Attachment17- HAVO General Management Plan.pdf

National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park

SUMMER 2016

HAWAI‘I VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK

G e n e r a l M a n a g e m e n t P l a n

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Attachment 17 HAVO Design Build Contract

Hälau o Kekuhi at Halema‘uma‘u. NPS photo.

This General Management Plan (GMP) is Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park’s overall management strategy for a 15 to 20 year period. This document summarizes the selected alternative as identified in the Record of Decision as Alternative 2 within Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park Draft General Management Plan / Wilderness Study / Environmental Impact Statement (May 2015) and as updated in the Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park Abbreviated Final General Management Plan / Wilderness Study / Environmental Impact Statement (Spring 2016). The Record of Decision (ROD), signed on May 24, 2016, includes a summary of the analysis within the environmental impact statement as well as public and interagency involvement throughout the planning process. The ROD is included in this document as Appendix A.

Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park PO Box 52 Hawai‘i National Park, HI 96718

Prepared by:

National Park Service Pacific West Region – Seattle Office Park Planning and Environmental Compliance 909 1st Avenue Seattle, WA 98104

HAWAI‘I VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK

General Management Plan

Hölei Sea Arch. Photo by Peter Anderson.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF HAWAI‘I VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK

PURPOSE AND NEED FOR THE PLAN

CHAPTER 2: THE PLAN

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW OF THE PLAN

MANAGEMENT ZONES

Visitor Services Zone

Transitional/Semi-primitive Zone

Wild/Primitive Zone

Park Support Zone

SITE-SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT GUIDANCE

Kīlauea Visitor Center and Surrounding Area

Crater Rim Drive

Jaggar Museum and Hawaiian Volcano Observatory

Thurston Lava Tube and Surrounding Area

Chain of Craters Road

Hilina Pali Road

‘Āinahou Ranch House and Gardens

Mauna Loa Road

Ka‘ū Footprints Area and Ka‘ū Desert

‘Ōla‘a

Kahuku Unit

BOUNDARY MODIFICATIONS

PROGRAM-SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT GUIDANCE

Natural Resources

Cultural Resources

Research

Wilderness

Soundscapes and the Acoustic Environment

Visitor Experience

Commercial Services

Administrative Facilities and Infrastructure

Transportation and Access

Partnerships

Table 1. Management Zones

Table 2. Summary of Costs

Table 3. Staffing

Table B.1. Indicators, Standards, Management Strategies, and Monitoring Strategies

TABLES

Figure 1. Existing Conditions, Full Park

Figure 2. Existing Conditions, Crater Rim Drive

Figure 3. Existing Conditions, Kahuku Unit

Figure 4. Management Zones, Full Park

Figure 5. Management Zones, Crater Rim Drive and Kahuku

Figure 6. Eligible Wilderness, Kahuku

Figure 7. Boundary Modifications

FIGURES

Climate Change and Sustainability

Operations

USER CAPACITY

MITIGATION MEASURES

Cultural Resources

Natural Resources

Management and Protection of Wilderness Values

Scenic Resources

Socioeconomic Environment

Sustainable Design and Aesthetics

Visitor Safety and Experiences

Hazardous Materials

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

APPENDIX A: RECORD OF DECISION

APPENDIX B: USER CAPACITY INDICATORS AND STANDARDS

PREPARERS AND CONSULTANTS

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

BACKGROUND 1

Halema‘uma‘u Trail. NPS photo by Stephen Geiger.

Newly emerged endemic Kamehameha butterfly. NPS photo by Jay Robinson.

CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park is on the southernmost island of the Hawaiian Archipelago, more than 2,000 miles from the nearest continental land mass. It is a unit of the national park system in the Pacific West Region and is part of the Hawaiian High Islands Ecoregion. The park is within the Second Congressional District in Hawai‘i County, Hawai‘i.

BACKGROUND OF HAWAI‘I

VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK

Congress established Hawai‘i National Park (later to become, separately, Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park and Haleakalā National Park) on August 1, 1916 “for the benefit and enjoyment of the people of the United States … [and to provide for] … the preservation from injury all timber, birds, mineral deposits, and natural curiosities or wonders within said park, and their retention in their natural condition as nearly as possible” (16 United States Code [USC] 391). The purpose of the park is to protect, study, and provide access to Kīlauea and Mauna Loa, two of the world’s most active volcanoes, and perpetuate endemic Hawaiian ecosystems and the traditional Hawaiian culture connected to these landscapes.

Today, Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park protects approximately 330,0861 (368,106)2 acres of public

1 The official, designated acreage of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park is 323,431 acres. However, the park also manages an area called ‘Ōla‘a, which is outside the park’s official designated boundary.

Because this area has been managed by Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park since federal acquisition in 1952 and continues to affect current management decisions in the park, this GMP includes ‘Ōla‘a within the total acreage that the park protects.

2 Determining acreage at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park is a complex process by which varying sources provide different estimations of total acreage. Unless otherwise specified, acreage listed in this document includes two numbers: the first is the official acreage derived from deeds of conveyance to the United States and county/state tax assessor records, the sum total of which constitute the official NPS acreage for the park. (The official park acreage is maintained by the NPS Land Resource Division, WASO.) The second (listed in parentheses) is an estimation generated by geographic information systems (GIS) software that uses projections on the land to calculate acreage within geographically defined boundaries.

land, which includes some of the most unique geologic, biologic, and cultural landscapes in the world. Extending from sea level to the summit of Mauna Loa at 13,677 feet, the park encompasses the summits and rift zones of two of the world’s most active shield volcanoes—Kīlauea, representing the newest land in the Hawaiian Islands chain, and Mauna Loa, the largest mountain in the world.

