idaho, ca.

Courtesy Library of Congress

The physical dangers and long-term health hazards of mining made medical care an urgent issue for workers in this industry.

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5 W hite male miners crouched and standing next to min ing equipment underground.

Add “Read Transcript” icon 5 Chance mine copr . 1909 by H.

Engl ish W allace, Ida.

Image 4 Park City Miners’ Hospital, Alt tag of 7 Park City, UT, early 20th century

Used by permission, Utah State Historical Society

Miners’ unions, whose members had high rates of accidents and disease due to their dangerous jobs, opened more than 20 hospitals in the western United States between 1890 and 1925.

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Front of a bui ld ing wi th 9 W hite men and women, including nurses standing and seated on porch.

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Demonstration and mourning for the victims of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory f ire, New York, 1911

Courtesy National Archives and Records Administrat ion

Following the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire in 1911 that killed 143 workers, mostly young immigrant women, New York City’s garment unions and their supporters rose in protest. Their actions led to new laws regulating health and safety conditions in workplaces.

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Large crowd of W hite men and women hold banners on a s treet facing the v iewer .

Add “Read Transcript” icon [Protes t banners] Ladies W aist & Dressmakers Union Local 25, we mourn our losses W e mourn our loss , Uni ted Hebrew Trades of New York

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Pauline Newman, a Lithuanian immigrant, was a garment worker and union organizer before becoming director of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ medical clinic in New York City. Photo ca. 1910

Courtesy Kheel Center, Cornell University

Health was a major concern of industrial workers who toiled in dangerous and unhealthy conditions. In the absence of universal health protection, some labor unions developed worker-run medical facilit ies, including hospitals and clinics.

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W hite woman standing behind a crowded desk wi th arms crossed looks at v iewer .

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Pauline Newman, a Lithuanian immigrant, was a garment worker and union organizer before becoming director of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ medical clinic in New York City. Photo ca. 1910

Courtesy Kheel Center, Cornell University

Health was a major concern of industrial workers who toiled in dangerous and unhealthy

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W hite woman standing behind a crowded desk wi th arms crossed looks at v iewer .

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Paul ine Newman,

ca. 1910 conditions. In the absence of universal health protection, some labor unions developed worker-run medical facilit ies, including hospitals and clinics.

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A nurse at the Union Health Center draws blood from a patient, New York, 1943

Courtesy Kheel Center, Cornell University

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Standing W hite female nurse holds the arm of a seated Afr ican Amer ican woman.

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Union Health Center nurse wi th a pat ient, 1943

The garment workers’ Union Health Center provided care to union members beginning in 1914 and is still thriving today

Courtesy Union Health Center

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Cover of a journal showing illustration of a crowd of people streaming into a building.

Add “Read Transcript” icon Union Health Center Journal 1924

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“Union Health Center ,” 1924

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“Protected ,” American Labor Legislation Review , 1919

Courtesy National Library of Medicine

This editorial cartoon supports compulsory health insurance to protect workers from losing their livelihoods due to sickness. The campaign for insurance lasted from 1915 until 1920, when i t was defeated by opposition from business and the medical profession.

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W hite family shel ters underneath the umbrel la a man holds, as ra in c louds hover overhead.

Add “Read Transcript” icon Dest i tut ion, s ickness, heal th insurance Protect!

Courtesy New York W omen’s Joint Legis lat ive Conference

Section 3 Section Title The Power of Medicine

Citizen groups worked with doctors and nurses to find ways to extend medical care to more people.

Starting in the 1920s, health care became more expensive, putting medical advances beyond the reach of many Americans.

Attempts to establish a national system of insurance repeatedly fai led, but activist ci tizens and health professionals worked to expand access by creating public health services, developing new types of coverage, and fighting hospital discrimination.

Image 1 “Infancy and Maternity Care” and Alt tag of 6 public health education are part of 8 W hite women, Carousel with 3 the planks presented by the National League of Women Voters during the 1920 Democratic Convention seated and standing around 5 foot ta l l board wi th tex t on i t .

a images:

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Courtesy Collection of the Oakland Museum of California

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Right after American women received the vote in 1920, women’s rights advocates briefly succeeded in winning government support for expanded public health nursing with the Sheppard- Towner Act (1921–29), the first federal program to assist babies and expectant mothers.

Carousel “Infancy and Maternity Care” and Alt tag 1 public health education are part of the planks presented by the National League of Women Voters during the 1920 Democratic Convention

8 W hite women, seated and standing around 5 foot ta l l board wi th tex t on i t .

a

Courtesy Collection of the Oakland Museum of California

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Add “Read Transcript” icon Planks to be presented by the Nat ional League of

Right after American women received the vote in 1920, women’s rights advocates briefly succeeded in winning government support for expanded public health nursing with the Sheppard- Towner Act (1921–29), the first federal program to assist babies and expectant mothers.

W omen Voters to the Democrat ic Platform Committee I Chi ld Care:

Prohib it ion of ch i ld labor, Infancy and matern i ty care, Adequate appropr iate for ch i ldrens bureau I I Educat ion:

Federal depar tment of educat ion, Increased teachers ’ sa lar ies and removal of i l l i teracy, Ci t izenship instruct ion I I I Home and High Pr ices: Increased tra in ing in home economics, Federal regulat ion of market ing and d istr ibut ion of food.

