Attachment-G_FOFR_Final_Exhibit_Plan.pdf

Final Wayside Exhibit Plan

Fort Frederica National Monument

Prepared by

Project Team

Kimberly Robinson Bradley Sutton

National Park Service | June 2024

T A S K 3 - S U B M I T T A L 3

Attachment G

F O R T F R E D E R I C A

P A N E L

No. Subject

01 Welcome to Fort Frederica National Monument

Material & size

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 48”

Material

Painted aluminum

Color

NPS dark brown

Mount

Wall Mount

Location

VC breezeway

B A S E

Description

Wall Mount

J u n e 2 0 2 4

Wayside Exhibits

01 Welcome to Fort Frederica National Monument

02 Tour Routes

03 Tour Routes

04 Tour Routes

05 Living History

06 Frederica

07 Broad Street

09 Tavernkeepers

08 Indian Interpreter

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 48”

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 48”

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Double sided aluminum, 24” x 36”

Double sided aluminum, 48” x 24”

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Double sided aluminum, 48” x 24”

Single sided aluminum, 48” x 24”

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Wall Mount

Wall Mount

Low profile or Rail Mount

Single upright inline

Low profile

Rail Mount

Low profile

Low profile

Low profile

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

Wall Mount

Wall Mount

In ground or Rail Mount

In ground

In ground

Rail (wood)

In ground

In ground

In ground

Bloody Marsh

VC breezeway

Before boardwalk

By Military Road and Burial Ground

Living History area

Town Gate

Head of Broad Street

Lot 9 North (Broad Street)

Lot 10 South (Broad Street)

10 Huts and Houses

12 Tabby Construction

11 Carpenter and Oarmaker

13 Population Change

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Low profile

Low profile

Low profile

Low profile

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

In ground

In ground

In ground

In ground

Lot 8 South (Broad Street)

Lot 6 South (Board Street)

Lot 6 North (Board Street)

Lot 5 North (Board Street)

No. Subject

14 Destroyed by Fire

Material & size

Single sided aluminum, 48” x 24”

Material

Painted aluminum

Color

NPS dark brown

Mount

In ground

Location

Lot 4 South (Broad Street)

B A S E

Description

Low profile

J u n e 2 0 2 4

Wayside Exhibits

15 Candlemaker

16 Tavernkeeper and Doctor

17 Five Years at Frederica

18 The Fort

19 North Storehouse

20 South Storehouse

21 The Kings Magazine

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Low profile

Low profile

Low profile

Low profile

Low profile

Low profile

Low profile

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

In ground

In ground

In ground

In ground

In ground

In ground

In ground

Lot 4 North (Broad Street)

Lot 2-3 South

Lot 2 North (Broad Street)

By the Fort entrance

Near North Storehouse by the Fort

Near the South Storehouse by the Fort

By the Fort

22 Guns on the River

24 The Parade

26 Northeast Town Bastion

23 Keeper of the Kings Stores

25 The Barracks

27 The Town Wall

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Single sided aluminum, 48” x 24”

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Single sided aluminum, 48” x 24”

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Low profile

Low profile

Low profile

Low profile

Low profile

Low profile

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

In ground

In ground

In ground

In ground

In ground

In ground

Near South Storehouse, behind the Fort

By the Barracks

By Northeast Bastion

Lot 21 North

By the Barracks

By the boardwalk- moved closer to Northeast Bastion

No. Subject

28 Old Burial Ground

Material & size

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Material

Painted aluminum

Color

NPS dark brown

Mount

In ground

Location

By Burial Ground

B A S E

Description

Low profile

J u n e 2 0 2 4

Wayside Exhibits

29 Military Road

30 The Defender

31 African American Burial Ground

32 Gullah Geechee

33 Success Uncovered

34 Archeological Site

35 Coastal Trade and Inland Passage

36 Frederica Yacht Club

39 Battle of Bloody Marsh and Gully Hole Creek

37 Trail Map

38 Bloody Marsh Nature Trail Trailhead

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Single sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Double sided aluminum, 24” x 36”

Double sided aluminum, 24” x 36”

Double sided aluminum, 24” x 36”

Low profile

Low profile

Low profile

Low profile

Low profile

Low profile

Low profile

Low profile

Wall Mount

Double upright inline kiosk with bulletin case and brochure rack

Single upright inline

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

In ground

In ground

In ground

In ground

In ground

In ground

In ground

In ground

Wall Mount

In ground

In ground

Near Burial Ground and Military Road

By Abbott Monument

In front of burial across from Abbott Monument

In front of burial across from Abbott Monument

Near excavation site

Near excavation site

By Water

By the Dock

At Bloody Marsh

By Yacht Club Trailhead and pavilion

Start of Bloody Marsh Nature Trail

40 A Clash of Cultures

41 Marsh Natural History

Double sided aluminum, 24” x 36”

Double sided aluminum, 36” x 24”

Wall Mount

Low profile

Painted aluminum

Painted aluminum

NPS dark brown

NPS dark brown

Wall Mount

In ground

At Bloody Marsh

At Bloody Marsh

F O R T F R E D E R I C A J u n e 2 0 2 4

KEY

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

EX 000

EX 000

Frontier Settlement War is Upon Us From Ruin to Rediscovery Orientation and Trailheads

EX 000

EX 000

EX 07

EX 10

EX 08

EX 09

EX 05

EX 06

EX 04

EX 03

EX 37

EX mapEX 01

EX 02

EX 15

EX 16

EX 17

EX 27

EX 29

EX 39

EX 40

EX 41

EX 01

EX 38

EX 28

EX 33

EX 36

EX 30

EX 35

EX 26EX 25

EX 23

EX 24

EX 18

EX 19

EX 21

EX 20

EX 22

EX 34

EX 31

EX 12

EX 14

EX 13

EX 11

EX 32

Fo rt

F re d er ic a

N at io n al M o n u m en t

N at io n al P ar k

Se rv ic e

U .S

. D ep ar tm en t o f th e

In te ri o r

Fo rt

F re de ri ca N at io na l M on um en t

F re d er ic a es t

W el co m e!

