Questions_from_Vendors_2_Attachment_2 _2016_AIR_EMISSIONS_JEGS.pdf

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

JAPAN ENVIRONMENTAL

GOVERNING STANDARDS

April 2016

ISSUED BY

HEADQUARTERS, U.S. FORCES JAPAN

April 2016 Japan Environmental Governing Standards

Chapter 2, Air Emissions 5

C2. CHAPTER 2

AIR EMISSIONS

C2.1. SCOPE

This Chapter contains criteria for air emissions sources. Criteria addressing open burning of solid waste are contained in Chapter 7, “Solid Waste.” Criteria addressing asbestos are contained in Chapter 15, “Asbestos.”

C2.2. DEFINITIONS

C2.2.1. Coal Refuse. Waste products from coal mining, cleaning and coal preparation operations (e.g., culm and gob) containing coal, matrix material, clay, and other organic and inorganic material.

C2.2.2. Cold Cleaning Machine. Any device or piece of equipment that contains and/or uses liquid solvent, into which parts are placed to remove soil and other contaminants from the surfaces of the parts or to dry the parts. Cleaning machines that contain and use heated, nonboiling solvent to clean the parts are classified as cold cleaning machines.

C2.2.3. Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incinerator (CISWI) Units. Any combustion device that combusts commercial and industrial waste in an enclosed device using controlled flame combustion without energy recovery that is a distinct operating unit of any commercial or industrial facility (including field-erected, modular, and custom incineration units operating with starved or excess air). CISWI units do NOT include Municipal Waste Combustor Units, Sewage Sludge Incinerators, Medical Waste Incinerators, and Hazardous Waste Combustion Units.

C2.2.4. Diesel Engine Generating Unit. Diesel Engine Generating Units that have a combustion rate ≥50 liters (13.2 gallons) per hour when calculated in terms of fuel oil consumption.

C2.2.5. Dioxins. Dioxins defined in this chapter are polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs) and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (coplanar PCBs).

C2.2.6. Existing Incinerators. Any incinerator constructed on or before 1 December 1997.

C2.2.7. Fossil Fuel. Natural gas, petroleum, coal, and any form of solid, liquid or gaseous fuel derived from such material for the purpose of creating useful heat.

C2.2.8. Freeboard Ratio. The ratio of the solvent cleaning machine freeboard height to the smaller interior dimension (length, width, or diameter) of the solvent cleaning machine.

C2.2.9. Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC). A compound consisting of hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon often used as a replacement for Ozone-Depletion Substances (ODS).

Japan Environmental Governing Standards April 2016

6 Chapter 2, Air Emissions

C2.2.10. Gaseous (Compressed Gas) Engine Generating Unit. Gaseous Engine Generating Units that have the following specifications. The combustion rate of the engine is ≥35 liters/hour when calculated in terms of fuel oil consumption.

C2.2.11. Gasoline Engine Generating Unit. Gasoline Engine Generating Units that have the following specifications. The combustion rate of the engine is ≥35 liters/hour when calculated in terms of fuel oil consumption.

C2.2.12. Incinerator. Any furnace used in the process of burning solid or liquid waste for the purpose of reducing the volume of the waste by removing combustible matter, including equipment with heat recovery systems for either hot water or steam generation.

C2.2.13. Motor Vehicle. Any commercially-available vehicle that is not adapted to military use which is self-propelled and designed for transporting persons or property on a street or highway, including but not limited to passenger cars, light duty vehicles, and heavy duty vehicles.

C2.2.14. Municipal Waste Combustion (MWC) Units. Any equipment that combusts solid, liquid, or gasified municipal solid waste (MSW) including, but not limited to, field-erected MWC units (with or without heat recovery), modular MWC units (starved-air or excess-air), boilers (for example, steam generating units), furnaces (whether suspension-fired, grate-fired, mass-fired, air curtain incinerators, or fluidized bed-fired), and pyrolysis/combustion units.

Municipal waste combustion units do NOT include pyrolysis or MWC units located at a plastics or rubber recycling unit, cement kilns that combust MSW, internal combustion engines, gas turbines, or other combustion devices that combust landfill gases collected by landfill gas collection systems.

C2.2.15. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Any household, commercial/retail, or institutional waste. Household waste includes material discarded from residential dwellings, hotels, motels, and other similar permanent or temporary housing. Commercial/retail waste includes material discarded by stores, offices, restaurants, warehouses, nonmanufacturing activities at industrial facilities, and other similar establishments or facilities. Institutional waste includes materials discarded by schools, hospitals (nonmedical), nonmanufacturing activities at prisons and government facilities, and other similar establishments or facilities. Household, commercial/retail, and institutional waste does include yard waste and refuse-derived fuel.

Household, commercial/retail, and institutional waste does not include used oil; sewage sludge;

wood pallets; construction, renovation, and demolition wastes (which include railroad ties and telephone poles); clean wood; industrial process or manufacturing wastes; medical waste; or motor vehicles (including motor vehicle parts or vehicle fluff).

C2.2.16. New Incinerators. Any new Waste or Specified Waste Incinerator built on or after 2 December 1997.

C2.2.17. Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS). Those substances listed in Table C2.T1.

C2.2.18. Pathological Waste. Waste material consisting of only human or animal remains, anatomical parts, and/or tissue, the bags/containers used to collect and transport the waste material, and animal bedding (if applicable).

Chapter 2, Air Emissions 7

C2.2.19. Perfluorocarbon (PFC). A compound consisting solely of carbon and fluorine often used as a replacement for ODS.

