Attachment-H_FOFR_Construction_Drawings.pdf

page # qty.

1.0 - 1.1 panels 01, 02

36.0" x 48.0" wall mount aluminum frame 3 36.0" x 48.0" x 0.125" double sided aluminum panel 3

1.2-1.3 panels 39, 40 24.0" x 36.0" wall mount aluminum frame 2 24.0" x 36.0" x 0.125" double sided aluminum panel 2

2.0 - 2.1 panels 08, 10, 11, 12, 13,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 41 36.0" x 24.0" low pro�le in-ground aluminum structure 25 36.0" x 24.0" x 0.125" double sided aluminum panel 25

2.2-2.3 panel 33 36.0" x 24.0" low pro�le in-ground aluminum structure 1 36.0" x 24.0" x 0.125" single sided aluminum panel with artifact 1

2.4-2.5 panels 05, 07 48.0" x 24.0" low pro�le in-ground aluminum structure 2 48.0" x 24.0" x 0.125" double sided aluminum panel 2

2.6-2.7 panels 09, 14, 25, 26 48.0" x 24.0" low pro�le in-ground aluminum structure 4 48.0" x 24.0" x 0.125" single sided aluminum panel with artifact 4

3.0-3.1 panels 04, 38 24.0" x 36.0" single sided upright in-ground aluminum structure 2 24.0" x 36.0" x 0.125" double sided aluminum panel 2

4.0-4.3 panels 37 24.0" x 36.0" single sided double upright in-line, in-ground aluminum structure 1 24.0" x 36.0" aluminum bulletin case 1 24.0" x 36.0" x 0.125" double sided aluminum panel 1 brochure boxes 4

5.0-5.1 panels 03, 06 36.0" x 24.0" rail mount aluminum structure 2 36.0" x 24.0" x 0.125" double sided aluminum panel 2

6.0 tactile map 68.0" x 36.0" bronze tactile map 1 68.0" x 36.0" aluminum map table 1 construction document by pages proofed date 2024.06.10 version code projecttitle contact email phone client

1approved without changes

Any changes after this signature approval, may incur additional cost and/or a delay in the schedule.

not approved. make changes, show new document signature date approval

FOFR fort frederica national monument nps harpers ferry center, 67 mather place harpers ferry, wv 25425 brad sutton wayside exhibit designer bradley_sutton@nps.gov

240.762.2687

NPS-0151 (SEA-4866)

FOFR fort frederica national monument

Note:

All artwork represented in this package is for placement purposes only and is not the intended �nal artwork for the project.

Attachment H

36.0" x 48.0" x 0.125" aluminum panel, double sided

36.0" x 48.0" wall mount, framed, aluminum panel 01 - front view scale: 0.75" = 1' - 0" panel 01 - front view scale: 0.75" = 1' - 0" panel 02 - front view scale: 0.75" = 1' - 0" wall mount - plan view scale: 0.75" = 1' - 0" wall mount - side view scale: 0.75" = 1' - 0" wall mount, framed notes by page 1.0 scale 0.75" = 1' - 0" panels : 01 (x2), 02 date 2024.06.10 version code drawing project title contact email phone client frame and backplate3 item description qty color name/code/�nish part nps harpers ferry center, 67 mather place harpers ferry, wv 25425

FOFR fort frederica national monument nps dark brown f63txn311 (texture) brad sutton wayside exhibit designer bradley_sutton@nps.gov

240.762.2687

NPS-0151 (SEA-4866)

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Fort Frederica National Monument

Frederica est 1736

Welcome! Fort Frederica National Monument preserves, protects, and interprets a historic British colonial site. Explore the monument’s many trails to learn the story of Fort Frederica, to reflect on history, and to enjoy this extraordinary place.

What was Frederica?

The Frederica colony was established in 1736 by Georgia Colony founder James Oglethorpe. Fort Frederica was part military base, part social experiment. The military fort marked a line in the sand against Spanish colonial expansion. The supporting town provided new-world economic opportunities for British colonists.

Frederica’s fort and military troops held off the Spanish in two decisive battles: Gully Hole Creek and Bloody Marsh. These victories ended a long territorial war between the British and Spanish empires. Frederica’s civilian colony was also a success. Many colonists prospered in the New World.

Fort Frederica National Monument’s two units.

Old Demere Rd

Fort Frederica National Monument

Bloody Marsh Site

36 X 48 INCHES | 28% OF ACTUAL SIZE | APRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 01

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Fort Frederica National Monument

Frederica est 1736

Welcome! Fort Frederica National Monument preserves, protects, and interprets a historic British colonial site. Explore the monument’s many trails to learn the story of Fort Frederica, to reflect on history, and to enjoy this extraordinary place.

What was Frederica?

The Frederica colony was established in 1736 by Georgia Colony founder James Oglethorpe. Fort Frederica was part military base, part social experiment. The military fort marked a line in the sand against Spanish colonial expansion. The supporting town provided new-world economic opportunities for British colonists.

Frederica’s fort and military troops held off the Spanish in two decisive battles: Gully Hole Creek and Bloody Marsh. These victories ended a long territorial war between the British and Spanish empires. Frederica’s civilian colony was also a success. Many colonists prospered in the New World.

Fort Frederica National Monument’s two units.

