_HOTD_Background_Optional_Questions_and_Privatization_Examples_FINAL (1).docx

HEATING OPERATION & TRANSMISSION DIVISION (HOTD)

Background, Optional Questions, and Privatization Examples

November 2024

Table of Contents

1. General Service Administration objectives The U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) is evaluating various ownership and operational alternatives for the Heating Operations and Transmission Division (HOTD) to enhance the value, efficiency and environmental impact of its current obligations to provide heating and cooling services to its group of customer buildings in Washington, DC. The main objectives for issuing this request for information (RFI) are detailed below,

· Solicit information from the private sector to inform GSA about the best ownership models for the HOTD system in whole or in part, including privatization.

· Identify part(s) of the HOTD heating system and chilled water system that can be privatized cost effectively.

· Ensure continued economical service to buildings that are difficult to disconnect from the HOTD system.

· Inform long-term strategy and considerations for GSA and the future ownership structure of HOTD that delivers maximum electrification by 2030 and reduces operating costs for the federal government.

· Decarbonize the HOTD distribution system in a manner compliant with the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007, Energy Act of 2020 and subsequent directives.

The information received from this RFI may be used in the preparation of a Request for Proposal(s) (RFPs). Participation in this RFI will not impact respondents’ eligibility to respond to any subsequent RFP that may be issued.

2. HOTD background and status The Heating Operation and Transmission Division (HOTD) complex is located at 325 13th Street SW in Washington, DC. It constitutes an intricate network of interrelated systems, encompassing steam generation, chilled water generation, electrical cogeneration, and the distribution of steam and chilled water.[footnoteRef:1] These systems are interconnected and conveyed through approximately twelve (12) miles of tunnels and buried pipes to ensure efficient and reliable energy services. GSA currently provides steam service to sixty-one (61) buildings, which include twenty-six (26) federally owned buildings under GSA’s jurisdiction, custody, and control (GSA-owned), thirteen (13) GSA-owned buildings where operations are delegated to the tenant agencies, and twenty-two (22) other buildings. For more detailed information on the HOTD system, please review additional documentation provided in the Appendix. [1: For the purposes of this RFI, the entire network of systems is referred to as the “HOTD system.” The term “HOTD central plant” will refer only to the facility located at 325 13th Street SW in Washington, DC where the utilities are produced and excludes the distribution network. ]

The HOTD central plant comprises six (6) boilers with installation dates ranging from 1933 to 1980, possessing a steam capacity of 1.5 million pounds per hour (mlb/hr). In 1999, GSA installed new gas turbine combined heat and power (CHP) units and augmented the chiller capacity. The HOTD system provides steam and chilled water services via seven miles of underground tunnels and five miles of buried pipe.

In general, buildings convert steam from the HOTD central plant into 180°F water for their HVAC systems. The most common type of terminal system is variable air volume (VAV), single and multi-zone air handlers (AHUs), and fan coil units (FCUs). Some buildings employ air handlers equipped with steam heating coils. Additional applications of HOTD steam include domestic hot water heaters, humidifiers, and cooling tower basin heaters. To conserve both water and energy, the plant returns condensate from customer buildings through condensate return lines. The water treatment process utilizes advanced technology to condition feed water for boilers and chillers and engineer high quality steam and chilled water for our customers. For buildings utilizing HOTD’s chilled water service, the chilled water is primarily directed to AHU cooling coils and FCUs.

Table1: Summary of the HOTD central plant

6 electric chillers and 2 steam driven chillers - 17,000 tons total capacity CHP size/qty:

2 turbine generators - 5.5 MW generating capacity each

2-175,000 LBM/Hr (1933)

3-400,000 LBM/Hr (1975)

4-400,000 LBM/Hr (1975)

5-242,000 LBM/Hr (1980)

6-180,000 LBM/Hr (1980)

Customers Served[footnoteRef:2] [2: The number of customers fluctuates over time. The GSA has provided the most current information available at the time of this RFI’s release.

Services 61 buildings (26 GSA owned and managed, 13 GSA-owned and delegated, and 22 others)[footnoteRef:3] [3: Note: “Delegated” buildings are facilities where the residing tenant-agency operates the building and pays for its utilities directly from the utility provider. These buildings may elect to leave HOTD service, with GSA approval.