While these two volcanoes are the primary features of the park and the principal reason for its establishment by Congress as a unit of the national park system, this volcanic topography also supports one of the most fascinating biologic landscapes in the world. As trade winds sweep across the eastern shores of Hawai‘i and up the vast alpine slopes of Mauna Loa, moisture from these winds creates large variations in precipitation that, in turn, sustain incredibly diverse populations of plant and animal communities across eight ecological life zones. Located more than 2,000 miles from the nearest continent, Hawaiian plants and animals evolved in almost complete isolation for the past 30 million years. As a result, over 90% of the native terrestrial flora and fauna in Hawai‘i are endemic to this small archipelago.

The park provides habitat for 59 federally listed endangered or threatened species and nine species that are candidates for listing. Included among these species are the nēnē (Hawaiian goose), ‘io (Hawaiian hawk), and ‘āhinahina (Mauna Loa silversword). Considering this diversity of life and its distinction on the planet, Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park is both a fantastic laboratory for the study of biogeography and evolution within the Pacific Islands and a cornerstone for recovery of native Hawaiian species found nowhere else in the world.

In addition to its geological and biological significance, the park also plays a unique role

When available and appropriate, both numbers are included in this GMP because deed/tax assessor estimates, which are used in legislation and policy for the park, do not exist for some areas in the park, such as those acres analyzed for wilderness eligibility in the Kahuku Unit.

CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND Introduction 1 in the history of human development on the Hawaiian Islands and remains an important home to living cultures in Hawai‘i. Just as the volcanic and biologic features of the land have shaped the landscape of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, so too have the people who have been a part of its history. Over five centuries before the establishment of the park, Native Hawaiians lived, worked, and worshiped on this sacred ground. Later, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, adventurers, explorers, scientists, philanthropists, and individuals also left their mark on the landscape. Today, ancient petroglyphs, stone walls, and footpaths persist between massive lava flows, and historic housing districts, ranch buildings, and historic roads dot the developed corridors of the park, together revealing the diverse cultures and history that have been, and continue to play, an integral role on this landscape.

Because of these diverse landscapes, its own legislative history and political boundaries, and patterns of human use, Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park is now geographically separated into four units: Kīlauea, Mauna Loa, ‘Ōla‘a, and Kahuku Unit (see Figure 1: Existing Conditions, Full Park).

The Kīlauea Unit is the most accessible and developed unit of the park. Located just off Māmalahoa Highway west of Volcano Village, this unit extends from approximately 4,000 feet elevation down to the coast between the east and southwest rift zones of Kīlauea (see Figure 2:

Existing Conditions, Crater Rim Drive).

Characterized primarily by the volcanic, biologic, and cultural significance of this shield volcano and its crater, Halema‘uma‘u, this unit also sees the highest visitor and administrative use of any other unit in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park.

The Kīlauea Visitor Center, Jaggar Museum, and Volcano HouseSM,3 a historic commercially operated hotel on the rim of Kīlauea caldera, are all in this unit, as are most of the NPS

3 The service mark (SM) inserted after “Volcano House” is associated with a legally registered name or designation used in the manner of a trademark to distinguish an organization’s services from those of its competitors.

administrative buildings, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (operated by the US Geological Survey), and Kilauea Military Camp (operated by the US Army). The park’s primary entrance and two primary roads—Crater Rim Drive, which provides access around the Kīlauea summit area, and Chain of Craters Road, which provides access to the coast—are also in this unit.

The Mauna Loa Unit extends approximately 10,000 feet in elevation northeast from State Route 11 near Volcano Village to the summit of Mauna Loa. Characterized primarily by the diversity of life zones that span this volcanic landscape, this unit provides visitors with the opportunity to explore several volcanic, biologic, and historic features of the park, including the Tree Molds Area, the Kīpukapuaulu (Bird Park) Nature Trail, and the Mauna Loa Lookout.

This unit also includes hiking access (with cabins and water catchment systems) along the southeast rift zone to Moku‘āweoweo, the caldera of Mauna Loa, for those willing to brave the 20 miles of ascending gradient, fluctuating weather conditions, and volcanic terrain.

The Nāmakanipaio campground, the only frontcountry campground in the park, is also in this unit along the Māmalahoa Highway. The only other public vehicular access to this unit is along Mauna Loa Road, an 11.3-mile, one-lane paved road.

The ‘Ōla‘a Unit, donated to the National Park Service in 1952 via the Hawai‘i Territorial Executive Order 1540, is geographically separated from the other units of the park by Volcano Village and has therefore never been formally designated as part of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. (Language in the 1938 legislation for the park stated that Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park could acquire lands only if “adjacent and contiguous” to park boundaries.) However, the unit is managed by park administrators for its valuable forest habitat and presence of endemic and/or rare and endangered species. A large portion of the unit (9,329 acres) was designated as wilderness in 1978. Today, this unit remains undeveloped, with no formal trails or services provided to the general public.

2 HAWAI‘I VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

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CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND Background of Hawai‘I Volcanoes National Park 3

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4 HAWAI‘I VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

As the newest addition to the park, Kahuku Unit, at 115,788 (150,865) acres in size, was acquired by the National Park Service in 2003 (see Figure 3: Existing Conditions, Kahuku Unit). Stretching from approximately 2,000 to 12,500 feet in elevation, this unit encompasses the southwest rift zone of Mauna Loa and extends across lava fields, pastures, forests, shrubland and mesic, subalpine, alpine, and desert environments.

Prior to NPS acquisition, portions of Kahuku had been profoundly transformed by almost two centuries of resource use—most recently that of cattle ranching in the lower section of the unit.

Although Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park has begun restoration efforts by fencing and removing nonnative ungulates, controlling localized nonnative plants, and conducting restoration experiments over the last nine years, restoration of native forest will likely take decades. Currently, public access to this unit is limited to weekends and special events and limited to the lower portion of the unit where several ranching roads provide vehicular, bicycling, and pedestrian access.