IV W omen in Gainful Occupat ions:

Representat ion of women on a l l commissions having to do with women’s occupat ions. Civ i l serv ice re-c lassif ied on mer it bas is and f reed f rom sex d iscr iminat ion.

V Publ ic Health and Morals:

Cont inued appropr iate for publ ic educat ion and sex hygiene.

VI Independent Ci t izenship for Marr ied W omen:

No for fe iture of c i t izenship through marr iage to fore igners by American born women who cont inue to res ide in the U.S. No acquir ing of c i t izenship by fore ign born women except through individual natura l izat ion

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National League of Women Voters representatives, 1920

Carousel Group portrait of women leaders Alt tag 2 supporting passage of the Sheppard-

Towner bill, ca. 1920–1921

Courtesy Library of Congress

Women who supported the federal Sheppard-Towner bill for maternity and

13 W hite women stand on steps for a p icture and face s l ight ly lef t of the v iewer.

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infant care included prominent suffragists, consumer and children’s advocates, and peace activists.

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Supporters of the Sheppard-Towner bill, ca. 1920–1921

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“Write your representatives to support…H.R. 10925,” supported passage of the Sheppard-Towner bill, Courtesy Library of Congress

A pamphlet in support of the Sheppard- Towner Maternity and Infancy Act urges federal action to combat the high maternal and infant mortality rates in the United States.

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Alt tag Text on paper.

Add “Read Transcript” icon

Of more than 22,000 c i ty babies studied by the Chi ldren’s Bureau and represent ing every type of home in seven c i t ies , more than three-f i f ths were born into fami l ies where the fathers ' earn ings were below the amount which was at that t ime the min imum for provid ing the bare necess it ies of ex istence. Only one in ten was in a family where the fathers ’ earnings reached a fa ir m inimum for comfort . W ithout the a id provided by the Sheppard- Towner b i l l they are in no pos i t ion ef fect ive ly to safeguard their ch i ldren.

The problem is not local or sect ional, but nat ion-wide.

Federal ac t ion, therefore, is urgent ly needed, and th is b i l l of fers a pract icable method of cooperat ion between the Federal Government and the States. Such a method is a lready successful ly operat ing in promot ing agr icu ltura l work , vocat ional educat ion, and the bui ld ing of good roads.

Do You Know that in 1918 we los t

23.000 mothers f rom causes connected wi th chi ldb ir th?

Do You Know that we lose annual ly 250,000 infants?

Do You Know that th is wastage, more than 3 t imes greater than our tota l batt le death l is t in the war, can be stopped and stopped by you?

How long are YOU going to le t mothers and babies d ie?

W RITE your representat ives to support S. 3259 and H. R. 10925 American Chi ld Hygiene Associat ion, Dr .

Phi l ip Van Ingen, Pres ident Associat ion of Col legiate Alumnae, Mrs .

Marvin B.

Rosenberry.

Pres ident General Federat ion of W omen’s Clubs, Mrs. Thomas G.

W inter, Pres ident Nat ional Board of the Young W omen’s Chr is t ian Associat ion, Mrs.

Robert E. Speer, Pres ident Nat ional Congress of Mothers and Parent-Teacher Associat ions, Mrs.

Mil ton P. Higgins, Pres ident

Nat ional Consumer’s League, Mrs.

Florence Kel ley, General Secretary Nat ional League of W omen Voters , Mrs. Maud W ood Park , Chairman Nat ional Organizat ion of Publ ic Heal th Nurs ing, El la Phi l l ips Crandal l , Execut ive Secretary Nat ional W oman’s Chr is t ian Temperance Union, Mrs. El l is A. Yost, Legis lat ive Representat ive Nat ional W omen's Trade Union League, Miss Ethel Smith, Secretary, Legis lat ive Committee Service Star Legion, Mrs .

Robert C. Morr is , Nat ional President W oman’s Bureau, Democrat ic Nat ional Committee, Mrs.

El l is Meredith, Div is ion of Organizat ion W omen’s

Committee, Nat ional Republ ican Congress ional Committee, Miss Mary Stewar t, Execut ive Secretary W ashington

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A pamphlet supporting the Sheppard-Towner bill, 1920

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A nurse from the Henry Street Settlement with a Chinese family in the Bronx, New York, 1930s

Courtesy National Library of Medicine

The Henry Street Settlement Visiting Nurse Service on the Lower East Side of New York City, founded in 1895, charged patients fees based on their abili ty to pay, or provided care for free.

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W hite female nurse stands wi th Chinese woman and seven chi ldren.

A nurse from the Henry Street Settlement with a Chinese family in the Bronx, New York, 1930s

Courtesy National Library of Medicine

Public health nurses, often hired by community organizations, provided care and instruction to immigrant and poor families in both urban and rural areas.

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W hite female nurse stands wi th Chinese woman and seven chi ldren.

A Henry Street nurse with a Chinese family, 1930s

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A nurse from the Henry Street Settlement teaches proper infant bathing techniques to new mothers, New York, 1930s

Courtesy National Library of Medicine

Visiting nurses from the Henry Street Settlement demonstrated hygiene and baby care techniques to new mothers in the surrounding neighborhoods.

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W hite female nurse stands over a baby lying on a table.

