Attachment_A_Final_Wayside_Exhibit_Plan_Part_1_compress.pdf

San Antonio Missions National Historical Park National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

August, 2022

Exhibits (1A,1B, 2–9, 10B,11–15, 20B, 21–24, 25B, 26–28, 30–35, 36A–36B, 39, 32–33, 39, 41–46, 50–52, 60B, 61B, 62, 64–78, 79A–79B, 80, 81–84, 90B, 91B, 92-93, 95-97, 99, 100-102,104–106, 110A–110B)

Final Wayside Exhibit Plan

Attachment A, Plan, to be used as reference for exhibit numbers and panels. Final panels may look slightly different

U.S. Department of the Interior

August, 2022

Exhibits (1A,1B, 2–9, 10B,11–15, 20B, 21–24, 25B, 26–28, 30–35, 36A–36B, 39, 32–33, 39, 41–46, 50–52, 60B, 61B, 62, 64–78, 79A–79B, 80, 81–84, 90B, 91B, 92-93, 95-97, 99, 100-102,104–106, 110A–110B)

Final Wayside Exhibit Plan

Attachment A, Plan, to be used as reference for exhibit numbers and panels. Final panels may look slightly different

(detour w hen Riverfront

Parkw ay is closed due to high w ater)

23 miles (37 kilometers) from Visitor Center to Rancho de las Cabras via South Presa Street and 181

St M ar y’ s St re et

César

Chávez Boulevard

Nor th

A lam o St re et

Commerce Street

St A la m o

South St M ary’s Street

South Presa

Street

Roosevelt A venue

South N ew Braunfels Avenue

SE Military Drive

M ission Road

March Avenue

South Flores Street

M ission Road

Riverfro nt Parkway

Espada

Road

Villam ain Road

Roosevelt A venue

Camino Coahuilteca

Houston Street

South Alam o

St re et

Probandt Street

Steves Avenue

Southcross Boulevard

Chavaneaux Road

Espada Road

Acequia de San

Juan

Acequia de San Juan

Acequia de Espada

Acequia de Espada

Acequia de Espada

To Ranchode las Cabras (limited access)

H E M I S FA I R

PA R K

R O O S E V E LT

PA R K

C O N C E P C I Ó N

PA R K

C O N F L U E N C E

PA R K

M I S S I O N

PA R K

PA D R E

PA R K

E S PA D A

PA R K

A C E Q U I A

PA R K

San Fernando Cathedral

Spanish Governor’s

Palace

King William Historic District

Southtown

Riverwalk

Stinson Municipal

Airport

Mission Marquee

Plaza

SA

N

A

N TON

IO

RIV ER

SAN ANTON

IO

RIVER

San P e d ro Creek

Sixmile Creek

SA

N

A N

TO

N

IO

RIVER

Espada Dam

Presa de Espada

San Juan Dam (no access)

New Espada Dam

Park Headquarters

Approximate site of Mission San Francisco Xavier de Nájera

Spanish Colonial Farm

Sitio aproximado de la Misión San Fransico Xavier de Nájera

Oficina Central del Parque

Mission Concepción

Mission Valero (The Alamo)

Mission San José

Mission Espada

Mission San JuanEspada Aqueduct Acueducto de Espada

Visitor Center Centro de Visitantes

Loop

Loop

National Park Service land

Other public park and protected land

Mission Trail driving tour (see map for detour when Mission Trail is closed by high water in river)

Mission Reach Hike and Bike Trail

Other trail

Acequia (historic irrigation ditch within park boundary)

Used today for irrigation

San Antonio River corridor

Picnic area

Free parking

Getting Around Signs guide you along the city streets that connect the missions; get directions from the park staff. Check locally for details on public transportation.

0 0.5 Mile

0 0.5 Kilometer

North

You Are Here

36 X 36 INCHES | 28% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AUGUST 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 001A

San Antonio Missions National Historical Park National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

San Antonio Missions Misiones de San Antonio@

Mission San José Misión San José

The largest of the missions, the imposing walled complex includes a church, native quarters, a mill, and a granary.

A 1930s project restored the church and other structures.

The largest of the missions, the imposing walled complex includes a church, Indian quarters, a mill, and a granary.

A 1930s project restored the church and other structures.

The best-preserved of the mission churches, it contains the largest single collection of Spanish Colonial frescoes in the nation.

The best-preserved of the mission churches, it contains the largest single collection of Spanish Colonial frescoes in the nation.

Mission Concepción Misión Concepción

In addition to the historic mission complex, two miles north of the mission lies the Espada Aqueduct.

The aqueduct is the only functioning aqueduct from the Spanish Colonial period in the United States.

In addition to the historic mission complex, two miles north of the mission lies the Espada Aqueduct.

The aqueduct is the only functioning aqueduct from the Spanish Colonial period in the United States.

Please be respectful of religious activities that may occur during your visit.

Please be respectful of religious activities that may occur during your visit.

With labor recruited from Indigenous South Texans, the Spanish built five missions on the northern frontier of New Spain. Four of the five comprise San Antonio Missions National Historical Park. All five missions, including Mission Valero are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. They are the most complete and intact group of Spanish Colonial mission complexes in the world. Through these mission communities, the Spanish asserted political, religious, and cultural influence on its newly claimed territories. You can take the short drive between missions or walk or bike along the paved Mission Reach Hike and Bike Trail that connects these sites. All four missions within the park are active parishes.

