Exhibit 7_R1 Intensified Grid Field Procedures.pdf

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Report 19-9 v3.2 July 19, 2019

Region 1 Intensified Grid Field Procedures Using Inventory and Monitoring Protocols

USDA Forest Service, Region 1, Renewable Resource Management Staff, Building 26 Fort Missoula Road, Missoula, MT 59804

R1 Field Guide – Intensified Grid Inventory Table of Contents i

Table of Contents

REGION 1 INTENSIFIED GRID FIELD PROCEDURES

USING INVENTORY AND MONITORING PROTOCOLS

INTRODUCTION

SECTION 1: DATA COLLECTION OVERVIEW

1.A. GENERAL INFORMATION

1.A.1 Data Collection 1.A.2 Quality Control 1.A.3 Situation Prohibiting Data Collection 1.A.4 Order of Data Collection

1.B FINDING THE PLOT CENTER AND PLOT MONUMENTATION

1.B.1 Travel Description 1.B.2 Vehicle Coordinates 1.B.3 Reference Point 1.B.4 Traversing from the RP to the PC 1.B.5 Plot Center (PC) Location Information 1.B.6 Monumentation of the Plot Center - Installation Remeasurement Plot Center Monumentation:

1.C WITNESS TREES

1.C.1 Selecting Witness Trees

1.D PLOT LAYOUT

1.D.1 Correcting for Slope

1.E PHOTOGRAPHING THE PLOT

1.E.1 Photographing the Plot

SECTION 2: SETTING FORM

CSE 2.4 Proclaimed District (2-digit) CSE 2.5 Location (4-digit) CSE 2.6 Stand Number/PlotID (4-digit) CSE 2.9 County (3-digit) CSE 2.11 Date (8-digit) CSE 2.13 Examination Level (4-digit) CSE 2.18 Potential Vegetation Reference (3-digit) CSE 2.23 Setting Elevation (5-digit) CSE 2.28 Examiner (12-character) CSE 2.34 Setting User Code (4-character) Required if plot area contains a situation that prohibits data collection CSE 2.38 Setting Remarks (242-character) Required if applicable CSE 2.39 Setting Damage Category (2-digit) CSE 2.40 Setting Damage Agent (3-digit) CSE 2.41 Setting Damage Severity (2-character)

SECTION 3: SAMPLE DESIGN FORM

SECTION 4: PLOT DATA FORM

CSE 4.1 Plot Number (4-digit) CSE 4.2 GPS Locations CSE 4.4 Plot Aspect (3 digit) CSE 4.5 Plot Slope (3-digit) CSE 4.11 Plot Potential Vegetation (3-digit) CSE 4.15 Plot User Code ii

CSE 4.18 Plot Remarks (242-characters)

SECTION 5: TREE DATA FORM

5.A TALLY TREE DEFINITIONS

5.A.1 Live Trees 5.A.2 Standing Dead Trees (timber species)

5.B TREE DATA ITEMS

CSE 5.2 Tag ID Number (4-digit) CSE 5.4 Tree Class (2-characters) CSE 5.5 Growth Sample Tree (1-character) CSE 5.6 Tree Species (8-character) CSE 5.7 Tree Count (3-digit) CSE 5.8 Number of Stems (3-digit) Required for DRC woodland species CSE 5.9 DBH/DRC (3,1-digit; xxx.y) CSE 5.10 Height (3-digit) Required for GST trees, trees with broken or missing tops, dead trees, and seedling groups CSE 5.12 Radial Growth (2-digit) Required for GST trees with DBH > 3.0 inches CSE 5.14 Height Growth (2,1-digit; xx.y) Required for GST trees 1.0-2.9 inches in diameter CSE 5.15 Tree Age (4-digit) Required for GST trees; do not record on junipers less than three inches DRC CSE 5.16 Crown Ratio (3-digit) required for live trees including seedling groups CSE 5.17 Crown Class (2-character) Required for all live trees including seedling groups CSE 5.20 Snag Decay Class (1-digit) Required for dead trees CSE 5.22 Tree Damage Category (2-digit) Required for trees ≥ 1.0-inch DBH/DRC, if applicable . 58 CSE 5.23 Tree Damage Agent (3-digit) Required for trees ≥ 1.0-inch DBH/DRC, if applicable CSE 5.25 Tree Damage Severity (2-digit) Required for trees ≥ 1.0-inch DBH/DRC, if applicable CSE 5.26 Tree Remarks (30-character) CSE 5.29 Tree Distance (3 digit) Required for all trees ≥ 1.0 inch DBH/DRC CSE 5.30 Tree Azimuth (3-character) Required for all trees ≥ 1.0-inch DBH/DRC

SECTION 6: VEGETATION COMPOSITION AND GROUND SURFACE COVER TRANSECTS FORMS . 61

6.A VEGETATION COMPOSITION – COVER BY LIFEFORM AND COVER BY LAYER

6.A.1 Tree Lifeform – Cover and Cover by Layer 6.A.2 Shrub, Forb, Graminoid Lifeforms Cover

6.B VEGETATION COMPOSITION – COVER BY SPECIES FORM

6.B.1 Species List for species with ≥ 3% cover) 6.B.2 Noxious Species, Sensitive Species List, and aspen

6.C GROUND SURFACE COVER FORM

SECTION 7: DOWN-WOODY MATERIALS FORM

7.A DEFINITION OF DOWN-WOODY MATERIALS

7.A.1 Coarse Woody Debris (CWD) 7.A.2 Fine Woody Debris (FWD)

7.B DOWN-WOODY MATERIALS SAMPLING PROCEDURES

7.B.1 Down-Woody Materials Transect Layout 7.B.2 Down-Woody Materials Attributes to collect:

CSE 7.1 Plot Number (4-digit) CSE 7.2 and 7.3 First Duff and Second Duff (2.1-digit; xx.y) 7.B.3 Fine Woody Debris Sampling Method (Items 7.5, 7.6, and 7.7) CSE 7.5 1-hr (0.01 to 0.24 inch) (3-digit) CSE 7.6 10-hr (0.25 to 0.99 inch) (3-digit) CSE 7.7 100-hr (1.00 to 2.99 inches) (3-digit) 7.B.4 Coarse Woody Debris Sampling Methods (Items 7.8, 7.9, 7.10, 7.11, and 7.12):

