MIL-STD-1472G Human Factors.pdf

METRIC

MIL-STD-1472G

11 January 2012

SUPERSEDING

MIL-STD-1472F

23 August 1999

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

DESIGN CRITERIA STANDARD

HUMAN ENGINEERING

AMSC N/A AREA HFAC

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

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FOREWORD

1. This standard is approved for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department of Defense.

2. This standard establishes general human engineering criteria for design and development of military systems, equipment, and facilities. Human engineering is one of seven domains of Human-systems integration (as defined in the DoD 5000 series) and is synonymous with Human factors engineering. The purpose of this standard is to present human engineering design criteria, principles, and practices to be applied in the design of systems, equipment, and facilities so as to:

a. Achieve required performance by operator, control, and maintenance personnel.

b. Achieve required manpower readiness for system performance.

c. Achieve required reliability of personnel-equipment combinations.

d. Foster design standardization within and among systems.

3. This standard does not alter requirements for system development participation of human engineering specialists to interpret and implement these practices and to provide solutions to human engineering problems which arise and which are not specifically covered herein.

4. Requirements herein are expressed in the International System of Units (SI). As a convenience, the metric units are accompanied by their approximate customary system equivalents (in parentheses). Angular measure is expressed in degrees unless it is necessary to specify fractions of a degree where milliradians are used.

5. MIL-STD-1472 has not had a thorough technical review since the late 1980s. MIL-STD-1472D was promulgated in March 1989, and hence addressed the level of technology that existed through 1988 or possibly 1987. The “E” revision, promulgated in 1996, was mostly cosmetic;; the text was changed to a non-proportional font in order to reduce white space. The “F” revision, promulgated in 1999, consisted mainly of moving the anthropometric data from MIL-STD-1472 to MIL-HDBK-759, but little else. As a result, requirements and design criteria contained in previous versions of MIL-STD-1472 may no longer be applicable to today’s technology. The operational benefits of emerging technologies may be limited due to the out-of-date design criteria.

Tomorrow’s systems will depend on greater cognitive processing on the part of the human operator, maintainer, and support personnel. Portable or wearable computers are likely to be commonplace. New display concepts such as virtual reality, haptic (touch sensing), and three-dimensional are receiving a great deal of interest, as are voice, pointing, gesture, and eye-blink control systems. Technology, if misapplied, will impose human performance requirements that cannot be satisfied. Many technologies are evolving rapidly; the human is not. The benefits of new technologies may not be realized if one fails to consider human capabilities and limitations.

The changes made in the “G” revision over the previous version are substantial. The organizational structure of the standard was revamped to group similar material in the same section of the document. Obsolete provisions (e.g., reference to dot-matrix printers) were deleted, out-of-date provisions were updated to reflect the latest research, and new provisions were added to address emerging technologies. See 6.4 for a summary of changes to the present “G” revision.

6. Comments, suggestions, or questions on this document should be addressed to: Commander, U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command, ATTN: RDMR-SET, 5400 Fowler Road, Redstone Arsenal, AL 35898-5000 or emailed to streview@amrdec.army.mil. Since contact information can change, you may want to verify the currency of this address information using the ASSIST Online database at https://assist.daps.dla.mil.