F or t F re de ri ca

N at io na l M on um en t p re se rv es , p ro te ct s, a nd in te rp re ts a h is to ri c

B ri tis h co lo ni al s ite

. E xp lo re th e m on um en t’s tr ai ls to le ar n th e st or y of F or t F re de ri ca

, t o re fl ec t o n hi st or y, a nd to e nj oy th is ex tr ao rd in ar y pl ac e.

W ha t w as

F re de ri ca

T he to w n of

F re de ri ca w as e st ab lis he d in by

G eo rg ia

T ru st ee

Ja m es

O gl et ho rp e.

F or t F re de ri ca w as p ar t m ili ta ry b as e, p ar t s oc ia l e xp er im en t.

T he m ili ta ry fo rt m ar ke d a lin e in th e sa nd a ga in st S pa ni sh c ol on ia l ex pa ns io n.

T he s up po rt in g to w n pr ov id ed n ew

-w or ld e co no ic op po rt un iti es fo r B ri tis h co lo ni st s.

Fr ed er ic a’ s fo rt a nd m ili ta ry tr oo ps h el d of f t he S pa ni sh in tw o de ci si ve ba tt le s:

G ul ly

H ol e C re ek a nd

B lo od y

M ar sh . T he se v ic to ri es e nd ed a lo ng rr ito ri al w ar b et w ee n th e

B ri tis h an d

Sp an is h em pi re s.

F re de ri ca ’s c iv ili an co ny w as a ls o a su cc es s.

M an y co lo ni st s pr os pe re d in th e

N ew

W or ld

Fo rt

F re d er ic a

N at io n al M o n u m en t’ s tw o u n it s.

ld

D em er e

R d

Fo rt

F re d er ic a

N at io n al M o n u m en t

B lo o d y M ar sh

S it e

X

IN

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O

F A

C

TU

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A y

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W ay si d e

Ex h ib it

F re d er ic a

N at io n al M o n u m en t

N at io n al P ar k

Se rv ic e

U .S

. D ep ar tm en t o f th e

In te ri o r

Fo llo w t h e to w n ’s

B ro ad S tr ee t to t h e fo rt t o m ee t so m e o f th e co lo n is ts w h o b u ilt F re d er ic a.

E xp lo re w h y th ey c am e, w at t h ey b ro u g h t w it h t h em

, a n d h ey in te rf ac ed w it h t h e m ili ta ry in t lt i-fu n ct io n c o lo n y.

A F ro n ti er

S et tl em en t

C re at es

N ew

O p p o rt u n it ie s

W ar is U p o n U s Fr o m

R u in t o R ed is co ve ry

Fo rt

F re d er ic a p la ye d a p iv o ta l r t h e im p er ia l c la sh b et w ee n B ri ta d

S p ai n

. F o r th e m ili ta ry s to ry

, t o u r th e th c en tu ry f o rt , b ar ra ck s, a n n w al l.

V is it o r C en te r

B u ri al

G ro u n d

Yo u

A re

H er e

B ar ra ck s

Fo rt

Town W all

C ro ss S t.

Broad St.

Th is r o u te f ro m t h e fo rt t o t h e ri ve r te lls h o w t h e

Fr ed er ic a co lo n y en d ed an d w h at c am e af te rw ar d

. L ea rn a b o u t th e le g ac ie s o f sl av er y.

D is co ve r th e ar ch eo lo g ic al w o rk t h at is r ev ea lin g ew g h ts a b o u t

Fr ed er ic a.

To ur

R ou te s

A cr os s co un tle ss c en tu ri es , t hi s qu ie t s po t o n th e sh or e of as ta l r iv er h as s ee n w av e af te r w av e of c ha ng e.

It h as b ee n a ho m el an d fo r In di ge no us p eo pl es

. I t w as th e si te o f a B ri tis h co lo ni al e xp er im en t.

It w as a p la nt at io n ou tp os t i n th e ea rl y U ni te d St at es

. N ow it is a N at io na l M on um en t.

L on g be fo re

6, In di ge no us c iv ili za tio ns p ro sp er ed a lo ng t.

T he c ol on is ts o f F re de ri ca d ep en de d on th e fa rm in g te ch ni qu es a nd tr ad e ne tw or ks o f t he T im uc ua , M us co ge e/

C re ek an d

Ya m as se e tr ib es

Fr ed er ic a’ s st or y is to ld th ro ug h or al h is to ry

, h is to ri ca l r ec or ds an d th e to ol s of a rc he ol og y.

Y ou c an fo llo w th e th re ad s of at st or y al on g th re e th em at ic to ur r ou te s.