The standing buildings, visible ruins, and reconstructed walls convey the scale of the mission complex. Walking trails offer views of the San Antonio River and the historic farmlands and irrigation system.

The standing buildings, visible ruins, and reconstructed walls convey the scale of the mission complex. Walking trails offer views of the San Antonio River and the historic farmlands and irrigation system.

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Mission San Juan Misión San Juan

Mission Espada Misión Espada

36 X 48 INCHES | 28% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AUGUST 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 001B

Mission Concepción San Antonio Missions National Historical Park National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

Misión Concepción

Spanish SpanishSpanishSpanish

Spanish Spanish SpanishSpanish

Convento passage Traditional Mariachi MusiciansChurch exterior Altar and sanctuary

While many original stone structures remain throughout the park, others are in ruins.

Please help us preserve these stone structures by not sitting, leaning, or climbing on the walls.

While many original stone structures remain throughout the park, others are in ruins.

Please help us preserve these stone structures by not sitting, leaning, or climbing on the walls.

Mission ConcepcMission ConcepcMission Concepc

0 100 Feet

0 20 Meters

North

Parking

Restrooms

Information

Baptistry Bautisterio

Kitchen

Storeroom

Refectory Refectorio

Alcove/Sleeping Quarters

Dormitorio

Sanctuary Santuario

Sacristy Sacristería

Granary Granero

Church Entrance Entrada de la Iglesia

Library Biblioteca

Porteria Portería

Nave Nave

Almacénom

Cantera

Cocina

You Are Here

Mission Road

East Theo Avenue

Theo Parkway to Mission Reach Trail

Concepción Park

Trail to Mission Rea ch

Tra il al Missio n Reach

Se nd ero al Mission Reach Sendero

Concepción Parq u e

Sen d ero

Mission Concepción

Quarry

Established in 1731, Mission Concepción is the best-preserved of the mission-churches in the World Heritage Site. Unlike the other missions, the bell tower and dome have never collapsed. Most of its stucco façade is original. The exterior geometric designs have faded.

The preserved frescos in the library are noteworthy. Originally, protective walls enclosed the 3-acre site. The remnants of the limestone quarry are still visible. This mission community remains a central place to practice the language, religion, and culture that began three centuries ago.

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6 X 12 INCHES | 100% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AUGUST 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 002

Dining Area This was likely the private area of the friars and their guests. The decor, place settings, and overall feel was reminiscent of New Spain. The living spaces were larger than the native mission families. Where do you see inequality today?

Dining Area This was likely the private area of the friars and their guests. The decor, place settings, and overall feel was reminiscent of New Spain. The living spaces were larger than the native mission families. Where do you see inequality today?

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | JULY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 003

U.S. Department of the Interior

Bundles and Beds Bundles and Beds Imagine this room piled high with goods for consumption and trade. Commodities from both Spain and New Spain filled the floor and overhead shelf. Barrels of Spanish wine, crates filled with glass and ceramics, bundles of wool and cotton, and casks of sugar and cacao filled this storage area. Trade items like hides, tallow, and craft products crowded the space. The room also doubled as guest accommodations. Traders along El Camino Real conducting business at the mission might spend the night here. Despite the relative remoteness on the northern frontier of New Spain, the missions had strong connections to Spain’s vast trade network.

Imagine this room piled high with goods for consumption and trade. Commodities from both Spain and New Spain filled the floor and overhead shelf. Barrels of Spanish wine, crates filled with glass and ceramics, bundles of wool and cotton, and casks of sugar and cacao filled this storage area. Trade items like hides, tallow, and craft products crowded the space. The room also doubled as guest accommodations. Traders along El Camino Real conducting business at the mission might spend the night here. Despite the relative remoteness on the northern frontier of New Spain, the missions had strong connections to Spain’s vast trade network.

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | JULY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 004

U.S. Department of the Interior

Native to Neophyte Native to Neophyte Spanish colonialism and mission life changed the native people of South Texas. For thousands of years, hunter-gatherer groups thrived here. Each American Indian band had its distinct name. They had a very different culture, religion, and diet than the Spanish.

With mission life, native people embarked on a long transition to Spanish culture. Known as neophytes, they learned new skills to support the construction and sustenance of the missions. An essential step to Spanish citizenship was adopting Catholicism. With time, the mission system created a new society, neither wholly Indigenous nor wholly Spanish. It evolved to become the predominant culture of South Texas.

Spanish colonialism and mission life changed the native people of South Texas. For thousands of years, hunter-gatherer groups thrived here. Each American Indian band had its distinct name. They had a very different culture, religion, and diet than the Spanish.

With mission life, native people embarked on a long transition to Spanish culture. Known as neophytes, they learned new skills to support the construction and sustenance of the missions. An essential step to Spanish citizenship was adopting Catholicism. With time, the mission system created a new society, neither wholly Indigenous nor wholly Spanish. It evolved to become the predominant culture of South Texas.