C2.2.20. Process Heater. A device that is primarily used to heat a material to initiate or promote a chemical reaction in which the material participates as a reactant or catalyst.

C2.2.21. Pyrolysis. The endothermic gasification of hospital waste and/or medical/infectious waste using external energy.

C2.2.22. Specified Waste Incinerator. A waste incinerator with a hearth area ≥0.5 m2 (5.38 ft2) or an incineration rate ≥50 kg/hr (110 lbs/hr).

C2.2.23. Soot and Dust. Particulate matter generated from combustion.

C2.2.24. Stack. Any point in a source covered by criteria contained in C2.3.1.1, C2.3.1.2, C2.3.2 (except paragraph C2.3.2.5), C2.3.3, C2.3.4, or C2.3.5 designed to emit pollutants.

C2.2.25. Steam/Hot Water Generating Unit. A device that combusts any fuel and produces steam or heats water or any other heat transfer medium. This definition does not include nuclear steam generators or process heaters.

C2.2.26. Substantially-Modified. Any modification to a facility/building, the cost of which exceeds $1 million, regardless of funding source.

C2.2.27. Vapor Cleaning Machine. A batch or in-line solvent cleaning machine that boils liquid solvent which generates solvent vapor that is used as a part of the cleaning or drying cycle.

C2.2.28. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC). Any organic compound (excluding substances which are not a source for the generation of suspended particulate matter or oxidants) that is emitted into the atmosphere and is in gaseous form at the time when scattered.

C2.2.29. Waste Incinerator. Any incinerator with a grate area ≥2 m2 (21.5 ft2) or an incineration rate ≥200 kg/hr (441 lbs/hr), and which burns solid or liquid waste to reduce volume by removing combustible matter, including equipment with heat recovery systems for either hot water or steam generation.

C2.2.30. Wood Residue. Bark, sawdust, slabs, chips, shavings, mill trim, and other wood products derived from wood processing and forest management operations.

C2.3. CRITERIA

C2.3.1. Steam/Hot Water Generating Units. Steam/Hot Water Generating Units with a heating area ≥10 m2 (107.6 ft2), or with a burner combustion rate of ≥50 liters (13.2 gallons) per hour when calculated in terms of fuel oil consumption, must comply with the standards provided in Tables C2.T2 (see also paragraph C2.3.10), C2.T3 and C2.T4.

8 Chapter 2, Air Emissions

C2.3.1.1. Air Emission Standards. The following criteria apply to units with a maximum design heat input capacity ≥10 million BTU/hr that commenced construction on or after 1 October 1994 or that were substantially modified since 1 October 1994.

C2.3.1.1.1. Steam/hot water generating units and associated emissions controls, if applicable, must be designed to meet the emission standards for specific sized units shown in Table C2.T5 at all times, except during periods of start up, shut down, soot blowing, malfunction, or when emergency conditions exist.

C2.3.1.1.2. For units combusting liquid or solid fossil fuels, fuel sulfur content (weight percent) and higher heating value will be measured and recorded for each new shipment of fuel. Use these data to calculate sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions and document compliance with the SO2 limits using the equation in Table C2.T5 (see also paragraph C2.3.10).

Alternatively, install a properly calibrated and maintained continuous emissions monitoring system to measure the flue gas for SO2 and either oxygen (O2) or carbon dioxide (CO2).

C2.3.1.2. Air Emissions Monitoring. Steam/hot water generating units that commenced construction on or after 1 October 1994 or that were substantially modified since 1 October 1994 subject to opacity or nitrogen oxides (NOX) standards in C2.T5 must have a properly calibrated and maintained continuous emissions monitoring system (CEMS) to measure the flue gas as follows:

C2.3.1.2.1. For units with a maximum design heat input capacity >30 million BTU/hr: Opacity, except that CEMS is not required where gaseous or distillate fuels are the only fuels combusted.

C2.3.1.2.2. For fossil fuel fired units with a maximum design heat input capacity >100 million BTU/hr: NOX and either O2 or CO2.

C2.3.2. Incinerators. The following requirements do not apply to incinerators combusting hazardous waste or munitions. Refer to Chapter 6, “Hazardous Waste,” for information regarding hazardous waste disposal and incineration.

C2.3.2.1. Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incinerators (CISWI). All CISWI units must comply with the applicable emission standards in Table C2.T8 and operating limits in Table C2.T9 (see also paragraph C2.3.2.5).

C2.3.2.2. Municipal Waste Combustion (MWC) Units. Each MWC unit must comply with the applicable emission standards in Table C2.T8 and operating limits in Table C2.T9. The temperature of the combustion chamber must be maintained at ≥800°C (1,472°F), except during periods of start up, shut down, soot blowing, malfunction, or when emergency conditions exist.

C2.3.2.3. Sewage Sludge Incinerators. All sewage sludge incinerators that commenced construction on or after 1 October 1994 or that were substantially modified since 1 October 1994 and that burn more than 1 ton per day (tpd) of sewage sludge or more than 10% sewage sludge, must also be designed to meet a particulate emission limit of 0.65 g/kg dry sludge (1.30 lb/ton dry sludge) and an opacity limit of 20% at all times, except during periods of start up, shut down, malfunction, or when emergency conditions exist.

Chapter 2, Air Emissions 9

C2.3.2.4. Medical Waste Incinerators (MWI). The following standards apply to all units.

These requirements do not apply to any portable units (field deployable), pyrolysis units, or units that burn only pathological, low-level radioactive waste, or chemotherapeutic waste. Refer to Chapter 8, “Medical Waste Management,” for other requirements pertaining to medical waste management.