Several studies have been conducted on the HOTD system over the last two decades including an RFI issued in 2016[footnoteRef:4]. Past studies and RFI responses have recommended several strategies, including enhancing financial accountability, implementing new technologies, improving operational efficiency, decentralizing energy generation, decommissioning, and privatization. Despite the potential benefits of privatization, progress has been hindered by various roadblocks. These challenges include securing funding, managing the logistical complexities of transitioning to decentralized systems, securing long-term customer commitments, navigating legal and regulatory barriers for the privatization of HOTD, confronting a shrinking customer base as an increasing number of buildings exit the system, and ensuring the new system’s reliability and efficiency. [4: GSA Heating Operation and Transmission Division, 2016

To address these challenges, the GSA is issuing a RFI to solicit responses for optimal ownership and operational models for discrete components of the HOTD system. Unlike the previous RFI, which focused on comprehensive solutions for the entire HOTD plant and distribution system, this RFI emphasizes the decarbonization of the heating system while encouraging respondents to propose innovative models for ownership and operation of discrete parts of the HOTD system.

3.0 Responding to this RFI

This RFI asks respondents to provide information to identify one or several pathways to economically modernize the HOTD system. In addition to the required questions listed in the RFI Announcement, below are additional questions GSA asks respondents to consider. Please ensure your responses are focused on the questions relevant to your proposal (respondents can skip questions that are not relevant) and refrain from including any marketing or promotional information.

Below, you will find optional questions grouped around the following categories:

1. Ownership model(s) for the HOTD system;

2. Decarbonization plan for the HOTD system;

3. Scope of services for the HOTD system, and

4. Business models and financing questions

3.1 Ownership model(s) for the HOTD system

Over the past decade, the demand for steam in the HOTD system has declined as customers have become more efficient or have exited the system entirely by transitioning to onsite heating systems or other more cost-competitive alternatives. Also, most of HOTD’s customers are traditional office buildings, resulting in an uneven load profile characterized by high usage during working hours and low usage during off-hours. Concurrently, GSA is confronted with escalating capital costs to address aging infrastructure, ensure system reliability, manage deferred maintenance, and comply with evolving regulatory requirements.

To identify successful ownership model(s) that align with GSA objectives and addresses challenges for the privatization of HOTD - such as securing funding, managing the logistical complexities of transitioning to decentralized systems, securing long-term customer commitments, and navigating legal and regulatory barriers - GSA is seeking information from the private sector. Although many finance and delivery options exist, the following table provides a non-exhaustive list of a range of potential contracting structures for some or all HOTD-connected facilities and services that could be leveraged to assist the GSA in achieving its objectives.

Table 2: Example HOTD ownership and delivery options

GSA aims to understand if there are viable paths to privatization through any ownership models for either discrete parts of the HOTD system or the entire HOTD system. These could include (but not be limited to) disaggregating the system into independent systems, modernizing existing parts of the HOTD system, developing individual building level HVAC plants, providing system or building level efficiency upgrades, and smaller distributed thermal energy networks[footnoteRef:7] covering a cluster of buildings with a new hot water distribution system. If you recommend different ownership models for the different parts of the HOTD system, please list them in the subsections below. [7: Thermal Energy Networks (TENs) ]

The Appendix includes HOTD steam and chilled water distribution maps, along with example modernization scenarios for reference. Some example scenarios are provided to guide respondents. It is important to note that these scenarios do not represent the only groupings of buildings that GSA is interested in. GSA encourages respondents to propose additional scenarios that align with their proposed plans.

· Please summarize your proposal, including aspects such as ownership and operations model, technology, funding, and decarbonization plan.

· Please specify where relevant how your plan applies to each scenario, variations to the three scenarios, or any new building groupings you are proposing?

· How would your plan ensure both cost effectiveness and emissions reductions (see section 4 for more details on GSA’s emission reduction goals) are achieved simultaneously?

· How can these two objectives be met in the near term (by 2030) and how will your approach ensure the benefits persist in the long term?

