Attachment_A_Final_Wayside_Exhibit_Plan_Part_2_compress.pdf

San Antonio Missions National Historical Park National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

August, 2022

Exhibits (1A,1B, 2–9, 10B,11–15, 20B, 21–24, 25B, 26–28, 30–35, 36A–36B, 39, 32–33, 39, 41–46, 50–52, 60B, 61B, 62, 64–78, 79A–79B, 80, 81–84, 90B, 91B, 92-93, 95-97, 99, 100-102,104–106, 110A–110B)

Final Wayside Exhibit Plan

Attachment A, Plan, to be used as reference for exhibit numbers and panels. Final panels may look slightly different

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AUGUST 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 050

U.S. Department of the Interior

Espada Dam Espada Dam Constructed by hand, with Indigenous labor, this eight-foot-high dam brings water to the mission and its fields. The stone blocks the natural flow of the San Antonio River. Using ancient engineering principles, it diverts water into an elaborate gravity fed irrigation system.

This illustrates the transfer of European technologies and ideas. It still provides water to the surrounding fields.

Constructed by hand, with Indigenous labor, this eight-foot-high dam brings water to the mission and its fields. The stone blocks the natural flow of the San Antonio River. Using ancient engineering principles, it diverts water into an elaborate gravity fed irrigation system.

This illustrates the transfer of European technologies and ideas. It still provides water to the surrounding fields.

Before 1900s flood control work, the original basin behind this dam was about twice the size you see now.

The acequia irrigates a large tract of land.

The acequia irrigates a large tract of land.

Before 1900s flood control work, the original basin behind this dam was about twice the size you see now.

San Antonio River

Acequia

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 051

U.S. Department of the Interior

Engineering the Land Engineering the Land

A dam on the river directed water into the acequia.

A dam on the river directed water into the acequia.

Individual fields were irrigated by opening wooden sluice gates.

Today, the park protects and maintains 13 miles of acequias that require ongoing maintenance.

Individual fields were irrigated by opening wooden sluice gates.

Today, the park protects and maintains 13 miles of acequias that require ongoing maintenance.

The Franciscans established five missions along the San Antonio River. The selected sites enabled the construction of a gravity-fed irrigation system. Water easily flowed to irrigate the fields, except here. The low-lying course of Sixmile Creek breaks the natural contour of the land. It prevents the continuous flow of water. The Espada Aqueduct provided an engineering solution by carrying water above the low point.

It furnishes a dependable water supply necessary for the success of the mission.

The Franciscans established five missions along the San Antonio River. The selected sites enabled the construction of a gravity-fed irrigation system. Water easily flowed to irrigate the fields, except here. The low-lying course of Sixmile Creek breaks the natural contour of the land. It prevents the continuous flow of water. The Espada Aqueduct provided an engineering solution by carrying water above the low point.

It furnishes a dependable water supply necessary for the success of the mission.

Mission San Juan Misión San Juan

San Juan Acequia San Juan Acequia

Espada Acequia Espada Acequia

Espada Aqueduct Espada Aqueduct

Piedras Creek Piedras Creek

Historic Espada Dam Historic Espada Dam

San Antonio River San Antonio River

Mission Espada Misión Espada

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AUGUST 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 052

U.S. Department of the Interior

Aqueduct Engineering

Aqueduct Engineering

The Espada Aqueduct illustrates the time-tested engineering technology brought over to the New World. Used in Spain since Roman times, stone arches like this can support wide elevated distances. Instead of pushing straight down, the arch carries the load outward along the curve to the supports at each end. It makes longer spans possible. This aqueduct allows the acequia to continue flowing above the creek, continuing onto farmlands that sustained mission communities.

The Espada Aqueduct illustrates the time-tested engineering technology brought over to the New World. Used in Spain since Roman times, stone arches like this can support wide elevated distances. Instead of pushing straight down, the arch carries the load outward along the curve to the supports at each end. It makes longer spans possible. This aqueduct allows the acequia to continue flowing above the creek, continuing onto farmlands that sustained mission communities.

Constructed between 1740-1745, and maintained ever since, it is the only remaining Spanish aqueduct in the United States.

Constructed between 1740-1745, and maintained ever since, it is the only remaining Spanish aqueduct in the United States.

36 X 48 INCHES | 28% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AUGUST 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 060B

Mission San Juan Misíon San Juan San Antonio Missions National Historical Park National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

The few standing buildings and the visible ruins of the complex do not convey the scale of this once thriving community.

Up to 200 residents lived, worked, and worshiped here. While the modern scene is much different than the historic environment, traces of the past are evident in the surrounding fields and landscape.

Venturing past the mission ruins adds a deeper understanding of the farm fields and the importance of agriculture. The Acequia Trail loops around a section of the historic irrigation system. The Yanaguana Trail offers a short, quiet nature walk where you can see a portion of the natural San Antonio River. The Mission Reach Hike and Bike Trail provides pedestrian and bike access to the other missions and downtown San Antonio.

The few standing buildings and the visible ruins of the complex do not convey the scale of this once thriving community.

Up to 200 residents lived, worked, and worshiped here. While the modern scene is much differentthan the historic environment, traces of the past are evident in the surrounding fields and landscape.