A Nurse teaching infant care, 1930s

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A nurse from the Henry Street Settlement with a parent education class known as a “mother’s club,” New York, 1930s

Courtesy National Library of Medicine

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16 W hite immigrant women and chi ldren s tand wi th W hite female nurse.

Neighborhood women organized in Mothers’ Clubs to share experiences and hear advice from the professional nurses of the Henry Street Visiting Nurse Service.

“Mother’s club,” 1930s

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The number of patient visits from the Henry Street Visiting Nurse Service greatly increased between 1905 and

Courtesy Social Welfare History Archives, Universi ty of Minnesota Libraries

By the 1930s, the demand for visiting nurses in New York City increased significantly. Nurses were especially in demand due to the rise of chronic conditions such as heart disease and cancer.

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Chart showing nurse vis i ts . Units represented as out l ine of nurse in hat and cape.

Add “Read Transcript” icon Vis its 1905-1935 1905: 50,000, 1915: 225,000, 1925: 350,000, 1935: 525,000 Each Nurse represents 50,000 Vis its

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A doctor working for the Farm Security Administration medical cooperative examines a woman, Box Elder County, UT, 1940

Courtesy Library of Congress

During the Great Depression, the federal Farm Security Administration partnered with local communities to provide medical care through cooperatives, which later also became known as consumer-run health plans.

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Standing W hite male doctor examines the face of a seated W hite woman.

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Families at Sabine Farms, a New Deal resettlement community for displaced tenant farmers near Marshall, TX, pooled their resources to employ a physician, Dr. Lee, 1939

Courtesy Library of Congress

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10 Afr ican American men and women wait in l ine as seated woman receives treatment f rom male doctor.

Nurse Elise Cook and Dr. William MacColl show off the first babies born at Group Health Cooperative in Seattle, WA, 1947

Courtesy Group Health Cooperative

After federal involvement in medical cooperatives ended in the 1940s, many communities formed private non-profit health associations, often based on the principle of pre-paid group insurance.

Health plans like the Group Health Cooperative of Seattle, Washington, emphasized promoting wellness as much as treating illness.

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W hite male doctor and female nurse hold ing two W hite babies each and look ing at viewer .

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Leonidas H. Berry, MD, prominent physician and president of the National Medical Association 1965– 66, was a leader of campaigns against racial discrimination by hospitals.

Courtesy National Library of Medicine

Civil rights leaders and organizations fought to change racist policies and practices that limited access to health care for people of color.

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African American man (Leonidas Berry) seated at desk and looking at viewer.

Leonidas H. Berry, MD, prominent physician and president of the National Medical Association 1965– 66, was a leader of campaigns against racial discrimination by hospitals.

Courtesy National Library of Medicine

As a member of the Chicago Commission on Human Relations, Leonidas H. Berry, MD investigated and campaigned to end discrimination against African American physicians and patients by Chicago hospitals.

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African American man (Leonidas Berry) seated at desk and looking at viewer.

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Leonidas H. Berry, mid-20th century

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Chicago Commission on Human Relations, "Chicago Hospital Staff Appointments to Negro Doctors" chart, 1962

Courtesy National Library of Medicine

In 1956, only nine of the over 50 private hospitals in Chicago allowed African American physicians to practice on their staffs. Leonidas Berry, who was an internationally renowned gastroenterologist, worked with the Chicago Commission on Human Relations to end racially discriminatory practices at Chicago hospitals.

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Table chart of the Chicago Hospital Staff Appointments to Negro Doctors.

African American doctor representation chart, 1962

Letter from Chicago Commission on Human Relations members Leonidas H. Berry, MD and Hal M. Freeman on the shortage of hospital facilities on Chicago’s South Side and its relationship to racial discrimination in medical care, May 4, 1962

Courtesy National Library of Medicine

The shortage of physicians and hospitals in poor neighborhoods and rural areas significantly contributed to unequal access. In 1962, civil rights leaders and physicians proposed a plan to bring more health facilities to Chicago’s predominantly-African American South Side.

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Text le t ter .

Add “Read Transcript” icon City Of Chicago Richard J. Daley, Mayor Comiss ion on Human Relat ions 211 W est W acker Dr ive-Room 1310, Chicago 6. I l l ino is, Phone 236-4912 Commission Ely M. Aaron, Chairman Ralph D. Robinson, Secretary Morr is Bia l is , August ine J . Bowe, Dr. Preston Bradley, Cl i f ford J .

Campbel l , W il l iam G. Caples, Lester Crown, Jerome J.

Fr iedman, Mrs .

W endell E. Green, Maur ice McEl l igot t , Hale Nelson, Peter R. Scal1se, Ray L.

W alker, Edward Marcin iak

Execut ive Director May 4, 1962 Dear Fr iend:

The next meet ing of the Advisory Health Committee of the Commission on Human Relat ions wi l l be held W ednesday, May 16, 1962 3 P.M., 211 W est W acker Dr ive Room 1328 On May 16th we shal l in i t iate a ser ies of Heal th Committee meetings devoted to an examinat ion of the shor tage of South Side hospi ta l faci l i t ies and i ts re lat ionship to d iscr iminat ion in medical care. A proposed solut ion to th is problem, which has been endorsed by the Cook County Physic ians Associat ion, wi l l be presented by a representat ive of that group. W e urge you to at tend th is meet ing and present your v iews.

Please return the enc losed posta l card indicat ing whether you p lan to be present.