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CONTENTS

PARAGRAPH TITLE PAGE

1. SCOPE

1.1 Scope

1.2 Purpose

1.3 Application

1.4 Manufacturing tolerances

2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

2.1 General

2.2 Government documents

2.2.1 Specifications, standards, and handbooks

2.2.2 Other Government documents, drawings, and publications

2.3 Non-Government publications

2.4 Order of precedence

3. DEFINITIONS

3.1 Acronyms used in this standard

3.2 Abbreviations used in this standard

3.3 Definitions used in this standard

3.3.1 Alarm

3.3.2 Alert

3.3.3 Boot (accelerator operation)

3.3.4 Boot (brake operation)

3.3.5 Central 90 percent accommodation

3.3.6 Contrast ratio (CR)

3.3.7 Deuteranope

3.3.8 Display frame

3.3.9 Egocentric perspective

3.3.10 Elbow (dynamic)

3.3.11 Elbow (static)

3.3.12 Field of regard

3.3.13 Field of view

3.3.14 Font size to character height

3.3.15 Fuse

3.3.16 Fuze

3.3.17 Knee width (minimum)

3.3.18 Knee width (optimum)

3.3.19 Level of automation

3.3.20 Luminance contrast

3.3.21 Occlusion

3.3.22 Pedals (minimum)

3.3.23 Protanope

4. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

4.1 Design objectives

4.1.1 Work environment

4.1.2 Performance degradation

4.1.3 User capabilities

4.1.4 Task performance

4.1.5 Personnel, training, and skill requirements

4.1.6 System manpower

4.2 Standardization

4.3 Off-the-shelf equipment

4.3.1 Selection

4.3.2 Modification

4.3.3 Redesign approval

4.4 Human engineering design

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4.4.1 Compliance

4.4.2 Program requirements

4.4.3 Application

4.4.4 Accommodation

4.4.5 Human engineering requirements

4.4.6 Human engineering activities

4.4.7 Design factors

4.5 Fail-safe design

4.6 Simplicity of design

4.6.1 Equipment simplicity

4.6.2 Training

4.7 Interaction

4.8 Safety

4.8.1 System and personnel safety factors

4.8.2 Design of nonmilitary-unique workplaces and equipment

4.9 Ruggedness

4.10 Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high-yield explosive (CBRNE) survivability

