Attachment-P_Spanish-HFC-Style-Guide-2015-1.pdf

Spanish Style Guide, October

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Spanish Style Guide October for National Park Service interpretive media

Guidelines to help translators, contractors, interpreters, rangers, writers, and editors working on NPS Spanish-language publications, museum texts, film scripts, subtitles, audio descriptions, outdoor wayside exhibits, and signs

Table of Contents:

1. GUIDING PRINCIPLES

1.01 How literal should your translation be?

1.02 Respect the audience

1.03 Use neutral Spanish, not regional

1.04 Visual parity

1.05 Titles in Spanish

1.06 Sentence length

2. CAPITALIZATION Rules that differ between Spanish and English

2.01 Days of the week, months – lowercase in Spanish

2.02 Rivers, seas, and mountain ranges – lowercase in Spanish

2.03 Tribal and national names – lowercase in Spanish

2.04 Titles of books, exhibits – lowercase after single initial capital

3. VERB FORMS & PRONOUN CHOICES Tailor to your audience

3.01 Command forms for verbs

3.02 YOU: formal or informal, singular or plural?

4. PUNCTUATION Rules that differ between Spanish and English

4.01 Comma use in sequences of three or more

4.02 Initial question marks, exclamation points

4.03 Vowels with accents

5. NUMBERS

5.01 Round off metric conversions

5.02 Separators for decimal points, thousands places

5.03 Billions, trillions, quadrillions – differ between Spanish and English

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6. GENERAL FORMATS & RULES

6.01 Time of day format

6.02 Date format

6.03 Centuries

6.04 B.C. / A.D.

6.05 Decades

6.06 Place names, where not identical

6.07 States vs. nations on maps

6.08 Personal names

6.09 Personal names of American Indians

6.10 Use American Indian tribal names

6.11 Use national names, not Europeans or Euro-Americans

6.12 Business names

6.13 Map labels translation guidance

7. PROBLEM WORDS & RECOMMENDATIONS (listed alphabetically by key word)

7.01 Alligators & gator holes

7.02 América & Americans

7.03 Audio Description

7.04 Backcountry

7.05 Barrier islands

7.06 Bathrooms, flushable vs. primitive

7.07 Bayou

7.08 Billions

7.09 Bird calls when written in Spanish

7.10 Buffalo — Cíbola

7.11 Bugs

7.12 Bullet nomenclature

7.13 Caliber of cannon

7.14 Caliber of rifles, shotguns, and pistols

7.15 Cannon projectiles

7.16 Chipmunks & squirrels

7.17 The Civil War

7.18 Continental Divide

7.19 Copperheads

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7.20 Coral Snakes

7.21 Cottonmouth Water Moccasins

7.22 Critter & Creature

7.23 Dump station

7.24 Euphemisms

7.25 Gadsden Purchase, 1854

7.26 Grand Canyon

7.27 Gun parts

7.28 Guns, large and small

7.29 Handicapped or disabled

7.30 Horseshoe crabs

7.31 Indians

7.32 Jargon: Avoid or Fix

7.33 Memorial Day to Labor Day

7.34 Metric measurements

7.35 Musket and fusils

7.36 Names for plants and animals

7.37 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

7.38 Nature-based collective nouns: pines and shrubs

7.39 Needles on conifers

7.40 North on maps

7.41 Oaks: Robles vs. encinos

7.42 Panther, puma, mountain lion, or cougar

7.43 The Park vs. PARQUE NACIONAL

7.44 Pinyon

7.45 Place names

7.46 Place names that were originally Spanish

7.47 Rangers

7.48 Rattlesnakes

7.49 Rifles

7.50 Ring of Fire

7.51 Sawgrass

7.52 Scorpions

7.53 Ship names

7.54 Sounds, Lagoons, and Bays

7.55 Southwest, The American…

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7.56 Straws

7.57 Swamps, Marshes, and Wetlands

7.58 Tejas vs. Texas

7.59 Trailhead

7.60 Trains

7.61 The United States of America

7.62 Vault toilets

7.63 Wagons

7.64 Walls

7.65 Wars, Spanish names of

7.66 Whites

7.67 Wilderness

7.68 Wildlife vs. “plants and animals”

7.69 Yucca

7.70 Zone vs. Area

8. WRITING & SYNTAX, RECOMMENDATIONS

8.01 Adjectives: variety needed

8.02 Place-name adjectives

8.03 Multiple (stacked) modifiers in English

8.04 Name-based museum labels

8.05 Verbs vs. Nouns

8.06 Vocabulary too high?

8.07 Quotes: Avoid back-translations

9. WORD DIVISION CAVEATS (listed alphabetically by key word)

9.01 Double letters considered one in Spanish

9.02 Key words in running text

9.03 Proper names in Spanish – never divide

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SECTION 1: GUIDING PRINCIPLES

1.01 Literalness

Avoid word-for-word translation. Try instead to convey the heart of each idea. Clarity of meaning and natural Spanish phrasing matter more than matching the word order of your original English. We do not want the appearance that Spanish-language materials seen or heard in national parks were first written in English, and then translated in a hasty, mechanical way.

1.02 Respect the audience

Park visitors who only read Spanish should be just as effectively engaged as English-only readers. Spanish readers should not be bored by a baby talk Spanish. Nor should they should be bogged down by complex, strange or unnatural wording that come about when translation software robotically forces Spanish to mirror the word order of the original English.

1.03 Use neutral Spanish

Aim for a non-regional Spanish similar to what we hear today in news broadcasts on the major international television cable channels, such as Univisión or Telemundo or CNN Español. Avoid word choices that are closely associated only with a particular nation or region.

1.04 Visual parity

Treat your two audiences with equality. If designers put Spanish texts below English on bilingual exhibits or publications, it gives Spanish-only readers the impression that the English-reading audience is more important, and that the Spanish-reading audience is not as important.