C2.3.2.4.1. All MWI must be designed and operated according to the following good combustion practices (GCP):

C2.3.2.4.1.1. Unit design: dual chamber.

C2.3.2.4.1.2. Minimum temperature in primary chamber: 760-871°C (1400- 1600°F).

C2.3.2.4.1.3. Minimum temperature in secondary chamber: 982-1204°C (1800- 2200°F).

C2.3.2.4.1.4. Minimum residence time in the secondary chamber: 2 seconds.

C2.3.2.4.1.5. Incinerator operators must be trained in accordance with applicable Service requirements.

C2.3.2.5. Additional Air Emission Monitoring for Waste and Specified Waste Incinerators. Waste and Specified Waste Incinerators must be monitored for hazardous air pollutants and dioxins in accordance with the standards in Tables C2.T2, C2.T3, and C2.T6.

C2.3.2.5.1. Hazardous Air Pollutant Monitoring. Installations that operate Waste Incinerators must monitor the hazardous air pollutants listed in Table C2.T2 twice a year.

C2.3.2.5.2. Dioxin Monitoring. Installations that operate Waste or Specified Waste Incinerators must monitor dioxin emissions listed in Table C2.T6 at least annually.

Additionally, ash from Waste and Specified Incinerators must be tested at least annually, and must have dioxin levels of 3.0 ng-TEQ/g or less. Ash not meeting this standard must be disposed of as a hazardous waste in accordance with Chapter 6, “Hazardous Waste.”

C2.3.3. Perchloroethylene (PCE) Dry Cleaning Machines. The following requirements apply to all dry cleaning machines. These requirements do not apply to coin-operated machines.

C2.3.3.1. Emissions from PCE dry cleaning machines installed before 1 October 1994 that use more than 2,000 gallons per year of PCE (installation wide) in dry cleaning operations, must be controlled with a refrigerated condenser, unless a carbon absorber was already installed.

The temperature of the refrigerated condenser must be maintained at ≤7.22°C (45°F). Dry cleaning machines and control devices must be operated according to manufacturer recommendations.

C2.3.3.2. All PCE dry cleaning systems installed on or after 1 October 1994 must be of the dry-to-dry design with emissions controlled by a refrigerated condenser. The temperature of

10 Chapter 2, Air Emissions the refrigerated condenser must be maintained at ≤7.22°C (45°F). Dry cleaning machines and control devices must be operated according to manufacturer recommendations.

C2.3.4. Chromium Electroplating and Chromium Anodizing Tanks. Electroplating and anodizing tanks must comply with one of the three methods below for controlling chromium emissions. Implement one of the following methods that is most appropriate to suit local conditions:

C2.3.4.1. Option 1: Limit chromium emissions in the ventilation exhaust to 0.015 milligrams per dry standard cubic meter (mg/dscm). Control devices/methods must be operated according to manufacturer recommendations.

C2.3.4.2. Option 2: Use chemical tank additives to prevent surface tension of the electroplating or anodizing bath from exceeding 45 dynes per centimeter (cm) as measured by a stalagmometer or 35 dynes/cm as measured by a tensiometer. Measure the surface tension prior to the first initiation of electric current on a given day and every 4 hours thereafter.

C2.3.4.3. Option 3: Limit chromium emissions to the maximum allowable mass emission rate (MAMER) calculated using the following equation: MAMER = ETSA x K x 0.015 mg/dscm, where: MAMER = the alternative emission rate for enclosed hard chromium electroplating tanks in mg/hr; ETSA = the hard chromium electroplating tank surface area in square feet (ft2); K = a conversion factor, 425 dscm/(ft2-hr). Option 3 is ONLY applicable to hard chrome electroplating tanks equipped with an enclosing hood and ventilated at half the rate or less than that of an open surface tank of the same surface area.

C2.3.5. Halogenated Solvent Cleaning Machines. These requirements apply to all solvent cleaning machines that use solvent which contains more than 5% by weight: methylene chloride (CAS No. 75-09-2), perchloroethylene (CAS No. 127-18-4), trichloroethylene (CAS No. 79-01- 6), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (CAS No. 71-55-6), carbon tetrachloride (CAS No. 56-23-5), chloroform (CAS No. 67-66-3), or any combination of these halogenated solvents.

C2.3.5.1. All cold cleaning machines (remote reservoir and immersion tanks) must be covered when not in use. Additionally, immersion type cold cleaning machines must have either a 1-inch water layer or a freeboard ratio of at least 0.75.

C2.3.5.2. All vapor cleaning machines (vapor degreasers) must incorporate design and work practices which minimize the direct release of halogenated solvent to the atmosphere.

C2.3.6. Units Containing ODS Listed in Table C2.T1, HFCs and PFC. The following criteria apply to direct atmospheric emissions of ODS, HFCs, and perfluorocarbons (PFC) from refrigeration equipment and ODS from fire suppression equipment.

C2.3.6.1. Refrigerant Recovery/Recycling. All repairs, including leak repairs or services to appliances, industrial process refrigeration units, air conditioning units, or motor vehicle air conditioners, must be performed using commercially available refrigerant recovery/recycling equipment operated by trained personnel. Refrigerant technicians shall be trained in proper recovery/recycling procedures, leak detection, safety, shipping, and disposal in accordance with recognized industry standards or Japanese equivalent.