4.10.1 CBRNE compatibility

4.10.2 Performance of mission-essential operations

4.10.3 Susceptibility to reduction of inherent CBRNE hardness

4.10.3.1 CBRNE hardness verification

4.10.3.2 CBRNE hardness and maintenance

4.10.4 CBRNE hardness and maintenance personnel expertise

4.11 Electromagnetic pulse hardening

4.11.1 Electromagnetic pulse hardening requirements

4.11.2 Access to EMP-hardened facilities

4.11.3 Electromagnetic barrier accessibility

4.12 Automation

4.12.1 Automation of functions

4.12.2 Human involvement

4.12.3 Automated function characteristics

4.12.4 Indication of operating mode

4.13 Functional use of color

4.14 Design of aircrew systems

4.15 System integration

4.16 Recycled, recovered, or environmentally preferable materials

5. DETAILED REQUIREMENTS

5.1 Controls

5.1.1 General criteria

5.1.1.1 Selection

5.1.1.2 Direction of movement

5.1.1.3 Grouping and arrangement

5.1.1.4 Coding

5.1.1.5 Labeling of controls

5.1.1.6 Compatibility with handwear

5.1.1.7 Blind operation

5.1.1.8 Prevention of accidental actuation

5.1.1.9 Feedback

5.1.1.10 Hazardous operations

5.1.2 Control/display integration

5.1.2.1 General criteria

5.1.2.2 Position relationships

5.1.2.3 Movement relationships

5.1.2.4 Control/display movement ratio

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5.1.2.5 Signal precedence

5.1.3 Computer controls

5.1.3.1 Touch-screen controls for displays

5.1.3.2 Keyboards

5.1.3.3 Mouse/trackballs/joysticks

5.1.3.4 Data entry

5.1.3.5 Interactive control

5.1.4 Mechanical controls

5.1.4.1 Rotary controls

5.1.4.2 Linear controls

5.1.4.3 High-force controls

5.1.4.4 J-Handles

5.1.5 Miniature controls

5.1.5.1 Use

5.1.5.2 Dimensions, resistance, displacement, and separation

5.1.5.3 Other requirements

5.1.6 Eye- and head-based controls

5.1.6.1 Use

5.1.6.2 Vibration

5.1.6.3 Precision

5.1.6.4 Dwell times

5.1.6.5 Response time

5.2 Visual displays

5.2.1 Installation of visual displays

5.2.1.1 General

5.2.1.2 Display location and arrangement

5.2.1.3 Luminance considerations for visual displays

5.2.1.4 Display illumination and light distribution

5.2.1.5 Contrast of displays

5.2.1.6 Displays for night operations

5.2.2 Displays – content

5.2.2.1 General

5.2.2.2 Information architecture

5.2.2.3 Coding

5.2.2.4 Text presentation

5.2.2.5 Graphic and representational displays

5.2.2.6 Dynamic displays

5.2.2.7 Help

5.2.2.8 Printing display

5.2.2.9 Data and message transmission

5.2.3 Displays – hardware

5.2.3.1 Electronic displays

5.2.3.2 Large-screen displays

5.2.3.3 Small-screen displays

5.2.3.4 Handheld displays

5.2.3.5 Three-dimensional (3-D) displays

5.2.3.6 Head-up displays (HUDs)

5.2.3.7 Helmet-mounted displays (HMDs)

5.2.3.8 Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)

5.2.3.9 Plasma displays

5.2.3.10 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)