PURPOSE AND NEED FOR THE PLAN

Purpose of the Plan This general management plan (GMP) is the foundational document guiding management of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park for the next 15 to 20 years. To that end, this plan builds on the legislation surrounding the establishment and management of the park in order to provide a framework for managers to use when making decisions about how to best protect the park’s resources, how to provide quality visitor uses and experiences, how to manage visitor use, and what kinds of facilities, if any, to develop in the park (the park’s legislation can be found in

Hiking Palm Trail at Kahuku. NPS photo by Jay Robinson.

CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND Purpose and Need for the Plan 5 µ

Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park GMP/WS/EIS

Produced by: PWR - Seattle Planning Office

Date Created: July 2016

Data Sources: USGS - Roads, Coastline, Lava Flows NPS - Park Boundary,Trails, Cabins

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6 HAWAI‘I VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Appendix A of the Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park Draft General Management Plan / Wilderness Study / Environmental Impact Statement (draft GMP/WS/EIS).

This GMP is a programmatic document that provides conceptual guidance to National Park Service (NPS) managers as well as more detailed strategies and actions where appropriate. This general management plan does not describe how particular programs or projects will be implemented or prioritized. Those decisions will be deferred to more detailed implementation planning, which will follow the broad, comprehensive plan presented in this document.

Actions directed by this GMP or in subsequent implementation plans are accomplished over time.

Budget restrictions, requirements for additional data or regulatory compliance, and competing priorities may delay implementation of many actions. Major or especially costly actions could be implemented 10 or more years into the future. All future plans should be consistent with this GMP.

Need for the Plan The last Master Plan4 for Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park was completed in 1975 and no longer provides adequate guidance to address the policy and operational issues now facing park management.

Many conditions in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park and throughout the region have changed since the last Master Plan was completed in 1975, including: continuous eruptions at Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō on Kīlauea Volcano since 1983 and related impacts on resources and visitor opportunities;

increased visitation and changing visitor patterns (approximately 1.6 million visitors annually) and resulting transportation conflicts and parking congestion; the loss of visitor facilities, cultural resources, and significant habitat for numerous federally listed threatened, endangered, and candidate species from volcanic activity; the continuing spread of introduced invasive species and avian disease; increased impacts to the soundscape and acoustic environment; expansion

4 Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. 1975. Master Plan. National Park Service, Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park.

[Top to bottom] 1. Kamoamoa eruption (2011) with tree molds from previous eruptions in foreground. 2. Hiking through the Ka‘ü Desert. NPS photos by Jay Robinson.

CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND Purpose and Need for the Plan 7 of the park; impacts on resources due to climate change; and new international designations including designation as a World Heritage Site and International Biosphere Reserve.

Specifically, Mauna Loa Volcano last erupted in 1984, and Kīlauea Volcano has been in nearly continuous eruption since 1983. Given the uncertainty of operating on a volcanic landscape, there is a great need for flexibility in management that would benefit from a general management planning process. Due in part to this volcanic activity, park visitation has also changed dramatically over the last 35 years.

Both the demographics and size of visitation has changed and diversified, as have the ways in which people interact with park resources.

These changes require creative strategies to connect visitors to the park, provide visitor services, and manage congestion and conflicts. In addition, these changes in visitation, along with ecological changes both at home and around the world, have created a number of natural and cultural resource protection issues, such as the introduction of invasive nonnative species, that need to be addressed in the new general management plan. In 1978, 123,100 (130,950) acres of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park were also designated as wilderness. Two years later, Hawai‘i Volcanoes and Haleakalā National Parks were jointly designated as “Hawai‘i Island International Biosphere Reserve” by UNESCO, and eight years later, in 1987, the park was also declared a World Heritage Site by the World Heritage Convention of UNESCO. Then, in 2003, the park acquired 115,788 (150,865) acres of the Kahuku Ranch, creating the Kahuku Unit, located on the southwest rift of Mauna Loa summit down to State Route 11. This acquisition increased the park size by 50 percent and now provides unique opportunities and challenges for resource management and visitor use. These changes in lands and designations need to be integrated into park planning efforts, and the wilderness potential of these new lands needs to be assessed.

Häpaimamo and the southwest rift of Mauna Loa. NPS photo by Jay Robinson.

8 HAWAI‘I VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

THE PLAN 2

Hula on crater rim by Halau Hula Kalehuaki‘eki‘e‘ika‘iu. NPS photo by David Boyle.

Hawksbill sea turtle hatchling. NPS Photo.

CHAPTER 2: THE PLAN

INTRODUCTION

The development of this GMP for Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park was based on the purpose of the park, including providing access to Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, preserving endemic Hawaiian ecosystems, and perpetuating the traditional Hawaiian culture connected to these landscapes. The GMP presents strategies for the protection, preservation, and management of shared values at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park.

It is intended that the GMP meet both the spirit and the intent of the laws establishing the park. In meeting this goal, the GMP provides for the long-term protection of the park’s resources and the public enjoyment of those resources in a way that is respectful of Native Hawaiian culture.

This chapter outlines the various elements of the GMP for Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, including: an explanation of management zones in the park, a description of site-specific actions in the plan, an analysis of potential boundary modifications, program-specific guidance, the estimated costs of implementing the plan, guidance for user capacity, and mitigation measures that will be taken to reduce impacts to resources from implementation of this plan.

OVERVIEW OF THE PLAN

The GMP seeks to strengthen and broaden opportunities to connect people with the volcanic world treasure, Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, and provide a wide range of high-quality visitor experiences based on different geographic areas.

Through the implementation of this plan, Kīlauea summit will continue to be the most actively visited area of the park with the greatest concentration of services and amenities for park visitors. Along Chain of Craters Road and Mauna Loa Road, the park will strive to provide visitors with improved opportunities to experience and connect with park resources and values, including new opportunities at places like Mauna Ulu and Kealakomowaena, while dispersing use to create a less congested and more tranquil experience. At Kahuku, although visitor access and recreation opportunities will be expanded from what is currently offered, infrastructure and development will be minimal, gradually phased in over time, and will remain rustic in design to allow for a more primitive visitor experience.