Chapter 2, Air Emissions 11

C2.3.6.2. Refrigerant Venting Prohibition. Any class I or class II ODS, HFC, and PFC refrigerant shall not be intentionally released in the course of maintaining, servicing, repairing, or disposing of appliances, industrial process refrigeration units, air conditioning units, or motor vehicle air conditioners. De minimis releases associated with good faith attempts to recycle or recover ODS, HFC, and PFC refrigerants are not subject to this prohibition.

C2.3.6.3. Refrigerant Leak Monitoring and Repair. Monitor and repair refrigeration equipment for ODS leakage in accordance with the following criteria and repair, if found to be leaking.

C2.3.6.3.1. Commercial Refrigeration Equipment. Commercial refrigeration equipment normally containing >50 pounds of refrigerant must have leaks repaired if the appliance is leaking at a rate such that the loss of refrigerant will exceed 35% of the total charge during a 12-month period.

C2.3.6.3.2. Industrial Process Refrigeration Equipment. Industrial process refrigeration equipment normally containing >50 pounds of refrigerant must have leaks repaired if the appliance is leaking at a rate such that the loss of refrigerant will exceed 35% of the total charge during a 12-month period.

C2.3.6.3.3. Comfort Cooling Appliances. Comfort cooling appliances normally containing >50 pounds of refrigerant and not covered by paragraphs C2.3.6.3.1 or C2.3.6.3.2 of this chapter must have leaks repaired if the appliance is leaking at a rate such that the loss of refrigerant will exceed 15% of the total charge during a 12-month period.

C2.3.6.4. ODS Fire Suppression Agent (Halon) Venting Prohibition. Halons shall not be intentionally released into the environment while testing, maintaining, servicing, repairing, or disposing of Halon-containing equipment or using such equipment for technician training. This venting prohibition does NOT apply to the following Halon releases:

C2.3.6.4.1. De minimis releases associated with good faith attempts to recycle or recover Halons (i.e., release of residual Halon contained in fully discharged total flooding fire extinguishing systems).

C2.3.6.4.2. Emergency releases for the legitimate purpose of fire extinguishing, explosion inertion, or other emergency applications for which the equipment or systems were designed.

C2.3.6.4.3. Releases during the testing of fire extinguishing systems if each of the following is true: systems or equipment employing suitable alternative fire extinguishing agents are not available; release of extinguishing agent is essential to demonstrate equipment functionality; failure of system or equipment would pose great risk to human safety or the environment; and a simulant agent cannot be used.

C2.3.7. Motor Vehicles. This criteria applies to DoD-owned motor vehicles as defined in paragraph C2.2.13.

12 Chapter 2, Air Emissions

C2.3.7.1. All vehicles shall be inspected every 2 years to ensure that no tampering with factory-installed emission control equipment has occurred.

C2.3.7.2. If available on the local economy, use only unleaded gasoline in vehicles that are designed for this fuel.

C2.3.8. Stack Heights. Hg is the good engineering practice stack height necessary to minimize downwash of stack emissions due to aerodynamic influences from nearby structures.

C2.3.8.1. Stacks shall be designed and constructed to heights at least equal to the largest Hg calculated from either of the following two criteria:

C2.3.8.1.1. Hg = H + 1.5L, where H is the height of the nearby structure measured from the ground level elevation at the base of the stack, and L is the lesser of height or projected width of the nearby structure(s). A structure is determined to be nearby when the stack is located within 5L of the structure envelope but ≤0.8 km (0.5 mile). This calculation shall be performed for each structure nearby the stack being studied to determine the greatest Hg.

C2.3.8.1.2. Hg is the height demonstrated by a fluid model or a field study, which ensures that the emissions from a stack do not result in maximum ground-level concentrations of any air pollutant as a result of atmospheric downwash, wakes, or eddy effects created by the source itself, nearby structures, or nearby terrain features at least 40% in excess of the maximum ground-level concentrations of any air pollutant experienced in the absence of such atmospheric downwash, wakes, or eddy effects. For purposes of this paragraph, “nearby” means <0.8 km (0.5 mile), except that the portion of a terrain feature may be considered to be nearby which falls within a distance of up to 10 times the maximum height (Ht) of the feature, not to exceed 2 miles if such feature achieves a height (Ht) 0.8 km from the stack that is at least 40% of the good engineering practice stack height determined by the formulae provided in C2.3.8.1.1 of this part or 26 meters, whichever is greater, as measured from the ground-level elevation at the base of the stack. The height of the structure or terrain feature is measured from the ground-level elevation at the base of the stack.

C2.3.9. Diesel/Gaseous/Gasoline Engine Generating and Gas Turbines Units. These units must comply with the emission standards in Tables C2.T2, C2.T3 and C2.T4. The following are exempt from these standards:

C2.3.9.1. Portable or mobile equipment.

C2.3.9.2. Stationary back-up power equipment, such as emergency generators.

C2.3.10. Emission Limits for Sulfur Oxides. Maximum permissible emission limits for the amount of sulfur oxides emitted from an outlet of a facility, q, is calculated as follows:

where, 2310 eHKq −×=

Chapter 2, Air Emissions 13 q is the hourly volume of SOX emitted (Nm3/hr). Nm3 represents m3/hour at a normal temperature of 0°C and a pressure of 1 atmosphere.

K is a constant value assigned to each designated region. The most protective value (e.g., the smallest K-value) applicable to the region must be used (see Table C2.T7).

He is the effective stack height calculated as follows:

where, He is the effective stack height, in meters Ho is the actual stack height, in meters.