3.2 Decarbonization plan for HOTD

GSA has set a target for full electrification of its portfolio by the year 2030 and aims to achieve net-zero emissions by the year 2045. These targets are mandated through the Energy Independence & Security Act of 2007[footnoteRef:8] and via Executive Order 14057 (2021), and the Federal Building Performance Standard (2022). Consequently, the optimal solutions for any privatization effort of the HOTD system must account for decarbonization of the heating system. [8: Clean Energy Rule (formerly the Federal Building Fossil Fuel Energy Rule)]

The boilers housed within the HOTD central plant are gas fired and account for a large percentage of the overall carbon footprint of GSA operations. Analysis estimates that the HOTD central plant contributes approximately forty percent (40%) of the Scope 1 carbon emissions of GSA’s entire owned facilities portfolio. There is a primary interest in eliminating fossil fuels as an energy source, thereby eradicating the significant greenhouse gas emissions associated with their combustion. Based on the scope of the HOTD system you are interested in and your proposed ownership model:

· How will you approach decarbonizing the HOTD heating system?

· What would your approach be to maximize the benefits of deep energy retrofits[footnoteRef:9] while electrifying the heating system? [9: Deep Energy Retrofit Definition]

· How will you ensure compliance with evolving regulatory and legislative requirements?

· What innovations or technologies do you recommend implementing to enhance the system’s performance while meeting GSAs sustainability goals?

· How do you plan to mitigate the impact of decarbonization strategies on the local electrical distribution infrastructure?

· Is there a hybrid approach that allows the gas legacy equipment to act as a backup to a new heat pump based system?

3.3 HOTD scope of services questions

· What is your organization’s experience in managing and operating district heating systems or similar infrastructure projects? If available, provide case studies or examples of similar projects you have successfully completed.

· Is there a unique corporate structure that would be best in a privatization model? Public Private Partnership, Consortiums, and Joint Ventures?

· What is your suggested approach(s) to managing the capital costs associated with the system, including addressing deferred maintenance and upgrading infrastructure?

· What approaches have you found successful in addressing the issue of customers’ buildings becoming more efficient and potentially leaving the system?

· What approaches do you suggest that will retain existing customers and (if applicable) attract new clients to the HOTD system?

· What is the preferred length of commitment for the model you are proposing and why?

· What additional information, if any, would you need, to propose a new ownership plan for relevant parts of the HOTD system?

Modernizing Part(s) of the HOTD System:

· What specific part(s) of the HOTD system do you think are the best opportunities for modernizing?

· Which types of buildings could achieve lower overall heating costs if they were not connected to the HOTD system, particularly when using heat pump heating systems?

· What ownership or delivery model(s) do you propose for this scope of work?

· What technologies or upgrades do you propose to implement to prioritize efficiency and reliability of the system?

· Is replacement of existing boilers or introduction of new technology viable financially in a privatization effort? What additional information, if any, would you need, to answer this question?

· What do you assess to be the most consequential barriers to modernization of the plant?

· Would a full or partial privatization effort require additional customers to be added to the plant, whether federal or quasi federal customers or even private sector customers?

· Do you believe there is an appetite within the DC commercial market for new heating services delivered from the HOTD central plant?

· How would the modernization impact current operations and customer service?

· How would you ensure minimal disruption to existing customers during the modernization process?

· What is your suggested approach to determine if the existing distribution system of tunnels offers any potential for additional revenue streams - for example, fiber optic runs, etc.?

· Of the 61 facilities currently on the HOTD system as of the time of the issuance of this RFI, 11-16 facilities are forecasted by GSA to stop receiving services from the HOTD central plant. How will the removal of these assets (representing at least 15% or more of steam sale reduction) impact any privatization effort?

· How would right-sizing of equipment to meet this smaller demand be accomplished?

Upgrading Individual Building Level HVAC systems:

· What attributes would you look for when selecting buildings as candidates for individual HVAC plants?

· In some buildings, would you consider lowering heating water temperatures (140 F range or below) to accommodate heat pump heating systems?

· Washington, DC currently has buildings that harvest thermal energy from the District’s wastewater system. Could use of wastewater heat recovery be a cost effective part of an individual building solution?[footnoteRef:10] [10: For more information on this technology, see the “DC Water_Wasterwater Thermal Energy Overview” presentation included as an attachment in the RFI announcement.]

· Are there individual buildings that may be appropriate to connect to a wastewater thermal energy system?

· How would you incorporate or prioritize deep energy retrofits for this scope of work?

· What ownership structure and delivery model do you propose for the new building level central plant upgrades?

· How would you manage the transition from the central system to individual HVAC plants?

· What is your proposed approach to addressing maintenance and operational responsibilities for these individual systems?