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 005

U.S. Department of the Interior

Frescos

Los Frescos

Look around at what remains of the beautiful art on the walls and ceiling. The friars trained native artisans in the European technique of creating frescos.

With a combination of Indigenous and European pigments, techniques and symbols, mission artisans covered the walls with frescos. Mineral-based pigments are applied directly on wet plaster which absorbs the color. As it dries, the plaster hardens back into limestone, making it a durable display. Centuries of soot and dirt masked many of the frescos. In 1988, an international team of conservators cleaned the artwork to restore its brilliance.

Look around at what remains of the beautiful art on the walls and ceiling. The friars trained native artisans in the European technique of creating frescos.

With a combination of Indigenous and European pigments, techniques and symbols, mission artisans covered the walls with frescos. Mineral-based pigments are applied directly on wet plaster which absorbs the color. As it dries, the plaster hardens back into limestone, making it a durable display. Centuries of soot and dirt masked many of the frescos. In 1988, an international team of conservators cleaned the artwork to restore its brilliance. A conservator treats the original plaster wall.

A conservator treats the original plaster wall.

Geometric frescos on the bell tower have faded over time.

Geometric frescos on the bell tower have faded over time.

A mustached face adorns this eclipsing sun fresco.

A mustached face adorns this eclipsing sun fresco.

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | JULY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 006

U.S. Department of the Interior

Refectory Refectory This wall opening separated two distinct worlds, one formal, the other practical.

Indigenous people worked on this side, in the kitchen. Women prepared meals using corn, peppers, beef, and goat from the mission fields and ranches. The dining room, on the other side, reflected European culture. It was the private domain of the clergy. Separated from the native population in the mission, the friars and their guests enjoyed the finest luxuries available on the frontier, such as wine, wheat, and sugar. Here, they could engage in quiet conversation and enjoy a break from the harshness of mission life.

This wall opening separated two distinct worlds, one formal, the other practical.

Indigenous people worked on this side, in the kitchen. Women prepared meals using corn, peppers, beef, and goat from the mission fields and ranches. The dining room, on the other side, reflected European culture. It was the private domain of the clergy. Separated from the native population in the mission, the friars and their guests enjoyed the finest luxuries available on the frontier, such as wine, wheat, and sugar. Here, they could engage in quiet conversation and enjoy a break from the harshness of mission life.

The kitchen was exclusively the realm of native people who prepared and served the meals.

The kitchen was exclusively the realm of native people who prepared and served the meals.

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | JULY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 007

U.S. Department of the Interior

A Peek Inside A Peek Inside Completed in 1755, this is the oldest stone church in the United States to not need reconstruction.

The main interior walls have restored colors, but the original sections of the frescos reveal the initial design. Can you find the original sections?

Pews, lighting, and the tile floor were absent during the mission period. The natural acoustics in the church provide amplification without the use of modern technology. The congregation stood for the entire Mass. Worshipers followed a strict social order. Mass continues to be celebrated here and parishioners are a part of the mission community that began three centuries ago.

Completed in 1775, this is the oldest stone church in the United States to not need reconstruction.

The main interior walls have restored colors, but the original sections of the frescos reveal the initial design. Can you find the original sections?

Pews, lighting, and the tile floor were absent during the mission period. The natural acoustics in the church provide amplification without the use of modern technology. The congregation stood for the entire Mass. Worshipers followed a strict social order. Mass continues to be celebrated here and parishioners are a part of the mission community that began three centuries ago.

The church interior has been modernized, yet the look and feel retains the charm and sophistication of the original design.

The church interior has been modernized, yet the look and feel retains the charm and sophistication of the original design.

24 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 008

U.S. Department of the Interior

Father President’s Office Father President’s Office The two-room apartment of the Father President at the top of the stairs attests to his status. A window inside his quarters allowed him to look down on the interior of the church. An exterior window, faces out to the plaza. It enabled him to observe the activity of the mission. Native people adopting mission life, faced a long transition and integration into Spanish culture. It took so-called neophytes generations to become fully practicing Catholic subjects of the Spanish crown.

The two-room apartment of the Father President at the top of the stairs attests to his status. A window inside his quarters allowed him to look down on the interior of the church. An exterior window, faces out to the plaza. It enabled him to observe the activity of the mission. Native people adopting mission life, faced a long transition and integration into Spanish culture. It took so-called neophytes generations to become fully practicing Catholic subjects of the Spanish crown.

Mission Concepción was administrative headquarters for all the Querétaran Franciscan missions until 1772. Unsafe conditions on the stairs now restrict access by the public.

Mission Concepción was administrative headquarters for all the Querétaran Franciscan missions until 1772. Unsafe conditions on the stairs now restrict access by the public.

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | JULY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 009

U.S. Department of the Interior

From This Rock From This Rock Artisans from throughout New Spain brought the art of masonry to Texas. Mestizo and Indigenous artisans mastered the skill, and their talent and labor built this mission from the limestone like you see here. This is a remnant of a quarry that provided the stone used for building mission walls and structures. Limestone is porous and absorbent. The high humidity of the region makes preservation of these structures challenging. Can you see evidence of limestone erosion on the mission church structures?