Q is the flue gas flow rate at 15°C (59°F) in m3/sec V is the flue gas speed in m/sec and T is the flue gas temperature, in absolute temperature

C2.3.11. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC). Operators will incorporate procedures which minimize the direct release of VOCs into the atmosphere at painting facilities, printing facilities, cleaning facilities, storage tanks, drying facilities and/or resin dryer. Emissions from those facilities using organic solvents shall not exceed the threshold values indicated in Table C2.T10.

)( tmoe HHHH ++= 65.0

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14 Chapter 2, Air Emissions

Table C2.T1. Class I and II Ozone Depleting Substances Class I

CFC - 11 CFC - 114 CFC - 215 Halon - 1211 CFC - 12 CFC - 115 CFC - 216 Halon - 1301 CFC - 13 CFC - 211 CFC - 217 Halon - 2402 CFC - 111 CFC - 212 Carbon Tetrachloride CFC - 112 CFC - 213 Methyl Chloroform CFC - 113 CFC - 214 Methyl Bromide CHFBr2 C2H2F3Br C3HF6Br C3H3F4Br HBFC-2201 (CHF2Br) C2H3FBr2 C3H2FBr5 C3H4FBr3 CH2FBr C2H3F2Br C3H2F2Br4 C3H4F2Br2 C2HFBr4 C2H4FBr C3H2F3Br3 C3H4F3Br C2HF2Br3 C3HFBr6 C3H2F4Br2 C3H5FBr2 C2HF3Br2 C3HF2Br5 C3H2F5Br C3H5F2Br C2HF4Br C3HF3Br4 C3H3FBr4 C3H6FBr C2H2FBr3 C3HF4Br3 C3H3F2Br3 Chlorobromomethane C2H2F2Br2 C3HF5Br2 C3H3F3Br2

Class II HCFC – 21 HCFC – 133a HCFC – 225cb HCFC – 243 HCFC – 22 HCFC – 141b HCFC – 226 HCFC – 244 HCFC – 31 HCFC – 142b HCFC – 231 HCFC – 251

HCFC – 121 HCFC – 151 HCFC – 232 HCFC – 252

HCFC – 122 HCFC – 221 HCFC - 233 HCFC – 253

HCFC – 123 HCFC – 222 HCFC – 234 HCFC – 261

HCFC – 124 HCFC – 223 HCFC – 235 HCFC – 262

HCFC – 131 HCFC – 224 HCFC – 241 HCFC – 271

HCFC – 132b HCFC – 225ca HCFC – 242

Note: All isomers of the above chemicals are ODS, except isomers of (1,1,1-trichloroethane (also known as methyl chloroform)) such as 1,1,2-trichloroethane.

Chapter 2, Air Emissions 15

Table C2.T2. Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

Substance Emission Source Emission Standards Methods

Sulfur Oxide

(SOX)

Combustion of fuel and minerals in boilers, stationary engines and waste incinerators

1. The standard is set according to the height of the exhaust outlet (He) and the value of K assigned to each area (see paragraph C2.3.10)

General emission standards:

K = 3.0 to 17.5

Special emission standards:

K = 1.17 to 2.34

2. Fuel use standard:

Sulfur in fuel is set for each area.

Sulfur content: <0.5 to 1.2 %

3. Total emissions:

Set for each area/factory based on the total emission reduction plan.

1. SOX: JIS K0103

Emission quality: JIS Z8808.

2. Sulfur content in fuel: JIS

K2301, JIS K2541 to K2541- 7 or JIS M8813

3. Fuel consumption: JIS Z8762-1 to Z8762-4, or equivalent.

Soot & Dust

Combustion of fuel and minerals in boilers, stationary engines, waste incinerators and the use of an electric furnace

Emission standards for each facility/scale (see Table C2.T3)

General emission standards:

0.04 - 0.3 g/Nm3

Special emission standards:

0.03 - 0.2 g/Nm3

Soot & Dust: JIS Z8808

O2: Absorption method using an Orsat gas analyzer (or equivalent)

Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)

Combustion or chemical treatment at waste

Emission standard for Waste Incinerators:

700 mg/Nm3

In Saitama Prefecture, emission standard for waste incinerators with a grate area ≥2 m2 or incineration capacity ≥200 kg/hr:

Incineration capacity >500 kg/hr, allowable limits are 200 mg/Nm3

Incineration capacity <500 kg/hr, allowable limits are 500 mg/Nm3

HCl for waste incinerators:

Measuring HCl concentration by the methods stipulated in JIS K0107, and the oxygen concentration in the emission gas by the same method of soot and dust.

Nitrogen Oxide

(NOX)

Combustion, synthesis or degradation in a boilers, stationary engines, and waste

1. Emission standards for each facility/scale (see Table C2.T3) 60 - 950 ppm

2. Total emissions Set for each area/factory based on total emission reduction plan

JIS K0104 for measuring NOX concentration in the emission gas, and JIS Z8808 for measuring soot and dust for the oxygen concentrations in the emission gas.