Designing Smaller Distributed Thermal Energy Networks:

· How would you go about selecting clusters of buildings that are suitable for smaller distributed thermal energy networks?

· Can a smaller heat pump based heating and/or cooling system with heat recovery serve a small cluster of buildings in a way that lowers operating costs and achieves decarbonization requirements?

· How would you incorporate or prioritize building level energy efficiency upgrades while implementing thermal energy networks?

· What ownership structure and delivery model do you propose for this scope of work?

· What type of hot water distribution network (low/medium/high temperature for heating) do you propose to implement?

· How would you plan to integrate these smaller networks with the existing building level infrastructure?

· How would you ensure the reliability and scalability of these distributed networks?

· What ownership model are you proposing for this new thermal energy network(s)?

Engaging Stakeholders:

· How do you plan to engage with stakeholders, including building owners, customers, and regulators regarding your ownership model?

· What strategies would you use to ensure stakeholder support and buy-in?

3.4 Business model and financing questions

Through this RFI, GSA aims to explore new ownership and management models, including privatization of all or discreet parts of the HOTD system to improve efficiency and reduce costs by leveraging private sector management and operational best practices.

Leveraging Innovation and Flexibility:

GSA would like to explore new ownership and management models that leverage established best practices in the utility sector. One approach that is promising is to create revenue models that decouple earned revenue from sales of energy (kWh or BTUs). Decoupling plans, when designed well, can stabilize revenue, keep customer rates low, and align financial incentives with energy efficiency and sustainability goals[footnoteRef:11]. Another potential approach is energy as a service, whereby the service provider owns and maintains the energy-related assets and the customer only pays for the services. [11: Decoupling Policies: Options to Encourage Energy Efficiency Policies for Utilities, NREL 2018 ]

· Can you provide an overview of your experience with decoupling models in energy systems?

· How would you approach a decoupling strategy for the HOTD system?

· Can you suggest ways that financially reward providers that are able to meet heating and cooling needs, lower energy costs and provide a clear path to rapid decarbonization?

· Can you describe some successful case studies or projects you are familiar with that implemented decoupling strategies?

· Can you provide examples of public/private partnerships that are exemplary in the context of district energy systems?

· What approaches have worked well with local governments or regulatory bodies in the past to implement such a plan?

· What technologies and methodologies work well to implement decoupling models?

· How do you suggest navigating regulatory requirements and ensuring compliance when implementing decoupling models?

· What are the potential risks associated with implementing a decoupling model, and how would you suggest mitigating them?

Determining Business Models:

· Could you specify the ideal scope of work you are interested in and outline the criteria that would make this proposed scenario a viable business case?

· What aspects of the HOTD system would be most profitable for your company to engage in?

· What type of commitment from the current HOTD customers would be required to secure any necessary financing to make your proposed approach viable?

· Are there other non-traditional business models that might work well in the HOTD application, such as energy as a service?

· If the scope was expanded to include other services, such as maintenance, building efficiency, and provision of renewable energy supply, describe how this could impact the project viability.

· Which elements of the project listed above would be the most difficult to profitably perform?

· Are there scenarios under which low risk, long term returns could be offered to financial investors?

· Is there an approach to addressing the current load management issue (i.e. high usage during working hours and low usage during off-hours)?

· Might there be a strategy that combines a portfolio of income streams, e.g., those with long term, low risk, and lower return with some that are higher return, quicker and higher risk?

Ensuring Quality and Efficiency of Service:

· What is needed to ensure the reliability and efficiency of heating and cooling services as buildings are being disconnected from the system?

· How would you ensure prioritizing energy efficiency upgrades and meeting sustainability goals within your proposed ownership model?

Identifying Funding Sources:

· What potential sources of funding would be ideal to pursue for the project (e.g., private investors, government grants, loans or impact investment)?

· Please share your thoughts on the current condition of the capital markets and ability to get funding for a privatization effort.

· Are there any innovative financing mechanisms you would consider or have used in the past that would fit the ownership model you are proposing (e.g. green bonds)?

· What are the risk management strategies necessary to protect the providers’ investments?

· What type of commitments (time, money) would be expected for existing customers that get services from the central plant?

4.0 Legal and regulatory considerations

While not exhaustive, this list captures primary regulatory considerations that may impact future strategies for the HOTD system and the services it provides to federal, local and quasi-governmental customers.