Old Demere Rd

Fort Frederica National Monument

Bloody Marsh Site

36 X 48 INCHES | 28% OF ACTUAL SIZE | APRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 01

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Follow the town’s Broad Street to the fort to meet some of the colonists who built Frederica. Explore why they came, what they brought with them, and how they interfaced with the military in this multi-function colony.

A Frontier Settlement Creates New Opportunities

War is Upon Us From Ruin to Rediscovery

1736 -1739 1740 -1748 1758 -1870

Fort Frederica played a pivotal role in the imperial clash between Britain and Spain. For the military story, tour the 17th century fort, barracks, and town wall.

Visitor Center

Burial Ground

You Are Here

Barracks

Fort

To w n W al l

Cross St.

B ro ad S t.

This route from the fort to the river tells how the Frederica colony ended, and what came afterward. Learn about the legacies of slavery and emancipation. Discover the archeological work that is revealing new insights about Frederica.

Tour Routes Across countless centuries, this quiet spot on the shore of a coastal river has seen wave after wave of change. It has been a homeland for Indigenous peoples. It was the site of a British colonial experiment. It was a plantation outpost in the early United States. Now it is a National Monument.

Long before 1736, Indigenous civilizations prospered along this coast. The colonists of Frederica depended on the farming techniques and trade networks of the Timicua, Muskogee/Creek, and Yamassee tribes.

Frederica’s story is told through oral history, historical records, and the tools of archeology. You can follow the threads of that story along three thematic tour routes.

36 X 48 INCHES | 28% OF ACTUAL SIZE | APRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 02

36.0" x 48.0" x 0.125" aluminum panel, double sided

36.0" x 48.0" wall mount, framed, aluminum wall mount - front view scale: 0.75" = 1' - 0" wall mount - plan view scale: 0.75" = 1' - 0" wall mount - side view scale: 0.75" = 1' - 0" wall mount, framed detail aluminum frame - cross section a-a scale: 1:2 notes by page 1.1 panels : 01 (x2), 02 scale refer to drawing date 2024.06.10 version code drawing project title contact email phone client frame and backplate3 item description qty color name/code/�nish part nps harpers ferry center, 67 mather place harpers ferry, wv 25425

FOFR fort frederica national monument nps dark brown f63txn311 (texture) brad sutton wayside exhibit designer bradley_sutton@nps.gov

240.762.2687

NPS-0151 (SEA-4866)

6.0 aluminum frame and backplate

1.5" x 1.5" x 0.25" aluminum tubing attached to wall with appropriate hardware for substrate (provided by others)

36.5"

6.0

6.0"

.5"

.0"

0.1875" x 0.75" x 1.75" aluminum F-channel extrusion, sides and bottom rails

0.1875" x 0.75" x 1.75" aluminum angle, removable top rail

1/4" - 20 security hardware

0.1875" x 1" x 1" aluminum angle a a

30.0"

0.125" aluminum panel

0.125" aluminum backplate ø0.1875" weep holes (qty. 3)

1.5" x 1.5" x 0.25" aluminum tubing ø0.1875" weep holes (qty. 3) wall mount, framed notes by page 1.2 scale refer to drawing date version code drawing project title contact email phone client nps harpers ferry center, 67 mather place harpers ferry, wv 25425

FOFR fort frederica national monument

24.0" x 36.0" x 0.125" aluminum panel, double sided

24.0" x 36.0" wall mount, framed, aluminum panel 39 - front view scale: 0.75" = 1' - 0" panel 40 - front view scale: 0.75" = 1' - 0" wall mount - plan view scale: 0.75" = 1' - 0" wall mount - side view scale: 0.75" = 1' - 0" frame and backplate2 item description qty color name/code/�nish part nps dark brown f63txn311 (texture) brad sutton wayside exhibit designer bradley_sutton@nps.gov

240.762.2687

NPS-0151 (SEA-4866)

2024.06.10

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

A Clash of Empires The 1742 skirmishes at Bloody Marsh and Gully Hole Creek were more than just battles. They ended a clash between the British and Spanish empires. General Oglethorpe’s victory here gave Britain control of the coast from Georgia to Maine.

There was more at stake in the St. Simons

Island battles than just the coastline. The victories shaped the way the colonies spread inland from the coast.

This historical map shows how the United

States was divided in the early 1700s.

These grenade-bearing soldiers were respected as elite and tough. They formed the core of the

Spanish invasion force.

Spain offered freedom and jobs to men who had been enslaved. The invasion force at St. Simons Island included several hundred

Black troops.

Both Spain and Britain had

Indian allies. These fighters had a reputation for swift and deadly attacks.

Members of the 42nd

Regiment defended

Fort Frederica and Fort

St. Simon.

The Trustees of the

Georgia colony recruited these skilled militia men to help settle the coast.

They led the British ambush at Bloody Marsh.

Spanish Black Soldiers Southeastern Indians British 42nd Regiment Scottish Highland Cuban Grenadier

You are here

24 X 36 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | APRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 40

M ilitary Road

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Invasion and Response

On July 5th, the Spanish ships ran past the guns of Fort St. Simons and anchored a short distance up the coast.

There, almost 2,000 soldiers swarmed ashore and captured Fort St. Simons.

Their next target was Frederica. On July 7th, a Spanish reconnaissance party marched up the military road toward the town. At Gully Hole Creek, Georgia Rangers, Creek, and Scottish Highlanders attacked.

They stopped the Spanish force.