Venturing past the mission ruins adds a deeper understanding of the farm fields and the importance of agriculture. The Acequia Trail loops around a section of the historic irrigation system. The Yanaguana Trail offers a short, quiet nature walk where you can see a portion of the natural San Antonio River. The Mission Reach Hike and Bike Trail provides pedestrian and bike access to the other missions and downtown San Antonio.

Spanish SpanishSpanishSpanish

Livestock corral Irrigation systemFarm fieldsPollinator garden

The plastered church tower with three bells is an iconic Texas scene.

The plastered church tower with three bells is an iconic Texas scene.

SpanishSpanish Spanish Spanish

Misíon San JuanMission San JuanMission San JuanMission San JuanMission San Juan

Sa n Juan

Ac eq u ia

Sa n An to nio

Riv er Di ve rsi on

Overflow

You Are Here

Mission San Juan

Mission Rd

Villamain Rd

Farm

Loop Trail

Yanaguana Trail

M is si on

Re a ch

Ace q u ia

Tr ai l

A ce q u ia Tr ai l

M issio n R e ach

Present-day church Iglesia actual

First church Primera iglesia

Unfinished church Iglesia incabada

Native living quarters

Viviendas de los indigenas

Rectory Rectoria

North gate Puerta norte

Parish building Edificio parroquial

Post-colonial Tufa House

Hopsedería/ Portería

Convento Convento

0 200 Feet

0 40 Meters

North

Parking

Restrooms

Information

Drinking water

Acequia trail

Mission Reach Hike and Bike Trail

Farm Loop trail

Yanaguana trail

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 061B

Mission San Juan Misíon San Juan Native Quarters

Rectory

Church

Convento

Information

Yanaguana Trail

San Antonio River

Ruins of First Stone Church

Restrooms

Unfinished Church

Post-colonial House

Acequia

Native Quarters

Rectory

Church

Convento

Information

Yanaguana Trail

San Antonio River

Ruins of First Stone Church

Restrooms

Unfinished Church

Post-colonial House

Acequia

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 062

U.S. Department of the Interior

Economic Enterprise Economic Enterprise Activity in the plaza reflected the dual purpose of the complex. It was both a religious community and an economic enterprise. Produce from the agricultural fields and livestock from the ranches sustained the mission. They provided marketable items for trade and barter. The textile, wood, and iron goods produced at the mission were in high demand. The surplus promoted trade with the local community, and beyond.

Merchants traveling along El Camino Real exchanged imports from other lands of New Spain for products made by mission residents.

Activity in the plaza reflected the dual purpose of the complex. It was both a religious community and an economic enterprise. Produce from the agricultural fields and livestock from the ranches sustained the mission. They provided marketable items for trade and barter. The textile, wood, and iron goods produced at the mission were in high demand. The surplus promoted trade with the local community, and beyond.

Merchants traveling along El Camino Real exchanged imports from other lands of New Spain for products made by mission residents.

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AUGUST 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 064

U.S. Department of the Interior

Convento Convento This area was the location of the original housing for the priests and friars that led the mission. Construction of this stone building began in the 1740s. This stone Convento replaced temporary adobe buildings. The Franciscan friars lived in simple rooms to the left. Workrooms for weaving and spinning occupied the section to the right. Here native people learned new skills and trades, preparing them for life as subjects of the Spanish crown.

To the left of the archway entrance was the porteria, the gatekeeper’s office and hospederia where visitors first arrived at the mission.

This area was the location of the original housing for the priests and friars that led the mission. Construction of this stone building began in the 1740s. This stone Convento replaced temporary adobe buildings. The Franciscan friars lived in simple rooms to the left. Workrooms for weaving and spinning occupied the section to the right. Here native people learned new skills and trades, preparing them for life as subjects of the Spanish crown.

To the left of the archway entrance was the porteria, the gatekeeper’s office and hospederia where visitors first arrived at the mission.

Indigenous mission residents quarried the stone used to build the structures. With each log raised and each stone laid, barriers to the old way of life gave way to a new lifestyle.

Indigenous mission residents quarried the stone used to build the structures. With each log raised and each stone laid, barriers to the old way of life gave way to a new lifestyle.

Porteria Porteria

Well Well

Church Church

Workrooms Workrooms

Friar rooms Friar rooms

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 065

U.S. Department of the Interior

Permission to Enter Permission to Enter A lively trade flourished along El Camino Real de los Tejas, or Royal Road of Texas.

It stretched from Louisiana to Mexico City.

Traders had identification papers inspected before entering the mission. This room, the porteria, or gatekeeper’s office, was the first stop for outsiders. The gatekeeper closely monitored this main entrance. Soldiers of New Spain stationed at the mission also observed the comings and goings. Conveniently located near the Convento, the residence of the Franciscan friars, they could monitor activity as well. This official entrance illustrated the amount of control exerted over the landscape and its people.

A lively trade flourished along El Camino Real de los Tejas, or Royal Road of Texas.

It stretched from Louisiana to Mexico City.

Traders had identification papers inspected before entering the mission. This room, the porteria, or gatekeeper’s office, was the first stop for outsiders. The gatekeeper closely monitored this main entrance. Soldiers of New Spain stationed at the mission also observed the comings and goings. Conveniently located near the Convento, the residence of the Franciscan friars, they could monitor activity as well. This official entrance illustrated the amount of control exerted over the landscape and its people.