S incere ly yours, Leonidas H. Berry, M.D. , Chairman Health Committee

Hal M. Freeman, Secretary Health Committee

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Advisory Heal th Committee meet ing let ter , 1962

Section 4 Section Title Community Health Action

Activists helped push for health programs and called attention to disparities in medical care.

In the 1960s, civil rights activists and senior cit izens advocated for Medicare and Medicaid, the first national health programs in the United States. Following the end of legal segregation by race, citizen groups began targeting continuing racial and economic inequalities in health. Radical social movements went even further in defining community-based health care as an essential component of their visions for a new society.

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President Kennedy speaks to attendees of the National Convention of the National Council of Senior Citizens, 1963

Courtesy Abbie Rowe. White House Photographs. John F.

Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston

Senior cit izen activists won the support of Presidents John F.

Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson in their push for Medicare, the national health insurance program for retired Americans, which Congress passed in 1965.

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Pres ident Kennedy speaks at podium, f lanked by 14 seated d igni tar ies , as a crowd looks on.

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Medical Committee for Civil Rights participates in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, Courtesy National Library of Medicine

Many physicians, nurses, and medical students worked in the civil rights movement. They marched against segregation, treated people injured in protests, and helped set up community clinics in both the North and the

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Large mult irac ia l group of men and women hold ing s igns and marching on a s treet towards v iewer

Add “Read Transcript” icon [Protes t banner] Medical Committee for Civ i l R ights [Protes t s igns] MD

South.

Medical Committee for Civil Rights participates in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, Courtesy National Library of Medicine

Many physicians, nurses, and medical students worked in the civil rights movement. They marched against segregation, treated people injured in protests, and helped set up community clinics in both the North and the South.

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Large mult irac ia l group of men and women hold ing s igns and marching on a s treet towards v iewer

Add “Read Transcript” icon [Protes t banner] Medical Committee for Civ i l R ights [Protes t s igns] MD

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Medical civil rights activists march, 1963

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Telegram from the Medical Committee for Human Rights to Leonidas Berry, MD, president-elect of the National Medical Association, urging physicians to participate in the Selma to Montgomery march for voting rights, 1965

Courtesy National Library of Medicine

Physicians initially joined the Selma, Alabama voting rights protests to offer moral support, but soon found themselves

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Text f i l led te legram.

Add “Read Transcript” icon W estern Union Telegram W. P. Marshal l , Pres ident The f i l ing t ime shown in the date l ine on domest ic te legrams is LOCAL TIME at point of or ig in.

T ime of receipt is providing first aid to marchers injured by tear gas and beatings.

LOCAL TIME at point of dest inat ion Class of Service- This is a fast message unless i ts deferred character is indicated by the proper symbol .

Symbols: DL = Day Letter , NL=Night Letter , LT= Internat ional Let ter Telegram Sf-1201 (4-60) [Stamp] 1965 Mar

21 AM 8 50

fca004 (29) (25) ma175, mcb011 (sy nb10nlpd New York NY Mar 20 Nat ional medical assoc 412 east 47 St Chgo Through i ts act ive support of the f reedom march f rom Selma to Montgomery Alabama the Medical Committee for Human Rights is urg ing you as a member of i ts board of sponsors to par t ic ipate in and suppor t that cause which has become one of the more recent fundamental express ions of our nat ional ef for t we feel i t incumbent upon our more prominent sponsors to represent us at the terminat ion of the march in Montgomery Alabama on thursday march 25 p lease make every ef for t to be there as a representat ive of MCHR Aaron O W ells MD nat ional chairman

MCHR

Pls mk r tg ( fc) [Stamp] 1965 Mar

21 PM 2 20

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Telegram urging doctor part ic ipat ion in march, 1965

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Telegram to Leonidas Berry from the Medical Committee for Human Rights denouncing police refusal to allow ambulances and physicians to assist the injured at the Selma to Montgomery march, 1965

Courtesy National Library of Medicine

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Text f i l led te legram.

Add “Read Transcript” icon W estern Union Telegram W. P. Marshal l , Pres ident The f i l ing t ime shown in the date

Police temporarily stopped doctors and nurses from treating the injured at the Selma march.

l ine on domest ic te legrams is

STANDARD TIME

at point of or igin.

T ime of receipt is

STANDARD TIME

at point of dest inat ion Class of Service- This is a fast message unless i ts deferred character is indicated by the proper symbol .

Symbols: DL = Day Letter , NL=Night Letter , LT= Internat ional Let ter Telegram [Stamp] 1965 Mar 9

PM 5

Fca155 (07)(06)ba376 B nny345 nnz13 nnz13 rx pd 7 extra ar New York NY 9 nf t Leonidas H Berry MD, Nat ional Medical Assn, 412 East 47 St Chgo As a sponsor of MCHR urge you protest to U.S.

At torney General refusal by law enforcement of f icers in Selma Alabama to permit ambulance crews, nurses and M.D. ’s to adminis ter f i rs t a id to injured on sunday march 7th.

Today the march resumes. I f federal government does not intervene to prevent b loodshed, emergency f irs t a id must be permit ted for wounded.