Summer of 1742. For decades, the British and Spanish empires had clashed over colonial control of the Americas. In June of that year, a Spanish armada sailed north with a plan to wrest Georgia from British control. Their hopes were dashed here on St. Simons Island. General Oglethorpe’s English and Scottish troops and their Indian allies won two decisive battles.

They clinched British control of the colonies from Georgia to Maine.

Beaten back at Gully Hole, the Spanish sent reinforcements along the military road. But General Oglethorpe’s forces were waiting in ambush. As Spanish grenadiers marched single file through the marsh, Scottish Highlanders opened fire on them from the woods. This broke the Spanish advance.

Within days, they retreated to Florida.

Although only a handful of troops were killed, the battle site became known as Bloody Marsh.

Battle of Gully Hole Creek

Battle of Bloody Marsh

N

St. Simons Island

A tla nt ic

O ce an

Bloody Marsh

Gully Hole Creek

Fort St. Simons

Spanish Landing Site

Fort Frederica

St. Sim ons Sound

Fre derica River

24 X 36 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | APRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 39 panels : 39, 40 wall mount, framed notes by page 1.3 scale refer to drawing date version code drawing project title contact email phone client nps harpers ferry center, 67 mather place harpers ferry, wv 25425

FOFR fort frederica national monument

24.0" x 36.0" x 0.125" aluminum panel, double sided

24.0" x 36.0" wall mount, framed, aluminum wall mount - front view scale: 0.75" = 1' - 0" wall mount - plan view scale: 0.75" = 1' - 0" wall mount - side view scale: 0.75" = 1' - 0" frame and backplate2 item description qty color name/code/�nish part nps dark brown f63txn311 (texture) brad sutton wayside exhibit designer bradley_sutton@nps.gov

240.762.2687

NPS-0151 (SEA-4866)

detail aluminum frame - cross section a-a scale: 1:2

2024.06.10

1.5" x 1.5" x 0.25" aluminum tubing attached to wall with appropriate hardware for substrate (provided by others) aluminum frame and backplate ø0.1875" weep holes (qty. 3)

.5"

6.0

6.0

6.0"

24.5"

.0" panels : 39, 40 a a

18.0"

0.1875" x 0.75" x 1.75" aluminum F-channel extrusion, sides and bottom rails

0.1875" x 0.75" x 1.75" aluminum angle, removable top rail

1/4" - 20 security hardware

0.1875" x 1" x 1" aluminum angle

0.125" aluminum panel

0.125" aluminum backplate ø0.1875" weep holes (qty. 3)

1.5" x 1.5" x 0.25" aluminum tubing notes by page 2.0 scale refer to drawing date version code drawing project cantilevered title contact email phone client panels: 08, 10, 11, 12, 13,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 41 nps harpers ferry center, 67 mather place harpers ferry, wv 25425

FOFR fort frederica national monument nps dark brown f63txn311 (texture) frame/backplate, legs36.0" x 24.0" cantilevered in-ground, aluminum 25

36.0" x 24.0" x 0.125" aluminum panel, double sided 25 item description qty color name/code/�nish part brad sutton wayside exhibit designer bradley_sutton@nps.gov

240.762.2687

NPS-0151 (SEA-4866)

cantilevered - side view scale: 0.75" = 1' - 0"

2024.06.10

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

South Storehouse Frederica colonists did many things for themselves. They grew and raised their own food, made their own tools, and built with local materials such as timber and oyster shells.

But, like towns today, Frederica also brought in goods from outside the colony such as weapons, ammunition, fuel, special building materials, molasses, and spices. In

Frederica’s trustees gave each colonist a yearly supply of food, fuel, and other necessities. The list depended on gender, age, and role in the colony.

This is the allotment for a working man in the colony’s first year.

On the ground-floor level of the storehouse were two rooms packed with inventory. The smaller one was paved with tile and the larger with imported flint.

case of attack, many of these imported supplies were kept within the strong perimeter of the fort.

The foundation in front of you marks the site of the South Storehouse. This was one of two communal storage buildings in the fort that held civilian and military supplies.

312 Pounds of Beef or Pork 104 Pounds of Rice 104 Pounds of Indian Corn, or Peafe 1 Pint of Strong-beer a Day to a Man when he works, and not otherwife 52 Quarts of Molaffes for brewing Beer 16 Pounds of Cheefe 12 Pounds of Butter 8 Ounces of Spice 12 Pounds of Sugar 4 Gallons of Vinegar 24 Pounds of Salt 12 Quarts of Lamp-Oil 1 Pounds of Spun-Cotton 12 Pounds of Soap

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | APRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 20 panel 20 - front view scale: 0.375" = 1' - 0"

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

A Military Boom

Frederica’s first group of colonists arrived in 1736. Over the next two years, the freeholders built their own homes, and started farms and businesses. They also served as militia to defend the town. They raised defensive walls, drilled with weapons, and stood watch against danger.

In 1738, military support arrived. General Oglethorpe brought in 600 soldiers of the 42nd Regiment of Foote to garrison the fort. The soldiers’ arrival transformed Frederica. With regular military pay to spend, the privates, grenadiers, and officers gave an instant boost to Frederica’s economy, launching the town’s most prosperous years.