Convento

You Are Here

Mission San Juan

Yanaguana Trail

Mission Reach Hike and Bike Trail

Mission Reach Hike and Bike Trail

San Antonio River Diversion

0 100 Feet

0 20 Meters

No rt h

Information

Yanaguana Trail

Typical grade is 3.26 degrees Maximum grade is 5.6 degrees

Total length: 0.25 mile Difficulty: Easy

Typical cross slope is 0.7% Maximum cross slope is 1.2%

Typical tread width is 5 feet 8 inches Minimum tread width is 4 feet 10 inches

The trail surface is pavement and boardwalk

24 X 36 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 066

Yanaguana Trail

San Antonio Missions National Historical Park National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Paseo de Yanaguana This ¼ mile paved trail loops along an unchanneled portion of the San Antonio River. This free-flowing section of the river, and the lush environment, is reminiscent of earlier times. The name, “Yanaguana,” comes from the local native language. The word translates to “refreshing waters.” This short walk is a contrast to the barren surroundings. It provides views of the river and offers the opportunity to experience the natural world. The rich and diverse habitat attracts a wide array of plants, animals, and migratory birds. Pay attention to the birds, insects, and squirrels jumping from tree to tree.

This ¼ mile paved trail loops along an unchanneled portion of the San Antonio River. This free-flowing section of the river, and the lush environment, is reminiscent of earlier times. The name, “Yanaguana,” comes from the local native language. The word translates to —“refreshing waters.” This short walk is a contrast to the barren surroundings. It provides views of the river and offers the opportunity to experience the natural world. The rich and diverse habitat attracts a wide array of plants, animals, and migratory birds. Pay attention to the birds, insects, and squirrels jumping from tree to tree.

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AUGUST 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 067

U.S. Department of the Interior

Refreshing Waters

Refreshing Waters

The San Antonio River or Yanaguana has been an important life source for people and animals for thousands of years. Early reports by the friars described the San Antonio as a river teeming with fish. It provides a reliable water supply essential for life. Even today, it supports a rich habitat. Look for fish, mollusks, and amphibians in the water. A variety of birds, reptiles, and mammals scurry along the banks. Flash floods can transform the tranquil stream into a raging torrent and you may see litter that has washed into the river with the rains. Help keep our lands and waterways clean for us and future generations. With its headwaters just north of downtown San Antonio, the water flows south 240 miles, eventually joining the Guadalupe River before emptying into the Gulf of Mexico.

The San Antonio River or Yanaguana has been an important life source for people and animals for thousands of years. Early reports by the friars described the San Antonio as a river teeming with fish. It provides a reliable water supply essential for life. Even today, it supports a rich habitat. Look for fish, mollusks, and amphibians in the water. A variety of birds, reptiles, and mammals scurry along the banks. Flash floods can transform the tranquil stream into a raging torrent you may see litter that has washed into the river with the rains. Help keep our lands and waterways clean for us and future generations.

With its headwaters just north of downtown San Antonio, the water flows south 240 miles, eventually joining the Guadalupe River before emptying into the Gulf of Mexico.

Red-eared slider turtle Spanish

Walleye Spanish

Freshwater mussels Spanish

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 068

U.S. Department of the Interior

Changing Habitat Changing Habitat The Indigenous bands who lived here prior to Spanish colonization hunted a variety of animals. They moved following the seasonal movement of wildlife, including traveling north to hunt bison herds. Men and boys hunted deer, rabbit, javelina, and other animals. Many animals that sustained native people are no longer present. Today, the lush banks of the San Antonio River provide habitat for birds, turtles, and snakes. Nocturnal residents include possum, racoons, and owls.

The Indigenous bands who lived here prior to Spanish colonization hunted a variety of animals. They moved following the seasonal movement of wildlife, including traveling north to hunt bison herds. Men and boys hunted deer, rabbit, javelina, and other animals. Many animals that sustained native people are no longer present. Today, the lush banks of the San Antonio River provide habitat for birds, turtles, and snakes. Nocturnal residents include possum, racoons, and owls.

American bison American bison

Cotton-tailed rabbit Cotton -tailed rabbit Javelina Javelina

White-tailed deer White-tailed deer

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | JULY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 069

U.S. Department of the Interior

Lush Landscape Lush Landscape It feels like a tiny forest in the midst of the humid South Texas landscape.

The foliage of trees such as Live Oak, Pecan, and Texas Persimmon provides dense shade. Mustang grape vines wrap around tree trunks and drape down from the branches. The dagger-like leaves of the false palmetto fan up from the forest floor and provided material for shelter and baskets for thousands of years.

Through this landscape, we can see some of the fruits and nuts foraged by Indigenous people.

It feels like a tiny forest in the midst of the humid South Texas landscape.

The foliage of trees such as Live Oak, Pecan, and Texas Persimmon provides dense shade. Mustang grape vines wrap around tree trunks and drape down from the branches. The dagger-like leaves of the false palmetto fan up from the forest floor and provided material for shelter and baskets for thousands of years.

Through this landscape, we can see some of the fruits and nuts foraged by Indigenous people.