4.1 Federal Laws

· Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA)

· Section 381 of established energy conservation requirements for Federal buildings. 42 U.S. Code § 6834 - Federal building energy efficiency standards

· By 2030, achieve a 100% reduction in fossil fuel-generated energy consumption (compared to FY2003)

· Amended by EISA 2007 (see below)

· Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007

· Section 433(a) of EISA amended section 305 of EPCA and directed DOE to establish regulations that require certain new Federal buildings and Federal buildings undergoing major renovations to reduce their fossil fuel-generated energy consumption. 42 U.S.C. 6834(a)(3)(D)(i).

· In May 2024 the Department of Energy (DOE) published a rule that establishes energy performance standards for the new construction and major renovation of Federal buildings per the Energy Conservation and Production Act (ECPA), as amended by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA).

· National Historic Preservation Act Section 106

· Section 106 of the NHPA requires that each federal agency identify and assess the effects its actions may have on historic buildings. Under Section 106, each federal agency must consider public views and concerns about historic preservation issues when making final project decisions.

· Note: The HOTD central plant is currently on the National Register of Historic Places. Any major changes to the facility will have to comply with the National Historic Preservation Act and may be subject to review and approval from local historic preservation review bodies.

· The National Environmental Policy Act was signed into law on January 1, 1970. NEPA requires federal agencies to assess the environmental effects of their proposed major actions prior to making decisions.

· Hence, a privatization effort would need to go through a process for the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).

4.2 Executive Orders

· President Biden signed Executive Order 14057 in December 2021, establishing a policy for the Federal Government to lead by example in order to achieve a carbon pollution-free electricity sector by 2035 and net-zero emissions for Federal facilities by 2045. The Order requires incremental and sustained reductions in emissions, noting that the Federal Government must achieve a 65% operational reduction in Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions by 2030 from 2008 levels.

· Implementing Instructions were subsequently released in August 2022

4.3 Federal Standards/Regulations

· On December 7, 2022, the Biden-Harris Administration announced the first-ever Federal Building Performance Standard. The Federal Building Performance Standard requires agencies to cut energy use and electrify equipment and appliances to achieve zero Scope 1 emissions in 30 percent of the building space owned by the Federal government by square footage by 2030.

· All new construction or major retrofit projects must reference the design standards and performance criteria outlined in the GSA’s Facilities Standards (P100)[footnoteRef:12]. Note that the P100 is a required guideline, but exceptions can be made with GSA approval. [12: Facilities Standards (P100) overview

· Federal Acquisition Regulations

· GSA is authorized by 40 U.S.C.501 (b)(1)(B) to contract for utility services for periods not exceeding ten years; However, agencies may utilize part 41 for any energy savings or purchased utility service directly resulting from implementation of a third party financed shared-savings project under 42 U.S.C.8287 for periods not to exceed 25 years.

4.4 Local Regulations

· The Public Service Commission of the District of Columbia governs utilities operating within DC, by ensuring that financially healthy utility companies provide safe, reliable and quality utility services at reasonable rates for District of Columbia customers, while fostering grid modernization, conservation of natural resources, preservation of environmental quality, and advancement of the District’s climate policy commitments. Any private entity operating the HOTD system would be subject to the DC Public Service Utility Commission’s rules and regulations governing all utility service providers. This could include competition rules, rate changes, fees, customer programs and laws related to production of renewable energy, like the Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS)[footnoteRef:13]. [13: District of Columbia Municipal Regulations: CHAPTER 29: RENEWABLE ENERGY PORTFOLIO STANDARD]

· There may be impacts if the privatization effort is classified as a new public utility and might have to meet all of the local regulations in the District of Columbia.

5.0 Appendix

5.1 HOTD System Map and example privatization scenarios

This section includes HOTD steam and chilled water distribution maps, along with example scenarios for reference. Three example scenarios are provided to guide respondents. It is important to note that these scenarios do not represent the only groupings of buildings that the GSA is interested in. GSA encourages respondents to propose additional scenarios that align with their plans.

5.1.1 The map below details the entire HOTD system including the location of buildings, steam and chilled water distribution lines. Sixty-one (61) buildings have been color coded to indicate GSA-owned and managed buildings, GSA-owned buildings where operations are delegated to the tenant agencies, and other buildings. A complete list of buildings have been provided in the table below. The steam and chilled water distribution system has been divided into eleven (11) sections. Each section has their own color code to indicate which buildings are serviced by these lines and their location in relation to the HOTD central plant.