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | APRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 13 panel 13 - front view scale: 0.375" = 1' - 0"

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

A Multi-Function Space This rectangular foundation marks the site of the North Storehouse. Built in 1736, it was a three-story brick and timber structure. The building had several uses. It protected provisions, tools, and weapons shipped to the colony. It had a chapel on the third floor, and also served as a courthouse.

In 1736, John and Charles Wesley conducted Anglican services in the chapel here. The missionary brothers were recruited by General Oglethorpe to minister to the Frederica colony.

John and Charles Wesley’s time at Frederica was brief.

After just a few months they returned to England. But the lessons they taught here at Frederica would eventually form the foundations of the Methodist Church.

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | APRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 19 panel 19 - front view scale: 0.375" = 1' - 0"

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Tabby Construction Look closely at the low wall in front of this sign. Do you notice the grainy texture and embedded shells? This unique construction material is called tabby. Colonists made tabby by mixing sand and ash with burned oyster shells (known as quicklime). They then added water and packed it into molds. A chemical reaction between the quicklime and water hardened the material, creating a form of concrete.

It has been centuries since Frederica was abandoned. But its tabby walls and foundations still endure. They show how the colonists used local resources to adapt to their new world.

—Francis Moore, 1736 A Voyage to Georgia

“On the shore were oyster banks, dry at low water, where they took as many as they pleased, the oysters being very good.”

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | APRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 12 panel 12 - front view scale: 0.375" = 1' - 0"

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Military Presence In many ways, the Frederica colony resembled a modern army base. Its civilian residents lived in symbiosis with the military. Red-coated soldiers mingled with merchants. The streets echoed with fifes, drums, marching feet, and rattling muskets.

The barracks and parade ground were a center of military activity. Every day, troops assembled here for drills. They practiced marching and maneuvering in formation, and honed their skills with muskets and bayonets.

In an era long before radios, the British army communicated through music. On the battlefield, officers sent commands in code via drum and fife tunes.

—London Magazine, 1745

“They make as fine an appearance upon the parade as any regiment in the King’s Service.”

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | APRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 24 panel 24 - front view scale: 0.375" = 1' - 0"

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Perimeter Defense Frederica was a community on the edge of danger. To the south, the Spanish empire loomed. Unfamiliar wilderness pressed close all around. To protect their community and their families, the colonists built a mile-long barrier around the town.

Outer palisade

Inner palisade

Moat

Rampart Firing step

This structure was more than just a wall—it was a multi-layered defensive perimeter. On the outside was an eight-foot wooden palisade. Inside that was a deep moat, followed by another bristling palisade. And inside that was a six-foot, wood-reinforced earthen rampart.

Look beyond this sign for the worn remains of the original earthwork barrier. The depression beyond that was the moat.

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | APRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 27 panel 27 - front view scale: 0.375" = 1' - 0"

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Frederica’s Fort Between here and the river lie the remains of Fort Frederica.

This large fortification protected Frederica town. It also formed the southern anchor for Britain’s American colonies.

General Oglethorpe chose this site during a reconnaissance trip in 1734. With its commanding high ground, and clear views up and down the river, it was a good spot to defend against naval attack. The nearby marshlands made it hard to attack by land.

The fort was so important to Frederica’s success that colonists began building it the day after they arrived.

Oglethorpe himself led the process. He started by marking the fort’s outlines. Then he taught the colonists how to build protective earthen ramparts. Within a few months, the colonists had finished the perimeter. The defense had three layers: a six-foot-deep moat, a sod-covered earthen wall, and a wooden palisade. As the colony grew, the settlers and soldiers continued to strengthen the fort and wall.

Viewed from the air, the remains of the earthen palisades reveal the fort’s original size and shape. The river has eroded parts of the south and west sides.

North StorehouseSouth Storehouse

Kings Magazine

Palisades Parade

Blacksmith Shop

Guard House

Bastion

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | APRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 18 panel 18 - front view scale: 0.375" = 1' - 0"

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Selected For Their Skills Many people applied to be part of the Frederica colony, but not everyone was chosen. The colony’s trustees selected people who had skills that would benefit both the town and the military fort. Daniel Cannon was among those who passed the screening. He was an experienced builder and woodworker.

During his four years at Frederica, Cannon built timber and brick houses for several residents. The walls you see here mark the foundation of his own “good timber house,” which he shared with his sons Joseph and Daniel.

Cannon also used his woodworking skills to support the military. He made oars for the British fleet. In 1740, when General Oglethorpe led an expedition against the Spanish at St. Augustine, the soldiers rowed to shore with Cannon’s oars.

Notice the long, narrow space enclosed by the foundation walls. The shape suggests that Cannon used that room to store oars as he made them.

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | APRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 11 panel 11 - front view scale: 0.375" = 1' - 0"

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Francis Moore On this spot, in a modest two-story brick house, lived Francis and Mary Moore. Francis was a well-known figure on the streets of Frederica. As “Keeper of the King’s Stores,” he supervised the unloading and storage of provisions, and managed inventory. He was the town recorder (similar to a city clerk), and later served as General Oglethorpe’s secretary.

Like town officials today, Moore felt the pressure of being a public figure. Once, he was involved in a civil financial dispute that split town into two factions. This put him at cross purposes with Oglethorpe, who wrote that his secretary was behaving in a “…very wrong manner.”

The Moores left Frederica for good in 1743. In 1958, on the site of their home, archeologists found charred timbers, burned nails, and melted glass.

This suggests that the house burned down.