CSE 7.8 CWD Transects Piece Count (3-digit) Required CSE 7.9 Log Decay Class (1-character) Required CSE 7.10 Diameter (at point of intersection) (3,1-digit; xxx.y) iii

CSE 7.11 Piece Length (3,1-digit; xxx.y) CSE 7.12 Diameter Large End (3,1 digit; xxx.y)

LITERATURE CITED

APPENDICES:

APPENDIX A: DATA COLLECTION FORMS

Appendix A1: Plot Location Reference Form Appendix A2: Photo Placard Appendix A3: Ground Surface Cover Sample Form Appendix A4: Plot and Tree Data Collection Form Appendix A5: Vegetation Composition Form Appendix A6: Microplot Seedling Data Collection Form Appendix A7: Down-Woody Materials Form Appendix A8: Lynx Horizontal Cover Estimation Form

APPENDIX B: GENERALIZED GPS OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

APPENDIX C: TOLERANCES FOR THE R1 INTENSIFIED GRID INVENTORY

APPENDIX D: TALLY TREE SPECIES (TIMBER AND WOODLAND SPECIES)

APPENDIX E: INDIVIDUAL PLOT PACKET AND MULTIPLE PLOT PACKET BUNDLE CONTENTS

Plot Packet Contents:

Plot Submission Requirements:

APPENDIX F: RECOMMENDED FIELD GEAR

APPENDIX G: EDITING AN EXAMS INTENSIFICATION TEMPLATE FILE

Making Plant Species Available in the Exams Template

APPENDIX H: NOXIOUS PLANTS LISTS:

APPENDIX I: R1 HABITAT TYPE GROUPS

APPENDIX J: INTENSIFIED GRID CHEAT SHEET

APPENDIX K: LYNX HORIZONTAL COVER MEASUREMENTS

Cover-board Layout Cover-board Specifications Horizontal Cover Estimation Plot Horizontal Cover % Entering Plot Horizontal Cover into Exams Software

INDEX

FIGURES AND TABLE

Figure 1.1 – Witness Tree Configuration Figure 1.2 – Example of a racetrack tag scribed with Plot ID and witness tree information Table 1.3 – Witness Tree Reference Attributes Table 1.4 – Alternative Witness Items Figure 1.5 – Record the distance from plot center to the center of the face of the witness tree at the aluminum tag/nail location Figure 1.6 – Screen shot of Exams Software Witness Tree Information Form Figure 1.7 – Plot layout for even numbered plots Figure 1.8 – Plot layout for odd numbered plots Table 1.9 – Plot Layout Sampling Description Figure 1.10 – Crown Cover Transect and DWM Transect Layout further detail Table 1.12 – Slope Correction Factors Figure 1.13 – Macroplot Option Information Table 2.1 – Setting Data Form Required Attributes Table 2.2 – Setting User Code Figure 3.1 – Tree Sample Design Figure 3.2 – Vegetation Composition Sample Design Figure 3.3 – Surface Cover Sample Design Figure 3.4 – Down-woody Material Sample Design iv

Table 4.1 – Plot Form Required Attributes Table 5.1– Sample Tree Specifications Table 5.2 – Required Attributes for the R1 Intensified Grid Inventory Tree Data Form Figure 5.3 – Row of Microplot Seedling Count Data Collection Form Table 5.4 – Tree Class Definitions Table 5.5 – GST Measurements by Diameter Class Range Table 5.6 – Seedling Height Class Groups Table 5.7 – CROWN CLASS Categories Table 5.8 – SNAG DECAY Classes Table 6.1 – Cover by Lifeform and Cover by Lifeform by Layer Attributes Table 6.2 – Exams Cover by Lifeform Form and Cover for Tree Lifeform fields Table 6.3 – Reference areas for 1/24th acre plot percentages Figure 6.4 – Exams Cover by Lifeform Form, Cover of Shrubs, Forbs, and Graminoids fields Figure 6.5 – Exams Cover by Species Form Screenshot Table 6.6 – Layer Code Definitions Table 6.10 – Ground Surface Cover Type Codes and Category Definitions Figure 6.11 – Exams Ground Surface Cover Form Table 6.12 – Ground Surface Cover Adjustment Guidelines Figure 7.1 – Down Woody Materials Adjustment for Nonsampled Transect Table 7.2 – Required Down Woody Material Fields Table 7.3 – FWD Diameter Size Classes Figure 7.4 – Tally rules for CWD Figure 7.5 – CWD Tally Rules: Intersections Figure 7.6 – CWD Tally Rules: Forked Trees Table 7.7 – Log Decay Class Definitions Figure 7.8 – Diameter Measurement Figure 7.9 – Estimating Diameter (Pieces that are Not Round in Cross-Section) Figure 7.10 – Example of Decayed End Intersecting the Transect Figure G1 – Adding Plant Species Code to Dropdown Menu Screenshot 1 Figure G2 – Adding Plant Species Code to Dropdown Menu Screenshot 2 Figure G3– Adding Plant Species Code to Dropdown Menu Screenshot 3 Table H1 – State of Montana Noxious Weeds Table H2 – State of Idaho Noxious Weeds Figure K1 – Horizontal Cover Board positioning Figure K2 – Cover Board Layout Figure K3 – Estimating Plot Horizontal Cover % Figure K4 – Horizontal Cover Estimation for Board Figure K5 – Entering Horizontal Cover in Plot User Code field of Exams software Plot Form

R1 Field Guide – Intensified Grid Inventory Data Collection Overview Section 1

Introduction This Region 1 (R1) manual supplement outlines the procedures for the field implementation of the Intensification of the FIA Grid inventory, referred to as the “R1 Intensified Grid Inventory”. This inventory combines: (1) FSVeg Common Stand Exam/Inventory and Monitoring (CSE/IM) data collection protocols, and (2) Interior West Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) protocols.