X

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Ex h ib it

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Tour Routes Across countless centuries, this quiet spot on the shore of a coastal river has seen wave after wave of change. It has been a homeland for Indigenous peoples. It was the site of a British colonial experiment. It was a plantation outpost in the early United States. Now it is a National Monument.

Follow the town’s Broad Street to the fort to meet some of the colonists who built Frederica. Explore why they came, what they brought with them, and how they interfaced with the military in this multi-function colony.

A Frontier Settlement Creates New Opportunities

War is Upon Us

From Ruin to Rediscovery

1736 -1739

1740 -1748

1758 -1870

Fort Frederica played a pivotal role in the imperial clash between Britain and Spain. For the military story, tour the

17th century fort, barracks, and town wall.

Visitor Center

Burial Ground

You Are Here

Barracks

Fort

To w n W al l

Cross St.

B ro ad S t.

This route from the fort to the river tells how the Frederica colony ended, and what came afterward. Learn about the legacies of slavery. Discover the archeological work that is revealing new insights about Frederica.

Frederica’s story is told through oral history, historical records, and the tools of archeology. You can follow the threads of that story along three thematic tour routes.

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 03

F re d er ic a

N at io n al M o n u m en t

N at io n al P ar k

Se rv ic e

U .S

. D ep ar tm en t o f th e

In te ri o r

To ur

R ou te s

A cr os s co un tle ss c en tu ri es , t hi s qu ie t s po t o n th e sh or e of as ta l r iv er h as s ee n w av e af te r w av e of c ha ng e.

It be en a h om el an d fo r In di ge no us p eo pl es

. I t w as th e si te o f a

B ri tis h co lo ni al e xp er im en t.

It w as a p la nt at io n ou tp os t in th e ea rl y

U ni te d

St at es . N ow it is a

N at io na l M on um en t.

L on g be fo re

6, In di ge no us c iv ili za tio ns p ro sp er ed al on g th is c oa st

. T he c ol on is ts o f F re de ri ca d ep en de llo w t h e to w n ’s

B ro ad S tr ee t to t h e fo rt t o m ee t so m e o f th e co lo n is ts w h o b u ilt

F re d er ic a.

Ex p lo re w h y th ey c am e, w h at t ro u g h t w it h t h em

, a n d h o w t rf ac ed w it h t h e m ili ta ry in t lt i-fu n ct io n c o lo n y.

A F ro n ti er

S et tl em en t

C re at es

N ew

O p p o rt u n it ie s

W ar is U p o n U s Fr o m

R u in t o R ed is co ve ry

Fo rt

F re d er ic a p la ye d a p iv o ta l ro le in t h e im p er ia l c la sh b et w ee

B ri ta in a n d

S p ai n

. F o r th e m ili ta ry ry , t o u r th e th c en tu ry f o rt b ar ra ck s, a n d t o w n w al l.

V is it o r C en te r

B u ri al

G ro u n d

Yo u

A re

H er e

B ar ra ck s

Fo rt

Town W all

C ro ss S t.

Broad St.

Th is r o u te f ro m t h e fo rt t o t h e ri ve r te lls h o w t h e

Fr ed er ic a co lo n y en d ed

, a n d w h at c am e af te rw ar d

Le ar n a b o u t th e le g ac ie s o f sl av y.

D co ve r th e ar ch eo lo g ic al w rk is r ev ea lin g n ew in si g ts ab u t Fr ed er ic a.

th e fa rm in g te ch ni qu es a nd tr ad e ne tw or ks o f t he

T im uc ua

, M us co ge e/ C re ek

, a nd

Y am as se e tr ib es

Fr ed er ic a’ s st or y is to ld th ro ug h or al h is to ry

, h is to ri ca l re co rd s, a nd th e to ol s of a rc he ol og y.

Y ou c an fo llo w th e th re ad s of th at s to ry a lo ng th re e th em at ic to ur r ou te s.

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Living the History of Frederica What was it like to be a Frederica colonist? Historical records tell us who lived where, and what role each colonist played in the community. They even contain stories about day-to-day gripes and disputes. Archeology fills in details, such as the food and drink the colonists shared and the tools they used. Look for historical and archeological insights on interpretive signs throughout the site.

To get an up-close view of colonial life, attend a living history demonstration. In these interactive events, rangers and volunteers show how colonists built huts, made candles, fired cannons, and more. You can even try your hand at colonial skills.

Palmetto huts were the colonists’ first shelters. Some lived in them for years. In a living history demonstration, you can see what it takes to build one. You can even step inside!

To learn more about living history demonstrations, or to become a park volunteer, talk to a park ranger.

Women at Frederica worked hard to keep their families fed and clothed. Try your hand at skills used by colonial women, such as spinning and weaving.

Blacksmiths were essential workers in the colony. Watch how they made nails, hooks, latches, tools, and other 18th century necessities.

48 X 24 INCHES | 32% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 05

You are here

U.S. Department of the Interior

Frederica Established in 1736, Frederica marked the front lines of colonial conflict. Here, Britain stood guard against a Spanish attack coming from the south. Frederica was also a planned community. Much like a modern base town, the colony’s hand-picked settlers supported the military.

From earthworks to artifacts, Frederica’s remains tell the story of an extraordinary town. Neatly-laid-out streets reveal careful planning. Earthen walls hint at the challenges of establishing a British town in the American wilderness. Barracks and bastions underscore the military presence. Artifacts of daily life, such as candle-making tools and rubbish piles, tell stories of the civilians who lived here.