Pecan nuts

Mustang grapes

Dwarf palmetto berries

You Are Here

Mission San Juan

Ya nag uan a

Tr ai l

M ission Reach Trail

M is si o n R ea ch

H ik e an d Bi ke Tr ai l

Sa n A nt on io Ri ve r D ive rsi on

0 100 Feet

0 20 Meters

No rt h

Information

Yanaguana Trail

Typical grade is 3.26 degrees Maximum grade is 5.6 degrees

Total length: 0.25 mile Difficulty: Easy

Typical cross slope is 0.7% Maximum cross slope is 1.2%

Typical tread width is 5 feet 8 inches Minimum tread width is 4 feet 10 inches

The trail surface is pavement and boardwalk

24 X 36 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AUGUST 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 070

Yanaguana Trail

San Antonio Missions National Historical Park National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Paseo de Yanaguana This ¼ mile paved trail loops along an unchanneled portion of the San Antonio River. This free-flowing section of the river, and the lush environment, is reminiscent of earlier times. The name, “Yanaguana,” comes from the local native language. The word translates to “refreshing waters.” This short walk is a contrast to the barren surroundings. It provides views of the river and offers the opportunity to experience the natural world. The rich and diverse habitat attracts a wide array of plants, animals, and migratory birds. Pay attention to the birds, insects, and squirrels jumping from tree to tree.

This ¼ mile paved trail loops along an unchanneled portion of the San Antonio River. This free-flowing section of the river, and the lush environment, is reminiscent of earlier times. The name, “Yanaguana,” comes from the local native language. The word translates to —“refreshing waters.” This short walk is a contrast to the barren surroundings. It provides views of the river and offers the opportunity to experience the natural world. The rich and diverse habitat attracts a wide array of plants, animals, and migratory birds. Pay attention to the birds, insects, and squirrels jumping from tree to tree.

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AUGUST 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 071

U.S. Department of the Interior

Mission San Juan Misión San Juan The Mission San Juan community was reestablished here in 1731 from a location in East Texas. The plaza was the hub of a vibrant community. Spanish records reveal that as many as 200 individuals lived, worked, and worshiped here. Daily activities, like cooking, weaving, and carpentry, filled the plaza and surrounding workshops. The perimeter walls and low foundations provide a sense of the scale of the compound. Outside the walls to the south, a unique gravity fed system called

The Mission San Juan community was reestablished here in 1731 from a location in East Texas. The plaza was the hub of a vibrant community. Spanish records reveal that as many as 200 individuals lived, worked, and worshiped here. Daily activities, like cooking, weaving, and carpentry, filled the plaza and an acequia irrigated fertile fields called labores. Although construction began on another grander church across the mission, this is the final completed church. This church, actually the second constructed on this site, is still an active parish. Many parishioners trace their roots back to the original inhabitants.

surrounding workshops. The perimeter walls and low foundations provide a sense of the scale of the compound. Outside the walls to the south, a unique gravity fed system called an acequia irrigated fertile fields called labores.

Although construction began on another grander church across the mission, this is the final completed church. This church, actually the second constructed on this site, is still an active parish. Many parishioners trace their roots back to the original inhabitants.

First church foundations First church foundations

Convento Convento

Native quarters Native quarters

Unfinished church Unfinished church

Church Church

Post-colonial house Post colonial house

Church offices Church offices

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 072

U.S. Department of the Interior

Unfinished Church Unfinished Church These stone foundations are the remnants of a church that was never completed.

The octagonal base to the right reveals the design of the uncompleted sacristy.

Construction started during the mission era, but activity ceased due to labor and financial shortages. Interred here are the remains of native people discovered during archeological investigations. Please be respectful of this area, as these lands are sacred grounds. Protect these historic stone structures by not climbing, standing, or sitting on them.

These stone foundations are the remnants of a church that was never completed.

The octagonal base to the right reveals the design of the uncompleted sacristy.

Construction started during the mission era, but activity ceased due to labor and financial shortages. Interred here are the remains of native people discovered during archeological investigations. Please be respectful of this area, as these lands are sacred grounds. Protect these historic stone structures by not climbing, standing, or sitting on them.

Sacristy

Burial sites

Church

You Are Here

After their removal, the remains were reinterred with the involvement of local native groups. Descendant families are connected to these missions even after centuries and walk the grounds where their ancestors lived and died.

After their removal, the remains were reinterred with the involvement of local native groups. Descendant families are connected to these missions even after centuries and walk the grounds where their ancestors lived and died.

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AUGUST 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 073

U.S. Department of the Interior

Timeless Devotion

Timeless Devotion

Never meant to be the final church of the mission, this 1790s building once served as a granary for food storage.

Plans for a large church across the mission compound did not come to fruition. Church services occurred there on that consecrated ground. When construction halted on the unfinished church, the building you see today became the church for the community.

Even today, with some modern updates, this 1790s church keeps the rustic, intimate feel of the mission period.

Never meant to be the final church of the mission, this 1790s building once served as a granary for food storage.

Plans for a large church across the mission compound did not come to fruition. Church services occurred there on that consecrated ground. When construction halted on the unfinished church, the building you see today became the church for the community.

Even today, with some modern updates, this 1790s church keeps the rustic, intimate feel of the mission period.