Although this manual supplement is a combination of CSE and FIA inventory attributes and definitions, it is designed for use in conjunction with the R1 Common Stand Exam and Inventory and Monitoring Field Guide, referred to as R1 CSE/IM Field Guide. FIA definitions and procedures necessary for field implementation have been incorporated into this document.

Section 1, Data Collection Overview, has been divided into the following subsections: (A) General Information, (B) Finding Plot Center and Plot Monumentation, (C) Selecting Witness Trees and Witness Tree/Navigation Form (D) Plot Layout, and (E) Photographing the Plot. The remaining sections in this manual (Sections 2 through 7) directly correspond R1 CSE/IM Field Guide sections in the current manual. For example, Section 2 relates to the Setting Form in both manuals. The only exception to this is found in Section 1.C.1.3 Witness Tree Data Items, which are found in Section R1-G in the R1 CSE/IM Field Guide Supplemental Appendices.

To further assist the reader, all data items that pertain to the R1 CSE/IM Field Guide are preceded by a “CSE” in this document. For example, EXAMINATION LEVEL is referenced as item number “2.13” in the CSE manual, and it is referenced as item “CSE 2.13” in this document. Note: The only CSE/IM attributes included in this manual are those that are required by Region 1. These attributes are included in the default template for the Exams software program for grid intensification.

Unless an item is defined within this manual, the associated CSE/IM definition and appendices apply.

Section 1: Data Collection Overview Remeasurement information has been highlighted throughout this document

1.A. General Information

1.A.1 Data Collection

1.A.1.1 Use of Portable Data Recorders and Exams Software All data collected for the R1 Intensified Grid Inventory is recorded on a portable data recorder (PDR) using Exams software. The Region 1 Analysis Team only provides support for Juniper Systems Allegros. Paper data forms may be used to record field data in the event of PDR malfunction at the time of data collection, (refer to Appendix A). If paper forms are utilized for data collection due to PDR malfunction, the data collected on the forms will be entered into the PDR when repaired, or may be directly entered into ExamsPC software on a computer. As an exception, always complete the Plot Location Reference Form (Appendix A1; also refer to Section 1.B) on paper; this form is labeled “Supplemental” in the upper right corner of the form.

The Forest may also specify additional attributes to collect. See Appendix K for the R1 Lynx Horizontal Cover Protocol.

Exams software: Prior to data collection, ensure that the most current version of Exams software, for the appropriate model of PDR and the PC, is downloaded. Each field crew will be provided with an intensification template file with intensified grid parameters set.

This file includes the sample design and all valid lookup codes for discrete attributes. The default values, referenced in this manual, require no additional keystrokes for data entry using the Exams software.

Remeasurement Prior Measurement Data: Field crews will be provided an intensification data file with information from the previous measurement included in the Witness, Setting, Plot, and Tree form. See Table 1.3 – Witness Tree Reference Attributes, Table 2.1 – Setting Data Form Required Attributes, Table 4.1 – Plot Form Required Attributes, Table 5.2 – Required Attributes for the R1 Intensified Grid Inventory Tree Data Form for detailed information. Not all attributes from the previous measurement are included.

Data reports containing all pertinent information from the last measurement and plot relocation information will be supplied prior to field work in either hard copy or electronic form. Additional paper forms and information may be included as per contract or forest inventory contact specifies.

Websites:

Exams software is available at -

• FS employees:

http://fsweb.nrm.fs.fed.us/support/docs.php?appname=fsveg

• Contractors: http://www.fs.fed.us/nrm/fsveg/

R1 FSVeg Plant List (species codes) is available at –

• FS employees at:

http://fsweb.r1.fs.fed.us/forest/inv/fia_data/int_grid.htm

• Contractors: electronic copies are available from your forest contact

Note: Only the CSE/IM fields addressed in this manual are required for Intensified Grid plots. These fields are included in the default intensification template for the Exams software program. The intensification template is for use with the Inventory and Monitoring option in Exams software and will have an .im file extension.

http://www.fs.fed.us/nrm/fsveg/ http://fsweb.r1.fs.fed.us/forest/inv/fia_data/int_grid.htm

1.A.1.2 GPS Requirements Use a GPS receiver that has the ability to be WAAS enabled and obtain the stated accuracy of ± 15 meters (49.2 feet) or less in the horizontal dimension. The latitude and longitude coordinates acquired by the GPS for the PC must be ± 10 meters (32.8 feet) of the stated plot location center. In latitude and longitude, this equates to roughly 3/10 of one second. The GPS must be capable of using waypoints and must have a route or distance function for navigation.

The required coordinate system for all GPS readings taken for intensified grid work is NAD 1983. Be certain the GPS is set to NAD 1983 prior to entering plot coordinates, or collecting GPS coordinates. See Appendix B for additional GPS specifications and Information.

1.A.2 Quality Control The goal of the quality assurance program is to ensure that these inventory data are scientifically sound, of known quality, and meet the specifications in this manual.

Measurement quality objectives (MQO) are established as standards to define data quality. Part of the MQO is the allowable range of measurement or classification error, termed the tolerance. Examples of these data item tolerance limits are indicated throughout this manual within the text, generally directly below the corresponding data item. These examples are for quick reference only, and do not represent the entirety of acceptable ranges for all data collected on plot. Refer to Appendix D for a complete list of tolerances. Both contractors and force account crews will be subject to periodic on-site inspections of plot locations to ensure fieldwork is being performed with the required accuracy and precision. Field checking is also conducted for the following reasons:

• To obtain uniform and consistent interpretation and application of field instructions among all field crews.

• To hold technique errors to a minimum.

• To check the performance of each individual crew member.

• To reveal inadequacies in the manual and at training.

• To assess and document the quality (accuracy, precision, completeness) of field data.

At least 10 percent of all field plots must be cold checked for quality assurance. The Forest must provide all QA/QC documentation to the Regional Office as required. These audits will be monitored by the Regional Office to ensure Intensified Grid data standards are maintained.