Please advise us of your act ion Aaron O wel ls MD Nat ional Chairman Medical Committee for Human Rights 211 west 56 St

NYC

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Telegram about protest ing denia l of t reatment for wounded marchers , Carousel

Clinical lab at Delta Health Center, Jackson, MS, 1970

Courtesy Daniel Bernstein/Jack Geiger Shocked at the poor health conditions in the South, physicians from the Medical Committee for Human Rights

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7 W hite and Afr ican Amer ican men and women in laboratory, some work ing and some ta lk ing.

helped local residents in rural Mississippi open the Delta Health Center, one of the first community-controlled health clinics in the nation.

Clinical lab at Delta Health Center, 1970

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Bobby Seale People’s Free Health Clinic poster, Berkeley, CA, 1971

Courtesy Billy Jennings

The Black Panther Party established free clinics in cities around the country, emphasizing public health, preventive medicine, and self-determination for poor and minority communities.

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I l lustrat ion of an Afr ican Amer ican doctor bandaging an Afr ican American chi ld ’s arm.

Add “Read Transcript” icon The Black Panther Party announces… The grand opening of the Bobby Seale people ’s f ree health c l in ic, saturday Apr i l 24th 1971 2:00 p.m., 3236 Adel ine St .

Berkeley A persons' health is their most va luable possess ion.

Improper health care and inadequate faci l i t ies can be used to perpetrate genoc ide on a people. The present fasc ist , rac ist government used i ts faci l i t ies for that purpose --the genoc ide of poor and oppressed people.

The people must create inst i tu t ions wi thin our communit ies that are control led and run by the people in order to insure our surv iva l . W ith th is in mind, the Black Panther Party announces the opening of our f i rs t f ree health c l in ic in the Bay Area.

Also…free food & c loth ing on opening day For fur ther informat ion contact : Black Panther Par ty, Berkeley Branch 2230 10th St.

Berkeley, Phone 848-7740 Serving the people body and soul

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A sign promotes the free clinic “El Barrio,” East Los Angeles, CA, ca. 1969

Courtesy The California State University, Los Angeles, John F.

Alt tag Clin ic s ign in bus iness window.

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Kennedy Memorial Library, Gloria Arellanes Papers

The Brown Berets, a Chicano rights organization, opened a free health clinic in East Los Angeles in 1969. The clinic provided medical, social, and psychological services to Mexican-Americans and other community residents.

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El Barr io Free Cl in ic 5016 W hit t ier , te l :

266-1122

Patients in the waiting room of the National Farm Workers Service Center’s health clinic, decorated with a poster of union leader Cesar Chavez, Calexico, CA, 1973

Courtesy Walter P. Reuther Library, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University, Photographer Glenn Pearcy

Farm workers’ organizations saw health care as central to peoples’ struggle for dignity and better conditions for both work and home life. Affiliates of the United Farm Workers of America opened numerous clinics for migrant agricultural workers and their families in the 1960s and

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Two Lat ino men and one chi ld in a c l in ic wait ing room.

The two men are seated and reading.

Add “Read Transcript” icon [Poster on wal l ] Viva la causa

1970s.

Banner 5 Banner Title Identity and Activism

Since the 1960s, social movements have defined health rights as essential to ending the second-class status of marginalized groups.

The feminist health movement advanced a powerful critique of traditional medicine, insisting on women’s knowledge and control of their own bodies. Disability rights activists fought discrimination, and the AIDS movement transformed medical research and drug development while defending the civil and human rights of communities devastated by the epidemic.

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First edition of Women and Their Bodies course book, produced by the Boston Women's Health Collective, Courtesy The Boston Women's Health Book Collective

Feminist health activism transformed the medical system.

A new kind of medical expertise emerged, based on women’s knowledge of their own bodies and a feminist critique of male-dominated medicine.

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Two smil ing W hite women hold a s ign in a photograph on the cover of a book.

Add “Read Transcript” icon W omen and Their Bodies: a course By Boston W omen’s Health Col lect ive W omen Uni te

First edition of Women and Their Bodies course book, produced by the Boston Women's Health Collective, Courtesy The Boston Women's Health Book Collective

The pamphlet that later became Our Bodies, Ourselves inspired women around the country to start self-help groups and feminist health clinics.

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Alt tag Two smil ing W hite women hold a s ign in a photograph on the cover of a book.

Add “Read Transcript” icon W omen and Their Bodies: a course By Boston W omen’s Health Col lect ive W omen Uni te

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Women and Their

Bodies, 1970

Hours of operation sign for the Durham Women’s Health Cooperative at Duke University, ca. 1970s

Courtesy of Margery Sved Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University

Many women’s clinics, such as the Durham Women’s Health Cooperative in North Carolina, initially had no medical staff.

They were started by activists who offered information on birth control and abortion, and referrals to sympathetic local physicians.

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Yel low f lyer with tex t.

Add “Read Transcript” icon Durham W omen’s Health Cooperat ive Hours 1-5 Monday-

Fr iday, 7-9 Monday- Thursday, 10:30-12:30 Saturday

• Doctor

Information File (Durham/Cha pel Hill area)

• Pregnancy Screening (Call office for more information)

• Counseling (VD, problem pregnancy, birth control, general health problems)

Cal l or come by— we’re located in the YW CA at 515 W .

Chapel Hi l l Street (Durham) 688-4396 ext . 6 title:

Durham W omen’s Health Cooperat ive, ca.