Frederica’s founder James Oglethorpe was a soldier and a politician. He was also a progressive and a visionary. His colony welcomed different nationalities and religions. Slavery was forbidden. Residents were encouraged to make connections with American Indian neighbors.You will be walking across the moat, through the wall, and past the gatehouse as you enter Broad Street.

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 06

A Walk on Broad Street Imagine being here on a summer day in 1744, looking down Broad Street toward the river. In some ways, the colony would resemble any English village of that era. Gardens of cabbages, onions, and carrots bordered the street. People strolled along, dressed in wool and linen.

Children tended pigs, cows, and other European livestock.

“The town is divided into several spacious streets, along whose sides are planted orange trees…”

—London Magazine, 1745

You might also see signs that this wasn’t a typical English town.

Palmetto huts stood beside brick houses. Groups of crimson-coated soldiers marched toward the fort. A party of Creek Indians brought wild game to trade. This unique scene is the essence of Fort Frederica:

a British military town on the American frontier.

48 X 24 INCHES | 32% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAy 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 07

Communicating Between Cultures The town of Frederica had close ties with Indigenous communities. American Indian neighbors brought food and other goods. They shared news from outside the colony.

The colony recruited warriors to help with defense. Good communication between the groups was crucial.

Mary Musgrove Matthews was a bridge between the colony and its American Indian neighbors. Mary was born in 1700 at Coweta on the Okmulgee River. Her father was a white trader and her mother was Creek. Mary started working for

Tribes in the surrounding area

Glass trade beads found here at Fort Frederica

Mary Matthews’ Muskogean-Creek name was Coosaponakeesa.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

You are here

James Oglethorpe in 1733. She served as an interpreter and diplomat, helping Oglethorpe communicate with local tribes.

At Frederica, Mary owned a business and a large amount of land. This was unusual in European societies of the era, when most women did not have the option to make an independent living, or to own land.

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | JUNE 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 08

Tavernkeepers During its 20 years, Frederica had six active taverns. These were social and recreational hotspots. Historical maps and journals show that the site in front of you was the location of the town’s first and most successful tavern. It was established in 1736 by colonists Levi and Ann Bennett.

In 1738, Levi left the community. Ann was able to stay because, unusually for that era, Frederica’s charter allowed women to own businesses and land. Ann kept the tavern running and opened a successful store. She eventually married Samuel Lee, a former servant, and lived in a two-story house with their four children.

Archeology supports the written record of the tavern, and helps us imagine what it was like inside. Thousands of fragments of wine bottles, mugs, and clay pipes paint a picture of a bustling business.

Based on where the artifacts were found, we believe the tavern was in the basement of the house.

Broken steins and shattered clay pipes are often found at colonial tavern sites.

In the future, archeologists will dig up today’s bars and restaurants. What tell-tale artifacts will they find?

48 X 24 INCHES | 32% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAy 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 09

From Huts to Houses When the colonists first arrived, they built their own shelters out of timber poles and palmetto leaves. A Brazilian workman hired by General Oglethorpe taught the newcomers how to make the huts sturdy and dry. Soon neat rows of these “bowers” lined the streets, making the town look like a tent camp.

As the town grew, wealthier residents built European-style homes. They used native timber and other local resources.

Many permanent homes included tabby: a cement made

This lot’s original colonists were John

Humble—a harbor pilot—and his wife

Catherine. They lived in a palmetto hut.

Despite its short length, Broad Street had some social stratification. The houses nearest to the fort tended to be larger and more expensive.

from burnt oyster shells, sand, water, and ash. Some of the more expensive ones used imported bricks.

Tabby and brick are strong and weather-resistant. When the houses of Frederica rotted away, the foundations and walls endured. The foundation you see here marks the home of Dr. Frederick Holzendorf, regimental surgeon. It was a large, tabby-walled house.

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAy 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 10

Selected For Their Skills Many people applied to be part of the Frederica colony, but not everyone was chosen. The colony’s trustees selected people who had skills that would benefit both the town and the military fort. Daniel Cannon was among those who passed the screening. He was an experienced builder and woodworker.

During his four years at Frederica, Cannon built timber and brick houses for several residents. The walls you see here mark the foundation of his own “good timber house,” which he shared with his sons Joseph and Daniel.

Cannon also used his woodworking skills to support the military. He made oars for the British fleet. In 1740, when General Oglethorpe led an expedition against the Spanish at St. Augustine, the soldiers rowed to shore with Cannon’s oars.

Notice the long, narrow space enclosed by the foundation walls. The shape suggests that Cannon used that room to store oars as he made them.

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AprIL 2024 | FOFr | Wayside Exhibit 11

Tabby Construction Look closely at the low wall in front of this sign. Do you notice the grainy texture and embedded shells? This unique construction material is called tabby. Colonists made tabby by mixing sand and ash with burned oyster shells (known as quicklime). They then added water and packed it into molds. A chemical reaction between the quicklime and water hardened the material, creating a form of concrete.

It has been centuries since Frederica was abandoned. But its tabby walls and foundations still endure. They show how the colonists used local resources to adapt to their new world.

—Francis Moore, 1736 A Voyage to Georgia

“On the shore were oyster banks, dry at low water, where they took as many as they pleased, the oysters being very good.”