Two large statues stand on either side of the altar, a star-crowned statue of Mary holding the Christ child and Saint Francis of Assisi stands to the left. These statues are puppets that were made to be taken outside during processionals. A statue of San Juan Capistrano is at the back of the church.

Two large statues stand on either side of the altar, a star-crowned statue of Mary holding the Christ child and Saint Francis of Assisi stands to the left. These statues are puppets that were made to be taken outside during processionals. A statue of San Juan Capistrano is at the back of the church.

6 X 12 INCHES | 100% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 74

Post-Colonial House Constructed in the 1800s, this post-colonial building was once a home to a local family.

Post-Colonial House Constructed in the 1800s, this post-colonial building was once a home to a local family.

Farm Loop Trail

You Are Here

San Juan Acequia

Mission San Juan

M iss io n Reach Trail

Yanag uana

Trail

Acequia Trail

Acequia Trail

0 200 Feet

0 40 Meters

No rt h

Drinking water

Restrooms

Farm Loop Trail

Typical grade is 1.5 degrees Maximum grade is 4.4 degrees

Total length: 0.20 mile Difficulty: Easy

Typical cross slope is 0.6% Maximum cross slope is 1%

Typical tread width is 9.5 feet Minimum tread width is 8 feet

The trail surface is firm compact dirt and gravel

24 X 36 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AUGUST 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 075

Farm Trail

Farm Trail

San Antonio Missions National Historical Park National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

This path loops around historic agricultural fields. It connects with the Acequia Trail and the Mission Reach Hike and Bike Trail. Digging the acequia was one of the first tasks undertaken during mission construction. It is essential to secure food for the community. Using this gravity fed-irrigation system, mission residents grew crops of beans, squash, peppers, and corn. These foods were new for this area and have forever changed our modern foodways. These farm fields, preserved irrigation systems, along with the lasting culture and traditions, are primary reasons for the park’s UNESCO World Heritage designation.

This path loops around historic agricultural fields. It connects with the Acequia Trail and the Mission Reach Hike and Bike Trail. Digging the acequia was one of the first tasks undertaken during mission construction. It is essential to secure food for the community. Using this gravity fed-irrigation system, mission residents grew crops of beans, squash, peppers, and corn. These foods were new for this area and have forever changed our modern foodways. These farm fields, preserved irrigation systems, along with the lasting culture and traditions, are primary reasons for the park’s UNESCO World Heritage designation.

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | DECEMBER 2021 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 076

U.S. Department of the Interior

Beyond the Walls Beyond the Walls Miles away from the protective walls of the mission compound were the mission ranches where men and boys worked. Called vaqueros, they tended the indispensable livestock—sheep, goats, and horses, that sustained the community and produced hides and other trade goods. Like ranching today, it was hard but essential work.

Within each mission, there was a small corral, much like you see here, with a few of the livestock brought in from the ranch. The Indigenous vaqueros formed by Spanish colonization are the original Texas cowboys. From cowboys to longhorns, Spain’s empire left its legacy upon the land and people.

Miles away from the protective walls of the mission compound were the mission ranches where men and boys worked. Called vaqueros, they tended the indispensable livestock—sheep, goats, and horses, that sustained the community and produced hides and other trade goods. Like ranching today, it was hard but essential work.

Within each mission, there was a small corral, much like you see here, with a few of the livestock brought in from the ranch. The Indigenous vaqueros formed by Spanish colonization are the original Texas cowboys. From cowboys to longhorns, Spain’s empire left its legacy upon the land and people.

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 077

U.S. Department of the Interior

Mother Ditch Mother Ditch This path loops around historic agricultural fields. It connects with the Acequia Trail and the Mission Reach Hike and Bike Trail.

Digging the acequia was one of the first tasks undertaken during mission construction. It is essential to secure food for the community.

Using this gravity fed-irrigation system, mission residents grew crops of beans, squash, peppers, and corn. These foods were new in this area and have forever changed our modern foodways.

These farm fields, preserved irrigation systems, along with the lasting culture and traditions, are primary reasons for the park’s UNESCO World Heritage designation.

This path loops around historic agricultural fields. It connects with the Acequia Trail and the Mission Reach Hike and Bike Trail.

Digging the acequia was one of the first tasks undertaken during mission construction. It is essential to secure food for the community.

Using this gravity fed-irrigation system, mission residents grew crops of beans, squash, peppers, and corn. These foods were new in this area and have forever changed our modern foodways.

These farm fields, preserved irrigation systems, along with the lasting culture and traditions, are primary reasons for the park’s UNESCO World Heritage designation.

Adjusting the wooden sluice gates regulates water flow.

Adjusting the wooden sluice gates regulates water flow.

12 X 12 INCHES | 75% OF ACTUAL SIZE | DECEMBER 2021 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 078

Historic Farm Fields

Historic Farm Fields

36 X 48 INCHES | 28% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 079A

Mission San Juan Misíon San Juan San Antonio Missions National Historical Park National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

The few standing buildings and the visible ruins of the complex do not convey the scale of this once thriving community.

Up to 200 residents lived, worked, and worshiped here. While the modern scene is much noisier than the historic environment, traces of the past are evident in the surrounding fields and landscape.