Francis Moore’s 1743 book A Voyage to Georgia is an eyewitness account of the journey from England. It also tells the story of the founding and progress of the Frederica colony.

Moore’s detailed town records give us a remarkably detailed picture of life in Frederica. Who is recording your story? What will people know about your life 300 years from now?

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | APRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 23 panel 23 - front view scale: 0.375" = 1' - 0"

Samuel Perkins suffered many misfortunes at Frederica. Six of his hogs were shot when they got loose in town.

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Misfits Viewed from a distance, Frederica was a success. Its governors, military, and civilians worked together to create a thriving community. But on an individual scale, the social experiment didn’t always offer a smooth ride.

Samuel Perkins was a coachmaker who arrived with the first settlers. He matched many of his fellow colonists in drive and energy. He built coaches, cleared, fenced, and farmed five acres, ran a store, and built three houses—one of which stood on this foundation.

But Perkins and his wife Catherine faced friction with neighbors and town leadership. The reasons aren’t entirely clear, but may have been related to his duty as a bailiff. In 1741 the Perkins family moved to Charleston, South Carolina. They claimed that they had to “leave, or starve.”

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | APRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 17 panel 17 - front view scale: 0.375" = 1' - 0"

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

From Huts to Houses When the colonists first arrived, they built their own shelters out of timber poles and palmetto leaves. A Brazilian workman hired by General Oglethorpe taught the newcomers how to make the huts sturdy and dry.

Soon neat rows of these “bowers” lined the streets, making the town look like a tent camp.

As the town grew, wealthier residents built European-style homes. They used native timber and other local resources.

Many permanent homes included tabby: a cement made

This lot’s original colonists were John

Humble—a harbor pilot—and his wife

Catherine. They lived in a palmetto hut.

Despite its short length, Broad Street had some social stratification. The houses nearest to the fort tended to be larger and more expensive.

from burnt oyster shells, sand, water, and ash. Some of the more expensive ones used locally-made brick.

Tabby and brick are strong and weather-resistant. When the houses of Frederica rotted away, the foundations and walls endured. The foundation you see here marks the home of Dr. Frederick Holzendorf, regimental surgeon. It was a large, tabby-walled house.

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | APRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 10 panel 10 - front view scale: 0.375" = 1' - 0"

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Guns on the River Fort Frederica’s cannon battery created a formidable line of defense. At its peak, the fort maintained 15 or more of the massive guns. They were placed along the river side of

Eight soldiers worked together to fire a cannon. The weapons hurled 12 or 18 pound loads packed with heavy shot or shrapnel. Explosive charges multiplied the damage to attacking ships or armies.

Frederica was also protected by its strategic location. In 1742, the Spanish tried an overland attack, but they did not make it past the treacherous swamps.

St. Simons Island

Egg Island

Sea Island

Fort Frederica

Bloody Marsh

Gully Hole Creek

Jekyll Island

N

Little St. Simons

Island

The worn barrel you see here may be one of the original cannons at the fort. Its wooden carriage is a reconstruction. The others on display are about the same age, but were not part of Frederica’s original armaments.

M ac ka y River

Fre de ric a R ive r

Hampton River

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | APRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 22 panel 22 - front view scale: 0.375" = 1' - 0"

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Difficult Neighbors Frederica was envisioned as a kind of utopian community.

But the residents didn’t always live in harmony. On this Broad Street lot, two families lived beside each other, but never saw eye to eye.

The house on the right belonged to regimental surgeon Thomas Hawkins and his wife Beatre. The house on the

Like Hawkins, Samuel Davidson served many roles in the community. He was a tavernkeeper, a craftsman

(manufacturing gunstocks), and the town constable.

In addition to his military duties, Thomas Hawkins was the town’s doctor, apothecary, and magistrate.

Samuel Davidson’s home Dr. Hawkins’ home

Apothecary Shop (medicine bottles and jars found here) Tavern

(broken bottles, crockery, and tobacco pipes found here) Party wall (a wall shared between two separate dwellings) left belonged to the Davidsons, a family of five who operated a tavern.

Historical records show that Hawkins and his wife had a quarrelsome reputation. They were often caught up in lawsuits. In 1741, after years of friction, the Davidsons moved away from Fort Frederica.

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | APRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 16 panel 16 - front view scale: 0.375" = 1' - 0"

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Communicating Between Cultures The Frederica colony had close ties with Indigenous communities. American Indian neighbors brought food and other goods. They shared news from outside the colony.

The colony recruited warriors to help with defense. Good communication between the groups was crucial.

Mary Musgrove Matthews was a bridge between the colony and its American Indian neighbors. Mary was born in 1700 at Coweta on the Okmulgee River. Her father was a white trader and her mother was Creek. Mary started working for

Tribes in the surrounding area Glass trade beads found just north of here on St. Catherines Island

Mary Matthews’ Muskogean-Creek name was Coosaponakeesa.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

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James Oglethorpe in 1733. She served as an interpreter and diplomat, helping Oglethorpe communicate with local tribes.

At Frederica, Mary owned a business and a large amount of land. This was unusual in European societies of the era, when most women did not have the option to make an independent living, or to own land.

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Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

An Imposing Entrance This tabby-walled building, nicknamed the “King’s Magazine,” stood sentinel over Fort Frederica’s river entrance. In the center rose a two-story gated tower called a sally port. Wagons and cannons passed through iron-reinforced double doors on the river and land sides. A tabby gutter in the center of the floor drained water from the parade ground toward the river.

