Attachment 6 Sol_72011121R00002.pdf

ATTACHMENT 6

CLEAN ENERGY AND WATER PROGRAM

DRAFT SOUTHERN BASIN MANAGEMENT PLAN

September 2015

This report is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of Mendez England & Associates and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.

DRAFT SOUTHERN BASIN MANAGEMENT PLAN

Yerevan 2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CHAPTER 1: CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SOUTHERN BASIN MANAGEMENT AREA

1.1. General Description of the Southern Basin

1.1.1 Geography

1.1.2. Topography, Geology and Hydrogeology

1.1.3. Climate

1.1.4. Landscapes (types of ecosystems)

1.1.5. Specially Protected Natural Areas

1.1.6. Water related Natural Disasters

1.1.7. Social and Economic Setting

1.1.8. Economy

1.2. General Hydrological and Hydrogeological Characteristics of the Southern Basin

1.2.1. Surface Water Resources

1.2.2. Groundwater Resources

1.2.3. Water Balance

1.2.4. Classification of Water Resources

1.2.5. Usable Water Resources, Strategic and National Water Reserves in the Southern

BMA

1.2.6. Hydropower Potential of the Rivers in the Southern BMA

1.3. Strategy for Ensuring Water Supply/Availability in the Southern BMA

1.4. Quality of Water Resources

1.4.1 Quality of Surface Water Resources

1.4.2. Quality of Groundwater Resources

1.5. Organization of Water Resources Monitoring in the Southern BMA

1.6. Description of Water Resources, in terms of Safety

CHAPTER 2: IDENTIFICATION OF CURRENT AND DESIRED CONDITIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF

WATER USE IN THE SOUTHERN BASIN MANAGEMENT AREA

2.1. Identification of Current and Desired Conditions and Functions for Water Use

2.1.1. Legal and Institutional Framework of the Water Sector

2.1.2. Landscape and Land Use

2.2. Water Use in the Southern Basin Management Area

2.2.1. Water Use

2.2.2. Natural Flow, Water Demand and Supply Balance

2.3. Water Quality

2.4. General Overview of Current Issues

2.5. Water Supply Formation Strategy in the Southern BMA

2.6. Identification of Likely Emergency Situations and Other Hazards related to Water Use in Basin Management Area

2.7. Conclusions and Recommendations

CHAPTER 3: ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS ON WATER

RESOURCES

3.1. Summary

3.2. Climate Change Impact Assessment in the Southern BMA

3.2.1. Observed Trends in Climatic Parameters

3.2.2. Observed Trends in Natural Flow of Rivers

3.2.3. Climate Change Projections

3.2.4. Climate Change Impacts on the Water Resources of the Southern BMA

3.2.5. Climate Change Impact on the Quality of Water Resources in the Southern BMA

3.3. Anthropogenic Impact Assessment

3.3.1. Identification of Pressures and Impact Assessment

3.3.2.Summary of Significant Pressures

3.4. Assessment of Impacts on Water Resources and Aquatic Ecosystems during Possible Emergenies

CHAPTER 4: CLASSIFICATION OF WATER BODIES, ACCORDING TO MANAGEMENT

CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER RESOURCES OF THE RIVER BASIN

4.1. Delineation of Surface Water Bodies

4.1.1. Criteria and Procedure for Delineation

4.1.2. Identification of Water Bodies at Risk

4.1.3. Identification of Artificial Water Bodies

4.1.4. Heavily Modified Water Bodies

4.1.5. Delineation of Surface Water Resources of the Southern BMA into Separate Water Bodies

4.1.6. All Delineated Surface Water Bodies in the Southern BMA

4.2. Delineation of Groundwater Bodies

4.2.1 Criteria and Procedure of Delineation of Water Bodies

4.2.2. General Delineation of Groundwater Bodies in the Southern BMA

CHAPTER 5: DETERMINING ECOLOGICAL FLOW FOR WATER BODIES IN THE SOUTHERN

BASIN MANAGEMENT AREA

5.1. Principles and Particularities of Ecological Flow Determination in Rivers of the Southern

BMA

5.2. Method of Determining Ecological Flow for the Southern BMA Water Bodies

5.3. Calculation of Ecological Flow in the Southern BMA Rivers, and Comparison of Ecological Flow with Actual Flow

5.4. Comparison of Values of the Actual Minimum and Calculated Ecological Flows in the Rivers of the Southern BMA

CHAPTER 6: PROGRAM OF MEASURES TO ACHIEVE DESIRABLE STATUS IN THE SOUTHERN

BASIN MANAGEMENT AREA

6.1. Measures for Strengthening Legal Framework to Achieve Desirable Status

6.2. Measures for Strengthening Institutional Framework to Achieve Desirable Status

6.3. Technical Measures to Achieve Desirable Status

6.3.1. Potential Location of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Settlements

6.3.2. Food Industry in Agglomerations

6.3.3. Other Industrial Enterprises in Agglomerations

6.3.4. Type and Capacity of WWTPs in Agglomerations

6.3.5. Wastewater of Settlements Not Incorporated in Agglomerations

6.3.6. Agricultural Crops

6.3.7. Livestock Breeding

6.3.8. Solid Wastes

6.3.9. Mining

6.3.10. Hydropower generation

6.4. New Program for Water Resources Monitoring

6.4.1.Overview of the New Surface Water Monitoring Program 6.4.2.Overview of the New Groundwater Monitoring Program