5.2.3.11 Other displays (CRTs, electroluminescent displays, others)

5.2.3.12 Dot-matrix/segmented displays

5.2.3.13 Transilluminated displays

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5.2.3.14 Legend lights

5.2.3.15 Simple indicator lights

5.2.3.16 Transilluminated panel assemblies

5.3 Speech and audio systems

5.3.1 Audio displays

5.3.1.1 General

5.3.1.2 Audio signals

5.3.1.3 Characteristics of audio warning signals

5.3.1.4 Signal characteristics in relation to operational conditions and objectives

5.3.1.5 Verbal warning signals

5.3.1.6 Speech-transmission equipment

5.3.1.7 Audio displays as part of the user interface

5.3.1.8 Speech displays

5.3.2 Speech recognition

5.3.2.1 Use

5.3.2.2 Nonuse

5.3.2.3 General

5.3.2.4 Input vocabulary

5.3.2.5 Interword delays

5.3.2.6 Prompting

5.3.2.7 Correction capability

5.3.3 Alternative input device

5.4 Labeling

5.4.1 General

5.4.1.1 Use of labels

5.4.1.2 Label characteristics

5.4.2 Orientation

5.4.3 Location

5.4.3.1 Proximity

5.4.3.2 Obscuration

5.4.3.3 Moveable controls

5.4.3.4 Adjacent label

5.4.3.5 Placement

5.4.3.6 Redundant labeling

5.4.3.7 Standardization

5.4.3.8 Overhead items

5.4.4 Contents

5.4.4.1 Equipment functions

5.4.4.2 Abbreviations

5.4.4.3 Irrelevant information

5.4.5 Readability qualities

5.4.5.1 Brevity

5.4.5.2 Familiarity

5.4.5.3 Comprehension

5.4.5.4 Consistency

5.4.5.5 Visibility and legibility

5.4.5.6 Access

5.4.5.7 Cables

5.4.5.8 Label mounting

5.4.5.9 Label surface

5.4.5.10 Label contrast

5.4.5.11 Label background

5.4.6 Design of label characters

5.4.6.1 Black characters

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5.4.6.2 Dark adaptation

5.4.6.3 Character font and style

5.4.6.4 Pictorials and symbols

5.4.6.5 Borders

5.4.6.6 Use of color

5.4.7 Equipment labeling

5.4.7.1 Units, assemblies, subassemblies, and parts

5.4.7.2 Controls and displays

5.4.8 Labeling for identification

5.4.8.1 Assemblies

5.4.8.2 Characteristics

5.4.8.3 Instruction plate

5.4.8.4 Lift points

5.4.8.5 Caution and warning labels for safety and hazards

5.5 Environment

5.5.1 Environmental range

5.5.1.1 Specification of environmental conditions

5.5.1.2 Variation of performance standards across environmental conditions

5.5.1.3 Sustained operations across all environmental conditions

5.5.1.4 Mitigation of adverse effects of environmental conditions

5.5.1.5 Government approval of mitigating actions

5.5.2 General workplace considerations

5.5.2.1 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning

5.5.2.2 Climate and other outdoor environmental considerations

5.5.3 Illuminance

5.5.3.1 Workspace lighting

5.5.3.2 Contrast ratios

5.5.3.3 Glare

5.5.3.4 Reflected

5.5.4 Acoustical energy and noise

5.5.4.1 General

5.5.4.2 Equipment and system design

5.5.4.3 Total system compliance

5.5.4.4 Hazardous noise

5.5.4.5 Nonhazardous noise

5.5.4.6 Facility design

5.5.5 Vibration and shock

5.5.5.1 Vehicular whole-body vibration

5.5.5.2 Building vibration

5.5.5.3 Equipment vibration

5.5.5.4 Hand-arm (segmental) vibration

5.5.6 Stealth and covert operations

5.5.7 G-loading

5.5.7.1 Terminology

5.5.7.2 G-loading description

5.6 Ground vehicles

5.6.1 General

5.6.2 Vehicle seating

5.6.2.1 Dimensions and clearances

5.6.2.2 Vertical adjustment

5.6.2.3 Horizontal adjustment

5.6.2.4 Back-rest angle

5.6.2.5 Seat padding

5.6.2.6 Safety restraints

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5.6.2.7 Head restraints

5.6.3 Vehicle controls

5.6.3.1 Dynamic effects

5.6.3.2 Steering

5.6.3.3 Pedals

5.6.3.4 Control of hazardous operations

5.6.4 Vehicle operating instructions

5.6.4.1 Provision of operating instruction

5.6.4.2 Format

5.6.4.3 Speed notice

5.6.4.4 Shift handle positions

5.6.4.5 Control movements

5.6.4.6 General labeling criteria

5.6.5 Vehicle visibility

5.6.5.1 Lateral visual field

5.6.5.2 Ground view

5.6.5.3 Rear view and mirrors

5.6.5.4 Glare

5.6.5.5 Windshields and windows

5.6.5.6 Windshield wipers and washers

5.6.5.7 Lighting systems

5.6.5.8 Night operation

5.6.5.9 Lighting for dark adaptation

5.6.6 Vehicle heating and ventilation

5.6.6.1 Heating

5.6.6.2 Ventilation

5.6.6.3 Visibility

5.6.6.4 Air conditioning

5.6.7 Automotive subsystems

5.6.7.1 General

5.6.7.2 Batteries

5.6.8 Trailers, vans, and intravehicular connections

5.6.8.1 Intravehicular coupling device

5.6.8.2 Trailers

5.6.8.3 Brakes

5.6.8.4 Tires

5.6.8.5 Fuel system

5.6.8.6 Engine

5.6.8.7 Radiators

5.6.8.8 Exhaust systems

5.6.8.9 Chassis

5.6.9 Vans and transportable enclosures

5.6.9.1 Ceiling height

5.6.9.2 Access openings

5.6.9.3 Access doors

5.6.9.4 Steps, stairs, ladders

5.6.9.5 Inclinometers

5.6.10 Ladders for trailers and vans

5.6.10.1 General

5.6.10.2 Accommodation

5.6.10.3 Safety measures

5.6.10.4 Lifting and positioning

5.6.11 Cranes, materials handling, and construction

5.6.11.1 General

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5.6.11.2 Control lever latches