If designers place English texts on the left and Spanish texts to the right, you will have no complaints.

For publications, the cleanest, least confusing solution is to create a Spanish-only document and an English-only document.

1.05 Titles can differ

Spanish titles should quickly engage reader interest. This usually involves extra time and effort to think of a workable new title in Spanish.

The very best Spanish titles for important interpretive ideas are probably not exact translations of the original English titles.

1.06 Sentence length

Spanish can have longer sentences than editors usually recommend for English written for the NPS. If your draft translated Spanish reads in a choppy, unnatural way, consider combining some of the short sentences to make it flow in a way more normal in Spanish prose writing. Meaning matters more than a literal match to the English.

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SECTION 2: CAPITALIZATION

Double-check to make sure that any texts submitted in Spanish conform to the accepted Spanish rules, not the English norms taught in the United States. There are significant differences.

In regions where many people know and use both English and Spanish on a daily basis, expect confusion about the rules of capitalization —in both languages.

Here are the capitalization errors that commonly crop up:

2.01 Days of the week per English rule Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday per Spanish rule lunes, martes, miércoles

Months per English rule January, December, April, August per Spanish rule enero, diciembre, abril, agosto

2.02 River/mountain names per English rule Mississippi River

per Spanish rule río Misisipí (lowercase RIVER río) on maps along stream line Misisipí alternate on maps R. Misisipí

2.03 Tribe and nation names per English rule English, German, Seminole, Apache per Spanish rule inglés, alemán, seminola, apache

2.04 Titles of books, exhibits per English rule Most words in a title capitalized

Exhibit title • “Plaza—The Heart of the Pueblo” Book title • For Whom the Bell Tolls per Spanish rule Only the FIRST word capitalized Exhibit title • Plaza—el centro del pueblo Book title • Por quién doblan las campanas

NPS publications, museum exhibits, and waysides follow the international rules of capitalization for Spanish seen in the Chicago Manual of Style, Sections 9.4 though 9.6.

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SECTION 3: VERB FORMS & PRONOUN CHOICES

3.01 Command verb forms The problem: commands in English often do not carry a clear sense of the degree of formality, nor the number of persons being addressed. Spanish verbs must have these concepts embedded in the verb form.

Default for Spanish in NPS documents and exhibits should be the formal command verb forms, singular rather than plural. We assume an individual is reading the publication or the outdoor wayside exhibit or the indoor exhibit.

Some NPS exhibit texts ask for visitors to act safely or obey rules in nice, light-handed, often oblique terms.

Experience and evaluations show that this light-handed approach is often ignored. Use clear, direct imperative verb forms in Spanish, especially for safety messages.

3.02 YOU: formal or informal?

The pronoun YOU in English can be either singular or plural, and carries few clues as to the degree of formality or familiarity of the relationship of the writer/ speaker to the reader or listener.

Determine how formal your Spanish text needs to be, working with client park personnel that know the intended audience.

Will the formal second person singular –USTED— or the informal second person singular—TU— work best to achieve the goals?

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SECTION 4: PUNCTUATION

Make sure your texts’ punctuation follows the accepted Spanish rules. Check the Chicago Manual of Style, Sections

9.68 through 9.79.

If you have other doubts, major Spanish-language newspapers post their style guides on the Internet.

In areas of the United States where many people know and see both languages daily, expect confusion, especially about comma use.

Punctuation problems that have shown up many times in submittals for review are:

4.01 Comma use in sequences per English rule first, second, and third per Spanish rule primero, segundo y tercero Note: NO comma is placed immediately before Y (AND)

4.02 Initial question mark ¿ Initial exclamation mark ¡

Spanish interrogatory and exclamatory sentences must start with an upside down question mark and an upside down exclamation mark before the first word of the sentence.

These two symbols exist in all ASCII character sets. With either Mac or PC computers, there are always ways to include them in Spanish texts and publications.

4.03 Vowels with accents A word in Spanish without its proper accented vowel is a misspelled word. Accents are not optional in any Spanish-language products created for the National Park Service.

Keystrokes exist to create all the special characters needed to write Spanish correctly on both Mac and PC computers.

Some people have argued that accented vowels are no longer necessary for writing correct Spanish. Advertising materials often omit accents, particularly when they are using all caps to attract attention. This no-accent practice produces work that looks shoddy and unprofessional.

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SECTION 5: NUMBERS

5.01 Round off

Numbers seen in NPS publications, outdoor waysides, and indoor exhibits seldom express precise measurements.

When writers say a trail is "a quarter-mile long," they are implying it is about a quarter of a mile, not a rigorously exact 0.2500 mile—and not a fraction of an inch more.

Calculators that convert miles to kilometers and inches/feet to meters assume exact quantities and give results with exactitude. A calculator converts "quarter-mile trail" into

402.3 meters. Writing a converted distance this way implies a degree of very high precision that is —wrong.

The common sense goal here is to make a distance or weight quick to read and easy to understand.

Round off trail distances in miles to tenths of a mile.

For short trails, round off the distance to the nearest 50 meters/yards.

Use common sense when rounding off large weights.

Go for quick and easy-to-understand comparison.

Recommended quarter mile: 400 metros (about) 500 lbs. 230 kg

Not recommended 0.25 mile: 402.3 metros (about) 500 lbs. 227 kg

5.02 Separators

Decimal point per USA practice 7.62 mm 10.5 kg per Spanish practice 7,62 mm 10,5 kg

Thousands, millions per USA practice 43,000 tons 6,500,000 casualties per Spanish practice 43.000 toneladas

6.500.000 bajas

In the United States we separate whole numbers from decimals with a period. Commas separate every three places in very large numbers. Many other nations mark the smaller-than-a-whole-number separation with a comma, They separate thousands with a period.

Determine what will work best with your intended audience. Some national parks choose to stay with the USA standard separators. Some national parks have chosen the alternate comma as decimal point system for their Spanish.