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AprIL 2024 | FOFr | Wayside Exhibit 12

A Military Boom

Frederica’s first group of colonists arrived in 1736. Over the next two years, the freeholders built their own homes, and started farms and businesses. They also served as militia to defend the town. They raised defensive walls, drilled with weapons, and stood watch against danger.

In 1738, military support arrived. General Oglethorpe brought in 600 soldiers of the 42nd Regiment of Foote to garrison the fort. The soldiers’ arrival transformed Frederica. With regular military pay to spend, the privates, grenadiers, and officers gave an instant boost to Frederica’s economy, launching the town’s most prosperous years.

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAy 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 13

Signs of Fire Historical records say that the house on this lot was a two-story duplex with brick and wood detailing. The shape of its foundation, and artifacts such as bottle fragments, show that it had two wine cellars. Together, these clues suggest the owner was wealthy. This may have been the home of Captain James McKay, a commanding officer of the fort.

Evidence also suggests the house burned to the ground.

Archeologists found thick ashes, melted window glass, and charred wood in the foundation. This may have happened in 1758, when a town-wide blaze destroyed many buildings.

Green glass wine bottle

Table fork without handle

Duplexes were common in Frederica town. They were an efficient way to house extended families and compatible neighbors.

48 X 24 INCHES | 32% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AprIL 2024 | FOFr | Wayside Exhibit 14

Many Skills, Many Roles Frederica colonists didn’t simply show up and settle here—they had to apply for the position. The board of trustees chose people with skills that would help the community succeed. John Calwell, who lived on this lot, was one of the successful applicants. He was a “tallow chandler,” meaning he made candles and soap.

In London, Calwell had competed with other craftsmen for customers. In the American colonies, he had a wide-open market. He became a successful merchant, trading up and down the coast.

Calwell also diversified beyond his original trade. He assisted the colony’s Chief Surveyor, eventually taking over the position. He acted as town bailiff. And he served as an engineer on Oglethorpe’s military expedition to St. Augustine.

Calwell’s three-story house was described as “the best in town.” Notice the remains of the large, complex brick baking oven in the basement. This luxurious space also had a tiled floor and two additional hearths.

What expertise would you have brought to Frederica? What skills would you have wanted to learn once you were here?

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAy 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 15

Difficult Neighbors Frederica was envisioned as a kind of utopian community.

But the residents didn’t always live in harmony. On this Broad Street lot, two families lived beside each other, but never saw eye to eye.

The house on the right belonged to regimental surgeon Thomas Hawkins and his wife Beatre. The house on the

Like Hawkins, Samuel Davidson served many roles in the community. He was a tavernkeeper, a craftsman

(manufacturing gunstocks), and the town constable.

In addition to his military duties, Thomas Hawkins was the town’s doctor, apothecary, and magistrate.

Archeologists discovered broken bottles, pieces of pottery, and clay pipe fragments in the tavern. They found medicine bottles and jars in the apothecary shop.

Samuel Davidson’s home Dr. Hawkins’ home

Apothecary Shop

Tavern

The shared party wall separated the two attached dwellings.

left belonged to the Davidsons, a family of five who operated a tavern.

Historical records show that Hawkins and his wife had a quarrelsome reputation. They were often caught up in lawsuits. In 1741, after years of friction, the Davidsons moved away from Fort Frederica.

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAy 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 16

Samuel Perkins suffered many misfortunes at Frederica. Six of his hogs were shot when they got loose in town.

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Misfits Viewed from a distance, Frederica was a success. Its governors, military, and civilians worked together to create a thriving community. But on an individual scale, the social experiment didn’t always offer a smooth ride.

Samuel Perkins was a coachmaker who arrived with the first settlers. He matched many of his fellow colonists in drive and energy. He built coaches, cleared, fenced, and farmed five acres, ran a store, and built three houses—one of which stood on this foundation.

But Perkins and his wife Catherine faced friction with neighbors and town leadership. The reasons aren’t entirely clear, but may have been related to his duty as a bailiff. In 1741 the Perkins family moved to Charleston, South Carolina. They claimed that they had to “leave, or starve.”

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | APrIL 2024 | FOFr | Wayside Exhibit 17

You are here

U.S. Department of the Interior

Frederica’s Fort Between here and the river lie the remains of Fort Frederica.

This large fortification protected Frederica town. It also formed the southern anchor for Britain’s American colonies.

General Oglethorpe chose this site during a reconnaissance trip in 1734. With its commanding high ground, and clear views up and down the river, it was a good spot to defend against naval attack. The nearby marshlands made it hard to attack by land.

The fort was so important to Frederica’s success that colonists began building it the day after they arrived.

Oglethorpe himself led the process. He started by marking the fort’s outlines. Then he taught the colonists how to build protective earthen ramparts. Within a few months, the colonists had finished the perimeter. The defense had three layers: a six-foot-deep moat, a sod-covered earthen wall, and a wooden palisade. As the colony grew, the settlers and soldiers continued to strengthen the fort and wall.

Viewed from the air, the remains of the earthen palisades reveal the fort’s original size and shape. The river has eroded parts of the south and west sides.

South Storehouse North Storehouse

Kings Magazine

Palisades Parade

Blacksmith Shop

Guard House

Bastion

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | JUNE 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 18

A Multi-Function Space This rectangular foundation marks the site of the North Storehouse. Built in 1736, it was a three-story brick and timber structure. The building had several uses. It protected provisions, tools, and weapons shipped to the colony. It had a chapel on the third floor, and also served as a courthouse.