5.6.11.3 Control labels

5.6.11.4 Control placement

5.6.11.5 Foot-operated controls

5.6.11.6 Load capacity

5.6.11.7 Visibility

5.6.11.8 Access

5.6.11.9 Handholds and footholds

5.6.11.10 Handling equipment

5.6.11.11 Hoists

5.6.11.12 Hydraulics

5.7 Warnings, hazards, and safety

5.7.1 General

5.7.1.1 Order of precedence

5.7.1.2 Provision to ensure accessible safety equipment

5.7.2 Display of warnings and hazards

5.7.2.1 Warning labels and placards

5.7.2.2 Readability

5.7.2.3 Visibility

5.7.2.4 Hazards

5.7.2.5 Signal word

5.7.2.6 Other equipment labels

5.7.2.7 Visibility and illumination

5.7.3 Visual displays

5.7.3.1 General

5.7.3.2 Warning/caution

5.7.4 Auditory warnings

5.7.5 Pipe, hose, and tube line identification

5.7.6 General workspace hazards

5.7.6.1 Alerting device

5.7.6.2 Emergency doors and exits

5.7.6.3 Stairs

5.7.6.4 Obstructions

5.7.6.5 Overhead

5.7.6.6 Storage racks

5.7.6.7 Cabinet doors

5.7.6.8 Illumination

5.7.6.9 Thermal contact hazards

5.7.7 General equipment-related hazards

5.7.7.1 General

5.7.7.2 Radiation

5.7.7.3 Interlocks and warnings

5.7.7.4 Access

5.7.7.5 Hazardous access

5.7.7.6 Edge rounding

5.7.7.7 Safety pins and streamers

5.7.7.8 Handholds/footholds

5.7.7.9 Stored energy devices

5.7.8 Platforms

5.7.8.1 Locks

5.7.8.2 Handrails, safety bars, and chains

5.7.8.3 Safety mesh

5.7.8.4 Weight capacity

5.7.8.5 High centers of gravity

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5.7.9 Electrical, mechanical, fluid, toxic, and radiation hazards