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5.03 Billions, Trillions CAVEAT A billion in English is NOT equal to 1 billón in Spanish.

English-speakers use a different name system for very large numbers than most of Europe and Latin America, where the large-number name changes only every 6 digits.

USA Spanish/Europe 1,000,000 million millón

1,000,000,000 billion mil millones

1,000,000,000,000 trillion billón

1,000,000,000,000,000 quadrillion mil billones

1,000,000,000.000.000,000 quintillion trillón

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SECTION 6: GENERAL FORMATS AND RULES TO FOLLOW

6.01 Time Format Latin American countries and Spain use the 24-hour format for stating time, rather than the 12-hour AM/PM format.

Recommended 16:00 19.00 hs Not recommended 4:00 PM 7.00 PM 6.02 Date Format

Dates in text in Spanish follow the DD de MM de YYYY format, so when this is truncated for saving line space, it makes sense to give dates DD.MM.YYYY. Translating dates in full is a terrible line length/space waster.

Recommended 4 de julio de 1776 4.7.1776

04-VII-1776

Determine which hour-minute separator punctuation will work best for the anticipated audience.

6.03 Centuries Use Roman numerals to express centuries.

This differs from English editorial practice, where Roman numerals are often judged to be off-putting or a potential reader roadblock. Roman numerals for centuries are standard practice in the literate Spanish-speaking world.

English Style Guide the 1900s, in the 1700s Recommended Siglo XX, en el siglo XVIII

Not recommended Siglo 20, en el siglo 18

6.04 BC / AD Recommended a. C., d. C.

Not recommended antes de la Era Común

Expressing dates as Common Era (CE) and Before Common Era (BCE) instead of A.D. and B.C. is not widely accepted in the Spanish-speaking world. Stay with BC/AD.

6.05 Decades Recommended en los años 1840 (note no final “S.”) En los años sesenta (1960s) Durante la década de 1840 Not recommended en los años 1840s En los años 1960s

Durante la década de los 1840s

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6.06 Geographic names CAVEAT Place names are not always the same in English and Spanish. Some common errors seen are:

Rio Grande River in English río Bravo del Norte in Spanish

Havana in English la Habana in Spanish

Grand Canyon in English el Gran Cañón del Colorado in Spanish

Check resources like Cassell’s Spanish Dictionary, Diccionario-Enciclopedia Pequeño Larousse Ilustrado, Gran Enciclopedia Hispánica or http://es.wikipedia.org/

6.07 States vs. Nations On maps of North America, strive for label parity. Match nations’ names with nations’ names and states with states.

Texas, Arizona, California, and New Mexico are states.

The United States, México, and Canada are nations.

Recommended UNITED STATES CANADA

MÉXICO UNITED STATES

Alternate: CALIFORNIA, ARIZONA, NEW MEXICO

BAJA CALIFORNIA, SONORA, CHIHUAHUA

TEXAS

CHIHUAHUA, COAHUILA, TAMAULIPAS

Not recommended ARIZONA CANADA

MÉXICO MONTANA

6.08 People's names Honor individuals by using their real name. Keep English names all English, and Spanish names all Spanish.

Recommended William Henry Gray Not recommended Guillermo Enrique Gris

Recommended Juan Ponce de León Not recommended John Ponce from Leon

Historic figures may be known in English textbooks by names that are not complete or not in the format that the Spanish-speaking world knows. Use their full name.

Francisco Coronado in English Francisco Vázquez de Coronado in Spanish

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6.09 Indian names Honor individuals by using their real name wherever possible.

Translating an already translated-into-English Indian name doesn’t add much value for a Spanish-only reader. It is better to convey the actual sound of the original Indian name by spelling phonetically using the Spanish spelling system. Then reveal what the original Indian name meant.

Nez Perce name, translated Rabbit-Skin-Leggings

Not recommended Polainas de Pellejo de Conejo

Spelled phonetically Heh-yooks Toe-nihn (19th-century spelling) 2nd variant spelling found Hee-oh’ks-te-kin

Present-day Nez Perce heeyuxc tohon

Spelled phonetically in Spanish Ji-lluks-tojón

In the 19th-century West, some Indians had a name in their first language and a Spanish name.

This was the case for the famous Chiricahua Apache leader GERONIMO (1829–1909). His Apache name was Go-yath-láy.

He is famous in both English and Spanish as GERÓNIMO.

Keep his name in Spanish (Gerónimo) for the best chance to connect stories to readers’ memories.

6.10 Use tribal names

For English NPS texts, we recommend using the name of the group of people we are talking about instead of the general noun INDIAN.

Follow the same principle in Spanish.

Avoid using the now popular term NATIVE AMERICAN.

Recommended los apache, los cayuse, los mikasuki Not recommended los indios Not recommended los nativos americanos Not recommended los amerindios Not recommended los indoamericanos

Remember tribe names remain lowercase in Spanish.

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6.11 Use national names Use the national name of a people instead of the general noun EUROPEANS when talking about the 1500s–1800s frontier, exploration, or settlement.

Avoid using the academic term EURO-AMERICAN.

Recommended los españoles, ingleses, franceses Not recommended los europeos Not recommended los euro-americanos

Remember national names remain lowercase in Spanish.

6.12 Business names Leave business names in their original English—or internationally best known form.

Recommended Hudson’s Bay Company Not recommended Compañía de la Bahía de Hudson

When in doubt, you can check for widely known corporate names in Spanish history textbooks, or on the Internet.

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6.13 Map labels Keep bilingual maps in publications, exhibits, or waysides as uncluttered as possible.

Use pictograms to replace words wherever possible to avoid having so many English/Spanish labels on a map.

Use Spanish labels to convey the essence of meaning, not a literal translation of the English map labels. Especially watch out for governmental jargon that means little.

Divide labels into four groups: place names, easy cognates, essential orientation or safety information, and thematics.