On the left (south) side, two arch-topped vaults kept the fort’s precious gunpowder supply secure and dry. A thick layer of sand protected against explosion. These vaults were reconstructed in the 20th century.

The vault on the right is mostly original construction.

On the right (north) side, a series of small rooms sheltered the officer in charge and soldiers on guard duty.

These rooms may also have held the occasional prisoner.

After the fort was decommissioned in 1743, the King’s Magazine slowly succumbed to the elements. In the early 1900s, its crumbling walls sparked interest in studying and preserving the site’s history. This led to the creation of

Fort Frederica National Monument.

Powder magazines Sally port Guard room

Entrance to Fort

Prison cell

Officer of the Day

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Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Many Skills, Many Roles Frederica colonists didn’t simply show up and settle here—they had to apply for the position. The board of trustees chose people with skills that would help the community succeed. John Calwell, who lived on this lot, was one of the successful applicants. He was a “tallow chandler,” meaning he made candles and soap.

In London, Calwell had competed with other craftsmen for customers. Here in the American colonies he had a wide-open market. He became a successful merchant, trading up and down the coast.

Calwell also diversified beyond his original trade. He assisted the colony’s Chief Surveyor, eventually taking over the position. He acted as town bailiff. And he served as an engineer on Oglethorpe’s military expedition to St. Augustine.

Calwell’s three-story house was described as “the best in town.” Notice the remains of the large, complex brick baking oven in the basement. This luxurious space also had a tiled floor and two additional hearths.

What expertise would you have brought to Frederica? What skills would you have wanted to learn once you were here?

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Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Old Burial Ground Their gravesites are almost lost to time and the forest. But we know that this cemetery—which dates back to the 1730s and 1740s—is the final resting place of many Frederica colonists.

The men and women buried here built a town and fort from the ground up. They grew crops, made handcrafts, ran taverns and shops, and served in the militia and the army. As a community they protected British claims in North America—and helped lay the foundation for the state of Georgia.

“In the tombs herewith depicted rest some of the brave men whose efforts saved Georgia from becoming a Spanish province, as the Floridas were at that time. Their memories, like their names, have been forgotten by history.”

—Harper’s Weekly, 1859

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Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Ongoing Discoveries This lot was once the home of the Sinclair family. It is now an active archeological site, where excavations are helping paint a vivid picture of daily life.

From historical records, we know the big picture. Archibald came to Frederica as an indentured servant. Indenture was not like slavery—which was forbidden at Frederica. Indentured servants could earn their freedom. Archibald successfully worked his way out of servitude. He became an innkeeper and town officer. He had a wife, Isabel, and two children.

Artifacts from the deepest layers of the dig—dating to the 1730s and 1740s—give us details about the Sinclair family’s life.

Pig bones and fish teeth tell us about their diet. Fragments of fine Delft china, jewelry, and adornments show that they eventually prospered.

More recent layers are a mix materials and artifacts. They suggest that after Frederica was abandoned in the 1740s, the house foundation was used as a trash pit.

The archeology team works slowly and methodically down, one layer at a time. As they dig, they map, photograph, and catalog what they find.

Archibald Sinclair was a tythingman

(community police officer). Did he use this iron key in his work?

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Charleston

Savannah

South Carolina

Georgia

Florida

North Carolina

Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor

Jacksonville

Myrtle Beach

Wilmington

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Gullah Geechee The coastline between North Carolina and Florida is an intricate network of islands, rivers, and tidelands. It’s a place where human cultures meet, mix, and evolve.

Gullah Geechee culture traces back to West Africans forced here as slaves on 18th and 19th century rice plantations. Living in these isolated islands, they kept the traditions of their homeland alive.

As you explore these islands, look for distinctive Gullah Geechee patterns and art. Listen for the cadence of Gullah

Geechee language.

Over time, their descendants adapted the West African traditions to this coast. They wove local resources into art, craft, and ritual. They created a language that blends West African dialects and English.

Gullah Geechee culture continues today. It is a remarkable heritage found nowhere else on Earth.

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Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Remembered Robert Sengstacke Abbott knew that his ancestors were buried near this spot—but he did not know the exact location of the cemetery. The mystery was solved 80 years later with the help of an old map and careful science.

The simple hand-drawn map below, found in a church archive, contains two important clues. At the top is the

Individuals identified in burial ground:

Harriet (infant)

Tom Abbott

Mary Fennick Abbott

Celia Abbott

Child of Beck Finnick

Child of Polly Jackson

Myler McMillan

Child of Hattie Thomas

Markers ‘A’ and ‘B’ represent place holders for future burials, Riva (?) and Judy’s place.

“Wall of Frederica.” At the bottom and left is “Parsonage Lane.” Researchers compared these features to historical maps of Frederica. This helped them narrow the search. To find the graves, they used ground-penetrating radar (a tool that allows detection without digging) and specially-trained sniffer dogs.

Finally, archeologists examined the grave sites. They found layers of oyster shells. This is a Gullah Geechee burial custom. The evidence shows that these are the graves of African-American ancestors.

The people buried here were West Africans.

They were enslaved by American plantation owners after the Revolutionary War. Their labor shaped St. Simons Island, and many of their descendants live on the island to this day.