Artisans from throughout New Spain brought the art of masonry to Texas. Mestizo and Indigenous artisans mastered the skill, and their talent and labor built this mission from raw limestone like you see here. This is a remnant of a quarry that provided the stone used for building mission walls and structures. Limestone is porous and absorbent. The high humidity of the region makes preservation of these structures challenging. Can you see evidence of limestone erosion on the mission church structures?

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | DECEMBER 2021 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 010B

Compound Walls

Church

Father President’s Office

Well

Convento

Restrooms

Information

Visitor Center

Quarry

Compound Walls

Church

Father President’s Office

Well

Convento

Restrooms

Information

Visitor Center

Quarry

4 5

Mission Concepción La Misíon Concepción

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 011

U.S. Department of the Interior

Buried Past Buried Past Several buildings once stood in this large open area.

They likely collapsed because of poor construction, and the robbing of stone for other buildings after the colonial period. The pebbled stone walk outlines their foundations. Archeological investigation has determined the location and sequence of building construction. One structure served as a granary for storing corn, beans, and dry goods to be distributed to the mission residents. Fragments of glass and ceramics provide clues to life at the mission. Bones of animals and fish give insight into the native diet.

Archeology continues to help us learn more about the mission life.

Several buildings once stood in this large open area.

They likely collapsed because of poor construction, and the robbing of stone for other buildings after the colonial period.The pebbled stone walk outlines their foundations. Archeological investigation has determined the location and sequence of building construction. One structure served as a granary for storing corn, beans, and dry goods to be distributed to the mission residents. Fragments of glass and ceramics provide clues to life at the mission. Bones of animals and fish give insight into the native diet.

Archeology continues to help us learn more about the mission life.

Spanish Colonial era wine bottle

Spanish Colonial era wine bottle

1830s Virgin Mary medal

1830s Virgin Mary medal

Ceramic shard

Ceramic shard

Buttons

6 X 12 INCHES | 100% OF ACTUAL SIZE | JULY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 012

Texas Mountain Laurel Kalmia latifolia This native plant, known for its overwhelmingly sweet fragrant blooms in spring has had many uses over generations. Hallucinogenic properties made it an important ceremonial plant for the native population.

Caution, this plant is toxic.

Texas Mountain Laurel Kalmia latifolia This native plant, known for its overwhelmingly sweet fragrant blooms in spring has had many uses over generations. Hallucinogenic properties made it an important ceremonial plant for the native population.

Caution, this plant is toxic.

6 X 12 INCHES | 100% OF ACTUAL SIZE | DECEMBER 2021 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 013

Dwarf Palmetto Sabal minor A small species of palm, the dried leaves of this fan-shaped plant were used to fabricate baskets and the thatch roofs of early mission buildings.

Dwarf Palmetto Sabal minor A small species of palm, the dried leaves of this fan-shaped plant were used to fabricate baskets and the thatch roofs of early mission buildings.

6 X 12 INCHES | 100% OF ACTUAL SIZE | DECEMBER 2021 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 014_082

Anaqua Ehretia anacua The rough leaves of this native tree are the source of its common name— sandpaper tree. The hard wood is used to make tool handles and fence posts. Birds love to eat its small berries.

Anaqua Ehretia anacua The rough leaves of this native tree are the source of its common name— sandpaper tree. The hard wood is used to make tool handles and fence posts. Birds love to eat its small berries.

6 X 12 INCHES | 100% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 015

Purple Sage Salvia dorri This evergreen plant blooms bright pink flowers after a good rainstorm and will flower more dramatically as it ages. You can find bees and caterpillars nestled in the soft leaves and flowers of this native shrub.

Cenizo Salvia dorri This evergreen plant blooms bright pink flowers after a good rainstorm and will flower more dramatically as it ages. You can find bees and caterpillars nestled in the soft leaves and flowers of this native shrub.

36 X 48 INCHES | 28% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AUGUST 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 020B

Mission San José San Antonio Missions National Historical Park National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

Misión San José

Spanish SpanishConventoSpanish

SpanishSpanish ConventoSpanish

Church facade Grist millConventoChurch interior

The stone carving on the top center of the façade depicts Saint Joseph holding the infant Jesus. The central figure is Our Lady of Guadalupe, surrounded by various saints. A small recreation of the colorful exterior fresco can be seen on the lower right side of the tower.

The stone carving on the top center of the façade depicts Saint Joseph holding the infant Jesus. The central figure is Our Lady of Guadalupe, surrounded by various saints. A small recreation of the colorful exterior fresco can be seen on the lower right side of the tower.

Grist Mill El Molino

Parish Offices Oficinas Parroquiales

Ethel Wilson Harris House

Visitor Center

You Are Here

Mission San José

R o o se ve lt

A ve n u e

Mission Road

E Pyron Avenue

Napier Avenue

Sa n

Jo se

D ri ve

Church parking to Mission Reach Trail al Mission Reach Sendero

Bastion Bastión

Rose Window Ventana Rosa

Workshop Foundations Las fundaciones de talleres

Church Iglesia

Convento Convento

Granary Granero

Soldiers’ Quarters Domacilios de los Soldados

Native living quarters

Viviendas de los indigenas

0 20 Feet

0 4 Meters

North

Bus Stop

Parking

Restrooms

Information

Mission Reach Hike and Bike Trail

Founded in 1720, Mission San José, known as the “Queen of the Missions,” is the largest in the World Heritage Site. The fortified stone walls and wide plaza convey the scale of this self-contained community. The church, Convento, and other structures brought imposing Spanish architecture to the rugged

Texas landscape. The complex served as a major social and cultural center. During its peak, in the 1750s, about 350 Native American neophytes lived, worked, and worshiped here.