Place names DO NOT TRANSLATE.

Easy cognates DO NOT TRANSLATE IF WORDS ARE VERY SIMILAR.

Recommended Amphitheater, Picnic Area [STET] Not recommended Amphitheater Picnic Area Anfiteatro Área de picnic

Safety, Orientation USERS WILL NEED BOTH ENGLISH & SPANISH.

Thematic labels USERS NEED BOTH ENGLISH & SPANISH.

USE ALL SMALL CAPS.

Examples: WATER (FLOW), TRADEWINDS Recommended AGUA, VIENTOS ALISIOS

North Indicator USE THE SINGLE LETTER ABBREVIATION “N.”

Scale Indicators USE THE ABBREVIATIONS “KM” AND “MI” which work in both languages without translation.

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SECTION 7: PROBLEM WORDS AND SOLUTIONS

7.01 Alligators & gator holes

Recommended aligátor aligatores Not recommended caimán yacaré cocodrilo

The most widely distributed and well known crocodilians in Latin America are caimans. Some NPS naturalists have advocated using CAIMÁN in the place of ALIGÁTOR because this word is so easily recognized.

Some have argued that the word ALIGÁTOR looks like an Anglicism or a mistake. Ironically, the English word originally comes from Spanish.

The word ALIGÁTOR is proper Spanish. This is the right common name for Alligator mississippiensis. The word ALIGÁTOR is found in the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española. See http://buscon.rae.es/

In exhibits produced for Everglades NP, the colloquial — and unique to South Florida — expression GATOR HOLE was translated as CHARCO. The key idea to convey is that these are pools full of water, not that the gator holes are excavations.

7.02 América & Americans CAVEAT Citizens of the United States routinely call our country

“AMERICA” and ourselves “AMERICANS.”

But, in Spanish the word AMÉRICA includes all the nations on the two continents between the Arctic Circle and Cape Horn. AMÉRICA is not just the USA, but North America, Central America, and South America. From Mexico south to Argentina, all Latin Americans consider themselves to be "Americans," because they live in the Americas.

This makes a slogan like EXPERIENCE YOUR AMERICA challenging to translate well into Spanish, because it begs the question of which AMERICA you want people to experience and to whom that AMERICA belongs.

The most accurate—and least offensive—way to refer to the peoples of the United States is ESTADOUNIDENSES. No exact equivalent for this word exists in English.

Recommended estadounidenses Alternate norteamericanos

Not recommended americanos

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Recommended Estados Unidos de América If space limited EE.UU.

Informal expression la unión americana

Not recommended América

Keep in mind that after the U.S.-Mexican War of 1846–

1848 half of land area of the Republic of Mexico was taken by the USA. Taking over the word AMERICAN to imply that it is property of U.S. citizens only has the potential to reopen historic resentments for many Spanish speakers.

7.03 Audio Description

For drama, exhibits, tours audiodescripción For film or TV videodescripción

In English, the term AUDIO DESCRIPTION refers to all efforts to describe, in succinct terms, museum exhibits, wayside exhibits, plays, or videos for visitors who are blind or who have limited vision.

In Spanish, professionals who provide these services for the blind separate their products into the two terms seen above.

Some correct, polite Spanish terms for people who see poorly are INVIDENTE and AMBLIOPE. The condition of poor vision is AMBLIOPÍA.

If you are working on a translation of an audio description script into Spanish, check online for the latest word choices and suggestions. In 2012, helpful resources for this kind of work were found in Barcelona, Spain, Mexico City, Mexico, and Buenos Aires, Argentina.

See: http://www.once.es/new/

ONCE

(Organización Nacional de Ciegos Españoles) http://www.prociegos.com/

Comité Internacional Pro Ciegos

IAP

(México, D.F.)

http://www.faica.org.ar/

Federación Argentina de Instituciones de Ciegos y Ambliopes

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7.04 Backcountry

There is no widely accepted and well-understood translation of this concept in Spanish that truly matches the way the National Park Service casually uses this word to mean parts of national parks where there is little or no developed infrastructure for hikers or campers.

The Diccionario Inglés-Español de La Universidad de Granada gives this definition:

backcountry (n.): monte monte salvaje zona interior despoblada

All these possible renderings have a negative cast to them and refer to places that are backward or poorly developed.

Try to find a way to say your key thought without relying on NPS institutional phrasing in English, and avoid wasting people’s reading time by translating BACKCOUNTRY.

Examples:

Backcountry permit Permiso de acampar en el monte Permiso de acampar en plena naturaleza

Backcountry trailhead Estacionamiento para campistas de la zona interior

7.05 Barrier islands

Recommended cordón litoral Not recommended islas barreras

The term ISLAS BARRERAS has been showing up on the Internet, mostly in documents written in English, then translated word-for-word by translation software.

The Spanish term most found in geography and geology textbooks is CORDÓN LITORAL.

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7.06 Bathrooms

Recommended servicios sanitarios Acceptable excusado, baños aseos públicos, inodoro Less widely used retrete, urinario Archaic (military architecture) necesaria

Not recommended estación de consuelo, váter

Reviewers working on a White Sands project in 2013 discovered that for many first-language-Spanish readers, the term BAÑO implies that there will be running water provided, hands may be washed, and flushing will occur.

If what you have is an outdoor pit toilet at a backcountry site, use LETRINA or RETRETE.

Don’t literally translate English euphemisms like COMFORT STATION and RESTROOMS word for word.

7.07 Bayou

The French word BAYOU was critical for describing the life zones found in Gulf Islands National Seashore. We found no exact equivalent for BAYOU in Spanish. The translation team first suggested PANTANO (marsh, swamp). But bayous are not just static or tidal marshes, they usually involve very slow-moving creeks or arms of rivers.