Remeasurement Quality Control: If this inventory is part of a remeasurement effort, pay particular attention to the remeasurement box associated with each data item. Some items are updated, some are not.

The R1 Analysis Team has been seeing large numbers of plots turned in for uploading and processing that have missing data in required fields. In the event required data was not collected during initial plot installation, it is critical for remeasurement crews to identify attributes that should have been collected by prior crews and collect those attributes in order to avoid the perpetuation of these errors into the future.

In some cases the missing data items are fields that should be defaults in the remeasurement Exams template. Remeasurement crews need to scan the required fields on each form for missing values and collect this data if the fields are empty.

1.A.3 Situation Prohibiting Data Collection If an entire plot or portion of a plot cannot be sampled because of a situation prohibiting data collection, such as a permanent physical condition/feature restricting access (e.g., cliffs, water, developed structure), collect as much data as can safely and accurately be collected. Take a photo as close to the plot as possible which documents the hazardous situation. Take GPS readings from the location where the photo is taken and enter the coordinates in the setting remarks field (CSE 2.38) in Exams. Transient conditions such as snow or nightfall are not valid reasons for incomplete data collection, or for not completing the required measurements on a plot. Revisit the plot at another time when the plot will not be covered by snow or darkness.

Never sample private land. If a plot lands on private land (a very rare situation), and you are very close to Forest Service administered lands then you may be able to offset the plot center and install the plot there. At the point where you become aware that you are about to cross onto private land, use the GPS waypoint function to determine the distance and azimuth from your current location to the PC waypoint. Mark this location on the ground with a temporary marker. Add 90 degrees to the azimuth on the GPS. If traveling the distance on the GPS in the new direction will locate the plot entirely on Forest Service administered land, then use this as the new plot center. If not, go back to the location you marked when you were about to cross into private land. Add an additional 90 degrees (for a total of 180 degrees) to the azimuth you would travel along to get to the original plot location. If traveling the distance on the GPS in the new direction will put the plot entirely on Forest Service administered land, then use this as the new plot center. If not, repeat this procedure adding 270 degrees. If distance is the issue, then add 30 meters to the distance given by the GPS. If this doesn’t locate the plot entirely on Forest Service land, add an additional 30 meters. If this doesn’t locate the plot on Forest Service land, then contact the R1 Analysis Team and they will provide you with a new location center.

In the event a plot is inaccessible, complete the following items under Setting Data:

• SETTING USER CODE (CSE 2.34) – Record Setting User Code to indicate the following: (a) the reason why data could not be collected, and (b) the portion of the plot that has missing data. Refer to item 2.34 for further information.

• SETTING REMARKS (CSE 2.38) – Describe the situation/condition prohibiting data collection in the Setting Remarks.

On rare occasions an intensified grid plot location can be identified as inaccessible before going into the field based on aerial photography and topographic maps. In these rare cases, a plot can be considered inaccessible from the office. For example, the contracting officer’s representative (COR) identifies that the plot center is on a cliff face based on the 7.5-minute quadrangle topographic map and cannot be accessed. In this case the Setting User Code (item 2.34) would be entered to indicate that 100% of the plot is inaccessible (Setting User Code = 5100).

1.A.4 Order of Data Collection The suggested order of data collection is as follows:

• Plot Location Reference Form items

• Take photo (if required) while collecting GPS point data

• Vegetation Composition

• Ground Surface Cover

• Down-Woody Material data and Crown Cover information

• Tree data

1.B Finding the Plot Center and Plot Monumentation

1.B.1 Travel Description As an aid in relocating the plot location in future inventories, it is necessary to provide a description of travel from a highway intersection, or other prominent landmark, to the vicinity of the Reference Point (RP), as described below.

Route from easily identifiable starting point to parking location should contain (as a minimum):

• Road names and route numbers

• Major landmarks

• Mileages between roads, intersections, forks, and landmarks

• Direction or turns at intersections/forks

• Description of parking area

Hiking directions from vehicle to RP should contain (as a minimum):

• Trail name/number – if applicable

• Name of drainage/creek/ridge – if applicable

• Major landmarks

• Approximate distances on and between trails, creeks, landmarks, etc.

• Distance and azimuth from trail to plot center

Under Travel Description on the Plot Location Reference Form (Appendix A1, item 1.B.1), record road and hiking directions from a highway intersection, or other prominent landmark to the vicinity of the RP.

The travel directions must be added to the electronic Exams data file in Plot Data<Witness Tree/Navigation Information, it may be easier to enter this information into ExamsPC once the data file has been moved to the PC and opened in ExamsPC.

Tolerance (Travel Description):

Both Route and Hiking directions must be present with all applicable bulleted information listed in Section 1.B.1. Travel descriptions missing required applicable bulleted elements will not receive credit for meeting tolerance standards.

1.B.2 Vehicle Coordinates Record GPS coordinates to indicate the vehicle parking location.

1.B.2.1 Latitude Record the latitude for the vehicle parking location on the Plot Location Reference Form. Record as an 8-digit code comprising the following values and in the following order: a 2-digit “degree” value, a 2-digit “minute” value, a 2-digit “seconds” value, and a 2-digit “hundredths of a second” value.

1.B.2.2 Longitude Record the longitude for the vehicle parking location on the Plot Location Reference Form. Record as an 8-digit code comprising the following values and in the following order: a 2-digit “degree” value, a 2-digit “minute” value, a 2-digit “seconds” value, and a 2-digit “hundredths of a second” value.

Remeasurement: Complete a new Plot Location Reference Form at each remeasurement, updating fields as necessary. Do not overwrite values on the form from the previous measurement that is provided.

The map should include landmarks that will help future crews park, hike to and locate the plot center. Re-transcribe all travel and parking location information, if the supplied information is incorrect or incomplete then update the information.

1.B.3 Reference Point Prior to locating the plot center (PC), it is necessary to designate a plot reference point. A Reference Point (RP) is a landmark that is used in establishing the position of the PC. The RP is also used to relocate the PC in future inventories, especially if there has been a disturbance since the previous measurement.

