Attachment WP6_Endnote_Refs_LAST_updated_22Feb2023.pdf

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CWMD 5-Year Research and Development (R&D) Open Broad Agency Announcement (OBAA) 70RDND19R00000003 and Topic Solicitation 14 70RWMD23R00000004
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This document contains a federal contract opportunity solicitation and related technical references. The solicitation seeks proposals for a 5-year Research and Development Broad Agency Announcement from the Department of Homeland Security Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction office to support nuclear sensing technologies. Specifically, proposals are requested under Topic Solicitation 14 for a "Thallium-Bromide HPRDS Objective Resolution" program to provide cross-cutting improvements to nuclear threat detection through enhanced performance or reduced costs compared to commercial systems. The related references include a file of technical publications on thallium bromide crystal fabrication and detector development, as well as its application in gamma ray and X-ray spectroscopy, imaging, and other nuclear sensing uses.

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I:\Working Groups\RDI AIR\EndNote NewReferencesRMD-Converted-Saved-Converted Copy.enl 6-Mar-23

White Paper #6: TlBr References

1. Overview or review references [1, 2];

2. TlBr Planar and Pixelated Detectors [3-30];

3. TlBr crystal and detector fabrication [31-41];

4. Capacitive Frisch Grid Detectors [42-50];

5. TlBr detector development for specific applications [51-58];

6. Early work (before 1989) [59].

References

[1] H. Kim et al., "Thallium Bromide Gamma-Ray Spectrometers and Pixel Arrays," Frontiers in Physics, vol. 8, p. 55, 2020.

[2] H. Kim et al., "Recent progress in thallium bromide gamma-ray spectrometer development," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 243-248, 2012.

[3] A. V. Churilov et al., "Thallium bromide nuclear radiation detector development," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1875-1881, 2009.

[4] A. Conway et al., "Long-term room temperature stability of TlBr gamma detectors," in Hard X- Ray, Gamma-Ray, and Neutron Detector Physics XIII, 2011, vol. 8142: International Society for Optics and Photonics, p. 81420J.

[5] H. Kim et al., "Continued development of thallium bromide and related compounds for gamma-ray spectrometers," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 629, no. 1, pp. 192-196, 2011.

[6] H. Kim et al., "Developing larger TlBr detectors—detector performance," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 819-823, 2009.

[7] B. Dönmez, Z. He, H. Kim, L. J. Cirignano, and K. S. Shah, "Collection of holes in thick TlBr detectors at low temperature," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 689, pp. 7-11, 2012.

[8] B. Dönmez, Z. He, H. Kim, L. J. Cirignano, and K. S. Shah, "The stability of TlBr detectors at low temperature," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 623, no. 3, pp. 1024-1029, 2010.

[9] C. Leak, M. Petryk, E. Hall, and Z. He, "Using ambipolar sensitivity in pixelated semiconductor detectors," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 1004, p. 165367, 2021.

[10] C. L. Thrall, W. R. Kaye, Z. He, H. Kim, L. Cirignano, and K. Shah, "Transient behavior in TlBr gamma-ray detectors and its analysis using 3-d position sensing," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 1162-1167, 2012.

[11] K. Hitomi, T. Shoji, and K. Ishii, "Advances in TlBr detector development," Journal of crystal growth, vol. 379, pp. 93-98, 2013.

[12] K. Hitomi, T. Shoji, and Y. Niizeki, "A method for suppressing polarization phenomena in TlBr detectors," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 585, no. 1-2, pp. 102-104, 2008.

[13] K. Hitomi et al., "Timing performance of TlBr detectors," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 2883-2887, 2013.

[14] K. Hitomi et al., "Recent progress in thallium bromide detectors for X-and γ-ray spectroscopy," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 458, no. 1-2, pp. 365-369, 2001.

[15] K. Hitomi, T. Onodera, T. Shoji, Y. Hiratate, and Z. He, "TlBr gamma-ray spectrometers using the depth sensitive single polarity charge sensing technique," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 1781-1784, 2008.

[16] K. Shah, F. Olschner, L. Moy, J. Lund, and M. Squillante, "Characterization of thallium bromide nuclear detectors," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 299, no. 1-3, pp. 57-59, 1990.

[17] H. Kim et al., "Long Term Stability of Thallium Bromide Gamma-Ray Spectrometers," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 1219-1224, 2013.