1970s

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Betty Szudy, Dido Hasper, Wendi Jones, Judy Rutherford and Janice Turrini (left to right) were among several women who helped launch the Chico Feminist Women’s Health Center in California, 1975

Courtesy Feminist Women’s Health Center

Women’s rights activists organized health clinics to provide women-centered health education, reproductive services, natural childbirth, and all types of medical care. The Chico Feminist Women’s Health Center in California began by offering educational materials and instruction in self-examination for women, and later became a full-service medical clinic.

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5 seated W hite women ta lk with each other .

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Chico Feminist Women’s Health Center founders, Women of color activists protest against forced sterilization, ca. 1971

Courtesy Kevin Begos and Southern Conference Educational Fund

Women of color activists combined feminist and antiracist analyses to develop a more inclusive definition of reproductive rights, arguing not only for rights to abortion and birth control , but also for the right to be free from forced sterilization.

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Mult irac ia l group of protesters hold ing s igns and look ing towards viewer .

Add “Read Transcript” icon [Protes t s igns] Ster i l izat ion of mothers v io lates U.N. charter Art .

25, sec. I & I I vote no house b i l l 20 $5500 or f ight!

Vote yes! ! State b i l ls 9 & 13

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Protest against forced sterilization, ca. 1971

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Geraldine Smith of the National Welfare Rights Organization speaks to a reporter about her appearance before the American Hospital Association, Courtesy National Library of Medicine

Poverty advocates insisted that poor people and Medicaid recipients be treated with dignity

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Afr ican Amer ican woman interviewed by W hite male repor ter , mult irac ia l crowd behind hold ing s igns.

Add “Read Transcript” icon [Protes t s igns] Condi t ion federal a id on heal th care for the poor . Don’t and respect by the medical system. In 1970, members of the National Welfare Rights Organization picketed a meeting of the American Hospital Association, demanding that hospitals receiving federal funding fulfill their obligations to accept patients regardless of income.

lobby ‘gains t i t , A.H.A!

L ive up to Hi l l - Burton Condi t ion tax-exempt ion on health care for the poor . Don’t f ight i t , A.H.A!

Equal treatment for Medicaid and Medicare pat ients .

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Activists supporting Section 504, a federal law to ban discrimination against the disabled, sit-in for 3 and a half weeks at the San Francisco office of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1977

Photograph by HolLynn D'Lil

As the disability rights movement fought discrimination against disabled Americans, they also demanded the expansion of home and community based services, and equal access to medical care and insurance.

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5 men and women, 3 in wheelchairs, and a security guard in an entryway with people visible outside.

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Nurse Diane Jones treats a patient with AIDS at San Francisco General Hospital, 1984

Courtesy Gypsy Ray

Activist nurses and physicians developed new patient-centered models for AIDS care, and partnered with community groups to defend the rights of people with AIDS.

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W hite female nurse smiles down as she p laces an oxygen mask on W hite male pat ient in bed.

Members of the group ACT UP demand improved AIDS care at Kings County Hospital, New York, 1989 Courtesy National Library of Medicine

In response to the devastating AIDS epidemic in the 1980s, people with HIV/AIDS and their supporters organized a powerful social movement that fought for speeding the approval of new drugs and treatments, and access to care.

OB11118

Multiracial group of protesters holding signs.

Add “Read Transcript” icon [Protest signs] Women die twice as fast Killed by bigotry Ignorance is no excuse

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Poster defending New York City’s public hospital system against attempts at privatization, 1990s

Courtesy National Library of Medicine

Activists argued that people with AIDS, especially the poor, depended on public medical services for their survival.

OB11696

White poster with text above and below a bloody handprint.

Add “Read Transcript” icon Privatizing is a bloody business, Rudy Giuliani Selling public hospitals is deadly for people with AIDS

Banner 6 Banner Title Reform and Reaction

The participation of grassroots groups in battles over health care reform continues in 21st century.

Activism helped shape the Affordable Care Act of 2010, which outlawed most types of insurance discrimination and extended health coverage to many of the uninsured. Cit izens’ groups faced off at town meetings during the battle over “Obamacare,” and are playing a major role in the debate over the constitutionality and implementation of the law.

New types of ci tizen action have also emerged to address new health care challenges, from illness and disability among military veterans to the rising number of elderly in the United States.

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In front of the Supreme Court, demonstrators await a decision on the Affordable Care Act, June 28, 2012

Courtesy Saul Loeb/AFP/Getty Images

Citizens voiced both support for and opposition to the Affordable Care Act of 2010 (“Obamacare,”), the most sweeping health reform in the nation’s history.

OB11597

Protestor holding s ign “W e love Obamacare” wi th others wi th Supreme Court in the background.

In front of the Supreme Court, demonstrators await a decision on the Affordable Care Act, June 28, 2012

Courtesy Saul Loeb/AFP/Getty Images

Supporters and detractors both rallied in front of the Supreme Court during 2012 hearings on the Affordable Care Act’s constitutionality.

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Protestor holding s ign “W e love Obamacare” wi th others wi th Supreme Court in the background.

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Affordable Care Act supporters, 2012

Rally in opposition to the Affordable Care Act in Washington, D.C., March 16, 2010

Courtesy Jewel Samad/AFP/Getty Images

The role of government in providing access to affordable health care remains a contested issue to those who oppose the 2010 Affordable Care Act.

OB11598

Protestors hold s igns and look of f to the r ight s l ight ly.