Since travelers anywhere in the Gulf coast region will see the word BAYOU repeated many times on road signs and NPS maps, the review team decided the best solution was to keep it STET —not translated—and put it in italics to give the clue to Spanish-readers that it is a special foreign word.

7.08 Billions CAVEAT A billion in English is NOT equal to un billón en español.

billion in English

1,000,000,000 billón in Spanish

1,000,000,000,000

Avoid this very common error. Since the 1600s, Spanish-speaking countries—as well as most continental European nations—use what mathematicians call the “long scale” in naming large numbers.

1,000,000,000 (109) = mil millones o millardo en español.

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7.09 Bird calls in Spanish

Naturalists often try to describe the sound of birdcalls with either mnemonic devices or phonetic spellings. During Spanish translation for new exhibits for Gulf Islands NS in 2009, reviewers uncovered the need to have phonetic spelling that is language-specific. How English speakers hear a bird song and spell it turned out to be radically different from how naturalists who are native speakers of Spanish heard and described the same sound.

Least bittern song in English: "oong-KA-chunk"

Least bittern song in Spanish: "tu-UM-tac-cuc"

When in doubt about how to phonetically spell a bird song in Spanish, get help from birder colleagues in Latin America.

7.10 Buffalo Bos bison bison

Recommended bisonte Acceptable cíbolo Historic term in Southwest Arcane toros mexicanos early 1500s

Not recommended búfalo

North America’s largest herbivore has multiple names in both English and in Spanish. Naturalists prefer BISON over BUFFALO. Storytellers often like BUFFALO better because it is more widely known (in English popular writing) and so strongly associated with the Old West.

In the 1540s the word CÍBOLO came to be associated with this animal after the Coronado expedition passed through the land then called CÍBOLA.

The Spanish word BÚFALO properly refers to the Old World domesticated animal, not the monarch of the Plains.

7.11 Bugs CAVEAT Avoid using BICHO in NPS publications or exhibits.

In some countries, BICHO can just mean a “bug” or bothersome insect,— or a perverse person (all negative connotations). However in Puerto Rico, bicho is a very vulgar, offensive word.

Recommended insecto

Not recommended bicho

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7.12 Bullet nomenclature

ARMOR-PIERCING ~ núcleo perforante BRASS (EMPTY CASE) ~ casquillo BREECHLOADER ~ arma de retrocarga BULLET ~ bala CENTERFIRE ~ fuego central CONICAL BULLET ~ bala cónica COPPER JACKET ~ envoltura de latón FULL-METAL JACKET ~ bala blindada HOLLOW POINT ~ bala expansiva LEAD INTERIOR ~ núcleo de plomo MINIE BALL ~ bala Minié MUZZLELOADER ~ arma de avancarga RIMFIRE ~ fuego anular SINGLE-SHOT ~ monotiro SOFT-POINT ~ bala semiblindada STRIPPER CLIP ~ peine de muelle WADCUTTER ~ sacabocados

Some older military cartridges have names with two numbers. The first number is the caliber (diameter expressed in hundredths of an inch). The second number can be either be the year the bullet was designed or introduced — or the grains of (black) powder loaded in the brass case. Examples:

.30-40 Krag-Jørgenson [2nd number is grains of powder]

.30-06 Springfield [2nd number is year of introduction]

.45-70 Springfield [2nd number is grains of powder]

Although cartridge names like 30-40 or 30-06 have a hyphen between two numerical values, they do not express a range of calibers (from diameter XX to diameter YY).

Do not convert these names made of numbers to metric units. Keep the name of the bullet STET, because they are known worldwide by that nomenclature.

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7.13 Caliber of cannon

Historic English: 24-pounder cannon 100-pounder Parrott rifle 15-inch Rodman

Historic Spanish: Un cañón de á 24 (libras) 1500s–1890s

Not recommended: Un cañón Parrott de 45 kg

Recommended: Un cañón de 135 mm

Un cañón Rodman de 38 cm

Not recommended: Un cañón de á 18 Un cañón de á 100

Military history texts of the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries name cannon using the archaic English term POUNDER. A 12-pounder is a cannon whose cannon ball weighed 12 pounds. To knowledgeable history buffs, this makes its possible to compare the bore diameters of different guns.

POUNDER is potentially confusing to modern readers. Many may assume that a 12-pounder cannon weighs 12 pounds.

Spanish artillerists of the 1500s to 1800s also used a pound-based cannon naming system, referencing the weight of the cannonball. But unlike the English POUNDER, the Spanish nomenclature usually did not include the word LIBRA (POUND). Surveys of visitors in forts reveal that today's Spanish-only readers don't often know what the unusual historic artillerists' phrase implies.

Naming a 200-year-old cannon in either Spanish or English by telling how many pounds the ball weighed is a problem

— and all the more so for readers who come from metric countries. Few readers have any idea of how big a 6-pound cannonball is relative to a 24-pound cannon ball.

The better cannon naming system is based on the measurement of the bore diameter, expressed in cm or mm.

This name system started gaining favor in the late 19th-century. After the United States' military went metric after World War II, it became the most widely used nomenclature for cannon, mortars, and howitzers.

Expressing the bore diameter in centimeters is the easiest way to give Spanish readers an easily understood clue as to the relative size of the cannon projectile.

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7.14 Caliber of rifles, shotguns, pistols English today: A .75-caliber Brown Bess musket A .69-caliber Spanish pistol A 20-gauge shotgun

Historic Spanish: Un fusil inglés de á 12

1500s–1890s Una pistola española de á 16 Una escopeta de á 20

Recommended Un fusil de 19 mm

Una pistola de 17.5 mm Una escopeta de calibre 20*

The best solution for correctly identifying rifles and pistols is to state the bore diameter expressed in millimeters.

Military history writers commonly refer to the size of rifles, muskets, and pistols by a decimal number below 1.0 followed by the word CALIBER — a .75 caliber musket, a .50 caliber pistol. This nomenclature tells readers the diameter of the bullet, measured in hundredths of inches. A bigger caliber number relates to a bigger, more powerful rifle or pistol.