The ornate stone carving on the front façade and the Rose Window on the side of the church are examples of baroque architectural style.

A major WPA (Works Progress Administration) project in the 1930s restored the buildings.

Just outside the mission walls are a grist mill, and a paved hike and bike trail to the River

Walk that connects to other missions and downtown San Antonio.

Founded in 1720, Mission San José, known as the “Queen of the Missions,” is the largest in the World Heritage Site. The fortified stone walls and wide plaza convey the scale of this self-contained community. The church, Convento, and other structures brought imposing Spanish architecture to the rugged

Texas landscape. The complex served as a major social and cultural center. During its peak, in the 1750s, about 350 Native American neophytes lived, worked, and worshiped here.

The ornate stone carving on the front façade and the Rose Window on the side of the church are examples of baroque architectural style.

A major WPA (Works Progress Administration) project in the 1930s restored the buildings.

Just outside the mission walls are a grist mill, and a paved hike and bike trail to the River

Walk that connects to other missions and downtown San Antonio.

Please dismount from your bicycle during your visit.

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AUGUST 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 021

Natchitoches

Austin

Mexico City

San Antonio Rancho de Las Cabras

Los Andes

MonterreySaltillo

Gulf of Mexico

San Antonio Missions National Historical Park National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Royal Roads Royal Roads El Camino Real de los Tejas, or the Royal Road of Texas, passes through Mission San José.

This Spanish colonial trading route connects the San Antonio Missions with distant Mexico City. It followed earlier footpaths and bison migration routes. The camino was the highway of the mission system. More than simply a road, it hastened the interweaving of peoples and cultures. A new society, neither wholly Indigenous nor wholly Spanish, developed to become the predominant culture of South Texas. Imagine the countless footprints, hooves, and wagon wheels that trampled this landscape as important trade goods were brought from far distances.

El Camino Real de los Tejas, or the Royal Road of Texas, passes through Mission San José.

This Spanish colonial trading route connects the San Antonio Missions with distant Mexico City. It followed earlier footpaths and bison migration routes. The camino was the highway of the mission system. More than simply a road, it hastened the interweaving of peoples and cultures. A new society, neither wholly Indigenous nor wholly Spanish, developed to become the predominant culture of South Texas. Imagine the countless footprints, hooves, and wagon wheels that trampled this landscape as important trade goods were brought from far distances.

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AUGUST 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 022_029_063

U.S. Department of the Interior

Cramped Quarters Cramped Quarters Mission life did not offer as much privacy as we have today. Records show that as many as 14 people occupied these two rooms. Multigenerational families used them primarily as sleeping quarters.

The stone structures have flat roofs supported by rough-hewn rafters. An interior fireplace provided warmth on cold days. The Indigenous residents cooked communally outside. Most adults were engaged in learning new skills and trades, such as spinning and weaving, carpentry, and blacksmithing.

Children performed many domestic tasks like gathering food allotments, preparing meals, feeding livestock, and looking after the younger ones.

Mission life did not offer as much privacy as we have today. Records show that as many as 14 people occupied these two rooms. Multigenerational families used them primarily as sleeping quarters.

The stone structures have flat roofs supported by rough-hewn rafters. An interior fireplace provided warmth on cold days. The Indigenous residents cooked communally outside. Most adults were engaged in learning new skills and trades, such as spinning and weaving, carpentry, and blacksmithing.

Children performed many domestic tasks like gathering food allotments, preparing meals, feeding livestock, and looking after the younger ones.

Each Indian apartment consisted of one room and a kitchen with a fireplace. All of them had beds, raised above the ground, covered with buffalo hides, and provided with sheets of gunny sack and large blankets of wool and of cotton which were woven in the mission shops.

Report from Fr. Solis, 1768

Each Indian apartment consisted of one room and a kitchen with a fireplace. All of them had beds, raised above the ground, covered with buffalo hides, and provided with sheets of gunny sack and large blankets of wool and of cotton which were woven in the mission shops.

Report from Fr. Solis, 1768

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 023

U.S. Department of the Interior

Interpreting the Past Interpreting the Past Understanding the past is complex.

Especially when evaluating three centuries of history. Archeology uncovers material evidence. Historical documents add additional information about the past. The story is incomplete. An earlier assumption led to the inaccurate reconstruction of this bastion. Later excavations found no physical evidence of a defensive structure. Although we know soldiers constantly stood guard on the mission. This highlights the challenge of accurately presenting history. What other stories in history are likely told inaccurately?

Understanding the past is complex.

Especially when evaluating three centuries of history. Archeology uncovers material evidence. Historical documents add additional information about the past. The story is incomplete. An earlier assumption led to the inaccurate reconstruction of this bastion. Later excavations found no physical evidence of a defensive structure. Although we know soldiers constantly stood guard on the mission. This highlights the challenge of accurately presenting history. What other stories in history are likely told inaccurately?