Natural and cultural resources will continue to be managed and protected with a high degree of integrity, consistent with direction provided by existing laws and policies. This GMP therefore emphasizes the park’s role as a refuge and haven for native biota, people, and cultures in a world constantly adapting to volcanic activity and island building processes. The GMP honors the Native Hawaiian people and culture by recognizing Native Hawaiian values such as mālama ‘āina (nourishing or taking care of the land) and kuleana (responsibility) and perspectives from Native Hawaiian land management such as ahupua‘a management (managing land from mauka (mountains) to makai (sea)) as important concepts in park stewardship of resources. Native Hawaiian traditional ecological knowledge will be used to enhance current scientific understanding to protect park resources and provide additional interpretive and educational opportunities for visitors.

Native Hawaiian Traditional Ecological Knowledge is a cumulative body of knowledge, beliefs, and practices that refer to the relationships and effects between living things and their environment which passes from one generation to the next through traditional practice, stories, chants and songs. The Native Hawaiian culture was an oral culture; therefore the stories, chants, and songs documented significant events, and documented and perpetuated their scientific understanding of the environment. The traditional land management system of the ahupua‘a is an example of the application of traditional ecological knowledge, which informed individuals of the appropriate uses, harvest times, and planting sequences from the ocean to the mountain tops.

This knowledge was applied across each island

CHAPTER 2: THE PLAN Introduction 9 and managed by the people so that the resources from all environments within the ahupua‘a will be sustainable for future generations.

Need for Flexibility Situated on two active volcanoes, the need for flexibility in managing Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park is great. Nature is dynamic and volcanic eruptions are possible at any time.

Planning for a national park unit in this type of unpredictable environment presents both challenges and opportunities and requires flexibility in how the park may respond to different scenarios.

Actual management decisions will likely be guided by the magnitude of an individual event. Rather than provide specific recommendations in this GMP for how the park may respond to a given event, the planning team developed some general guidance for managers facing volcanic activity in the future. The need for this type of flexible management guidance is most notable with respect to facilities and infrastructure in the park.

Continuing to replace facilities that could be destroyed within a few years of being rebuilt is not necessarily fiscally sound or a good public investment, especially when other options for replacing structures or the functions provided by structures exists. However, the park may choose to repair or replace a high value structure that incurs light damage. A lower value facility that sustains more significant damage may not be rebuilt or replaced. Decisions about individual facilities will in large part be guided by the park’s asset management plan.

In addition to buildings, other infrastructure, such as roads, are vulnerable to volcanic and seismic activity. There are very few roads in the park and visitors rely on them for experiencing the park’s various environments and features. Closing a road may result in measurable impacts to communities, visitors, and park operations; therefore, replacing a road or maintaining vehicular access to certain areas may be a viable and sound management decision.

Rather than identify potential scenarios that park management might undertake if a specific building or road is impacted by volcanic or seismic activity in the future, park management will consider three broad strategies to maximize flexibility.

• Design new facilities that could be mobile and moved out of harm’s way (similar to the movable visitor contact station proposed near the end of Chain of Craters Road)

• Adaptively reuse existing buildings in the park to replace lost functionality so new construction may not be needed

• Determine that some buildings will not be rebuilt within the park if they are significantly damaged or destroyed

The park and its partners will strive to replace necessary functionality provided by lost facilities in less vulnerable or culturally sensitive locations outside the park.

MANAGEMENT ZONES

This GMP relies on the development of four management zones: Visitor Services, Transitional/ Semi-primitive, Wild/Primitive, and Park Support to define specific resource conditions and visitor experiences to be achieved and maintained in each particular area of the park. Each zone applies to different geographic locations or areas of the park (see descriptions below and more specifically, Figure 4: Management Zones, Full Park and Figure 5: Management Zones, Crater Rim Drive and Kahuku) and each zone is associated with a general level of management guidance or direction, including the types of activities and facilities that are appropriate in that management zone.

In addition to the management zones, park managers would continue to use the Superintendent’s Compendium (NPS 2016).

The compendium is a list of designations, closures, requirements, and other restrictions imposed under the discretionary authority of the superintendent as provided in Title 36 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).

10 HAWAI‘I VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

C

IF

IC

O

C E

A N

U

PP

ER

LO

W

ER

M A

U N

A L

O A

K A

H U

K U

K

ĪL

A U

E A

‘Ō L

A ‘A

H aw ai ‘i

V ol ca no es N at io na l P ar k

G M

P /W

S /E

IS

Fi g u re

M an ag em en t Zo n es

, F u ll Pa rk aw ai ‘i

V ol ca no es N at io na l P ar k

M A

P A

R

EA

µ Pr od uc ed b y:

P W

R

Se at tle P la nn ffi ce

D at e C re at ed : J ul y

D at a So ur ce s:

U

SG

S

- C oa st lin e, R oa

L av a

Fl ow

S

- M an ag em en t Z on es k

B ou nd

W ild er ne ss

Fi g.