[18] A. Kozorezov et al., "Polarization effects in thallium bromide x-ray detectors," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 108, no. 6, p. 064507, 2010.

[19] I. Oliveira, J. Chubaci, M. Armelin, and M. Hamada, "Purification and crystal growth of TlBr for application as a radiation detector," Crystal Research and Technology: Journal of Experimental and Industrial Crystallography, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 849-854, 2004.

[20] T. Onodera, K. Hitomi, T. Shoji, Y. Hiratate, and H. Kitaguchi, "Spectroscopic performance of pixellated thallium bromide detectors," IEEE transactions on nuclear science, vol. 52, no. 5, pp.

1999-2002, 2005.

[21] K. Shah, J. Lund, F. Olschner, L. Moy, and M. Squillante, "Thallium bromide radiation detectors," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 199-202, 1989.

[22] S. O’Neal, Z. He, C. Leak, H. Kim, L. Cirignano, and K. Shah, "Accurate determination of the ionization energy in pixelated TlBr correcting for charge collection efficiency," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 950-954, 2018.

[23] S. O’Neal, Z. He, and C. Leak, "Analysis of high-energy tailing in TlBr detectors," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 955-960, 2018.

[24] H. M. Smith, Characterization of Thallium Bromide (TlBr) for Room Temperature Radiation Detectors. University of California, Berkeley, 2013.

[25] S. Bishop, W. Higgins, G. Ciampi, A. Churilov, K. Shah, and H. Tuller, "The defect and transport properties of donor doped single crystal TlBr," Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 158,

no. 2, p. J47, 2010.

[26] S. R. Bishop et al., "Characterization of conductivity in single crystal TlBr," ECS Transactions, vol.

28, no. 11, p. 333, 2010.

[27] W. Koehler et al., "Quantification of the conditioning phase in cooled pixelated TlBr detectors," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 1785-1790, 2015.

[28] W. Koehler et al., "Quantitative investigation of room-temperature breakdown effects in pixelated TlBr detectors," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 2573-2578, 2014.

[29] X. Zhou et al., "Molecular dynamics discovery of an extraordinary ionic migration mechanism in dislocation-containing TlBr crystals," Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 599- 606, 2020.

[30] H. Kim et al., "Improved performance and longevity of large volume thallium bromide devices," in Hard X-Ray, Gamma-Ray, and Neutron Detector Physics XXIV, 2022, vol. 12241: SPIE, pp. 42- 49, doi: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2635925.

[31] A. V. Churilov et al., "Purification, crystal growth and detector performance of TlBr," in Hard X- Ray, Gamma-Ray, and Neutron Detector Physics X, 2008, vol. 7079: International Society for Optics and Photonics, p. 70790K.

https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2635925

[32] A. V. Churilov et al., "TlBr and TlBrxI1− x crystals for γ-ray detectors," Journal of crystal growth, vol. 312, no. 8, pp. 1221-1227, 2010.

[33] K. Hitomi, N. Nagano, T. Onodera, S.-Y. Kim, T. Ito, and K. Ishii, "Fabrication of double-sided thallium bromide strip detectors," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 823, pp. 15-19, 2016.

[34] K. Hitomi, T. Onodera, and T. Shoji, "Influence of zone purification process on TlBr crystals for radiation detector fabrication," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 579, no. 1, pp. 153-156, 2007.

[35] V. Kozlov et al., "Improved process for the TlBr single-crystal detector," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 591, no. 1, pp. 209-212, 2008.

[36] V. Kozlov, M. Leskelä, and H. Sipilä, "Annealing and characterisation of TlBr crystals for detector applications," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 546, no. 1-2, pp. 200-204, 2005.

[37] V. Kozlov, M. Leskelä, M. Kemell, and H. Sipilä, "Effects of polishing and etching on TlBr single crystals," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 563, no. 1, pp. 58-61, 2006.

[38] V. Kozlov, M. Leskelä, M. Vehkamäki, and H. Sipilä, "Effects of metallisation on TlBr single crystals for detector applications," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 573, no. 1-2, pp. 212- 215, 2007.

[39] I. B. Oliveira, F. E. Costa, J. F. Chubaci, and M. M. Hamada, "Purification and preparation of TlBr crystals for room temperature radiation detector applications," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 1224-1228, 2004.