Venturing past the mission ruins adds a deeper understanding of the farm fields and the importance of agriculture. The Acequia Trail loops around a section of the historic irrigation system. The Yanaguana Trail offers a short, quiet nature walk where you can see a portion of the natural San Antonio River. The Mission Reach Hike and Bike Trail provides pedestrian and bike access to the other missions and downtown San Antonio.

The few standing buildings and the visible ruins of the complex do not convey the scale of this once thriving community.

Up to 200 residents lived, worked, and worshiped here. While the modern scene is much noisier than the historic environment, traces of the past are evident in the surrounding fields and landscape.

Venturing past the mission ruins adds a deeper understanding of the farm fields and the importance of agriculture. The Acequia Trail loops around a section of the historic irrigation system. The Yanaguana Trail offers a short, quiet nature walk where you can see a portion of the natural San Antonio River. The Mission Reach Hike and Bike Trail provides pedestrian and bike access to the other missions and downtown San Antonio.

Spanish SpanishSpanishSpanish

Livestock corral Irrigation systemFarm fieldsPollinator garden

The plastered church tower with three bells is an iconic Texas scene.

The plastered church tower with three bells is an iconic Texas scene.

SpanishSpanish Spanish Spanish

Sa n Ju an Ace qu ia

Sa n

An to nio

Riv er Di ve rsi on

Overflow

You Are Here

Mission San Juan

Mission Rd

Villamain Rd

M is si on

Re ac h

Mission Reach

A ceq u ia

Trail

Farm Loop

Trail

A ce qu ia

Tr ai l

Yanaguana Trail

Present-day church

Iglesia actual

First church Primera iglesia

Unfinished church Iglesia incabada

Native living quarters Viviendas de los indigenas

Rectory Rectoria

North gate Puerta norte

Parish building

Edificio parroquial

Post-colonial Tufa House

Hopsedería/ Portería

Convento Convento

0 200 Feet

0 40 Meters

North

Parking

Restrooms

Information

Drinking water

Acequia trail

Mission Reach Hike and Bike Trail

Farm Loop trail

Yanaguana trail

410 281

Mission San Juan

Mission Espada

San Juan

A cequia

SA

N

A N

TO

NIO

RIVER

Espada Acequia

San Juan

D itch

Mission Road

South Presa Street

V illam ain Road

Camino Coah uilt ec a

Esp ad a R o ad

Espada Road

0 800 Feet

0 200 Meters North

Parking

Restrooms

Drinking water

Acequia trail

Mission Reach Hike and Bike Trail

Farm Loop trail

Yanaguana trail

San Antonio River corridor

National Park Service land

Spanish SpanishSpanish Spanish

36 X 48 INCHES | 28% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 079B

Follow the River

San Antonio Missions National Historical Park National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

The Mission Reach Trail is a fun way to experience the historic sites and enjoy scenic views in the process. This paved hike and bike trail connects all the San Antonio missions and extends north to downtown San Antonio.

The missions are about 2.5 miles apart on alternating banks of the river. It is a linear trail, not a loop, so plan on hiking or biking back to your starting point. The bustle of urban life fades as you follow the course of the San Antonio River. The route traverses wooded areas and historic agricultural fields. It offers glimpses of birds and wildlife, and the ever-changing seasonal display of trees and plants.

Follow the River The Mission Reach Trail is a fun way to experience the historic sites and enjoy scenic views in the process. This paved hike and bike trail connects all the San Antonio missions and extends north to downtown San Antonio.

The missions are about 2.5 miles apart on alternating banks of the river. It is a linear trail, not a loop, so plan on hiking or biking back to your starting point. The bustle of urban life fades as you follow the course of the San Antonio River. The route traverses wooded areas and historic agricultural fields. It offers glimpses of birds and wildlife, and the ever-changing seasonal display of trees and plants.

River crossing River view

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | JULY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 080

U.S. Department of the Interior

Prairie Pollinators Prairie Pollinators During the mission period, this area, so close to the main compound, was likely an orchard and garden for growing herbs and vegetables. Today, this uncultivated field allows native vegetation and natural processes to flourish. Plants propagate with the help of a multitude of pollinators. Changing with the seasons, the plants and wildflowers exhibit a colorful and aromatic display.

Plants and their pollinators move to natural rhythms.

Flowers bloom at just the right time to support migrators like the Monarch Butterfly. National Park Service scientists are studying how climate change might threaten the timing of these relationships.

Monarch butterfly

Monarch butterfly

Moth

Moth

Bumble bee

Bumble bee

Agave bat

Agave bat

Hummingbird

Hummingbird

During the mission period, this area, so close to the main compound, was likely an orchard and garden for growing herbs and vegetables. Today, this uncultivated field allows native vegetation and natural processes to flourish. Plants propagate with the help of a multitude of pollinators. Changing with the seasons, the plants and wildflowers exhibit a colorful and aromatic display.

Plants and their pollinators move to natural rhythms.

Flowers bloom at just the right time to support migrators like the Monarch Butterfly. National Park Service scientists are studying how climate change might threaten the timing of these relationships.

6 X 12 INCHES | 100% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 083

Red Yucca Hesperaloe parviflora The fibers of this native plant were used to make items such as sandals, ropes, mats, clothing, nets, hairbrushes, mattresses, and baskets for thousands of years.

Red Yucca Hesperaloe parviflora The fibers of this native plant were used to make items such as sandals, ropes, mats, clothing, nets, hairbrushes, mattresses, and baskets for thousands of years.