Table 3: List of buildings being serviced by the HOTD system

5.1.2 Example Scenario A - DC Government Buildings

There are seven DC government buildings serviced by the HOTD system via line 7. These buildings receive heating services through this line. The buildings can be grouped together or further subdivided into smaller groupings for proposed solutions aimed at disconnecting from the HOTD system.

Operation Category Utilities

5.1.3 Example Scenario B - Smithsonian buildings

This scenario involves seventeen (17) buildings serviced by the HOTD system via lines 1 and 4. All buildings receive heating services through these steam lines, while eight (8) of the buildings also receive chilled water service. GSA is open to solutions that either group all the facilities together or subdivide the buildings into smaller groupings for proposed solutions aimed at disconnecting them from the HOTD system.

5.1.4 Example Scenario C - Chilled Water Customers

This scenario involves twelve (12) buildings serviced by the HOTD system via lines 1 and 4. All buildings receive both heating and cooling services. GSA is open to solutions that either group all the facilities together or subdivide the buildings into smaller groupings for proposed solutions aimed at disconnecting from the HOTD system. The solution could include both heating and cooling options or be designed for only one of the services.

5.2 Definitions

Building Electrification - the process of replacing fossil fuel-based systems with electric ones in a building. This can include installing electric appliances like heat pump water heaters, induction cooktops, and heat pump space conditioning systems.

Carbon Pollution Free Electricity - Electrical energy produced from resources that generate no carbon emissions, including marine energy, solar, wind, hydrokinetic (including tidal, wave, current, and thermal), geothermal, hydroelectric, nuclear, renewably sourced hydrogen.

Clean Energy Rule - A federal regulation required by section 433(a) of EISA 2007 directing certain federal new construction and major renovation projects to reduce or eliminate their on-site (scope 1) fossil fuel-based energy consumption. The rule applies to projects over a certain cost threshold. The rule is implemented as a part of the existing Federal Building Energy Efficiency Standards of 10 CFR 433 and 10 CFR 435 with specific requirements located in subpart B of those regulations. (Link to energy.gov for more information )

Cogeneration/Combined Heat and Power (CHP) - The concurrent production of electricity or mechanical power and useful thermal energy (heating and/or cooling) from a single source of energy.

Decarbonization - The process of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from buildings, including reduction of GHG emissions from the materials and products used in buildings (embodied carbon) as well as from building operations (operational carbon).

Decoupling - A rate adjustment mechanism that breaks the link between the amount of energy a utility sells and the revenue it collects to recover the fixed costs of providing service to customers.

Deep Energy Retrofit - A building renovation that reduces site energy use by at least 40%.

Delegated Building - A building that the General Services Administration (GSA) controls but has delegated operational, maintenance, or protection authority to a customer agency.

District Heating System - One or more central plants producing hot water, steam, and/or chilled water, which then flows through a network of insulated pipes to provide hot water, space heating, and/or air conditioning for nearby buildings. District energy systems serve a variety of end-use markets, including downtowns (central business districts), college and university campuses, hospitals and healthcare facilities, airports, military bases, and industrial complexes.

Energy as a Service - A model that enables commercial customers to undertake energy and water efficiency projects with no upfront capital outlay. In an EaaS project, the provider owns the equipment and the customer is responsible for a service fee, typically based on the energy saved.

Energy Savings Performance Contracts - A type of performance contract where federal agencies procure energy savings and facility improvements with no up-front capital costs or special appropriations from Congress. An ESPC is a partnership between an agency and an energy service company (ESCO).

Green Bonds - a fixed income debt instrument in which an issuer (typically a corporation, government, or financial institution) borrows a large sum of money from investors for use in sustainability-focused projects.

GSA Outlease - Where GSA leases available vacant space in certain properties at market rates for private businesses as well as state and local governments. These properties can include retail shops, food service facilities, office space, warehouse space, and parking lots.

Thermal Energy Network - A system of insulated, underground pipes that directly distribute heat to homes and other buildings using heat generated from clean sources.

Wastewater Heat Recovery - A process that uses energy from wastewater for heating, cooling and hot water.

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