Notes:

Target Facilities:

Boiler: Heating surface area ≥10 m2 Stationary Engine: Fuel Combustion Rate: ≥50 L/hr (Gas Turbine and Diesel Engine) Fuel Combustion Rate: ≥35 L/hr (Gaseous and Gasoline Engine) Waste Incinerator: Grate area ≥2 m2, or burning capacity ≥200 kg/hr Monitoring Frequency: Twice a year

16 Chapter 2, Air Emissions

Table C2.T3. Emission Standards for Soot and Dust and NOX

Type of Facility Specification Types

Soot and Dust NOX Total

Emission (Nm3/hour)

General Area#1

(g/Nm3)

Special Area#2

(g/Nm3)

Total Emission

(Nm3/hour)

Standard (ppm)

Boiler 1

Heating area 2 ≥10 m2, or

Burner combustion rate ≥50 L/hr 3

Gas boiler heating area ≥10 m2 burner combustion rate:

≥50 L/hr

≥40,000 0.05 0.03

≥500,000 60 ≥40,000 but <500,000

<40,000 0.10 0.05

≥10,000 but

<40.000

<10,000 150

Liquid boiler or gas and liquid boiler burner combustion rate:

≥50 L/hr

≥200,000 0.05 0.04 ≥500,000 130

≥10,000 but

<500,000

≥40,000 but

<200,000

0.15 0.05

≥10,000 but

<40,000

0.25 0.15

<10,000 0.30 0.15 <10,000 180

Black liquid boiler or black liquid and gas or liquid fuel boiler

≥200,000 0.15 0.10 ≥500,000 130

≥10,000 but

<500,000

≥40,000 but

<200,000

0.25 0.15

<40,000 0.30 0.15 <10,000 180

Liquid fuel boiler (heating area <10 m2) -- 0.30 0.15 -- 260

Coal boiler (heating area ≥10 m2)

≥200,000 0.10 0.05 ≥700,000 200

≥40,000 but

<700,000 250 ≥40,000 but <200,000

0.20 0.10

<40,000 0.30 0.15 <40,000 300

Coal boiler (heating area <10 m2) -- 0.30 0.15 -- 350

Solid fuel boiler (others whose heating area is ≥10 m2)

≥40,000 0.30 0.15

≥700,000 200 ≥40,000 but <700,000

<40,000 0.30 0.20 <40,000 300 Solid fuel boiler (others whose heating area is <10 m2)

-- 0.30 0.20 -- 350

Boilers (others)

≥40,000 0.30 0.15 ≥500,000 130

≥10,000 but

<500,000

<40,000 0.30 0.20 <10,000 180

Chapter 2, Air Emissions 17

Table C2.T3. Emission Standards for Soot and Dust and NOX (continued)

Type of Facility Specification Type

Soot and Dust NOX Size

(metric tons)

General Area#1

(g)

Special Area#2

(g)

Size (Nm3)

Standard (ppm)

Gas Turbine Engine Fuel Combustion Rate: ≥50 L/hr3

0.05 0.04

Diesel Engine 0.10 0.08 950

Gaseous Engine Fuel Combustion Rate: ≥35 L/hr

0.05 0.04 600

Gasoline Engine 0.05 0.04 600

Waste material incinerator

Grate area: 2 ≥2 m2

Incineration rate:

≥200 kg/hr

Waste material continuous incinerator (by vortex combustion method)

≥4 0.04

All 450 ≥2 but <4 0.08

Peculiar 4 waste continuous material incinerator

≥4 0.04 ≥40,000 250

≥2 but <4 0.08 <40,000 700

Waste material continuous incinerator (others)

≥4 0.04 All 250

≥2 but <4 0.08

Waste material incinerator (others) <2 0.15

≥40,000 250

<40,000 --

Notes:

#1. Soot and dust emission standard per Nm3 of emitting gas in general area (see Table C2.T7).

#2. Soot and dust emission standard per Nm3 of emitting gas in special area (see Table C2.T7). These standards apply for facilities built after 1 June 1982 in Tokyo Metropolitan area (special wards), Yokohama and Yokosuka.

1. Hot blast boilers are included. Boilers which use electricity or waste heat alone are excluded.

2. Horizontal projected area.

3. Calculation in terms of heavy oil.

4. A “peculiar” incinerator refers to an incinerator that burns waste generated from a process that produces or uses nitro-, amino-, or cyano-compounds or their derivatives, or from a process that treats wastewater using ammonia.

5. Monitoring Frequency: Twice a year.

(Nm3 = Normal cubic meters)

18 Chapter 2, Air Emissions

Table C2.T4 Emission Standard for NOx (applies to facilities located in Tokyo Prefecture) Type of Facility Type Scale Date Facility Installed Emission Standard (ppm)

Class 1 Area1 Class 2 Area1

Boiler

Gas Boiler

Fuel combustion capacity ≥100 L/hr

Prior to 15 Mar 1991 80 85 On or After 15 Mar 1991 45 45

Fuel combustion capacity <100 L/hr

Prior to 15 Mar 1991 85 95 On or After 15 Mar 1991 45 55

Liquid Boiler

Fuel combustion capacity ≥100 L/hr

Prior to 15 Mar 1991 90 100 15 Mar 1991 to 31 Mar 2001 65 65 On or After 1 Apr 2001 50 65

Fuel combustion capacity <100 L/hr

Prior to 15 Mar 1991 100 110 On or After 15 Mar 1991 65 75

Gas Turbine

Gas Turbine (gaseous fuel)

Rated output:

>50,000 kw

Prior to 1 Apr 2001 25 35 On or After 1 Apr 2001 10 10

Rated output:

2,000-50,000 kw

Prior to 1 Apr 1992 35 35 On or After 1 Apr 1992 25 35

Rated output:

< 2,000 kw

Prior to 1 Apr 1992 50 50 On or After 1 Apr 1992 35 50

Gas turbine (liquid fuel)

Rated output:

>50,000 kw

Prior to 1 Apr 2001 25 50 On or After 1 Apr 2001 10 10

Rated output:

2,000-50,000 kw

Prior to 1 Apr 1992 50 50 On or After 1 Apr 1992 25 50

Rated output:

< 2,000 kw

Prior to 1 Apr 1992 60 60 On or After 1 Apr 1992 35 60

Diesel Engine

Fuel combustion ≥ 25 L/hr, and rated output ≥ 2,000 kw

Prior to 1 Apr 1992 190 380 On or After 1 Apr 1992 110 270

Fuel combustion ≥ 25 L/hr, and rated output < 2,000 kw

Prior to 1 Apr 1992 190 610 On or After 1 Apr 1992 110 500

Fuel combustion < 25 L/hr Prior to 1 Apr 1992 500 610 On or After 1 Apr 1992 380 500

Gas Engine

Fuel combustion ≥ 50 L/hr Prior to 1 Apr 1992 300 500 On or After 1 Apr 1992 200 500

Fuel combustion < 50 L/hr Prior to 1 Apr 1992 500 500 On or After 1 Apr 1992 300 500

Gasoline Engine

Fuel combustion ≥ 50 L/hr Prior to 1 Apr 1992 300 500 On or After 1 Apr 1992 200 500

Fuel combustion < 50 L/hr Prior to 1 Apr 1992 500 500 On or After 1 Apr 1992 300 500

Notes:

1. Class 1 Areas: Areas which is designated as Special District, Musashino City, Mitaka City, Chofu City, Komae

City, Nishitokyo City (limited to the area of former Hoya City).

Class 2 Areas: All areas other than those defined as Class 1 Area.

Chapter 2, Air Emissions 19

Table C2.T5. Emission Standards for Steam Generating Units 1 Maximum Design Heat Input Capacity 10 – 100 million BTU/hr Size >100 million BTU/hr Fuel Type PM Opacity 2 SO2

3 PM Opacity 2 SO2

3 NOX

Gaseous N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.20 Gaseous - Coal Derived N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.50 Liquid Fossil Fuel N/A 20% 0.50 5 0.10 20% 0.80 0.30 Solid Fossil Fuel 0.10 20% 1.20 0.10 20% 1.20 0.70 Other Solid Fuel 6 0.30 20% N/A 0.20 20% N/A N/A

N/A = Not applicable.

1. Standards apply to units constructed or substantially modified after 1 October 1994. Standards do not apply during periods of startup, shutdown, malfunction, soot blowing, or when emergency conditions exist. Unless specified otherwise, emission standards are in lb/million BTU.

2. The opacity standards do not apply to units <30 million BTU/hr. The 20% standard applies to the average opacity over a 6-minute period. A 30% opacity value is allowed for one 6-minute period per hour.

3. SO2 is best controlled and compliance documented by limiting fuel sulfur content. SO2 emissions (lb/million BTU) = 0.02 X sulfur content of fuel (%) / heat content of fuel (HHV, million BTU/lb fuel).

[e.g., for fuel oil with 0.5% sulfur, SO2 = 0.02 X 0.5 / 0.019 = 0.53 lb/million BTU].

4. Emission limitation for NOX is based on a 30-day rolling average. NOX standard does not apply when a fossil fuel containing at least 25% by weight of coal refuse is burned in combination with gaseous, liquid, or other solid fossil fuel.

5. Instead of 0.5 lb/million BTU of SO2, fuel oil combustion units may comply with a 0.5% average fuel sulfur content limit (weight percent) which is statistically equivalent to 0.5 lb/million BTU.

6. Other solid fuels include wood or waste derived fuels.

Table C2.T6. Dioxin Standards for Waste and Specified Waste Incinerators

Incinerating Capacity (metric tons/hour)

Emission Standards for New Waste Incinerators

Emission Standards for Existing Waste Incinerators 1

≥4 0.1 ng-TEQ/Nm3 1 ng-TEQ/Nm3 ≥2 but <4 1 ng-TEQ/Nm3 5 ng-TEQ/Nm3

<2 2 5 ng-TEQ/Nm3 10 ng-TEQ/Nm3 TEQ = Toxic Equivalent

Notes:

1. New Waste Incinerators: Specified waste incinerator (hearth area ≥0.5 m2 or an incinerating capacity ≥50 kg/hr, built on or after 16 January 2000) and new waste incinerator (grate area ≥2 m2 or an incinerating capacity ≥200 kg/hr, built on or after 2 December 1997).

2. Existing Waste Incinerators: Grate area ≥2 m2 or an incinerating capacity ≥200 kg/hr, built on or before 1 December 1997.

Monitoring Frequency: Once a year

Analytical Method: JIS K0311 (2008)

20 Chapter 2, Air Emissions

Table C2.T7. Sulfur Oxide (SOX) K-Values (see paragraph C2.3.10 for application)

Area K-Value

Sp ec ia l Yokohama, Yokosuka, Wards of Tokyo 1.17

Kisarazu 1.75 Iwakuni, Otake 2.34

G en er al

Kure 5.0 Hachinohe 6.0 Fussa, Musashimurayama, Kiyose, Tachikawa, Akishima, Hamura, Fuchu, Inagi, Tama, Hachioji, Mizuho 6.42

Fukuoka 8.76 Wako, Tokorozawa, Niiza, Sayama, Kin, Naha, Urasoe, Ishikawa Region of Uruma, Ginowan, Chatan, Kitanakagusuku 9.0