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AUGUST 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 024

U.S. Department of the Interior

Native Quarters Native Quarters Native people faced a long transition into Spanish culture. It took years to become subjects of the Spanish crown. Neophytes needed to learn the tenets of Catholicism.

The security provided by mission life came at a cost. European disease decimated native populations. The interweaving of colonial Spain with Indigenous people precipitated a fundamental change. It created a new society, neither wholly Indigenous nor wholly Spanish.

It is still the prevailing culture of South Texas.

Native people faced a long transition into Spanish culture. It took years to become subjects of the Spanish crown. Neophytes needed to learn the tenets of Catholicism.

The security provided by mission life came at a cost. European disease decimated native populations. The interweaving of colonial Spain with Indigenous people precipitated a fundamental change. It created a new society, neither wholly Indigenous nor wholly Spanish.

It is still the prevailing culture of South Texas.

Mission San José was founded by Fr. Margil (in 1720) for the Native Americans bands, the Pampopas, Suliajames, and Pastías. Later other groups like the Aguasallas, Borrados, Tacames, amongst others joined Mission San José.

Mission San José was founded by Fr. Margil (in 1720) for the Native Americans bands, the Pampopas, Suliajames, and Pastías. Later other groups like the Aguasallas, Borrados, Tacames, amongst others joined Mission San José.

36 X 24 INCHES | 40% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AUGUST 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 025B

Mission San José Misíon San José Granary

Exhibits

Acequia

Grist Mill

Church

Restrooms behind church

Rose Window

Convento

Ruins of Workshop

Native Quarters

Bastion

Granary

Exhibits

Acequia

Grist Mill

Church

Restrooms behind church

Rose Window

Convento

Ruins of Workshop

Native Quarters

Bastion

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | FEBRUARY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 026

U.S. Department of the Interior

Daily Life Daily Life This plaza was the heart of mission life. It was a busy, noisy, smelly whirlwind of activity. Secure within protective walls that doubled as housing, it was the center of a bustling community. It was the marketplace, the extended workshop, the playground, and the town hall. It was here that the transition from traditional hunter-gather society evolved. New forms of shelter, new foods, and new crafts became the norm. The farms outside the walls cultivated fields that fed the community. The clang of blacksmiths, the rasp of saws, and the bray of drought animals added to the sound and aroma of the area.

We can imagine children busy with chores like carrying firewood, caring for animals, and removing stinky human waste from the households. They still enjoyed time for play, singing, dancing, and lessons.

We can imagine children busy with chores like carrying firewood, caring for animals, and removing stinky human waste from the households. They still enjoyed time for play, singing, dancing, and lessons.

This plaza was the heart of mission life. It was a busy, noisy, smelly whirlwind of activity. Secure within protective walls that doubled as housing, it was the center of a bustling community. It was the marketplace, the extended workshop, the playground, and the town hall. It was here that the transition from traditional hunter-gather society evolved. New forms of shelter, new foods, and new crafts became the norm. The farms outside the walls cultivated fields that fed the community. The clang of blacksmiths, the rasp of saws, and the bray of drought animals added to the sound and aroma of the area.

Native quarters Native quarters

Convento Convento

Church Church

Granary Granary

Plaza Plaza

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AUGUST 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 027

U.S. Department of the Interior

Baroque Gem Baroque Gem Much of this ornately baroque style façade is original. When completed in 1782, colorful frescos graced the outside and the interior of the church. Mestizo artisans worked with and taught local Indigenous people this European technique. The fresco design represents the mixture of cultures. The church gained notoriety as the “Queen of the Missions.” The carving above the oval window depicts the patron of the mission, Saint Joseph (San José), holding the infant Jesus.

Much of this ornately baroque style façade is original. When completed in 1782, colorful frescos graced the outside and the interior of the church. Mestizo artisans worked with and taught local Indigenous people this European technique. The fresco design represents the mixture of cultures. The church gained notoriety as the “Queen of the Missions.” The carving above the oval window depicts the patron of the mission, Saint Joseph (San José), holding the infant Jesus.

Originally, congregants stood for the entire Mass, there were no pews.

Originally, congregants stood for the entire Mass, there were no pews.

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | DECEMBER 2021 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 028

U.S. Department of the Interior

Rose Window Rose Window This ornate baroque-style window provides a glimpse into the church and religious rituals.

From inside the window, priests displayed the Eucharist and preached to the future congregation, called neophytes, gathered outside.

Native people could not enter the church until they converted to Catholicism. Conversion was a long process for both children and adults.

It required learning the tenets of Catholic faith through mastery of the catechism and receiving sacraments. Only then did Spanish citizenship confer on an individual.

This ornate baroque-style window provides a glimpse into the church and religious rituals.

From inside the window, priests displayed the Eucharist and preached to the future congregation, called neophytes, gathered outside.

Native people could not enter the church until they converted to Catholicism. Conversion was a long process for both children and adults.

It required learning the tenets of Catholic faith through mastery of the catechism and receiving sacraments. Only then did Spanish citizenship confer on an individual.