[40] I. B. Oliveira, F. E. Costa, P. K. Kiyohara, and M. M. Hamada, "Influence of crystalline surface quality on TlBr radiation detector performance," IEEE transactions on nuclear science, vol. 52,

no. 5, pp. 2058-2062, 2005.

[41] G. Yang and I. Hany, "Thallium-Based Materials for Radiation Detection," in Advanced Materials for Radiation Detection: Springer, 2022, pp. 145-163.

[42] L. O. Giraldo et al., "Arrays of Position-Sensitive Virtual Frisch-Grid CdZnTe Detectors: Results From a $4\times 4$ Array Prototype," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 64, no. 10, pp.

2698-2705, 2017.

[43] A. Moiseev et al., "High-energy 3D calorimeter for use in gamma-ray astronomy based on position-sensitive virtual Frisch-grid CdZnTe detectors," Journal of Instrumentation, vol. 12, no.

12, p. C12037, 2017.

[44] L. O. Giraldo et al., "A linear array of position-sensitive virtual Frisch-grid CdZnTe for low-energy gamma rays," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 903, pp. 204-214, 2018.

[45] A. Bolotnikov et al., "A 4× 4 array module of position-sensitive virtual Frisch-grid CdZnTe detectors for gamma-ray imaging spectrometers," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 954,

p. 161036, 2020.

[46] M. Smith et al., "Performance Studies of Position-Sensitive Capacitive Frisch-Grid TlBr Detectors," in 2020 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC): IEEE, pp. 1-6.

[47] W. Lee et al., "Mini Compton camera based on an array of virtual Frisch-grid CdZnTe detectors," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 259-265, 2016.

[48] A. Kargar et al., "Design of Capacitive Frisch Grid TlBr Detectors for Radionuclide Identification," in 2019 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC): IEEE, pp.

1-5.

[49] A. E. Bolotnikov et al., "Performance characterizations of position-sensitive virtual Frisch-grid TlBr detectors," in Hard X-Ray, Gamma-Ray, and Neutron Detector Physics XXIV, San Diego, CA, October 3, 2022 2022, vol. Proc. SPIE PC12241: SPIE, p. PC122410D, doi:

https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2635899.

[50] A. Kargar et al., "Analysis of Position-Sensitive Capacitive Frisch-Grid TlBr Detectors," in 2021 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC), Piscataway, NJ, 2021: IEEE, pp. 1-9, doi: 10.1109/NSS/MIC44867.2021.9875535.

[51] G. Ariño-Estrada et al., "Development of TlBr detectors for PET imaging," Physics in Medicine & Biology, vol. 63, no. 13, p. 13NT04, 2018.

[52] G. Ariño-Estrada et al., "Towards time-of-flight PET with a semiconductor detector," Physics in Medicine & Biology, vol. 63, no. 4, p. 04LT01, 2018.

[53] M. Bavdaz, A. Peacock, and A. Owens, "Future space applications of compound semiconductor X-ray detectors," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 458, no. 1-2, pp. 123-131, 2001.

[54] F. E. da Costa, P. R. Rela, I. B. de Oliveira, M. C. Pereira, and M. M. Hamada, "Surgical gamma probe with TlBr semiconductor for identification of sentinel lymph node," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 1403-1407, 2006.

[55] T. Onodera, K. Hitomi, T. Shoji, and Y. Hiratate, "Pixellated thallium bromide detectors for gamma-ray spectroscopy and imaging," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 525, no. 1-2,

pp. 199-204, 2004.

[56] A. Owens, M. Bavdaz, I. Lisjutin, A. Peacock, H. Sipila, and S. Zatoloka, "On the development of compound semiconductor thallium bromide detectors for astrophysics," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 458, no. 1-2, pp. 413-417, 2001.

[57] A. Owens et al., "Hard X-ray spectroscopy using a small-format TlBr array," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 497, no. 2-3, pp. 359-369, 2003.

[58] T. Aoki, K. Takagi, A. Koike, and K. Hitomi, "TlBr photon-counting imaging device (Conference Presentation)," in Hard X-Ray, Gamma-Ray, and Neutron Detector Physics XXI, 2019, vol. 11114:

International Society for Optics and Photonics, p. 111140Q.

[59] R. Hofstadter, "Thallium halide crystal counter," Physical Review, vol. 72, no. 11, p. 1120, 1947.

https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2635899

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