Sasebo 10.0 Ayase, Sagamihara, Yamato, Ebina, Zushi, Zama 11.5 Kadena, Numazu, Ginoza, Onna, Yomitan, Katsuren Region of Uruma, Itoman, Okinawa City 13.0 Misawa, Gushikawa Region of Uruma, Nago, Motobu, Higashi, Kunigami, Ie, Gotenba, Tomiyachi, Tango 17.5

Table C2.T8. Emission Standards for Incinerators

Pollutant Emission Standards 1 Incinerator

Type Existing MWC units 2 MWC units that begin new construction or undergo substantial modification 2

CISWI

units

Rated Capacity 35-250 tpd >250 tpd 35-250 tpd >250tpd All units

Particulate 70 mg/dscm 27 mg/dscm 24 mg/dscm 70 mg/dscm

Opacity 10% 10% 10% NOX N/A See Note 3 500 ppmv 150 ppmv 388 ppmv

SO2

50% reduction or 77 ppmv 75% reduction or 29 ppmv 80% reduction or 30 ppmv 20 ppmv

Dioxins/furans 125 ng/dscm See Note 4 13 ng/dscm 0.41 ng/dscm

Cadmium 0.10 mg/dscm 0.040 mg/dscm 0.020 mg/dscm 0.004 mg/dscm

Lead 1.6 mg/dscm 0.44 mg/dscm 0.20 mg/dscm 0.04 mg/dscm

Mercury 85% reduction or 0.080 mg/dscm 85% reduction or 0.080 mg/dscm 0.47 mg/dscm

HCl 50% reduction or 250 ppmv

95% reduction or 29 ppmv

80% reduction or 30 ppmv

95% reduction or 25 ppmv 62 ppmv

Fugitive ash 5% of hourly observation period 5% of hourly observation period N/A Notes:

1. Emission standard concentrations (mg/dscm, ppmv) are corrected to 7% oxygen, dry basis at standard conditions.

mg/dscm = milligram per dry standard cubic meter, ng = nanogram, ppm = parts per million.

2. Construction or modifications that were undertaken prior to September 2008 are not subject to these requirements.

These criteria are not intended to require retrofitting of MWC units.

3. NOX limits for units rated > 250 tons/day (tpd) capacity: mass burn refractory-no limit; mass burn waterwall-205 ppmv; mass burn rotary waterwall: 250 ppmv; refuse-derived fuel combustor-250 ppmv; fluidized bed combustor- 180 ppmv.

4. Dioxins/furans limits for units rated >250 tpd capacity: MWC with electrostatic precipitator (ESP)-60 ng/dscm;

MWC with non-ESP-30 ng/dscm.

Chapter 2, Air Emissions 21

Table C2.T9. Carbon Monoxide Operating Limits for Incinerators 1

Incinerator Type Existing MWC units 2

MWC units that begin new construction or undergo substantial modification 2

CISWI

units

Rated Capacity 35-250 tpd >250 tpd 35-250 tpd >250tpd All units

Fluidized bed 100 ppmv (4-hr avg)

157 ppmv

Fluidized bed, mixed fuel (wood/refuse-derived fuel)

200 ppmv (24-hr avg)

200 ppmv (24-hr avg)

100 ppmv (4-hr avg)

Mass burn rotary refractory 100 ppmv (4-hr avg) 100 ppmv (24-hr avg) Mass burn rotary waterfall 250 ppmv (24-hr avg) Mass burn waterfall and refractory 100 ppmv (4-hr avg) 100 ppmv (4-hr avg) Mixed fuel-fired (pulverized coal/refuse-derived fuel) 150 ppmv (4-hr avg) 150 ppmv (4-hr avg)

Modular starved-air and excess air 50 ppmv (4-hr avg) 50 ppmv (4-hr avg) Spreader stoker, mixed fuel-fired (coal/refuse-derived fuel) 200 ppmv (24-hr avg) 150 ppmv (24-hr avg) Stoker, refuse-derived fuel Notes:

1. Compliance is determined by continuous emission monitoring systems.

2. Construction or modifications that were undertaken prior to September 2008 are not subject to these requirements. These criteria are not intended to require retrofitting of MWC units.

Table C2.T10 Emission Standards for VOCs

Facility Ventilation Capacity (m3/hour)

Area1 (m2)

Size (kilo liters)

Emission Standard2 (ppmC)

Drying facilities for manufacture of chemical products ≥ 3,000 600

Painting facilities for spray coating ≥ 100,000 700

Drying facilities for painting (other than spray coating and electrostatic painting) ≥ 10,000

Wood products manufacturing

1,000

Others 600 Drying facilities for manufacture of adhesive bonding of copper-clad laminate for printed-circuit board, adhesive tape or sheet, release coated paper or wrapping material

≥ 5,000

1,400

Drying facilities for adhesive bonding ≥ 15,000 1,400 Drying facilities using rotary offset printing ≥ 7,000 400 Drying facilities using gravure printing ≥ 27,000 700 VOC cleaning facilities ≥ 5 400 VOC storage tanks3 ≥ 1,000 60,000 Notes:

1. Area is the VOC accessible surface area exposed to the air.

2. Emission standards are calculated in terms cubic centimeters per cubic meter (parts per million by volume) and converted as carbon, i.e., ppmC. Sampling method is JIS K0095. Analysis is by JIS K0114 or JIS K0151, with correction for non-VOC compounds.

3. VOC storage tanks: volatile organic compounds (e.g., gasoline, crude oil or naphtha) with a vapor pressure of more than 20 kilopascals at a temperature of 37.8°C (except enclosed type and floating roof type (including internal floating roof)).

4. Monitoring Frequency: Once a year.

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22 Chapter 2, Air Emissions