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Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

The Defender Robert Sengstacke Abbott was born on St. Simons Island in 1868. His parents had been enslaved on Georgia plantations during the Civil War. Abbott grew up surrounded by the tumult of the Reconstruction-era South.

After training as a lawyer and a printer, Abbott pivoted to journalism. In 1905, he founded what would become the largest Black-owned newspaper in the world. The Chicago

Robert Sengstacke Abbott was a lawyer, newspaper publisher, and self-made millionaire.

In the 1920s, 1.5 million Black people moved from the rural south to northern cities. This Great Migration was inspired by the Black-focused reporting of papers such as The Chicago Defender.

Defender was a voice for social change. Its reporters brought to light important stories of the day, such as the murder of Emmett Till and the Civil Rights groundswell that followed.

In 1929, Abbott placed this monument to honor his family’s St. Simons Island roots. The monument pushes back against the erasure of Black history. It ensures the Black families of St. Simons Island are not forgotten.

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Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

A Vital Link In 1738 Frederica residents built a six-mile military road from here to the south end of the island. Civilians and soldiers worked together on the project. It took them just three days to carve through dense woods and marshlands. The completed road linked Fort Frederica with Fort St. Simons.

The road proved its worth in July 1742. An incursion of Spanish grenadiers captured Fort St. Simons and attempted an attack on Frederica. Defenders from Frederica marched down the military road to ambush— and defeat—the invaders.

When Fort Frederica was founded, a group of German immigrants came across the

Atlantic with the English colonists. Known as Salzburgers, they were fleeing religious persecution. They lived apart from Frederica in a settlement called Germantown.

N

St. Simons Island

Atlantic Ocean

Bloody MarshGully Hole

Creek Fort St. Simons

Germantown

Fort Frederica

Milita ry Road

St. Simons S ou nd

Frederic a River

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Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

The Enduring Marsh Over 275 years ago, the British colonists of Frederica gazed out over these marshlands. Living on the edge of war and wilderness, they had stressful lives. Did they find moments of peace as they watched the waving grasses and the flight of gulls?

Brown pelicans are common among Georgia’s tidal channels and barrier islands. From high in the air, they crash to the water, scooping fish into their throat pouches.

In summer red-winged blackbirds flock to the coastal marshes. They weave nests among the stems of wetland grasses. Watch for the males flashing red and yellow epaulettes and listen for their reedy songs.

Look for these large ducks in wetland channels.

They dive to chase and catch small fish. Their long, slender beaks have serrated edges that help them grip slippery prey.

Down below the marsh grasses, hidden from easy sight, blue crabs creep through the tidal channels.

They are important foods for fish, birds, other crabs…and humans.

Brown pelican Pelicanus occidentalis Common merganser Mergus serrator Blue crab Callinectes sapidus Red-winged blackbird Agelaius phoenecius

St. Simons Island has changed since then. It is now a human-dominated landscape. But even after so much change, the marsh endures. It is a place of tranquility, where birds, animals, and plants continue the quiet cycles of their lives.

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Coastal Georgia Historical Society

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

A Water-side Attraction When hostilities with Spain ended in the 1740s, the Frederica colony began to fade. By 1800, it was gone. But the Frederica River was still an important shipping and travel route. It was part of a boating “super-highway” that ran the length of the eastern seaboard.

In the 1930s, local entrepreneur Franklin Horne established the Frederica Yacht Club here on the oak-lined riverbank. Pleasure boaters could dock at the marina, stop in for an elegant meal, and dance at the nearby King and Prince. They could also enjoy the Island Queen—a floating bar, lounge, and casino. The Frederica Yacht Club closed in the 1970s.

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Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

A Coastline Made for Trade Tidal piedmont rivers and sandy barrier islands line the Atlantic coast of North America. This creates a network of channels sheltered from ocean storms.

American Indian tribes used these natural passageways to trade and travel along the coast.

When Europeans arrived, they took advantage of the Indigenous travel network. Like today’s highways, the waterways were essential infrastructure for the growing colonies. They helped the young United States survive and thrive.

Danish immigrant Charles Stevens arrived on

St. Simons Island in the 1840s. Stevens used his experience as a captain to run a coastal shipping business. He also operated a small farm on St. Simons

Island with enslaved labor.

Charles Stevens’ son John followed his father into the coastal trading business. This is his boat, the Annie.

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | APRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 35 panel 35 - front view scale: 0.375" = 1' - 0" notes cantilevered - front view scale: 0.75" = 1' - 0" low pro�le - plan view scale: 0.75" = 1' - 0" cantilevered - side view scale: 0.75" = 1' - 0" by page 2.1 scale refer to drawing date version code drawing project cantilevered title contact email phone client nps harpers ferry center, 67 mather place harpers ferry, wv 25425

FOFR fort frederica national monument panels: 08, 10, 11, 12, 13,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 41 nps dark brown f63txn311 (texture) frame/backplate, legs36.0" x 24.0" cantilevered in-ground, aluminum 25

36.0" x 24.0" x 0.125" aluminum panel, double sided 25 item description qty color name/code/�nish part brad sutton wayside exhibit designer bradley_sutton@nps.gov

240.762.2687

NPS-0151 (SEA-4866)

2024.06.10

0.125" thick aluminum cap

2.0" x 3.0" x 0.125" aluminum tubing legs

36.5" aluminum frame and backplate

24.5"

.0"

Ø 1.0"