.2

M gm tZ on es A lt2 . F ul l P ar k_

K ilo m et er s

M ile s

Le ge nd

N P

S B ou nd ar y

R oa ds

R ec en t L av a

Fl ow s

W ild

/P rim iti ve

Z on e

Vi si to r S er vi ce s

Zo ne

Tr an si tio na l/S em i-P rim iti ve Z on e

P ar k S up po rt Zo ne

E lig ib le

W ild er ne ss

D es ig na te d

W ild er ne

CHAPTER 2: THE PLAN Management Zones 11

UPPER

LOWER

Ranch House (Administrative Office)

Lower Glover

Upper Glover

1868 Flow

Flow

Flow

Flow

Flow

Jaggar Museum

Thurston Lava Tube

Kīlauea Visitor Center

Kilauea Military Camp

HALEMA‘UMA‘U

CRATER

LUA MANU

CRATER

ROAD AND

TRAIL CLOSURE

TRAIL CLOSURE

TRAIL CLOSURE

TRAIL CLOSURE

FOOT TRAFFIC

ONLY

ROAD CLOSURE

Lower Kahuku

Crater Rim Drive

Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park

MAP AREA

Crater Rim Drive

Lower Kahuku

Figure 5: Management Zones, Crater Rim Drive and Kahuku i Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park GMP/WS/EIS

Produced by: PWR - Seattle Planning Office

Date Created: June 2014

Data Sources: USGS - Coastline, Roads NPS - Management Zones, NPS Boundary

Fig. 3.3 MgmtZones Alt.2 Crater_Kahuku_060914.mxd µ 0 1

Kilometers

0 0.5 Miles µ 0 1

Kilometers

0 0.5 Miles

Legend NPS Boundary

Roads

Transitional/Semi-Primitive Zone

Visitor Services Zone

Wild/Primitive Zone

Trails

Park Support Zone

12 HAWAI‘I VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Visitor Services Zone The Visitor Services Zone includes the Highway 11 corridor through the park, all of Crater Rim Drive and surrounding visitor facilities, Mauna Ulu, Kealakomowaena, the end of Chain of Craters Road, and the vicinity around the existing development in lower Kahuku.

Around Crater Rim Drive, the Visitor Services Zone includes 0.1 mile on either side of the road between Jaggar Museum and the junction with Chain of Craters Road, along the southwestern section of the road, and extends 0.25 mile on either side of the northeastern section of the road between these two locations in order to accommodate higher volumes of traffic and multiple uses along this corridor. The Visitor Services Zone also includes high visitor use facilities/locations along Crater Rim Drive including Kīlauea Visitor Center and 1877 Volcano House, the ‘Ōhi‘a Wing and Volcano HouseSM, the Steam Vents, Kīlauea Overlook, Jaggar Museum, Halema‘uma‘u Overlook, Devastation, Pu‘u Pua‘i and Kīlauea Iki parking lots, and Thurston Lava Tube. Nāmakanipaio Campground, off Highway 11, is also included in this zone.

Along Chain of Craters Road, the Visitor Services Zone includes Kealakomowaena and the area surrounding the movable visitor contact station near the end of the current road that is intended to replace the current temporary structures.

However, because this visitor contact station will be movable and likely relocated in response to future eruptions and sea-level rise, the zone in this area is intended to be flexible.

In Kahuku, the Visitor Services Zone encompasses all of the existing ranch buildings in lower Kahuku and the Pu‘u o Lokuana Trailhead, extending north to the far side of Pu‘u o Lokuana and west to the eastern edge of the Old Mamalahoa Highway.

Transitional/Semi-primitive Zone The Transitional/Semi-primitive Zone includes areas that are dominated by natural conditions where visitor experiences focus on providing a sense of solitude, relaxation, and exploration in a relatively natural environment with limited interpretation. This zone includes the nonwilderness area of the Mauna Loa Unit, a large portion of the Kīlauea Unit, and most of lower Kahuku.

In the Kīlauea Unit, the Transitional/Semi-primitive Zone includes all areas east of the Ka‘ū Desert wilderness unit to Chain of Craters Road (except the Park Support Zone around ‘Āinahou), including Hilina Pali Road. This zone then extends south to the coast along Chain of Craters Road and east to the East Rift wilderness unit, the vicinity of Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō, and to the east boundary of the park.

Around Crater Rim Drive, this zone includes all areas except those included in the Visitor Services and Park Support zones along Crater Rim Drive, including Kīlauea Caldera.

In Kahuku, the Transitional/Semi-primitive Zone includes the road corridors and surrounding lands in lower Kahuku, extending from the eastern

[Top to bottom] 1. Mauna Ulu eruption (1969–1974) covered Chain of Craters Road by Alanui Kahiko Overlook. NPS photo.

2. Observation deck at Jaggar Museum. NPS photo by Jim Gale.

CHAPTER 2: THE PLAN Management Zones 13 edge of the 1887 flows north to the top of lower Kahuku and east to the eastern park boundary of lower Kahuku. The quarter-mile corridor on the north side of Highway 11 along the park boundary, beginning near the eastern edge of the rare dry land forest and extending westward, is also included in this zone.

Wild/Primitive Zone The Wild/Primitive Zone includes all areas designated wilderness or eligible wilderness within Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park, including the Hawai‘i Volcanoes Wilderness (which includes the East Rift, Ka‘ū Desert, ‘Ōla‘a, and Mauna Loa wilderness units). This zone also includes the small tract of ‘Ōla‘a and the lands extending east and south of the East Rift wilderness unit to 2.5 miles from the coast. All of upper Kahuku and the southwest corner of Lower Kahuku (including the 1887 flows west to the western boundary of Kahuku) minus the road corridors is also included within the Wild/Primitive Zone.

Park Support Zone The Park Support Zone includes only those facilities and surrounding areas in the park used primarily for NPS administration, such as the research facilities, administration and housing area, the rainshed, the NPS horse corral, and Kilauea Military Camp. Both ‘Āinahou and Kilauea Military Camp are zoned Park Support Zone because they are not open to the general public.

The greatest proportion of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park (about 76.6 percent) is within the Wild/Primitive Zone. The Transitional/Semi-primitive Zone covers about 22.6 percent of the park, and the Visitor Services Zone covers approximately 0.7 percent. The Park Support Zone covers the smallest portion (less than 0.1 percent) of the park.