6 X 12 INCHES | 100% OF ACTUAL SIZE | DECEMBER 2021 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 84

Stations of the Cross The Roman numerals leading toward the church correspond with the Catholic devotion, Stations of the Cross. This modern addition reflects the present and active church community.

Stations of the Cross The Roman numerals leading toward the church correspond with the Catholic devotion, Stations of the Cross. This modern addition reflects the present and active church community.

36 X 48 INCHES | 28% OF ACTUAL SIZE | JULY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 090B

Spanish Caption Spanish CaptionSpanish Caption Spanish Caption

Single wall bell tower (espadaña) Espada School building ruinsChurch interiorChurch entrance

Religious instruction and vocational training were important activities imposed on the Indigenous within the fortified walls of the Mission Espada.

Religious instruction and vocational training were important activities imposed on the Indigenous within the fortified walls of the Mission Espada.

San Antonio Missions National Historical Park National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

You have arrived at Mission Espada.

The historic church within, dating to the 1780s, still serves an active congregation.

Partially restored foundations reveal the size and scale of the dwellings and workshops that bordered the central plaza.

Beyond the church, the paved Mission Reach Hike and BikeTrail provides pedestrian and bike access to the other missions and downtown San Antonio. It features views of the San Antonio River basin that has sustained life on these arid lands for thousands of years. Rancho de las Cabras, some 23 miles distant, protects the site where men and older boys raised cattle and sheep to support the Mission Espada community.

Espada Acequia

You Are Here

Mission Espada

Esp ad a R oad

Camino Coahuilteca

M is si on

R ea ch H ik e an d

B ik e Tr ai l

Church Iglesia

Native living quarters

Viviendas de los indigenas

Native living quarters Viviendas de los indigenas

House Ruins Ruinas de Casa

Parochial School Rooms

Aula Parroquial

Granary Granero

Granary Granero

Blacksmith Shop

Herrería

0 100 Feet

0 20 Meters

Parking

Restrooms

Information

Drinking water

Missi on Reach Trail hike & bike lane on road

You have arrived at Mission Espada.

The historic church within, dating to the 1780s, still serves an active congregation.

Partially restored foundations reveal the size and scale of the dwellings and workshops that bordered the central plaza.

Beyond the church, the paved Mission Reach Hike and Bike Trail provides pedestrian and bike access to the other missions and downtown San Antonio. It features views of the San Antonio River basin that has sustained life on these arid lands for thousands of years. Rancho de las Cabras, some 23 miles distant, protects the site where men and older boys raised cattle and sheep to support the Mission Espada community.

Mission Espada Misión Espada@

North

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 091B

Mission Espada Misíon Espada River Trail

Church

Acequia

Rectory

Ruins of Workshop

Ruins of Granary

Ruins of Granary/Church

Native Quarters

Bastion

Information

Restrooms

River Trail

Church

Acequia

Rectory

Ruins of Workshop

Ruins of Granary

Ruins of Granary/Church

Native Quarters

Bastion

Information

Restrooms

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 092

U.S. Department of the Interior

New Faith, New Skills New Faith, New Skills The mission was once a place of extraordinary cultural transition and exchange. It transformed bands of native people into members of the Catholic faith and subjects of the Spanish crown. Over a century, a new religion, a new language, and new skills replaced the former nomadic lifestyle of bands like Borrados, Pacaos, and Tacames amongst others. Adults and children received religious instruction and vocational training to help them attain citizenship. The central plaza buzzed with activity. Church bells added structure and rhythm to the day. The sound of looms, saws, and hammers signaled the dramatic change from traditional Indigenous culture.

Beyond the walls, native men and boys raised crops and livestock to support the community. From the wilds of South Texas, a new society evolved, through the blending of cultures. The mission system created a new people, neither wholly European nor wholly native.

The mission was once a place of extraordinary cultural transition and exchange. It transformed bands of native people into members of the Catholic faith and subjects of the Spanish crown. Over a century, a new religion, a new language, and new skills replaced the former nomadic lifestyle of bands like Borrados, Pacaos, and Tacames amongst others. Adults and children received religious instruction and vocational training to help them attain citizenship. The central plaza buzzed with activity. Church bells added structure and rhythm to the day. The sound of looms, saws, and hammers signaled the dramatic change from traditional Indigenous culture.

Beyond the walls, native men and boys raised crops and livestock to support the community. From the wilds of South Texas, a new society evolved, through the blending of cultures. The mission system created a new people, neither wholly European nor wholly native.

Church Church

Native quarters Native quarters

Convento Convento

Farm fields Farm fields

Acequia Acequia

Native quarters Native quarters

Cemetery Cemetery

Former church Former church

West gate West gate

Granary Granary

Blacksmith Blacksmith

Bastion Bastion bastionbastion

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AUGUST 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 093

U.S. Department of the Interior

Mastering Masonry Mastering Masonry Masonry was one of the many new vocational skills taught and mastered as part of the training offered at Espada. Each stone and brick laid down by the hands of the native mission inhabitants is an example of the European skills they both adopted. Some perimeter walls reached 17 feet in height. Even in this incomplete state, the stabilized ruins provide a sense of the size and design of the self-contained community. All building materials were local. Stone came from nearby quarries.