Choose a RP that is readily identifiable on both the ground and the aerial photograph/DOQ (digital ortho-quad). Select a landmark such as a prominent tree or large boulder, a sharp bend in a road, a fence corner, etc. If a tree (preferred) is designated for the RP, select a tree that is not likely to die or be removed within the next 10-15 years. If possible, choose a RP with a view of the southern sky to allow for optimum satellite reception. Do not select a RP that is in close proximity to features that will interfere with compass readings (such as metal structures/objects, barbed-wire fences, high-power transmission lines). A unique and obviously identifiable RP (on both the aerial photograph and the ground) may be critical in relocating the PC for future inventories should significant change occur over time.

The RP should be at least 75 feet from the PC, if possible. It is more important for the RP to be easily identifiable so in certain circumstances, a RP can be less than 75’ from the

PC.

Monument the RP during plot installation. Attach aluminum racetrack tags scribed with “RP PLOT #" to the RP.

Tag the RP as follows:

Nail aluminum tags with aluminum nails on two sides of the tree approximately 6 feet above ground level, and with at least 1 inch of nail exposed (to allow for tree growth between inventories). Nail one of the tags facing in the general route of approach to the RP when following the travel directions and nail a second tag 6 feet above ground on the opposite side of the tree. Nail a third tag at ground level facing towards PC. If the RP is in a place where there is a high probability that a tag at 6 feet above the ground may be observed and subsequently vandalized (such as highly visible from a designated trail), only attach the tag at ground level and make a note on the paper Plot Location Reference Form in the RP box in the Remarks field (1.B.4.3) (Appendix A1). If no tree is available, mark rocks or other objects with a paint pen or however possible and record in the Remarks field (1.B.4.3). If RP is an aspen, do not tag, be sure it is only marked with a paint pen. Avoid aspen, if possible.

Tolerance (RP):

RP Selection: at least 75’ from the PC, unless extenuating circumstances apply RP Selection: easily identifiable on the ground and in aerial photo

The following items are recorded on the Plot Location Reference Form, Appendix A1.

1.B.3.1 Remarks Record a detailed description of the RP and its location. For example, “large ponderosa pine with a fork in the southwest corner of the meadow.” If the RP is not a tree, record a description clearly identifying the point such as, “northwest corner of old building at the south end of clearing.”

1.B.3.2 Reference Point Species If the reference point is a tree, record the Plants code

Species: No Errors

1.B.3.3 Reference Point Diameter Record DBH to the nearest 0.1 inch

Diameter: ± 0.2 inch per 20 inches of diameter

1.B.3.4 Reference Point Coordinates Record the following to indicate the location of the RP via GPS on the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) NAD 1983 grid system. See Appendix B for requirements and additional information in using a GPS unit.

RP PLOT # 2345

1.B.3.4.1 Latitude Record the latitude for the RP as measured by a GPS. Record an 8-digit value comprised of: 2-digit “degree”, 2-digit “minute”, 2-digit “seconds” value, and a 2-digit “hundredths of a second”.

(10 meters or 32.8 feet)

One second latitude equals approximately 100 feet horizontal distance on the ground, 1/10” ≈ 10 feet, and 1/100” ≈ 1 foot. The tolerance is approximated by 3.3 tenths of a second.

1.B.3.4.2 Longitude Record the longitude for the RP as measured by a GPS. Record an 9-digit value comprised of: 3-digit “degree”, 2-digit “minute”, 2-digit “seconds” value, and a 2-digit “hundredths of a second”.

(10 meters or 32.8 feet)

One second longitude equals approximately 70 feet horizontal distance. The tolerance is approximated by or 4.7 tenths of a second.

1.B.3.4.3 Error (Hits) Record the error as shown on the GPS unit to the nearest foot.

< 70 feet

Remeasurement Reference Point:

Re-monument when the RP tags cannot be found, when the old tags have been damaged, or if the RP has grown such that less than 1” of nail is exposed between the bark and tag. When pulling nails, it often helps to pound them in slightly prior to pulling to break the nail free of the tree’s sap. When replacing a RP tag, remove the old tag before nailing in the new tag. Remeasure the RP Diameter. Recollect all RP GPS information. If RP is no longer viable, establish a new RP using installation protocols and collect all required data.

1.B.4 Traversing from the RP to the PC It is the responsibility of the field crew to locate the plot location center (PC) on the ground as indicated by the provided plot coordinates provided. Wherever possible, use the following procedures as the primary method for locating the PC.

Using the GPS waypoint function, determine the distance and azimuth from the RP to the PC waypoint. Using a compass, tape and clinometer, traverse from the RP to PC along the GPS provided distance and azimuth.

*Note: GPS distances will be in horizontal distance; be sure to compensate for slope when navigating to PC.

When necessary, plot the location of the PC on topographic maps and/or aerial photography prior to locating the PC on the ground. Record RP to PC traverse information (azimuth and slope distance) on the Plot Location Reference Form, Appendix A1, during initial installation.

Remeasurement RP to PC Traverse:

Check azimuth and slope distance from RP to PC. If outside of tolerance, update values, otherwise transcribe information from previous measurement to the Plot Location Reference Form.

1.B.4.1 Azimuth (to the nearest degree; in 3 digits)

Tolerance (RP to PC Traverse):

± 10 degrees

1.B.4.2 Slope Distance (record to the nearest foot)

Tolerance (RP to PC Traverse):

± 6 feet per 100 feet of transect (30 feet maximum)

1.B.5 Plot Center (PC) Location Information Record the following to indicate the location of the PC:

1.B.5.1 Latitude See section 4.2.1 Latitude on the Plot Form for more information on this attribute.

Record the value collected on the paper Plot Location Reference Form.

± 10 meters (32.8 feet) of the stated plot location center

1/10” ≈ 10 feet and 1/100” ≈ 1 foot. The tolerance is approximated by 3.3 tenths of a

1.B.5.2 Longitude See section 4.2.2 Longitude on the Plot Form for more information on this attribute.

Record the value collected on the paper Plot Location Reference Form.