Shotguns (in English) are named by a whole number followed by the word GAUGE. “Gauge” indicates the diameter of a barrel for what number of spherical lead balls can be made from a pound. A 12 gauge shotgun has a bore that would fit a large lead ball that weighs 1/12th of a pound. A bigger number “gauge” is a smaller bore shotgun.

A 24-gauge Indian trade gun of the 1700s has a much smaller bore (and therefore less power) than a 10-gauge shotgun today.

Shotguns in Spanish still follow this gauge naming system.

In the 1700–1800s, Spanish nomenclature for pistol and musket calibers followed the same name system still used today for shotgun gauge nomenclature in English. Only arms collectors or military historians will know this arcane nomenclature.

Using millimeters is a sure bet to let Spanish-only readers understand how big a gun is, and its comparative size to other weapons cited in your texts.

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7.15 Cannon projectiles Writers describing cannon ammunition of the 1600s–1800s often use a specialized vocabulary to deliver a flavor of the times. These terms are tough for non-military-background translators to render accurately.

BAR SHOT ~ palanqueta CHAIN SHOT ~ balas encadenadas GRAPESHOT, CANISTER SHOT ~ metralla HOT SHOT ~ bala roja ROUND SHOT, SOLID SHOT ~ bala rasa SHELL ~ granada real SPHERICAL CASE ~ granada de metralla

Source: Tratado de Artillería, Tomás de Morla, 1804.

Another resource for Spanish artillery technical terms:

Años de Artillería:

Evolución histórica de los materiales de artillería y sus municiones

Por Coronel de Artillería Don Antonio de Sousa y Francisco;

Museo del Ejército, Madrid, España.

This resource showcases many of the engravings from Napoleonic era de Morla treatise as well as the correct vocabulary for cannon types, tools, munitions, and practices.

7.16 Chipmunk Neotamias minimus

Recommended ARDILLA LISTADA If informal, playful ARDILLITA Recent Spanglish chichimoco, chimoco Not recommended tamias

In many nature texts, English writers customarily make a distinction between “chipmunks and squirrels.” The Spanish-speaking world sees chipmunks as just a subset of squirrels, not something entirely different. So do zoologists.

Unless there is a pressing reason to call out some difference between chipmunks and other members of the greater squirrel family, use the generic noun ARDILLAS to cover both groups. This is both scientifically accurate and quicker to read and understand.

For English phrase …chipmunks and squirrels Recommended LAS ARDILLAS Not recommended las ardillas listadas y las ardillas

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7.17 The Civil War

Recommended la guerra civil estadounidense Alternate la Guerra de Secesión (1861–1865)

Military history writers in the United States are accustomed to writing about the Civil War (1861–1865) because this nation has only experienced one civil war, and their English-speaking audience won't be confused.

Spanish-speaking readers come from countries that have had more than one civil war. They may not immediately connect the phrase “THE CIVIL WAR” with the middle of the 19th century. Augment clarity by including the dates.

7.18 Continental Divide

Recommended la divisoria continental

* in lower case Alternate la Gran Divisoria Not recommended la divisoria Continental la divisoria Continental de aguas

Crossing the “Great Divide” has had an almost mythic power to many English writers working on topics of Western history. Reviewers in 2015 did not find it had the same punch for Spanish audiences. Treat as a normal noun.

7.19 Copperhead Agkistrodon contortix

Recommended CANTIL COBRIZO If space limited víbora Not recommended cabeza de cobre

This small pit viper can be found in the USA, Mexico, and coastal Central America as far south as Costa Rica. On many webpages you can see its name incorrectly translated, an example of how often 21st-century translators are taking the shortcut of directly translating names of animals from English, regardless of how known or utterly unknown that resulting phrase may be to native speakers of Spanish.

See the discussion under 7.48 RATTLESNAKES. How relatively important is it to convey the idea that a snake is poisonous? Is getting the long-form nature guide name translated into words that are widely known and understood by first-language-Spanish speakers essential?

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7.20 Coral snake Micrurus fulvius

Recommended SERPIENTE CORALILLO ARLEQUÍN If space limited coralillo, coral If folkloric palito de caramelo

Not recommended cobra americana serpiente de coral de Florida serpiente grano rojo serpiente de liga

This neurotoxic elapid is found both in the southern United States and northeastern Mexico. Mexican herpetologists list 14 other species of coral snake found in their republic. If scientific precision is required in your text, use the longer form of the Spanish common name because U.S. resident Micrurus fulvius is not the only coral snake out there.

7.21 Cottonmouth, Water Moccasin Agkistrodon piscivorous

Recommended MOCASÍN NEGRA If space limited víbora Not recommended mocasín de agua boca de algodón

This pit viper is only found inside the United States, so it cannot be found named in scientific or governmental species lists in neighboring Spanish-speaking countries.

See also 7.48 RATTLESNAKES below.

7.22 Critter & Creature CAVEAT Nature writers often use the English term CRITTER as a playful, lighthearted synonym for ANIMALS.

There is no good way to translate CRITTER into Spanish so that it carries the same positive, friendly-to-kids tone.

Some Spanish-English dictionaries translate CRITTER as BICHO. Avoid this word in NPS publications and exhibits.

Even the root word for CRITTER —CREATURE — is potentially problematic in Spanish. CRIATURA is not a value-neutral term; CRIATURA often implies a person who is the puppet or tool of a more powerful figure.

Some dictionaries translate CREATURES as ANIMALITOS.

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But the word ANIMAL in Spanish is not value neutral.

ANIMAL is sometimes used as a synonym for a violent brute or an uncultured person of low social status.

Recommended: Don’t translate CRITTER.

Rework your Spanish texts.

Use the actual species name instead.