In 1736, John and Charles Wesley conducted Anglican services in the chapel here. The missionary brothers were recruited by General Oglethorpe to minister to the Frederica colony.

John and Charles Wesley’s time at Frederica was brief.

After just a few months they returned to England. But the lessons they taught here at Frederica would eventually form the foundations of the Methodist Church.

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AprIL 2024 | FOFr | Wayside Exhibit 19

South Storehouse Frederica colonists did many things for themselves. They grew and raised their own food, made their own tools, and built with local materials such as timber and oyster shells.

But, like towns today, Frederica also brought in goods from outside the colony such as weapons, ammunition, fuel, special building materials, molasses, and spices. In

Frederica’s trustees gave each colonist a yearly supply of food, fuel, and other necessities. The list depended on gender, age, and role in the colony.

This is the allotment for a working man in the colony’s first year.

On the ground-floor level of the storehouse were two rooms packed with inventory. The smaller one was paved with tile and the larger with imported flint.

case of attack, many of these imported supplies were kept within the strong perimeter of the fort.

The foundation in front of you marks the site of the South Storehouse. This was one of two communal storage buildings in the fort that held civilian and military supplies.

312 Pounds of Beef or Pork 104 Pounds of Rice 104 Pounds of Indian Corn, or Peafe 1 Pint of Strong-beer a Day to a Man when he works, and not otherwife 52 Quarts of Molaffes for brewing Beer 16 Pounds of Cheefe 12 Pounds of Butter 8 Ounces of Spice 12 Pounds of Sugar 4 Gallons of Vinegar 24 Pounds of Salt 12 Quarts of Lamp-Oil 1 Pounds of Spun-Cotton 12 Pounds of Soap

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AprIL 2024 | FOFr | Wayside Exhibit 20

An Imposing Entrance This tabby-walled building, nicknamed the “King’s Magazine,” stood sentinel over Fort Frederica’s river entrance. In the center rose a two-story gated tower called a sally port. Wagons and cannons passed through iron-reinforced double doors on the river and land sides. A tabby gutter in the center of the floor drained water from the parade ground toward the river.

On the left (south) side, two arch-topped vaults kept the fort’s precious gunpowder supply secure and dry. A thick layer of sand protected against explosion. These vaults were reconstructed in the 20th century.

The vault on the right is mostly original construction.

On the right (north) side, a series of small rooms sheltered the officer in charge and soldiers on guard duty.

These rooms may also have held the occasional prisoner.

After the war of Jenkins’ Ear, the

King’s Magazine slowly succumbed to the elements. In the early 1900s, its crumbling walls sparked interest in studying and preserving the site’s history. This led to the creation of Fort

Frederica National Monument.

Powder magazines Sally port Guard room

Entrance to Fort

Prison cell

Officer of the Day

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Guns on the River Fort Frederica’s cannon battery created a formidable line of defense. At its peak, the fort maintained 15 or more of the massive guns. They were placed along the river side of the parapet in openings called embrasures.

Eight soldiers worked together to fire a cannon. The weapons hurled 12 or 18 pound loads packed with heavy shot or shrapnel. Explosive charges multiplied the damage to attacking ships or armies.

Frederica was also protected by its strategic location. In 1742, the Spanish tried an overland attack, but they did not make it past the treacherous swamps.

St. Simons Island

Egg Island

Sea Island

Fort Frederica

Bloody Marsh

Gully Hole Creek

Jekyll Island

N

Little St. Simons

Island

The worn barrel you see here may be one of the original cannons at the fort. Its wooden carriage is a reconstruction. The others on display are about the same age, but were not part of Frederica’s original armaments.

M ac ka y R iver

Fr ed er ic a R iv er

Hampton R iver

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | ApRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 22

Francis Moore On this spot, in a modest two-story brick house, lived Francis and Mary Moore. Francis was a well-known figure on the streets of Frederica. As “Keeper of the King’s Stores,” he supervised the unloading and storage of provisions, and managed inventory. He was the town recorder (similar to a city clerk), and later served as General Oglethorpe’s secretary.

Like town officials today, Moore felt the pressure of being a public figure. Once, he was involved in a civil financial dispute that split town into two factions. This put him at cross purposes with Oglethorpe, who wrote that his secretary was behaving in a “…very wrong manner.”

The Moores left Frederica for good in 1743. In 1958, on the site of their home, archeologists found charred timbers, burned nails, and melted glass.

This suggests that the house burned down.

Francis Moore’s 1743 book A Voyage to Georgia is an eyewitness account of the journey from England. It also tells the story of the founding and progress of the Frederica colony.

Moore’s detailed town records give us a remarkably detailed picture of life in Frederica. Who is recording your story? What will people know about your life 300 years from now?

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AprIL 2024 | FOFr | Wayside Exhibit 23

Military Presence In many ways, the Frederica colony resembled a modern army base. Its civilian residents lived in symbiosis with the military. Red-coated soldiers mingled with merchants. The streets echoed with fifes, drums, marching feet, and rattling muskets.

The barracks and parade ground were a center of military activity. Every day, troops assembled here for drills. They practiced marching and maneuvering in formation, and honed their skills with muskets and bayonets.