± 10 meters (32.8 feet) of the stated plot location center

One second longitude equals approximately 70 feet horizontal distance. The tolerance is approximated by or 4.7 tenths of a second.

1.B.5.4 Error (to the nearest foot, as shown on the GPS unit) Record the error as shown on the GPS unit to the nearest foot.

Tolerance (PC):

< 70 feet

Remeasurement Finding Plot Center:

Crews will be given electronic Exams data files (*.im) and a copy of the Plot Location Reference Form from the previous measurement. It is the responsibility of the field crew to re-locate the plot center (PC) on the ground with the provided information.

Review the Plot Location Reference Form included in the plot packet. Review the travel descriptions prior to traveling to the plot. Once the vehicle is parked, collect a GPS location for the truck, store it on the GPS unit, and record on the Plot Location Reference Form for the current measurement. Use the map, photos, crew notes and the PC/RP information to help relocate the plot.

A reference point (RP) and witness trees were established when installing the plot to aid in relocation. The RP is a landmark (usually a tree) that is identifiable on both the ground and the plot photo, and is described on the Plot Location Reference Form. Trees used as RPs were marked with aluminum tags: one tag nailed below stump height (1-foot) facing in the direction of the plot center, and two other silver tags nailed approximately 6 feet above the ground. One of those tags should be facing in the direction of approach to the plot.

Once the crew arrives in the vicinity of the plot, based on the GPS reading, they should look for the witness trees (X and Y). The crew should also look for old flagging, plot stakes, and nails in trees at 4.5’ (DBH). The X tree will be marked with a silver tag with the letter “X” scribed on it above DBH facing the plot center. When possible, the X tree will be located on an extension of the course followed from the RP to the plot center. Both the X and Y trees have silver tags with “X” or “Y” scribed on them nailed less than 1 foot above the ground surface, facing the plot center. The Y tree should be located at a right angle to the line from the X tree to the plot center. The X and Y trees can be used to triangulate the center stake location. In general, the crews try to select an X tree between 25-30 feet from the PC and a Y tree that is as close to the PC as possible.

To triangulate the plot center location using the witness trees, measure the slope distance from the base of the X tree specified on the Plot Location Reference Form in the direction of the back azimuth to the azimuth specified for the X tree. Use the same procedure on the Y tree, measuring the Y slope distance in the direction of the back azimuth from the Y tree. The slope distances from the X and Y trees should intersect at the location of the center stake for the plot. Remove duff and soil, and search through vegetation for the plot stake (a thin, bent aluminum rod or a short piece of rebar). Depending upon circumstances, a metal detector may be useful in finding the center stake.

The previous measurement’s Tree Data may also be useful in locating the plot by using azimuth and distance of tagged trees.

If the plot lands outside of the currently administered National Forest System boundary, do not remeasure the plot. Inform the Contracting Officer/Contracting Officer’s Representative.

Contractors:

If a plot cannot be re-located after one hour of searching, the plot can be declared ‘unfound’. The Contracting Officer’s Representative (COR)/inspectors will then attempt to locate the plot within that same timeframe. If the plot is located within that timeframe, it will be flagged by the COR/inspectors, and the field crew will be required to return to plot and remeasure with no monetary compensation adjustment or forfeit all compensation for that plot. If the COR/inspectors are unable to find the plot within an hour’s time, the field crew will be compensated for their initial attempt at plot re-location at the full rate of plot remeasurement.

If the original ‘on the ground’ plot cannot be found with the supplied monumentation and coordinates, do not establish a new plot. Never establish a completely new ‘on the ground’ plot location when attempting to remeasure a plot. Inform COR/Inspector about lost plots.

1.B.6 Monumentation of the Plot Center - Installation Mark the plot location center (PC) by inserting a metal stake in the ground. If a metal stake cannot be placed in the ground because of bedrock, etc., build a rock cairn (rock pile) around the stake.

If the PC cannot be established (e.g., in a river, rock, on a paved road), it is necessary to monument the plot center with an “offset stake” due to circumstances that prohibit the placement of a stake at the actual PC location. Record the offset azimuth (1.B.6.1) (to the nearest degree) and slope distance (1.B.6.2) (to the nearest 0.1 foot) from the offset stake to the PC on the Plot Location Reference Form under PC Coordinates (Appendix A1), and in Exams Setting Remarks (item 2.38). Lay out the plot and take all measurements from the actual PC, not from the offset stake.

Remeasurement Plot Center Monumentation:

If plot center monumentation is damaged or the stake is missing, follow the instructions in this section to re-monument the original plot center location using Witness Trees or previously established plot tally trees to re-establish the original plot center location.

1.B.6.1 Plot Location Map.

Draw a simple sketch of the plot location and hiking route from the vehicle to the PC on the paper Plot Location Reference Form. Include any helpful landmarks that may aid crews in relocating the PC in future inventories (e.g., location of RP, old jeep roads, hiking/game trails, drainages, cliffs, openings).

1.B.6.2 Plot Narrative/Remarks.

Use this section of the form to record general notes pertaining to the plot location such as the presence of hazardous conditions, description of alternative PC witness landmarks, general stand condition, etc.

1.C Witness Trees

1.C.1 Selecting Witness Trees Witness trees allow for plot center relocation via triangulation. For each plot that is monumented, two witness trees, or other items if trees are not available, will be established and referred to as X and Y.

Choose an X tree that is easily identifiable on the ground and in an aerial photo, if possible. Choose a Y witness trees with a trajectory to plot center which is as close to 90 degrees from the X tree to plot center trajectory as possible. The farther the two witness trees are from a right angle to each other, the less useful they will be for triangulating the plot center for relocation.

Figure 1.1 – Witness Tree Configuration

Note on aspen: if aspen is the only species available, mark the tree(s) with paint pens only; do not break the bark with nails, scribes, etc. If no suitable witness tree(s) can be found within the plot vicinity, choose other obvious witness items, including trees that are less than five inches DBH and potentially dead trees, if they are expected to remain standing for 10 years. Other Witness Items that can be used in lieu of trees are listed in Table 1.4. Attempt to mark non-tree witness items where possible via paint pen, tag, etc.