5.7.9.1 Electrical hazards

5.7.9.2 Mechanical hazards

5.7.9.3 Fluid hazards

5.7.9.4 Toxic hazards

5.7.9.5 Radiation

5.7.10 Fire

5.7.10.1 General

5.7.10.2 Fire extinguishers

5.7.11 Dust

5.7.11.1 Dust concentration

5.7.11.2 Ventilation system

5.7.11.3 Personnel protection

5.7.12 Mud and water

5.7.13 Warnings for training system

5.7.14 Safety barriers

5.8 Physical accommodation

5.8.1 General

5.8.1.1 Systems, equipment, and facilities

5.8.1.2 Clothing and personal equipment

5.8.2 Target populations

5.8.2.1 Regular populations

5.8.2.2 Special populations

5.8.2.3 Maintenance and support personnel

5.8.3 Design limits

5.8.3.1 General design criteria

5.8.3.2 Special situations

5.8.4 Anthropometric design

5.8.4.1 Use of anthropometric data

5.8.4.2 Whole body

5.8.5 Strength

5.8.5.1 Guidance

5.8.5.2 Operability

5.8.5.3 Break strength

5.8.6 Human strength and handling capacity

5.8.6.1 Exerted forces

5.8.6.2 Load carrying

5.8.6.3 Lifting limits, push/pull

5.8.6.4 Hand trucks and wheeled dollies

5.8.6.5 Push and pull forces

5.9 Maintenance accessibility

5.9.1 General

5.9.1.1 Standardization

5.9.1.2 Parts selection

5.9.1.3 Tools

5.9.1.4 Securing tools

5.9.1.5 Grip span

5.9.1.6 Modular replacement

5.9.1.7 Ease of removal

5.9.1.8 Separate adjustability

5.9.1.9 Malfunction identification

5.9.1.10 Operational environment

5.9.1.11 Error-proof design

5.9.1.12 Ease of access

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5.9.1.13 Safety

5.9.1.14 Delicate items

5.9.1.15 Work from ladders

5.9.1.16 Maintenance of elevated structures

5.9.2 Mounting of items within units

5.9.2.1 General

5.9.2.2 Stacking avoidance

5.9.2.3 Similar items

5.9.2.4 Hinge-mounted units

5.9.2.5 Frames and structural members

5.9.2.6 Fuses

5.9.3 Adjustment controls

5.9.3.1 Knob adjustments

5.9.3.2 Screwdriver adjustments

5.9.3.3 Reference scale for adjustment controls

5.9.3.4 Control limits

5.9.3.5 Critical controls

5.9.3.6 Hazardous locations

5.9.4 Access and accessibility

5.9.4.1 Structural members

5.9.4.2 Large items

5.9.4.3 Use of tools and test equipment

5.9.4.4 Rear access

5.9.4.5 Relative accessibility

5.9.4.6 High-failure-rate items

5.9.4.7 Skills

5.9.4.8 Workspace

5.9.4.9 Access

5.9.5 Lubrication

5.9.5.1 General

5.9.5.2 Labeling

5.9.6 Case and cover mounting

5.9.6.1 Location and mounts

5.9.6.2 Opening or removal

5.9.6.3 Interference with controls

5.9.6.4 Stops and retainers

5.9.6.5 Fasteners

5.9.6.6 Labels and markings

5.9.7 Cases

5.9.7.1 Orientation

5.9.7.2 Removal

5.9.7.3 Size

5.9.7.4 Guides

5.9.8 Covers

5.9.8.1 Securing of covers

5.9.8.2 Instructions

5.9.8.3 Ventilation holes

5.9.8.4 Orientation

5.9.8.5 Fasteners for covers

5.9.8.6 Opening covers

5.9.9 Access openings and covers

5.9.9.1 Application

5.9.9.2 Self-supporting covers

5.9.9.3 Labeling

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5.9.9.4 Visual access

5.9.9.5 Access cover attachment

5.9.10 Fasteners

5.9.10.1 General

5.9.10.2 Hinges and tongue-and-slot catches

5.9.10.3 Captive fasteners

5.9.10.4 Quantity

5.9.10.5 Latches and catches

5.9.10.6 Threaded fasteners

5.9.11 Unit design for efficient handling

5.9.11.1 Rests and stands

5.9.11.2 Extensions

5.9.12 Mounting

5.9.12.1 General

5.9.12.2 Tools

5.9.12.3 Removal

5.9.12.4 Alignment

5.9.12.5 Labeling and coding

5.9.12.6 Rollout racks, slides, or hinges

5.9.12.7 Limit stops

5.9.12.8 Interlocks

5.9.12.9 Hinged mounting

5.9.12.10 Layout

5.9.12.11 Covers or panels

5.9.13 Lifting

5.9.14 Conductors

5.9.14.1 Coding

5.9.14.2 Cable clamps

5.9.14.3 Length

5.9.14.4 Cable routing

5.9.14.5 Access

5.9.14.6 Susceptibility to abuse

5.9.14.7 Identification

5.9.14.8 Fluid and gas lines

5.9.14.9 Aligning pins

5.9.15 Connectors

5.9.15.1 Use of quick-disconnect plugs

5.9.15.2 Keying

5.9.15.3 Identification

5.9.15.4 Alignment

5.9.15.5 Orientation

5.9.15.6 Coding

5.9.15.7 Spacing

5.9.15.8 Testing and servicing

5.9.15.9 Drawer modules

5.9.15.10 Electronic modules

5.9.15.11 Disassembly and adapters

5.9.15.12 Protective covers

5.9.15.13 Electrical connectors

5.9.16 Test points

5.9.16.1 Adjustment

5.9.16.2 Troubleshooting

5.9.16.3 Labeling

5.9.16.4 Ease of access

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5.9.16.5 Labels facing technician