In an era long before radios, the British army communicated through music. On the battlefield, officers sent commands in code via drum and fife tunes.

—London Magazine, 1745

“They make as fine an appearance upon the parade as any regiment in the King’s Service.”

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AprIL 2024 | FOFr | Wayside Exhibit 24

Well

Privates

Sergeants

Corporals

Drummers

Privates

Sergeants

Corporals

Drummers

Captain Captain Base of tower

Entrance

Hospital Lieutenants Lieutenants

Latrine?

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

The Barracks By the early 1740s, military personnel made up around two-thirds of the population of Frederica. Some of the officers and married men lived in their own homes in the civilian areas of town. But most soldiers lived here on the north side, in or near the barracks.

The tabby-walled barracks building contained living quarters and a hospital. It measured 90 feet square. The tall structure you see here today is the remains of the gate tower.

The barracks formed a hub of daily activity. Each day began with a cannon shot and a drum reveille. Soldiers washed, put on their uniforms, and presented at the parade ground for roll call and inspection. After they received their daily assignments, a drum signal sent them to breakfast and the many duties of their busy days.

The barracks building also contained prison cells. After the Battle of Bloody Marsh, the cells held Spanish prisoners of war. Did this key—unearthed by archeologists in the

1950s—lock their doors?

Iron hook

Nippers

48 X 24 INCHES | 32% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAy 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 25

Guarding the Walls Frederica’s town wall was designed for strong defense. At its two inland corners were diamond-shaped projections called bastions.

Each bastion contained a fortified wooden tower.

If enemy fighters tried to breach the wall from outside, defenders could fire on them from the bastions. Inside the towers, long slit-shaped windows gave the soldiers a wide range of view to aim and shoot. The window shapes also helped protect them from enemy fire.

The depression in front of this sign marks the site of the northeast bastion. Notice the hexagonal shape traced by the posts and boards, this marks the outline of the tower.

Artifacts from a 1957 excavation tell of years of military use. Archeologists also found glass beads here. This implies that soldiers standing guard here may have traded with American Indians.

—Treatise of Military Discipline, 1749

“All sentrys are to be vigilant on their posts; neither are they to sing, smoke tobacco, nor suffer any noise to be made near them.”

48 X 24 INCHES | 32% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAy 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 26

Perimeter Defense Frederica was a community on the edge of danger. To the south, the Spanish empire loomed. Unfamiliar wilderness pressed close all around. To protect their community and their families, the colonists built a mile-long barrier around the town.

Outer palisade

Inner palisade

Moat

Rampart Firing step

This structure was more than just a wall—it was a multi-layered defensive perimeter. The barrier consisted of a nine-foot-tall, wood-reinforced earthen rampart, a deep moat, and two bristling palisades.

Look beyond this sign for the worn remains of the original earthwork barrier. The depression beyond that was the moat.

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAy 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 27

Old Burial Ground Their gravesites are almost lost to time and the forest. But we know that this cemetery—which dates back to the 1730s and 1740s—is the final resting place of many Frederica colonists.

The men and women buried here built a town and fort from the ground up. They grew crops, made handcrafts, ran taverns and shops, and served in the militia and the army. As a community they protected British claims in North America—and helped lay the foundation for the state of Georgia.

“In the tombs herewith depicted rest some of the brave men whose efforts saved Georgia from becoming a Spanish province, as the Floridas were at that time. Their memories, like their names, have been forgotten by history.”

—Harper’s Weekly, 1859

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AprIL 2024 | FOFr | Wayside Exhibit 28

A Vital Link In 1738 Frederica residents built a six-mile military road from here to the south end of the island. Civilians and soldiers worked together on the project. It took them just three days to carve through dense woods and marshlands. The completed road linked Fort Frederica with Fort St. Simons.

The road proved its worth in July 1742. An incursion of Spanish grenadiers captured Fort St. Simons and attempted an attack on Frederica. Defenders from Frederica marched down the military road to ambush— and defeat—the invaders.

When Fort Frederica was founded, a group of German immigrants came across the

Atlantic with the English colonists. Known as Salzburgers, they were fleeing religious persecution. They lived apart from Frederica in a settlement called Germantown.

N

St. Simons Island

Atlantic Ocean

Bloody MarshGully Hole

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Germantown

Fort Frederica

Milita ry Road

St. Sim on s

So u n d

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Ri ver

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | ApRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 29

The Defender Robert Sengstacke Abbott was born on St. Simons Island in 1868. His parents had been enslaved on Georgia plantations during the Civil War. Abbott grew up surrounded by the tumult of the Reconstruction-era South.

After training as a lawyer and a printer, Abbott pivoted to journalism. In 1905, he founded what would become the largest Black-owned newspaper in the world. The Chicago

Robert Sengstacke Abbott was a lawyer, newspaper publisher, and self-made millionaire.

In the 1920s, 1.5 million Black people moved from the rural south to northern cities. This Great Migration was inspired by the Black-focused reporting of papers such as The Chicago Defender.

Defender was a voice for social change. Its reporters brought to light important stories of the day, such as the murder of Emmett Till and the Civil Rights groundswell that followed.

In 1929, Abbott placed this monument to honor his family’s St. Simons Island roots. The monument pushes back against the erasure of Black history. It ensures the Black families of St. Simons Island are not forgotten.