7.21 Dumping station

Recommended depósito de aguas negras The expression DUMP STATION, seen often on maps for national park campgrounds, baffled a translator who was neither a camper, nor a first-language English speaker.

7.22 Euphemisms

Watch out for governmental euphemisms like “COMFORT STATIONS” or “SPECIAL USE PERMIT.” Spot such phrases at the beginning of your translation project, and work out what these euphemisms actually mean to save time for translators and editors before text reviews.

7.25 Gadsden Purchase In American texts: The Gadsden Purchase, 1853–54 In Spanish: la venta de La Mesilla

History textbooks in the United States name this event by the principle American diplomat. Mexican sources refer instead to the name of the geographic region in southern Arizona that was sold.

7.26 Grand Canyon

Recommended el gran cañón del Colorado For label on a map GRAN CAÑÓN DEL COLORADO Not recommended el Gran Cañón la Gran Barranca

There is more than one large canyon in North America. The words GRAN CAÑÓN can be confused for a big cannon if the context is not clear. The correct Spanish geographical name is el gran cañón del Colorado.

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7.27 Gun parts The right words in Spanish for triggers, hammers, springs, sears, touchholes, and frizzens are historic-era-sensitive.

What you would call a trigger in a modern gun may not be right for a flintlock musket, or a percussion-cap-era pistol.

FOR FLINTLOCKS (listed in alphabetical order)

COCK ~ pié de gato

FLINTLOCK (TRUE) ~ llave francés FRIZZEN ~ rastrillo FRIZZEN SPRING ~ muelle del rastrillo

GUN FLINT ~ perdernal HAMMER ~ pié de gato LOCK ~ llave MAIN SPRING ~ muelle real

MIGUELET LOCK ~ llave española PAN ~ cazoleta TOUCHHOLE ~ oido TRIGGER ~ disparador

FOR PERCUSSION-ERA AND MODERN GUNS

BOLT ACTION ~ cerrojo BREAK ACTION ~ basculante CAPLOCK ~ llave de percusión CYLINDER (PISTOL) ~ barrilete HAMMER ~ percutor o martillo percutor MAIN SPRING ~ resorte principal LEVER ACTION ~ de palanca OVER UNDER ACTION ~ de caños superpuestos NIPPLE & DRUM ~ chimenea SIDE BY SIDE (SHOTGUN ) ~ yuxtapuestos TRIGGER ~ gatillo

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7.28 Guns, large and small CAVEAT Be aware that military writers often call cannon GUNS.

In most English-Spanish dictionaries, the first meaning given for GUN is PISTOLA. In general, the Spanish term ARMA is the best solution for a small hand-held pistol.

But if the English writer is speaking of artillery, use

CAÑÓN.

GUNNERS in many NPS military history texts refer to men who serve on artillery crews, and should be translated into Spanish as ARTILLEROS.

7.29 Handicapped / Disabled CAVEAT Recommended LOS DISCAPACITADOS

Not recommended los descapacitados los disminuidos persona impedida

Alternate, gaining popularity in México: los minusválidos

7.30 Horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus

Recommended CANGREJO BAYONETA Alternates cangrejo cacerola límulo xifosuro cacerolita del mar tanquecito de mar cucaracha marina

Not recommended cangrejo herradura (an Anglicism)

This species turned out to be a classic example of finding many common names in Spanish while looking for something better than a software-generated literal translation of its English common name.

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7.31 Indians

CAVEAT

Recommended los indígenas Not recommended los indios

Reviewers for early NPS Spanish translation projects revealed that the simple word INDIO has pejorative or negative connotations for some readers from some Spanish-speaking countries. Consider how emotionally loaded the words NEGRO, BLACK, and AFRICAN AMERICAN have been in the United States in the last 60 years.

7.32 Jargon: Avoid or Fix

Literal word-for-word translation of government jargon produces strange Spanish that is almost impenetrable to the average reader. This is often made worse by the multiple stacked modifiers so common in bureaucratic English.

Try to get to the essence of the thought, rather than its literal translation in Spanish. On maps, for example, the English word AREA is often superfluous. Delete it.

Figure out a way to give the thought correctly in Spanish in the fewest words possible without obfuscation.

Examples:

English jargon: Group Use Area

What it really means: Sitio para grupos

English jargon: Backcountry Camping Area What it really means: Sitio remoto para acampar

English jargon: Personal Flotation Device (PFD)

What it really means: Chaleco salvavidas

English jargon: Personal Watercraft (PWC) What it really means: Moto de agua

English jargon: Cooperative Use Area

What it really meant: Zona restringida

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7.33 Memorial Day to Labor Day

The expression "Memorial Day to Labor Day" is American cultural shorthand for SUMMER. The English writer has assumed that every reader knows when the federal holidays are in the United States. But readers who do not live in the USA may have no clue when exactly these holidays fall, in the same way that US citizens don't always know all the Mexican national holidays, or all the Canadian holidays.

Recommended VERANO Not recommended desde el Día de los Caídos hasta el Día de Trabajo

7.34 Use metric measurements

Trail and road distances are critical for visitors to understand so that they can make decisions about how best to enjoy their experiences in national parks.

The cleanest solution is the give miles/yards only in English, and kilometers/meters only in Spanish.

Recommended: 25 miles 40 kilómetros

Not recommended: 25 miles kilometers hour drive millas kilómetros viaje de hora

Putting both miles and kilometers in both languages creates visual clutter and eats up valuable space on maps.

Some NPS reviewers near the border with Mexico have argued the case that most of their Spanish-speaking visitors live in the United States and are therefore more familiar with feet, miles, and gallons over meters, kilometers, and liters. Hence there is little or no need to include metric units in publications or exhibits. No rigorous study has been done to prove that this opinion is true.

To provide solid information to international audiences, the effective solution is to include metric units that are easily understood all around the world.

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7.35 Musket and Fusil Recommended fusil Not recommended mosquete

If the text speaks of a flintlock musket of the late-17th century through the mid-19th century, use FUSIL.