Many believe the name “Rose window” refers not to an architectural feature, but to a tragic lover’s tale. The master artisan that carved the window, Pedro Huizar had a fiancé named Rosa (Rose). While sailing from Spain her ship wrecked at sea. The heartbroken artisan dedicated this window to his lost love, Rosa.

Many believe the name “Rose window” refers not to an architectural feature, but to a tragic lover’s tale. The master artisan that carved the window, Pedro Huizar, had a fiancé named Rosa (Rose). While sailing from Spain her ship wrecked at sea. The heartbroken artisan dedicated this window to his lost love, Rosa.

From inside the church, priests climbed three steps to access the Rose Window.

From inside the church, priests climbed three steps to access the Rose Window.

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 030

U.S. Department of the Interior

Bell Tower Bell Tower This baroque style church is the latest version of a simpler mission church. Construction began in the 1760s. The design includes vaulted ceilings, a dome, and decorative bell towers. Construction finished in 1782. The original bell tower collapsed in 1868. A new tower took its place. It collapsed again in 1928. The deteriorating condition of the church prompted the restoration of the mission complex. This 1930s restoration project continues the legacy of teaching masonry skills. The San Antonio Archdiocese and National Park Service work to protect and preserve these sites for future generations.

This baroque style church is the latest version of a simpler mission church. Construction began in the 1760s. The design includes vaulted ceilings, a dome, and decorative bell towers. Construction finished in 1782. The original bell tower collapsed in 1868. A new tower took its place. It collapsed again in 1928. The deteriorating condition of the church prompted the restoration of the mission complex. This 1930s restoration project continues the legacy of teaching masonry skills. The San Antonio Archdiocese and National Park Service work to protect and preserve these sites for future generations.

The collapse of the bell tower in 1828 was the catalyst for a major restoration project at Mission San José.

The collapse of the bell tower in 1828 was the catalyst for a major restoration project at Mission San José.

6 X 12 INCHES | 100% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AUGUST 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 031

Soldiers Quarters In contrast to the native family quarters on the opposite side of the mission complex, soldiers and craftsmen had a slightly more privileged experience. More space and nicer accommodations, reflects their social status.

Does society still value some social groups more than others?

Soldiers Quarters In contrast to the native family quarters on the opposite side of the mission complex, soldiers and craftsmen had a slightly more privileged experience. More space and nicer accommodations, reflects their social status.

Does society still value some social groups more than others?

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | FEBRUARY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 032_094

U.S. Department of the Interior

Food Storehouse Food Storehouse Families received weekly allotments of food from the friars. The granary, the largest stone structure of the complex, illustrates the success of the mission enterprise. Outlying fields and ranches produced the fruits, vegetables, and grains from imported seeds. These crops and other produce filled crates, baskets, and barrels.

Maize and beans, piled high in wooden bins, were a staple of the mission diet. Native chilis dried on overhead lines. The Franciscans introduced new foods including spices such as cumin, garlic, and rosemary. The blending of foods and spices produced a new cuisine, another example of the interweaving of cultures that is reflected in the South Texas culture and cuisine today.

Families received weekly allotments of food from the friars. The granary, the largest stone structure of the complex, illustrates the success of the mission enterprise. Outlying fields and ranches produced the fruits, vegetables, and grains from imported seeds. These crops and other produce filled crates, baskets, and barrels.

Maize and beans, piled high in wooden bins, were a staple of the mission diet. Native chilis dried on overhead lines. The Franciscans introduced new foods including spices such as cumin, garlic, and rosemary. The blending of foods and spices produced a new cuisine, another example of the interweaving of cultures that is reflected in the South Texas culture and cuisine today.

Sugar cane Sugar cane

Beans Beans

Melon Melon

Tobacco Tobacco

Squashes Squashes

Corn Corn

Chilies Chilies

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | MAY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 033

U.S. Department of the Interior

Food Allotments Food Allotments A reliable food supply was an incentive to adopt mission life. Indigenous people who lived inside the complex depended on the friars for weekly rations of food.

As the so-called neophytes attained Spanish citizenship, they became more independent.

The mission families moved to land outside the mission walls, where they tended to their own family plots.

A reliable food supply was an incentive to adopt mission life. Indigenous people who lived inside the complex depended on the friars for weekly rations of food.

As the so-called neophytes attained Spanish citizenship, they became more independent.

The mission families moved to land outside the mission walls, where they tended to their own family plots.

Every Monday all the women come for their ration of corn… The amount…given to each woman varies… the married women are given two-thirds of a bushel of unshucked corn, and a third or a half a bushel to the Widows…and when shelled corn is available, nine quarts are given.

Guidelines for a Texas Mission 1787

Every Monday all the women come for their ration of corn… The amount…given to each woman varies… the married women are given two-thirds of a bushel of unshucked corn, and a third or a half a bushel to the Widows…and when shelled corn is available, nine quarts are given.