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | ApRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 30

Remembered Robert Sengstacke Abbott knew that his ancestors were buried near this spot—but he did not know the exact location of the cemetery. The mystery was solved 80 years later with the help of an old map and careful science.

The simple hand-drawn map below, found in a church archive, contains two important clues. At the top is the

Individuals identified in burial ground:

Harriet (infant)

Tom Abbott

Mary Fennick Abbott

Celia Abbott

Child of Beck Finnick

Child of Polly Jackson

Myler McMillan

Child of Hattie Thomas

Markers ‘A’ and ‘B’ represent place holders for future burials, Riva (?) and Judy’s place.

“Wall of Frederica.” At the bottom and left is “Parsonage Lane.” Researchers compared these features to historical maps of Frederica. This helped them narrow the search. To find the graves, they used ground-penetrating radar (a tool that allows detection without digging) and specially-trained sniffer dogs.

Finally, archeologists examined the grave sites. They found layers of oyster shells. This is a Gullah Geechee burial custom. The evidence shows that these are the graves of African-American ancestors.

The people buried here were West Africans.

They were enslaved by American plantation owners after the Revolutionary War. Their labor shaped St. Simons Island, and many of their descendants live on the island to this day.

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | APRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 31

Charleston

Savannah

South Carolina

Georgia

Florida

North Carolina

Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor

Jacksonville

Myrtle Beach

Wilmington

Fort Frederica National Monument National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Gullah Geechee The coastline between North Carolina and Florida is an intricate network of islands, rivers, and tidelands. It’s a place where human cultures meet, mix, and evolve.

Gullah Geechee culture traces back to West Africans enslaved on 18th and 19th century rice, indigo, and cotton plantations. Living in these isolated islands, they kept the traditions of their homeland alive.

As you explore these islands, look for distinctive Gullah Geechee patterns and art. Listen for the cadence of Gullah

Geechee language.

Over time, their descendants adapted the West African traditions to this coast. They wove local resources into art, craft, and ritual. They created a language that blends West African dialects and English.

Gullah Geechee culture continues today. It is a remarkable heritage found nowhere else on Earth.

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAy 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 32

Uncovering Frederica Archeologists have been studying the Frederica colony site for over 70 years. Decades of excavation and study have helped us better understand Frederica’s role in history.

Archeology also reveals details of daily life in the colony.

This gives us insights about the people who lived here.

Many early excavations were exploratory.

Researchers dug trenches to look for foundations and other big features. They did not focus on small artifacts.

Students work with NPS archeologists on a dig.

The late 1940s saw the first NPS-sponsored archeology at Frederica.

Excavations focused on the barracks and sections of the town wall and moat.

This expensive Delftware ointment jar hints at the owner’s wealth.

It also tells us that imports were important to the colonists.

Researchers unearthed this ivory folding comb at the home of John and Constance Calwell. Colonists used fine-tooth combs to remove lice from their hair.

Fort Frederica National Monument is still an active study site. What new stories do you think future archeologists will discover?

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | APRIL 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 33

Ongoing Discoveries Here at the home of the Sinclair family, ongoing archeological excavations help paint a picture of colonial life—and of what happened after Frederica faded.

Historical records show that Archibald Sinclair lived here with his wife, Isabel, and two children. Sinclair arrived at Frederica as an indentured servant. In time he earned his freedom, and became an innkeeper and civil servant.

Artifacts in the oldest layers of this dig (1730s and 1740s) speak of the Sinclairs’ daily life. Pig bones and fish teeth tell us about their diet. Jewelry, and fragments of Delft china, show that they eventually prospered.

More recent layers—a mix of 18th, 19th and 20th century materials—suggest that after Frederica was abandoned in the 1740s the foundation became a trash pit.

The archeology team works slowly and methodically down, one layer at a time. As they dig, they map, photograph, and catalog what they find.

Archibald Sinclair was a tythingman

(community police officer). Did he use this iron key in his work?

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAy 2024 | FOFR | Wayside Exhibit 34

A Coastline Made for Trade Tidal piedmont rivers and sandy barrier islands line the Atlantic coast of North America. This creates a network of channels sheltered from ocean storms.

American Indian tribes used these natural passageways to trade and travel along the coast.

When Europeans arrived, they took advantage of the Indigenous travel network. Like today’s highways, the waterways were essential infrastructure for the growing colonies. They helped the young United States survive and thrive.

Danish immigrant Charles Stevens arrived on

St. Simons Island in the 1840s. Stevens used his experience as a captain to run a coastal shipping business. He also operated a small farm on St. Simons

Island with enslaved labor.

Charles Stevens’ son John followed his father into the coastal trading business. This is his boat, the Annie.

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AprIL 2024 | FOFr | Wayside Exhibit 35

Coastal Georgia Historical Society

U.S. Department of the Interior

A Water-side Attraction When hostilities with Spain ended in the 1740s, the Frederica colony began to fade. By 1800, it was gone. But the Frederica River was still an important shipping and travel route. It was part of a boating “super-highway” that ran the length of the eastern seaboard.

In the 1930s, local entrepreneur Franklin Horne established the Frederica Yacht Club here on the oak-lined riverbank. Pleasure boaters could dock at the marina, stop in for an elegant meal, and dance at the nearby King and Prince. They could also enjoy the Island Queen—a floating bar, lounge, and casino. The Frederica Yacht Club closed in the 1970s.

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AprIL 2024 | FOFr | Wayside Exhibit 36

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