If you are referring to a MATCHLOCK MUSKET of the 1500s to the 1600s, then in Spanish use MOSQUETE.

MOSQUETE and FUSIL are not interchangeable. Present-day Spanish-English dictionaries often do not correctly understand the distinction of these two words. Rely on published period sources in Spanish, such as Tomás de Morla’s Tratado de Artillería, an encyclopedia of cannon and illustrations of the standard military long guns and pistols. To impart the flavor of the 1500s–1700s, use the actual Spanish technical/military words of the time.

The Musket/Fusil confusion is made worse because both words exist in 17th-18th-century English, and are not used in English as they were in Spanish. A FUSIL in an 18th-century English-speaking army was a lighter, smaller long arm carried by an officer. The common soldiers carried a MUSKET. A FUSIL in an 18th-century Spanish-speaking army was the standard long gun carried by the common soldier in the ranks.

FUSIL continues to be the name for the standard soldier’s rifle in modern Spanish-speaking armies.

7.36 Names for Plants & Animals Names vary greatly from country to country in Latin

America and Spain. Sometimes you can find many as 20 different common names for a single animal. But for other plants or animals, no common name at all exists in Spanish.

CAVEAT

Many translators now use ES.WIKIPEDIA.ORG as an easy-to-go-to source for common plant or animal names in Spanish. This has not proven to be dependable data. Why not? Because if the ES.WIKIPEDIA article was first written in English, the text has usually been translated word-for-word by software, and not necessarily reviewed or edited afterward by native speakers of the Spanish language.

Park interpreters can shorten the time needed to get the right popular names in Spanish. Give the translator the correct scientific name for every plant or animal mentioned in the film or texts before they start. If the bilingual staff at a national park already has a common Spanish name they use when talking with visitors, list it.

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When you find more than one Spanish common name…

Identify your most expected audience: Mexican-Americans, Cuban-Americans, Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, Central Americans, Spaniards, or a mixture of international visitors.

When in doubt, use the common name of the closest Spanish-speaking country to the national park. For Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, or California, use the Mexican common name. For Florida or other Gulf Coast states, use the Cuban, Dominican, or Puerto Rican common name.

If no Spanish name is found…

Use the scientific name by itself, with a preceding general noun to give Spanish-only readers a hint what it is you are talking about.

Examples: el molusco Neverita duplicata la vieira Argopecten gibbus el camarón Tozeuma carolinense la víbora Crotalus scutulatus

Scientific names are not considered too highbrow in Latin America. In many national parks in the Spanish-speaking world, interpretive texts use the genus and species binomial in the place of local names, and readers expect to see it.

7.37 National Park Service DO NOT TRANSLATE Keep the names of all U.S. governmental organizations as they appear in English. Names of federal agencies, bureaus, departments, and offices are proper nouns.

Translators for the Columbus Quincentennial in the early 1990s hotly debated whether the National Park Service could best be translated as el SERVICIO DE PARQUES NACIONALES or el SERVICIO NACIONAL DE PARQUES. Is the NPS an agency that serves National Parks? Or is it a National Service of Parks?

English allows modifiers to be stacked, and nouns can be used as adjectives. Spanish requires the relationship between the noun and its modifiers to be less vague.

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7.38 Nature-based collective nouns

Watch out for texts that explain zones of plant life that (in English) just using a plural noun for the principal plant in that life zone.

The PINES in English may mean both a plurality of trees, or it may mean a plant community. In Spanish two different words are needed to express these different ideas.

Examples seen in NPS products reviewed:

PINES PINOS (many pine trees) PINAR (pineland, pine grove)

MANGROVE MANGLES (many mangrove plants) MANGLAR (a mangrove forest)

SHRUB MATAS (many shrubs, often dry) MATORRAL (scrubland, thickets)

BUSH ARBUSTOS (many bushes) ARBUSTAL (zone of bushes)

EL MONTE The Bush (wild country)

7.39 Needles on conifers Recommended acícula Not recommended aguja

7.40 North on maps Recommended N Not recommended North / norte

The single letter “N” represents both the English word NORTH and the Spanish word NORTE with clarity. There is no need to clutter up a map with extra verbiage that does not add to meaning and slows down a reader.

The cardinal points of the compass rose are almost the same in both English and Spanish, so single-letter abbreviations work. Only West differs.

English compass rose North East South West Rosa de los vientos (español) norte este sur oeste

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7.41 Oaks: Encinos vs. robles CAVEAT If deciduous roble

If an evergreen encino, encina

In Spanish the typical deciduous hardwood red oaks, white oaks, and black oaks seen in northern Europe and North America are known as ROBLES. This is the word you will most likely get back from translators (or software) that are not naturalists or botanists.

However, the evergreen live oaks of the Gulf Coast and California are not ROBLES. They are ENCINAS. Check a botany text or a reliable online resource like the Mexican federal government’s CONABIO Naturalista to find the right Spanish common name for your particular oak tree.

7.42 Panther or puma

Recommended PUMA Alternates LEÓN DE LA SIERRA

Not recommended pantera

North America’s most widespread big cat, Felis concolor, has many common names in English: cougar, catamount, panther, mountain lion, painter, and puma.

In Spanish, most widely known name for this species— regardless of country— is PUMA. This short word helps safety signs visually get to the main idea quickly. PUMA also saves text line length in waysides and publications.

In 2006 first-language-Spanish-speaking reviewers from many different countries felt that the word PANTERA referred more to the Old World (African) Panthera leo.

Decades ago South Florida national parks chose to ignore the Spanish term PUMA. So today there are many existing materials, printed and on the Internet, calling the Florida panther ~ LA PANTERA DE LA FLORIDA.

For the sake of consistency, Everglades National Park chose to keep using LA PANTERA DE LA FLORIDA.

Big Cypress safety signs used…