Kilns located just beyond the complex walls produced brick and lime used for construction.

Masonry was one of the many new vocational skills taught and mastered as part of the training offered at Espada. Each stone and brick laid down by the hands of the native mission inhabitants is an example of the European skills they both adopted. Some perimeter walls reached 17 feet in height. Even in this incomplete state, the stabilized ruins provide a sense of the size and design of the self-contained community. All building materials were local. Stone came from nearby quarries. Kilns located just beyond the complex walls produced brick and lime used for construction.

Protect these historic stone structures by not climbing, standing, or sitting on them.

Protect these historic stone structures by not climbing, standing, or sitting on them.

6 X 12 INCHES | 100% OF ACTUAL SIZE | SEPTEMBER 2021 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 095

Live Oak Quercus virginiana This evergreen oak remains “live” with leaves throughout winter, unlike other oak trees.

Acorns provide food for wildlife and the canopy provides necessary shade on hot summer days.

Live Oak Quercus virginiana This evergreen oak remains “live” with leaves throughout winter, unlike other oak trees.

Acorns provide food for wildlife and the canopy provides necessary shade on hot summer days.

6 X 12 INCHES | 100% OF ACTUAL SIZE | DECEMBER 2021 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 096

Walls The low, partially reconstructed stone foundation outlines the location of the ten-foot high wall that was once here. The high walls provided security from the outside. Homes and lodging for mission inhabitants hugged the interior.

Walls The low, partially reconstructed stone foundation outlines the location of the ten-foot high wall that was once here. The high walls provided security from the outside. Homes and lodging for mission inhabitants hugged the interior.

Please help us protect these walls by not sitting, standing, or climbing on them.

Please help us protect these walls by not sitting, standing, or climbing on them.

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 099

U.S. Department of the Interior

The Church Endures The Church Endures

The unusual church doorway design has attracted speculation. Does it reflect Moorish architectural influence? Is it a blending of European and native styles? Or is it the pragmatic result of repurposing previously cut stone?

The arched colonnade reflects the typical Convento mission architecture and is where current church offices reside. Today’s chapel started as a small sacristy that eventually became the singular church building by 1745. Work began to build a larger church but ceased. Stone foundations in the ground indicate the outline of this never-finished church. Native artisans, with skills learned at the mission, built these structures stone by stone. Antonio Salazar directed native artisans in constructing the iconic single-wall belfry in 1790. Buildings fell into disrepair during the mid-1800s. Much of the church collapsed except for the front façade. In the 1880s, a French parish priest, Reverend Francis Bouchu, was one of the important figures in the reconstruction and preservation of the church. It continues as an active congregation. hosting weddings, baptisms, and funerals.

The arched colonnade reflects the typical Convento mission architecture and is where current church offices reside. Today’s chapel started as a small sacristy that eventually became the singular church building by 1745. Work began to build a larger church but ceased. Stone foundations in the ground indicate the outline of this never-finished church. Native artisans, with skills learned at the mission, built these structures stone by stone. Antonio Salazar directed native artisans in constructing the iconic single-wall belfry in 1790. Buildings fell into disrepair during the mid-1800s. Much of the church collapsed except for the front façade. In the 1880s, a French parish priest, Reverend Francis Bouchu, was one of the important figures in the reconstruction and preservation of the church. It continues as an active congregation.

hosting weddings, baptisms, and funerals.

Well

Well

Granary

Granary

Church

Church

Workshop

Workshop

Cemetery

Cemetery

The unusual church doorway design has attracted speculation. Does it reflect Moorish architectural influence? Is it a blending of European and native styles? Or is it the pragmatic result of repurposing previously cut stone?

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 100

U.S. Department of the Interior

Church Today Church Today Mission Espada preserves a rich history nearly three-centuries long. It is the successor to the first mission established in East Texas at a different location in 1690. This church, completed in the1780s, remains an active parish. Many parishioners trace their roots back to families that first settled and built this mission. This church remains the heart of a vibrant community.

It operates in partnership with the Archdiocese of San Antonio. The congregation continues to worship here today, just as their ancestors did centuries ago.

Mission Espada preserves a rich history nearly three-centuries long. It is the successor to the first mission established in East Texas at a different location in 1690. This church, completed in the1780s, remains an active parish. Many parishioners trace their roots back to families that first settled and built this mission. This church remains the heart of a vibrant community.

It operates in partnership with the Archdiocese of San Antonio. The congregation continues to worship here today, just as their ancestors did centuries ago.

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 101

U.S. Department of the Interior

Evolving Community Evolving Community

The original housing, for both for neophytes and Spanish soldiers, were simple structures with thatched roofs.

Later, building material from a nearby quarry enabled the construction of permanent stone buildings. The low walls outline their foundations. The interior configuration changed with the increased arrival of Spanish settlers in the late 1700s. Like the community around it, Mission Espada evolved over time. A Mexican military garrison occupied the buildings in the early 1800s. In the 1900s, a parochial school used this space. It served neighborhood children for decades. The ruins of family homes now stand where 1700s native quarters once stood.

The original housing, for both for neophytes and Spanish soldiers, were simple structures with thatched roofs.

Later, building material from a nearby quarry enabled the construction of permanent stone buildings.