See Table 1: Management Zones for a comparison of the zone concept; desired natural and cultural resource conditions; shoreline and wilderness management practices; visitor opportunities;

science, research, and learning opportunities;

facility conditions; and access and transportation conditions of the proposed management zones.

[Top to bottom] 1. Native old-growth rain forest in ‘Öla‘a Unit. NPS photo. 2. ‘Äinahou Ranch House. NPS photo by Jay Robinson.

14 HAWAI‘I VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Ta b le

: M a n a g eM en T

Zo n es

C a te g o ry

V is it o r S e rv ic e s Z o n e Tr a n si ti o n a l/

S m i-p ri m it iv e Z o n e W il d

/P ri m it iv e

Z o n e

P a rk S u p p o rt Z o n e

ZO

N

E C

O N

C

EP

TS

Th e

V is ito r

Se rv ic es

Z on e is m an ag ed pr im ar ily f or a h ig h le ve l o f vi si to r us e, a cc es s, a nd in te rp re ta tio n w ith id e ra ng e of m ed ia a nd f ac ili tie s to s up po rt d iv er se v is ito r ne s.

Th

Tr an si tio na l/S em i-p rim iti ve Z on e is m an ag ed a s a tr an si tio n be tw ee n ar ea s of h ig h de ve lo pm en t an d re m ot e ar ea s of t he p ar k.

It f oc us on n at ur al a nd c ul tu ra l r es ou rc e pr ot ec tio n w ith m or e ru st ic v is ito r fa ci lit ie s, e xp er ie nc es , a nd a ct iv iti th at e nc ou ra ge v is ito rs t o co nn ec t w ith t he r es ou rc e.

Th e

W ild

/P rim iti ve

Z on e is m an ar ily f or n at ur al a nd c ul tu ra l re so ur ce p ro te ct io n an d its ch ac te r an d w ild er ne ss v al ue

V is ito r ex pe rie nc es a re c on si st en t w ith w ild er ne ss c ha ra ct er a nd p ro vi de op po rt un iti es f or im m er si ng v is ito rs t he r es ou rc e.

Th e

Pa rk

S up po rt

Z on e is m an ar ily t o su pp or t pa rk o pe ra tio ns an d m ai nt en an ce , i nc lu di ng t he er at io na l n ee ds o f pa rk p ar tn cc es s fo r vi si to rs is p rim ar ily f or lim ite d vi si to r se rv ic es

(s uc h as ba ck co un tr y pe rm itt in g)

, o rie nt at io n, or ga ni ze d m ee tin gs o r ev en ts

N A

TU

R

A L

R

ES

O U

R C

ES

O ve ll o n d it io n s N at iv e sp ec ie s, c om m un iti es , a nd ec og ic al p ro ce ss es a re p er pe tu re st or ed in a s na tu l a co iti on a s po ss ib le

Sp ec ifi c ar ea s ar e di st ur be d to a cc om m od at e vi si to r an d ad m in is tr at iv e ne ed s, b ut r es ou rc pr ot ec te d el se w he re . I f re so ur ce m od ifi ca tio n do es o cc ur , t he g oa l is t o av oi d se ns iti ve a re as t o th e ex te nt p ra ct ic al a nd f ea si bl e an d fo cu s de ve lo pm en t in le ss s en si tiv e ar ea s in t hi s zo ne

N at iv e sp ec ie s, c om m un iti es og ic al p ro ce ss es a re p er pe tu re st or ed in a s na tu iti on a s po ss ib le

Re so ur ce im pa ct s or m an ip ul at io of re so ur ce s fo r vi si to r or a dm in is tr at iv e pu rp os es is g en er al ly a vo id ed

N at iv e sp ec ie s, c om m un iti es og ic al p ro ce ss es a re p er pe tu re st or ed in a s na tu iti on a s po ss ib le

Re so ur ce im pa ct s or m an ip ul at io n of r es ou rc es f or v is ito r ad in is tr at iv e pu rp os es is r ar e an d ge ne ra lly c on si st en t w ith p re se rv in g w ild er ne ss c ha ra ct er

N at iv e sp ec ie s, c om m un iti es og ic al p ro ce ss es a re p er pe tu re st or ed in a s na tu ra l co nd iti on a s po ss ib le

Sp ec ifi c ar ea s ar e di st ur be to ac m m od at e ad m in is tr at iv e an d vi si to r ne ed s, b ut r es ou rc es ot ec te d el se w he re

. I f re so ifi ca tio n do es o cc ur

, t he g oa l is t o av oi d se ns iti ve a re as t o th e ex te nt p ra ct ic al a nd f ea si bl e an d fo cu s de ve lo pm en t in le ss s en si tiv e ar ea s in t hi s zo ne

W ild lif

V eg et at io n If de ve lo pm en t oc cu rs , l an ds ca pe ha bi ta t ar ea s el se w he re pr ef er ab ly w ith in t he z on e, st or ed f or a no n et g en lo po lic y.

H ab ita t re st or at io n to p ro vi de w ild lif e co rr id or s co ul d oc cu r in t hi s zo ne

M od ifi ca tio n or im pa ct s to n at iv e w ild lif e an d ve ge ta tio n ar e av oi de d.

C on si de r re lo ca tin ov in g cu rr en t an d pr op os ve lo pm en t to r es to re w ild lif e an d ve ge ta tio n.

H ab ita t re st or at io n to p ro vi de w ild lif e co rr id or s co ul d oc cu r in t hi s zo ne

M od ifi ca tio n or im pa ct s to n at iv e w ild lif e an d ve ge ta tio n ar e av oi d.

si de r re lo ca tin g or r em ov in g cu rr en t de ve lo pm en t to r es lif e an d ve ge ta tio n.