1.C.1.1 Witness Tree Specifications

Preferably, witness trees should meet the following criteria:

• Not likely to die within 10 years, generally healthy

• A species easily located on the site (e.g. an Engelmann spruce in lodgepole pine forest type). Avoid aspen, if possible; if an aspen tree is used, be sure it is off the subplot and only marked with a paint pen – no nails.

• At least 5.0-inches DBH (if possible).

“X” Tree:

• When possible, the X tree will be located on an extension of the route followed from the RP to the plot center.

• Ideally, a distance of 25-30 feet from the PC.

• If there are no suitable trees at 25-30 feet, use a tree closer to PC.

“Y” Tree:

• As close to PC as possible.

• At a right angle to the X tree to PC azimuth, if possible.

If no live trees are within the vicinity of the PC (e.g., clearcut, burn area) select alternative witness landmarks that are likely to be present in 10 years (e.g., a sound snag, prominent rock, rock cairn, road intersection, etc.), see Table 1.4.

Record all X/Y information under Plot Data>Witness Tree|Navigation in Exams software as well as on the paper Plot Location Reference Form, Appendix A1.

1.C.1.2 Tagging Witness Trees For X trees: Scribe two aluminum racetrack tags, labeled with the plot ID number, and an “X”. Nail one tag to the base of the tree (ground level) and the other tag approximately 6 feet above the ground, with both tags facing the PC stake. If a tree < 3.0” DBH is used, do not tag the tree at 6 feet, but record a comment in the X Remarks field (4.19.9) in the Witness Tree/Navigation Information Form in Exams and on the paper Plot Location Reference Form.

For Y trees: Scribe one aluminum racetrack tag, labeled with the plot ID number, and a “Y”. Nail the tag to the base of the tree, with the tag facing the PC stake.

Figure 1.2 – Example of a racetrack tag scribed with Plot ID and witness tree information.

Witness Tree tags are attached with three-inch aluminum nails, leaving at least one inch exposed to accommodate growth. Aluminum nails are used because they do not cause damage to saws, sawmills, harvesters, and because they do not rust. When using other X and Y items such as rocks, it will be necessary to improvise by marking objects with paint pens, attaching tags with aluminum wire, etc.

Record this information in Exams software in the Witness Tree/Navigation Information Form under Y Remarks. If no live trees are within the vicinity of the PC, and a landmark other than a tree is selected to witness the location, clearly describe the alternative landmark in the X and/or Y Remarks fields (4.19.9), as well as in the Remarks under the PC Witness Trees section on the paper Plot Location Reference Form.

If using witness trees and the tree is also tallied on the Tree Form then indicate the Tag Number. Once the Tag Number is entered into Exams Witness Tree Form, DBH and Species will auto fill from the tree data entry form if the tree has already been tallied. *Note: auto fill of tally tree distance will reflect horizontal distance from tally tree, so crew will need to ensure slope distance is entered after auto fill for witness trees.

Monumenting in Wilderness Areas: Nail only one tag at ground level, facing the PC. Use tags that have been spray painted with matte brown or grey paint on both sides. Carefully select and adequately describe the RP to provide sufficient means for future relocation. Remove all flagging before leaving the vicinity, or utilize rapidly disintegrating biodegradable wood fiber flagging tape. The heads of all aluminum nails should be painted brown unless otherwise directed by Forest.

Plot# 1234 X

Plot# 1234 Y

Remeasurement Witness Trees:

If previously selected trees are still suitable, check azimuth and slope distance, update if outside of specified tolerances. Measure DBH and update.

Re-tag trees, if necessary. Pull nails so that at least one inch of the nail is exposed.

When pulling nails, it often helps to pound them in slightly prior to pulling to break the nail free of the tree’s sap.

If this is a remeasurement and the previous witness tree(s) is/are no longer suitable, then select new witness trees (1.C.1) and replace the previous Witness Tree information.

1.C.1.3 Witness Tree Form It is preferable to use trees as witness items, all other options listed in Table 1.4 may be used if there are no trees available. Table 1.3 below lists the witness tree information that needs to be recorded. Many of the following witness tree data items will be entered into Exams Software and also written on the paper Plot Location Reference Form.

Table 1.3 – Witness Tree Reference Attributes

Item number Attribute Description

1.C.1.3.1 Monument Type

Enter X or Y (Default in Exams)

1.C.1.3.2 Witness Type Code

Refer to Table 1.4. Enter the code for the type of witness item that is being used.

1.C.1.3.3 Tag ID

If the witness tree is a tally tree, indicate the tally tree number.

Note: this will need to be filled out after the tree data has been collected.

1.C.1.3.4 Species This attribute is recorded when Witness Type is TR.

Enter the tree species (PLANTS code).

1.C.1.3.5 DBH |DRC

This attribute is recorded when Witness Type Code is

TR.

Indicate DBH or DRC, depending on species of tree.

Note, if you enter a tally tree Tag ID, and the tree has already been entered on the Tree Form, this item will auto fill in Exams.

1.C.1.3.6 Diameter

This attribute is only available when Witness Type Code is TR.

Enter the diameter of the tree.

Note, if you enter a tally tree Tag ID, and the tree has already been entered on the Tree Form, this item will auto fill in Exams.

Remeasurement:

Prior measurement will be provided. Remeasure diameter and update.

Item number Attribute Description

1.C.1.3.7

Azimuth Azimuth from plot center to the center of the bole of the witness tree or other witness object. Note: Declination is set at 0 degrees.

Remeasurement:

Update if outside tolerance.

1.C.1.3.8

Slope Distance Record slope distance from plot center to the center of the face of the witness tree or object, see Figure 1.5.

Record to the nearest 1/10th foot. *Note: Auto fill from tally tree Tag ID will populate horizontal distance.

Remeasurement:

Update if outside tolerance.

1.C.1.3.9

Remarks Make comments about witness items, if necessary. This is especially important when trees are not the witness item. Record remarks to aid in plot re-location, for example, give a specific description of a boulder used for a witness item (“X is a gray boulder roughly 2’X5’X4’, measurement from the boulder was taken at an apex in the rock on the southwest side”).