5.9.16.6 Minimum clearance

5.9.16.7 Guards and shields

5.9.16.8 Isolated position

5.9.16.9 Visual inspection

5.9.16.10 Tool guides

5.9.16.11 Functional reach

5.9.16.12 Hazards

5.9.17 Test equipment

5.9.17.1 Storage

5.9.17.2 Instructions

5.9.17.3 Portable test equipment

5.9.18 Failure indications and fuse requirements

5.9.18.1 Indication of equipment failure

5.9.18.2 Fuses and circuit breakers

5.9.19 Printed circuit boards

5.9.19.1 Mounting

5.9.19.2 Feedback

5.9.20 Stored energy devices

5.9.20.1 Release or constrain energy

5.9.20.2 Apparent to maintainer

5.9.20.3 Inadvertent activation

5.9.20.4 Labeling

5.9.21 Diagnostics and troubleshooting

5.9.22 Hydraulic systems

5.9.22.1 Standardization

5.9.22.2 Identification

5.9.22.3 Drain cocks

5.9.22.4 Seals

5.9.22.5 Pressure relief

5.9.22.6 Mechanical stops

5.9.22.7 Self-sealing couplings

5.9.22.8 Automatic bleeding

5.10 Workspace design

5.10.1 General

5.10.2 Workspace provision

5.10.2.1 Provision of workspace

5.10.2.2 Consideration of personnel

5.10.2.3 Kick space

5.10.2.4 Guards

5.10.2.5 Handles

5.10.2.6 Flushing, draining, and venting

5.10.2.7 Work space

5.10.2.8 Storage space

5.10.2.9 Pull space

5.10.2.10 Skid layout

5.10.2.11 Control/display accessibility

5.10.2.12 Eliminate interference

5.10.3 Workstation design

5.10.3.1 Standing operations

5.10.3.2 Seated operations

5.10.3.3 Mobile workspace

5.10.3.4 Work benches

5.10.3.5 Kneeling workspaces

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5.10.3.6 Squatting workspaces

5.10.3.7 Control surfaces

5.10.4 Special-purpose console design

5.10.4.1 Horizontal wraparound

5.10.4.2 Vertical/stacked segments

5.10.5 Illumination

5.11 Physical environment design

5.11.1 Stairs, ladders, ramps, platforms, catwalks, tunnels, and crawl spaces

5.11.1.1 General criteria

5.11.1.2 Stairs

5.11.1.3 Ladders

5.11.1.4 Ramps

5.11.1.5 Personnel platforms and work areas

5.11.1.6 Elevators, inclinators, and hydraulic-operated work platforms

5.11.1.7 Catwalks, tunnels, and crawl spaces

5.11.2 Passageways, ingress, and egress

5.11.2.1 General

5.11.2.2 Walkways and passageways

5.11.2.3 Doors

5.11.2.4 Hatches

5.11.2.5 Whole-body access

5.11.3 Surface colors

5.11.3.1 Army

5.11.3.2 Navy

5.11.3.3 Air Force

5.12 Virtual environments, remotely handled systems, automated systems, telepresence, and teleoperations

5.12.1 Virtual environments (VE)

5.12.1.1 Task performance

5.12.1.2 Mental model

5.12.1.3 VE workstation design

5.12.1.4 VE (simulator) sickness

5.12.2 Design of equipment for remote handling

5.12.2.1 Characteristics of systems to be handled remotely

5.12.2.2 Feedback

5.12.2.3 Warnings

5.12.2.4 Manipulators

5.12.2.5 Viewing equipment

5.12.2.6 Illumination

5.12.3 Automated systems

5.12.3.1 Design requirements

5.12.3.2 Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)

5.12.3.3 Unmanned ground vehicle (UGV)

5.12.3.4 Unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV)

5.12.3.5 Unmanned surface vehicle (USV)

5.12.4 Telepresence

5.12.5 Teleoperations

5.13 Small systems, equipment, and weapons

5.13.1 Gunner tracking performance

5.13.1.1 Gunner environment

5.13.1.2 Crank size

5.13.1.3 Crank speed

5.13.1.4 Two-dimensional tracking

5.13.1.5 Supports

xv

5.13.1.6 Compatibility

5.13.2 Optical instruments and related equipment

5.13.2.1 Visual accommodation