Guidelines for a Texas Mission 1787

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AUGUST 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 034

U.S. Department of the Interior

Convento Convento The grand two-story Convento provided housing for the priest and two friars who resided here and ruled over the mission. Separated from the rest of the compound, their residences reflect the high status of the clergy. The friars and their guests enjoyed the finest luxuries they could import on the frontier such as sugar and wine. The kitchen, dining room, and offices were on the ground floor, the clergy occupied sparse rooms above. The architecture reflects the Spanish caste system imposed at the time. This social system was based on geographic and cultural background, with Native Americans and Africans being in the lowest casta or caste.

The grand two-story Convento provided housing for the priest and two friars who resided here and ruled over the mission. Separated from the rest of the compound, their residences reflect the high status of the clergy. The friars and their guests enjoyed the finest luxuries they could import on the frontier such as sugar and wine. The kitchen, dining room, and offices were on the ground floor, the clergy occupied sparse rooms above. The architecture reflects the Spanish caste system imposed at the time. This social system was based on geographic and cultural background, with Native Americans and Africans being in the lowest casta or caste.

Hospederia Hospederia

Friar cell Friar cell

Porteria Porteria

Arcade Arcade

Oficina Oficina

Courtyard Courtyard

Refectory Refectory

Kitchen Kitchen

Franciscan friars dressed in blue robes and corded belts vowed poverty, chastity, and obedience.

Franciscan friars dressed in blue robes and corded belts vowed poverty, chastity, and obedience.

42 X 24 INCHES | 38% OF ACTUAL SIZE | JULY 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 035

U.S. Department of the Interior

Ethel Harris Ethel Harris Ethel Harris and her studio created artistic tiles that are still seen throughout San Antonio today. They have a distinctive style that embraces Mexican design. Continuing the tradition of the artisanship nurtured at the missions, she founded the San Jose Tile Workshops. As the first superintendent of the state park, she championed conservation of the mission buildings. This house, constructed in 1956, showcased her artwork.

The colorful hand-crafted tiles capture the landscape and spirit of the region. The Maguey cactus (right), is the registered trademark of Ethel Harris. It appears in several forms on the exterior stairway.

The colorful hand-crafted tiles capture the landscape and spirit of the region. The Maguey cactus (right), is the registered trademark of Ethel Harris. It appears in several forms on the exterior stairway.

The Ethel Harris house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Ethel Harris was a champion for the preservation of the mission and the recognition of native crafts. Today, this historic building is the office of Mission Heritage Partners, a “friends” association that helps care for these mission sites as Ethel Harris did.

Ethel Harris was a champion for the preservation of the mission and the recognition of native crafts. Today, this historic building is the office of Mission Heritage Partners, a “friends” association that helps care for these mission sites as Ethel Harris did.

The agave is a quintessential Texas plant.

The agave is a quintessential Texas plant.

Ethel Harris and her studio created artistic tiles that are still seen throughout San Antonio today. They have a distinctive style that embraces Mexican design. Continuing the tradition of the artisanship nurtured at the missions, she founded the San Jose Tile Workshops. As the first superintendent of the state park, she championed conservation of the mission buildings. This house, constructed in 1956, showcased her artwork.

The Ethel Harris house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

36 X 48 INCHES | 28% OF ACTUAL SIZE | AUGUST 2022 | SAAN | Wayside Exhibit 036A

San Antonio Missions National Historical Park National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

Misión San José

Spanish SpanishConventoSpanish

SpanishSpanish ConventoSpanish

Church facade Grist millConventoChurch interior

The stone carving on the top center of the façade depicts Saint Joseph holding the infant Jesus. The central figure is Our Lady of Guadalupe, surrounded by various saints. A small recreation of the colorful exterior fresco can be seen on the lower right side of the tower.

The stone carving on the top center of the façade depicts Saint Joseph holding the infant Jesus. The central figure is Our Lady of Guadalupe, surrounded by various saints. A small recreation of the colorful exterior fresco can be seen on the lower right side of the tower.

Grist Mill El Molino

Parish Offices Oficinas Parroquiales

Ethel Wilson Harris House

Visitor Center

You Are Here

Mission San José

R o o se ve lt

A ve n u e

Mission Road

E Pyron Avenue

Napier Avenue

Sa n

Jo se

D ri ve

Church parking to Mission Reach Trail al Mission Reach Sendero

Bastion Bastión

Rose Window Ventana Rosa

Workshop Foundations Las fundaciones de talleres

Church Iglesia

Convento Convento

Granary Granero

Soldiers’ Quarters Domacilios de los Soldados

Native living quarters

Viviendas de los indigenas

0 20 Feet

0 4 Meters

North

Bus Stop

Parking

Restrooms

Information

Mission Reach Hike and Bike Trail

Founded in 1720, Mission San José, known as the “Queen of the Missions,” is the largest in the World Heritage Site. The fortified stone walls and wide plaza convey the scale of this self-contained community. The church, Convento, and other structures brought imposing Spanish architecture to the rugged

Texas landscape. The complex served as a major social and cultural center. During its peak, in the 1750s, about 350 Native American neophytes lived, worked, and worshiped here.

The ornate stone carving on the front façade and the Rose Window on the side of the church are examples of baroque architectural style.

A major WPA (Works Progress Administration) project in the 1930s restored the buildings.

Just outside the mission walls are a grist mill, and a paved hike and bike trail to the River

Walk that connects to other missions and downtown San Antonio.

Founded in 1720,…