1.B.1

Travel Description to plot center

Describe how to locate the plot from a known location that will remain intact for the foreseeable future. See 1.B.1 Travel Descriptions. This is written on the Plot Location Reference Form, Appendix 1A.

Tolerance (PC Witness Trees):

Species: No Errors Diameter: ± 0.2 inch per 20 inches of diameter Azimuth: ± 10 degrees Slope Distance: ± 0.2 feet

Table 1.4 – Alternative Witness Items Note: Trees are the preferred Witness Type;

only use other witness options if no highly visible and identifiable trees are available.

Witness Type Code

Witness Item

BO Boulder CA Cairn FI Fence Intersection OT Other RB Road Bend RI Road Intersection TR Tree (preferred)

Figure 1.5 – Record the distance from plot center to the center of the face of the witness tree at the aluminum tag/nail location.

Figure 1.6 – Screen shot of Exams Software Witness Tree Information Form

1.D Plot Layout

The plot layout consists of a subplot (1/24th-acre fixed-radius plot) and a microplot (1/300th-acre fixed-radius plot). Each sample plot area is used to inventory trees of a specified range of heights and diameters, as indicated below. The subplot area is also used to sample the shrub, forb, and grass vegetation composition. All sample plot areas are centered on the PC stake.

Transects extend outward from the PC stake. Tree canopy cover, surface cover, and down-woody material are collected on the transects (or portions of). Figures 1.7 and 1.8 demonstrate how a transects are laid out depending on whether it is an odd or even setting/plot number. Table 1.9 describes which sample populations are selected using which methods.

plot center

Slope distance from plot center to center of face of tree tree bole

Figure 1.7 – Plot layout for even numbered plots

Figure 1.8 – Plot layout for odd numbered plots

* All transects are measured in horizontal distance except Ground Surface Cover, which is measured in slope distance.

Even Numbered Plot

Odd Numbered Plot

Table 1.9 – Plot Layout Sampling Description

Population of Interest Description Type/Size of plot Int Grid Manual Section

All Live/Dead Trees Standing Trees ≥ 5.0 inches DBH/DRC

Subplot Fixed Radius, 24’ horizontal 5

Saplings

• Live and Standing

Dead Trees 1.0”- to

4.9” DBH/DRC

Microplot Fixed Radius, 6.8’ horizontal 5

Seedling Count

• Live Timber Seedlings < 1” DBH and > 0.5’ tall

• Live Woodland Seedlings <1” DRC and > 1’ tall

Microplot Fixed Radius, 6.8’ horizontal 5

Tree Canopy Cover

Cover by Lifeform & Cover by Lifeform by Layer

Transects Two 50’ Transects

• 90o and 270o,even number plot

• 0o and 180o, odd number plot

Shrub, Forb, Graminoid Canopy Cover

Cover by Lifeform & Cover by Lifeform by Layer

Subplot Fixed Radius, 24’ horizontal 6

Cover by Species Species with >3% Cover Subplot Fixed Radius, 24’ horizontal 6

Cover of Noxious Species Presence and cover of all Noxious Species as per state list

Subplot Fixed Radius, 24’ horizontal 6

Cover of aspen Presence and cover of aspen

Subplot Fixed Radius, 24’ horizontal 6

1-hour Fuels

Fine down-woody material 0.01” to 0.24” diameter at intersection

Transect Count along 14’-20’ of transect

• 90o even number plot

• 0o odd number plot

10-hour Fuels Fine down-woody material 0.25” to 0.99”

Count along 14’-20’ of transect

• 90o even number plot

• 0o odd number plot

100-hour Fuels Fine down-woody material 1.00” to 2.99”

Count along 14-24’ of transect

• 90o even number plot

• 0o odd number plot

Population of Interest Description Type/Size of plot Int Grid Manual Section

1000-hour Fuels Course down-woody material 3.00”+ diameter at intersection

Along 0-30’ of transect

• 90o and 270o,even number plot

• 0o and 180o, odd number plot

Duff Depth Depth of Duff and Litter

Point Measurement 24’ horizontal distance from PC

• At 90o and 270o for even number plot

• At 0o and 180o for odd number plot

Lynx Horizontal Cover Option: Forests may choose to collect lynx horizontal cover estimates on plots. See Appendix K for detailed information on collecting this attribute.

Once the PC is established, the subplot, microplot, and transects can be established.

The subplot has a radius of 24.0’ horizontal distance. If the slope distance is greater than 10% then follow the slope correction procedures, Section 1.D.1, to determine the slope distance of the plot radius.

The microplot has a radius of 6.8’ horizontal distance.

Lay out two transects that originate from plot center (PC stake) and extend outward 50.0 feet horizontal distance. For even-numbered plots, orient transects at azimuths of 90 and 270 degrees. For odd-numbered plots, orient transects at azimuths of 0 (360) and 180 degrees. Mark the end of each transect with a pin or twig with flagging. See Figure 1.10 for crown cover and DWM transect layout.

Transect Tolerance: Azimuths: ± 10 degrees

Figure 1.10 – Crown Cover Transect and DWM Transect Layout further detail.

This figure shows the layout for even number plots.

Tree Canopy Cover is sampled along both 50 ft. transects.

Sample 1000 hr. fuels along the first 30 foot horizontal distance of both transects.

Sample 100 hr., 10 hr. and 1 hr. fuels along a 6- to 10-foot subsection of transect located between 14- and 24-feet, horizontal distance. For even-numbered plots, sample 100 hr., 10 hr. and 1 hr. fuels on the east transect (oriented at 90 degrees). For odd-numbered plots, sample 100 hr., 10 hr. and 1 hr. fuels on the north transect (oriented at 0 degrees). Refer to Section 7 for more detailed information on sampling down-woody material.

Lay out four transects that originate from plot center and extend out 25.0 feet slope distance at 0(360), 90, 180, 270 degrees. These transects will be used to sample surface cover, sampling cover at each foot mark.