T he m in um qu ire m en ts a na ly si s is r eq ui re si gn at ed a nd e lig ib le w ild er ne ss

If de ve lo pm en t oc cu rs

, l an ds ca pe ha bi ta t ar ea s ar e re st or ed e ls ew he re pr ef er ab ly w ith in t he z on e, f or a no ne gr ee n lo ss po lic y.

G eo lo y

S o ils G eo lo gi c fe at ur es a nd s oi ls ec te d an d ge ol og ic p ro ce in ue . C on si de r re lo ca tin ov in g de ve lo pm en t

(r er ou te ro s, t ra ils , a nd p ar ki ng

Fa ci lit ie s an d in fr as tr uc tu re p ro to r ac ce ss t o ge ol og ic r es ou co ul d im pa ct t ho se r es ou a re n on se ns iti ve . S om e no ns en si tiv e ar ea s ar e di st ur be fa ci lit at e vi si to r ac ce ss

, b ut r es ou pr ot ec te d el se w he re in t he z on e.

G eo lo gi c fe at ur es a nd s oi ls ec te d an d ge ol og ic p ro ce in ue

. C on si de r re lo ca tin ov in g de ve lo pm en t (r er s, t ra ils

, a nd p ar ki ng

G eo lo gi c fe at ur es a nd s oi ls ec te d an d ge ol og ic p ro ce in ue

. C on si de r re lo ca tin ov in g de ve lo pm en t (r er ou te r oa ds tr ai ls

, a nd p ar ki ng

Th e m in ire m en ts a na ly si s is r eq ui re gn at ed a nd e lig ib le w ild er ne ss

G eo lo gi c fe at ur es a nd s oi ls ec te d an d ge ol og ic p ro ce in ue

. C on si de r re lo ca tin ov in g de ve lo pm en t (r er ou te r oa ds tr ai ls

, a nd p ar ki ng

So m e no ns en si tiv e ar ea s ar e di st ur be d to s up po rt p ar k ad m in is tr at io n an d fa ci lit at e vi si to r ac ce ss , b ut r es ou pr ot ec te d el se w he re in t he z on e.

CHAPTER 2: THE PLAN Management Zones 15 le

: M a n a g eM en T

Zo n es

C a te g o ry

V is it o r S e rv ic e s Z o n e Tr a n si ti o n m i-p ri m it iv e Z o n e W il d

/P ri m it iv e

Z o n e

P a rk S u p p o rt Z o n e

So u n d sc ap es N at ur al s ou nd s ar e ge ne ra lly a ud ib le bu t so un ds f ro m p ar k ac tiv vi si to rs d om in at e du rin g th e da y.

N ew f ac ili tie s ar e si te d an d de si gn ed t o m in im iz e im pa ct s on st ic al e nv iro nm en t.

N at ur al s ou nd s do m in at e, ut un ds f ro m v is ito r an d pa at io ns m ay b e he ar d.

ew lit ie s ar e si te d an d de si gn in im iz e im pa ct s on st ic al e nv iro nm en t.

N at ur al s ou nd s do m in at e, b ut d is ta tifi ci al s ou nd s m ay b e he ar d in s om e ar ea s of t he z on e.

N ew in st al la tio ns a re s ite d an d de si gn ed t o m in im iz e im pa ct s on st ic al e nv iro nm en t.

T he m in ire m en ts a na ly si s is r eq ui re gn at ed a nd e lig ib le w ild er ne ss

N at ur al s ou nd s ar e ge ne ra lly a ud ib le bu t so un ds f ro m p ar k ac tiv vi si to rs d om in at e du rin g th e da y.

N ew f ac ili tie s ar e si te d an d de si gn ed t o m in im iz e im pa ct s on st ic al e nv iro nm en t.

N at u ra l Li g h ts ca p es

A n at ur al li gh ts ca pe c an b e ex pe rie nc ed a t ce rt ai n lo ca in t hi s zo ne

. P er m an en t ar tifi al lig ht in g is m in im iz ed a nd r et ro fit te d to b e

D ar k Sk y co m pl ia nt

, w hi ld r es to re v ie w s of n ig ht ky m in im iz e im pa ct s to n oc tu rn lif e

. N ew f ac ili tie s ar e si te d an d de si gn ed

, a nd e xi st in g fa ci lit ie s re tr ofi tt ed , t o m in im iz e in tr us he n ig ht s ky

N at ur al li gh ts ca pe is la rg el y un ob sc ur ed . L ig ht in g fr om lo pe d ar ea s m ay b e vi si bl e fr om c er ta in lo ca tio ns . P er m an en t ar tifi ci al li gh tin g is m in im al ld b e

D ar k Sk y co m pl ia nt

Pe rm an en t ar tifi ci al li gh tin tr ofi tt ed t o re st or e vi ew s of n ig sk an d to m in im iz e im pa ct ct ur na l w ild lif f ac ili tie s ar e si te d, d es ig d, ex is tin g fa ci lit ie s re tr ofi tt ed

, t o m in im iz e in tr us io ns t o ni gh t sk y.

Th e na tu ra l l ig ht sc ap e is u no bs cu t he e xc ep tio n of p er so na l lig ht in g.

N o pe rm an en t lig ht in en t th ou gh d is ta nt li gh tin g ay be v is ib le f ro m c er ta in lo ca tio ns

Pu bl ic e nj oy m en t an d un de rs ta nd in g of n at ur al li gh ts ca pe s is e nc ou ra ge m in im um r eq ui re m en ts a na ly si s is r eq ui re d in d es ig na te d an d el ig ib le w ild er ne ss

A n at ur al li gh ts ca pe c an b e ex pe rie nc ed a t ce rt ai n lo ca tio ns

Pe rm an en t ar tifi ci al li gh tin im iz ed a nd w ou ld b e D ar k

Sk y co m pl ia nt . P er m an en t lig ht in ofi tt ed t o re st or e vi ew s of n sk an d m in im iz e im pa ct s to n oc tu rn lif e.