Add “Read Transcript” icon [Protes t s igns] Nope Nobama care Obama Pelosi & Reid unamer ican marxists, don’t soc ia l ize the Uni ted States

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Rally in opposition to the Affordable Care Act, 2010

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A man from the audience calls out during a health care town hall, Naples, FL, September 9, Courtesy Naples Daily News

During the debates leading up to the passage of the Affordable Care Act, town hall meetings on the bill became forums for citizens to express their opinions on the reform.

OB11209

Elder ly W hite man wear ing American f lag shir t cups hands to yel l a t speaker out of v iew.

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Health care town hall meeting, 2009

Supporters of a single-payer health system protested at the offices of Aetna, a private health insurance company, New York, 2009

Courtesy Thomas Altfather Good

Before Congress passed the Affordable Care Act, some groups insisted that private health insurance companies should not be included in the bill due to the industry’s past practices of exclusion and denial of coverage, but they were not successful.

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Three protes ters l ink ing arms in lobby, wear ing shir ts that say “Vict im of pr ivate health insurance.”

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Single-payer health system supporters, Image 2 of 3

Kentuckians for Single Payer Health Care march in Louisville’s St. Patrick’s Day Parade, 2014

Courtesy Kay Tillow

Some believe that the Affordable Care Act does not go far enough because it does not replace for-profit insurance or provide universal coverage. Groups supporting a “single-payer” system argue for the extension of public health care coverage to all.

OB11155

St. Patr ick ’s day marchers wear ing green and hold ing a banner.

Add “Read Transcript” icon [Protes t banner] Health care- A human r ight, support s ingle payer nat ional health insurance, PNHP: Phys ic ians for a nat ional health program, www.PNHP.org, www.CNHPNOW .or g, Kentuck ians for s ingle payer health care and PNHP-

Kentucky www.KyHealthCare .org, KYHealthCare@aol .com [Protes t sh ir ts ] Pat ients Not Prof i ts

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A Public Health Service physician examines an elderly patient in a home setting, ca.

late 20th century

Courtesy National Library of Medicine

The United States confronts problems of accessibility and quality of health care for mili tary veterans, the disabled, and the elderly. Citizen groups continue to demand our attention to these challenges.

OB11617

Seated W hite man provid ing care to a seated W hite man in a chair wi th a walker in f ront of h im.

A Public Health Service physician examines an elderly patient in a home setting, ca.

late 20th century

Courtesy National Library of Medicine

The United States confronts problems of accessibility and quality of health care for mili tary veterans, the disabled, and the elderly. Citizen groups continue to demand our attention to these challenges.

OB11617

Seated W hite man provid ing care to a seated W hite man in a chair wi th a walker in f ront of h im.

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A physician examines an elderly patient,

ca. late 20th century

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Veteran Mark Howey participates in a public forum on the Veterans Affairs hospital crisis , Phoenix, AZ, May 9, Courtesy Laura Segall/Getty Images

As the numbers of U.S. war veterans requiring health care grew in the 2000s, the nation confronted a crisis in the veterans’ hospital and health systems.

Veterans, their families, and supporters have organized to demand high quality medical care for all who have served.

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Man holds up arm wi th “U.S. Army” tat tooed on i t , a t a forum.

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Veteran Mark Howey at a forum, 2014

Fifteen protesters, including three in wheelchairs, were arrested during an action against state cuts to home care services, Chicago, 2012

Courtesy Service Employees International Union

Between 2000 and 2030, it is estimated that the population of people over 65 in the United States will double, reaching 72.1 million. The number of people needing long term and home care services will also increase.

Citizen groups, including seniors, the disabled, and home care providers, are organizing to ensure adequate support and funding for the needs of elderly and disabled people.

OB11599

6 W hite people s i t and stand in a street hold ing hands, one person is in a wheelchair .

Add “Read Transcript” icon [Protes t s igns] Stop home care cuts

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Protesters against home care cuts, 2012

P R O J E C T:

For All the People Traveling Banners

D R AW I N G S :S C A L E :P H A S E :

© T H E D E S I G N M I N D S , I N C .

Design Development 07.02.15

1Scale = 8% Full Set

Banner 1 Banner 2 Banner 3 Banner 5 Banner 4 Banner 6

J. King J.Johnson

B. Wright B. Mitchell

Carol F.

R. Collins J. Thomas

Christopher G.

Donald Y.

S. Martin

Sadie L.Jason T.

L. Parker

W. Garcia

J. Nelson

M. Edwards

Karen D.

S. Miller H, Nguyen

Laura D.

R. Lopez

Dorothy W.

Lisa T.

Sarah S.

P. Moore

Jaylen L.

S. Gonzalez

Kevin B.

L . Evans

Paul W.

D. Martinez

J. Young

Joseph R.

S. Hill

S. Hill

Richard K.

W. Roberts

I. White

I. White

T. Lee Steven L.

T. Scott

Kenneth K.

J. Turner

Sandra D.

E. Rodriguez

IN HEALTH CARE REFORM

A CENTURY OF CITIZEN ACTION

Health care reform has been a contentious political issue in the United States for more than a hundred years. Even after the passage of the Affordable Care Act in 2010, which expanded access to health insurance coverage for millions of people, Americans continue to disagree on whether and how to

Physicians rally in support of health reform, New York City, August 29, 2009 Courtesy Thomas Altfather Good

Senior citizens and supporters protesting high drug costs at a Gray Panthers of San Francisco demonstration, 2006 Courtesy Patricia Jackson

From the beginning of the 20th century to today, citizens have made their voices heard in these debates.