.0" concrete hole for rebar a a detail aluminum frame, cross section a-a scale: 1:2

0.125" thick aluminum panel

0.1875" x 0.75" x 1.75" aluminum F-channel extrusion, sides and bottom rails

0.1875" x 0.75" x 1.75" aluminum angle, removable top rail

0.125" thick aluminum cap

0.125" thick aluminum backplate

0.1875" x 1" x 1" aluminum angle

3/8" dome style blind drive rivets

2.0" x 3.0" x 0.125" aluminum tubing legsgrind sides and front only, no grinding of back weld ø0.1875" weep holes (qty. 3)

45.0°

1/4" - 20 security hardware ø0.1875" weep holes (qty. 3) cantilevered - side view scale: 0.375" = 1' - 0" notes by page 2.2 scale refer to drawing date version code drawing project cantilevered title contact email phone client panel: 33 nps harpers ferry center, 67 mather place harpers ferry, wv 25425

FOFR fort frederica national monument nps dark brown f63txn311 (texture) frame/backplate, legs36.0" x 24.0" cantilevered in-ground, aluminum 1

36.0" x 24.0" x 0.125" aluminum panel, single sided with artifact 1 item description qty color name/code/�nish part brad sutton wayside exhibit designer bradley_sutton@nps.gov

240.762.2687

NPS-0151 (SEA-4866)

2024.06.10

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Uncovering Frederica Archeologists have been studying the Frederica colony site for over 70 years. Decades of excavation and study have helped us better understand Frederica’s role in history.

Archeology also reveals details of daily life in the colony.

This gives us insights about the people who lived here.

Many early excavations were exploratory.

Researchers dug trenches to look for foundations and other big features. They did not focus on small artifacts.

Students work with NPS archeologists on a dig.

The late 1940s saw the first NPS-sponsored archeology at Frederica.

Excavations focused on the barracks and sections of the town wall and moat.

This expensive Delftware ointment jar hints at the owner’s wealth.

It also tells us that imports were important to the colonists.

Researchers unearthed this ivory folding comb at the home of John and Constance Calwell. Colonists used fine-tooth combs to remove lice from their hair.

Fort Frederica National Monument is still an active study site. What new stories do you think future archeologists will discover?

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | APRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 33 panel 33 - front view cantilevered - front view scale: 0.75" = 1' - 0" low pro�le - plan view scale: 0.75" = 1' - 0" cantilevered - side view scale: 0.75" = 1' - 0" by page 2.3 scale refer to drawing date version code drawing project cantilevered title contact email phone client nps harpers ferry center, 67 mather place harpers ferry, wv 25425

FOFR fort frederica national monument panels: 33 nps dark brown f63txn311 (texture) frame/backplate, legs36.0" x 24.0" cantilevered in-ground, aluminum 1

36.0" x 24.0" x 0.125" aluminum panel, single sided with artifact 1 item description qty color name/code/�nish part brad sutton wayside exhibit designer bradley_sutton@nps.gov

240.762.2687

NPS-0151 (SEA-4866)

2024.06.10

0.125" thick aluminum cap

2.0" x 3.0" x 0.125" aluminum tubing legs

36.5" aluminum frame and backplate

24.5"

.0"

Ø 1.0"

.0" concrete hole for rebar detail aluminum frame, cross section a-a scale: 1:2

0.1875" x 0.75" x 1.75" aluminum F-channel extrusion, sides and bottom rails

2.0" x 3.0" x 0.125" aluminum tubing legs a a artifact with threaded rod secured from beneath with locking nuts

0.125" thick aluminum cap

0.1875" x 0.75" x 1.75" aluminum angle, removable top rail

1/4" - 20 security hardware

0.1875" x 1" x 1" aluminum angle 3/8" dome style blind drive rivets

0.75" x 0.75" aluminum barstock

0.125" thick aluminum panel

0.125" thick aluminum backplate

1/4" - 20 security hardware ø0.1875" weep holes (qty. 3) grind sides and front only, no grinding of back weld scale: 0.375" = 1' - 0" notes by page 2.4 scale refer to drawing date version code drawing project cantilevered title contact email phone client nps harpers ferry center, 67 mather place harpers ferry, wv 25425

FOFR fort frederica national monument panels: 05, 07

48.0" x 24.0" low pro�le, aluminum, in-ground 2

48.0" x 24.0" x 0.125" double sided aluminum panel 2 item description qty color name/code/�nish part frame and backplatenps dark brown f63txn311 (texture) brad sutton wayside exhibit designer bradley_sutton@nps.gov

240.762.2687

NPS-0151 (SEA-4866)

2024.06.10

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Living the History of Frederica What was it like to be a Frederica colonist? Historical records tell us who lived where, and what role each colonist played in the community. They even contain stories about day-to-day gripes and disputes. Archeology fills in details, such as the food and drink the colonists shared and the tools they used. Look for historical and archeological insights on interpretive signs throughout the site.

To get an up-close view of colonial life, attend a Living History demonstration. In these interactive events, rangers and volunteers show how colonists built huts, made candles, fired cannons, and more. You can even try your hand at colonial skills.

Palmetto huts were the colonists’ first shelters. Some lived in them for years. In a living history demonstration, you can see what it takes to build one. You can even step inside!

To learn more about living history demonstrations, or to become a park volunteer, talk to a park ranger.

Women at Frederica worked hard to keep their families fed and clothed.