N ew f ac ili tie s ar e si te d an d de si gn ed

, a nd e xi st in g fa ci lit ie s re tr ofi tt ed t o m in im iz e in tr us he n ig ht s ky

Se n si ti ve S p ec ie s u ra l R es o u rc es A ll se ns iti ve s pe ci es a nd r es ou pe rp et ua te d an d re st or at ur al c on di tio n as p os si bl ito r ac ce ss m ay b e lim ite ed . I f ad m in is tr at iv e/ vi si to r fa ci lit ie s ar e de st ro ye d by n at el em en ts in s en si tiv e ar ea s, t he y ne ce ss ar ily b e re pl ac ed in t he ir ex is tin g lo ca tio n.

A ll se ns iti ve s pe ci es a nd r es ou pe rp et ua te d an d re st or at ur al c on di tio n as p os si ito r ac ce ss m ay b e lim ite ed

. I f ad m in is tr at iv e/ vi si to r fa ci lit ie s ar e de st ro ye d by n at en ts in s en si tiv e ar ea s, t he y ne ce ss ar ily b e re pl ac ed in t he ir ex is tin g lo ca n.

ll se ns iti ve s pe ci es a nd r es ou pe rp et ua te d an d re st or ed in a s na tu ra l c on di tio n as p os si bl e.

V is ito r ac ce ss m ay b e lim ite d as n ee

If m in is tr at iv e or v is ito r fa ci lit ie s ar e de st ro ye d by n at ur al e le m ts en si tiv e ar ea s, t he y m ay ss ar ily b e re pl ac ed in t he ir ex is tin g lo ca tio n.

T he m in im um r eq ui re m ys is is r eq ui re d in d es ig na te d an d el ig ib le w ild er ne ss

A ll se ns iti ve s pe ci es a nd r es ou rc es rp et ua te d an d re st or ed in a s na tu ra l co nd iti on a s po ss ib le

If ad m in is tr at iv e or v is ito r fa ci lit ie s ar e de st ro ye d by n at ur al e le m en si tiv e ar ea s, t he y m ay ss ar ily b e re pl ac ed in t he ir ex is tin g lo ca

16 HAWAI‘I VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

le

: M a n a g eM en T

Zo n es

C a te g o ry

V is it o r S e rv ic e s Z o n e Tr a n si ti o n m i-p ri m it iv e Z o n e W il d

/P ri m it iv e

Z o n e

P a rk S u p p o rt Z o n e

C U

LT

U

R A

L R

ES

O

U R

C

ES

O ve ra ll

C o n d it io n s

C ul tu ra l s ite s ar e pr ot ec te d an d in te rp re te d in a m an ne r th at r efl hi gh v is ito r us e of t hi s zo ne

K ey c ul tu ra l s ite s re la te d to s pe fic es m ay b e fe at ur ed tiv el y in te rp re iti on al c ul tu ra l p ra ct ic es lit at ed a s al lo w ed b y

N

PS

p ol ic y an d re gu la tio ns

Sm al l-s ca le e xh ib its o f cu ltu ra l re so ur ce s

(t em po ra ry , l ow -im lit ie s) a re a pp ro pr ia te in t hi s zo ne

C ul tu ra l s ite s ar e pr ot ec te d an d te rp re te d to f ac ili ta te p ub rs ta nd in g an d pr es er va ey c ul tu ra l s ite s re la te d to s pe fic es m ay b e fe at ur ed el y in te rp re iti on al c ul tu ra l p ra ct ic es lit at ed a s al lo w ed b y

N

PS

p ol ic y an d re gu la tio ns

C ul tu ra l s ite s ar e pa rt o f th e ac te r of t hi s zo ne a nd ec te d an d in te rp re te d co ns is w ild er ne ss v al ue s.

Tr ad iti on al c ul tu ra l p ra ct ic al lo w ed a s by

N

PS

p ol ic y an d re gu la tio ns

C ul tu ra l s ite s ar e pr ot ec te d an d in te rp re te d in a m an ne r th at r efl pr im ar y ad m in is tr at iv e an d op er at io na l u se o f th is z on e.

Tr ad iti on al c ul tu ra l p ra ct ic es lit at ed a s al lo w ed b y

N

PS

p ol ic y an d re gu la tio ns

A rc h eo lo g o u rc es A rc he ol og ic al r es ou rc es nt or ie d an d pr ot ec te d, w k ey t o in fo rm in g m an ag em en t de ci si on s an d de te rm in in g a pr ot ec tio n st ra te gy t ha t is c on si st en t w ith t he p rim ar y vi si to r us z on e.

A rc he ol og ic al s ite s ar e in te rp re te d on si te

, w ap op ria te . A rc he ol og ic al s ite ea s of h ig h vi si ta tio n m ay r eq ui gh er d eg re e of p ro te ct io n an d m on ito rin g to m in im iz e im pa ct e re so ur ce s.

A rc he ol og ic al r es ou rc es nt or ie d an d pr ot ec te d, w ey t o in fo rm in g m an ag em en t de ci si on s an d de te rm in in g a pr ot ec tio n st ra te gy t ha t is c on si st en t w ith t he t ra ns iti on al /s em i-p rim of t hi s zo ne

. A rc he ol og s ar e in te rp re te d on si te

, w op ria te . A rc he ol og ic al s ite s of h ig h vi si ta tio n m ay r eq ui gh er d eg re e of p ro te ct io n an d m on ito rin g to m in im iz e im pa ct e re so ur ce s.

A rc he ol og ic al r es ou rc es nt or ie d an d pr ot ec te d, w ey t o in fo rm in g m an ag em en t de ci si on s an d de te rm in in g a pr ot ec tio n st ra te gy t ha t is c on si st en t w ith w ild er ne ss c ha ra ct er a nd v al…