Health care reform is usually associated with presidents and national leaders, but this exhibition tells the lesser-known story of how helped shape the changing American health care system.

Nurses meeting at the Delta Health Center, a community-controlled clinic in Mound Bayou, MS, 1968 Courtesy Daniel Bernstein/Jack Geiger

The National Library of Medicine produced this exhibition Guest curator: Beatrix Hoffman, PhD Designer: The Design Minds make quality health care available to all.

movements of ordinary people

N. Kaczorowski

Suraj P.

Mary C.

H. Campbell

K. Green

Donna S, Deborah W.

C. Baker Jeff S.

G. Lewis

M. Brown

Kimberly G.

L. Perez

D. Williams

James S.

William D.

Nancy S.

Edward H.

John N.

David H.

Barbara U.

E. Rodriguez

W. Davis

Donald Y.

J. Phillips

J. Phillips

D. Hall

Daniel L.

Ruth H.

M. TaylorK. Robinson

Mark T.

C.Adams

Maria J.

Robert T.

Charles C.

Kevin B.

Susan L.

Helen Y.

Michael S.

B. Walker

Anthony T.

Elizabeth S.

Patricia T.

George Q. Thomas N.

need care

American workers protested dangerous and unhealthy working conditions, opened their own clinics and hospitals, and advocated for health insurance coverage.

African Americans, excluded from mainstream medical care, also created their own health care institutions in the face of segregation.

for The

Early in the 20th century, rapid industrialization, new waves of immigration, and growing labor unrest made the health of workers and the poor a matter of national concern.

Pauline Newman, Lithuanian immigrant, garment worker, union leader, and supporter of health insurance for workers, ca. 1910 Courtesy Kheel Center, Cornell University

Following the Triangle Factory Fire in 1911 that killed 143 workers, mostly young immigrant women, protests led to new laws regulating health and safety conditions in workplaces.

Demonstration and mourning for the victims of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, 1911 Courtesy National Archives and Records Administration

The Urban League, a civil rights organization, co-sponsored this well-baby clinic, Detroit, 1919 Courtesy University of Michigan-Bentley Historical Library

Miners’ unions established more than 20 worker-controlled hospitals in the western United States between 1890 and 1925.

Park City Miners’ Hospital, Park City, UT, early 20th century Used by permission, Utah State Historical Society

J.Smith

C. Anderson

Betty X.

Betty X.

J.JohnsonW. Chen

B. Wright

David H.

B. Mitchell

Carol F.

Jeff S.

J. Thomas

E. Rodriguez

Donald Y.

J. Phillips Zoey L.

S. Martin

Sadie L.

Anthony T.

L. Parker

W. Garcia

Elizabeth S.

Ruth H.

M. Taylor

Ronald W.

J. Nelson

Patricia T.

M. Edwards

K. Robinson

Kimberly G.

S. MillerC.Adams

George Q.

H. Campbell

Donna S, Laura D.

Diego R.

Maria J.

D. Williams

R. Lopez

Charles C.

Dorothy W.

G. Lewis

Sarah S.

P. Moore

Brian T.

Paul W.

D. Martinez

Susan L.

Joseph R. S. Hill

S. Hill

S. Hill Richard K.

W. Roberts

Deborah W.

Helen Y.

T. LeeSteven L.

Michael S.

Kenneth K.

B. Walker

Betty X.

T. Scott

Power Medicine

Starting in the 1920s, health care became more expensive, putting medical advances beyond the reach of many Americans. Citizen groups created public health programs, developed new types of health insurance, and fought for the racial integration of hospitals. Their efforts promoted the idea that medicine’s benefits should be available to all.

Leonidas H. Berry, MD, prominent physician and president of the National Medical Association 1965–66, was a leader of campaigns against racial discrimination by hospitals.

Courtesy National Library of Medicine

Chicago Commission on Human Relations, “Chicago Hospital Staff Appointments to

Negro Doctors” chart, 1962 Courtesy National Library of Medicine

Many hospitals refused to allow staff privileges to African American physicians. As a member of the Chicago Commission on Human Relations, Leonidas Berry challenged this practice.

Medical cooperatives and pre-paid insurance plans emphasized promoting wellness as much as treating illness.

Public health nurses hired by community groups, such as the Henry Street Settlement in New York City, provided care and instruction to immigrant and poor families.

Nurse Elise Cook and Dr. Sandy MacColl show off the first babies born at Group Health Cooperative in Seattle, WA, 1947 Courtesy Group Health Cooperative

Citizen groups worked with doctors and nurses to find ways to extend medical care to more people.

of The

Families at Sabine Farms, a New Deal resettlement community for displaced tenant farmers near Marshall, TX, pooled their resources to employ a physician, Dr. Lee, 1939 Courtesy Library of Congress

“Miss Pearson with a Chinese family in her district,” 1930s Courtesy National Library of Medicine

N. Singh Nisha A.

James S.

J. King

Edward H.

Edward H.

T. Clark

R. CollinsW. Davis

Christopher G.

K. Green

Donald Y.D. Hall

C…