CHAPTER 7: IDENTIFICATION OF MEASURES FOR PREVENTION, MINIMIZATION AND

ELIMINATION OF CONSEQUENCES OF POSSIBLE EMERGENCIES

7.1. Furnishing of the River Banks

7.1.1. Introduction of a Warning System

7.1.2. Prevention and Minimization of Leaks of Dangerous Products and Lubricants

7.1.3. Control of the State of the Dams

7.2. Emergency Prevention Measures and Rescue Control

7.3. Implementation and Strengthening of Monitoring

7.4. Preventive Measures aimed at Identification and Elimination of Factors Contributing to Emergency Situations

CHAPTER 8: PRELIMINARY FINANCIAL ASSESSMENT OF IDENTIFIED MEASURES

8.1. Method of Preliminary Financial Assessment

8.2. Preliminary Financial Assessment of Measures for Strengthening Legal Framework to Achieve Desirable Status

8.3. Preliminary Financial Assessment of Measures for Strengthening Institutional Framework to Achieve Desirable Status

8.4. Preliminary Financial Assessment of Technical Measures to Achieve Desirable Status

8.4.1. Preliminary Cost Estimate for Wastewater Collection and Treatment in Agglomerations and Settlements not Incorporated in Agglomerations 8.4.2.Preliminary Cost Estimate for Introduction of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) 8.4.3.Preliminary Cost Estimate of Measures Recommended in the Mining Sector 8.4.4.Preliminary Cost Estimate of Measures Proposed in Hydroenergy Sector 8.4.5.Preliminary Cost Estimate for Measures Proposed for Solid Waste Disposal 8.4.6.Preliminary Cost Estimate of Measures to Prevent Potential Emergency Situations

8.5. Preliminary Financial Assessment of Proposed New Program for Water Resources Monitoring

8.6. Conclusions and Recommendations

CHAPTER 9: PUBLIC AND STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION IN DECISION MAKING

9.1. Identification of Issues Requiring Public Hearings

9.2. Analyses of Findings of Field Studies and Public Hearings

9.3. Measures to Control Water-Related Disasters

9.4. Water Use

9.5. Water Quantity

9.6. Water Quality

9.7. Public and Stakeholder Participation

9.8. Conclusions and Recommendations

CHAPTER 10: ASSESSMENT OF WATER USE DEMAND IN THE SOUTHERN BASIN

MANAGEMENT AREA BY SECTORS

10.1. Analysis of Current Situation

10.2. Costs for Basin Management

10.2.1. Introduction

10.2.2. Water Resources Management and Protection Organizations 10.2.3.Water Resources Monitoring Organizations

10.3. Summary of the Baseline Condition

CHAPTER 11: WATER RESOURCES IMPROVEMENT SCENARIO IN THE SOUTHERN BASIN

MANAGEMENT AREA BY SECTORS

11.1. Analysis of Current Water Supply and Development Scenarios

11.2. Water Demand and Water Supply Improvement Scenarios by Sectors

CHAPTER 12: ASSESSMENT OF FINANCIAL DEFICIT IN THE SOUTHERN BASIN

12.1. Identification of the Financial Deficit

12.2. Financial Flows and Deficit in Water Resources Management and Protection Sector

12.3. Opportunities and the Potential for Additional Funding

ANNEXES:

Annex A. Curves of River Dicharge in the Southern BMA and Values of Occurence Annex B. Assessment of Water Quality in Rivers of the Southern BMA Annex C. Assessment of Climate Change in the Southern BMA Annex D. Surface Water Bodies Delineated in the Southern BMA Annex E. Descriptpin of Groundwater Bodies in the Southern BMA Annex F. List of Hydrochemical Parameters of Surface Water Resources Annex G. Structural Design of the Floods Warning Center in the Southern BMA Annex H. Questionnaire Annex J. References

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AMD Armenian Dram a.s.l. Above Sea Level AWSC Armenian Water Supply and Sewerage Company BAT Best Available Technology BMA Basin Management Area BOD Biological Oxygen Demand CIS Common Implementation Strategy CJSC Closed Joint-Stock Company COD Chemical Oxygen Demand DDT Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane DSS Decision Support System EC European Commission EIMC Environmental Impact Monitoring Center EU European Union GAP Good Agricultural Practice GDP Gross Domestic Product GIS Geographic Information Systems ha Hectare HPP HydroPower Plant IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management JSC Joint Stock Company km kilometre

LLC

MAC

Limited Liability Company Maximum Allowable Concentration mln Million mm Millimetre MNP Ministry of Nature Protection MTAES Ministry of Territorial Administration and Emergency Situations

OJSC

PE

Open Joint-Stock Company Population Equivalent

PoM Program of Measures RA Republic of Armenia RB River Basin RBM River Basin Management RBMP River Basin Management Plan SHPP Small Hydropower Plant SNCO State Non-Commercial Organization SWC State Water Cadastre USAID Unites States Agency for International Development WFD Water Framework Directive WQCI Water Quality Canadian Index WRMA Water Resources Management Agency WUA Water Users' Association

CHAPTER 1: CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SOUTHERN BASIN MANAGEMENT AREA

1.1. General Description of the Southern Basin

1.1.1. Geography

The Southern Basin Management Area (BMA) is located in the south of the Republic of Armenia (RA), covering the whole territory of Syunik region (marz). It borders the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh in the north-east and east, Islamic Republic of Iran with the Araks River in the south, Republic of Azerbaijan, Nakhichevan in the west and south-west, and Ararat BMA of Armenia in the north-west (Figure 1.1).

Figure 1.1: Location of the Southern BMA on the territory of the RA

Source: USAID Clean Energy and Water Program, 2014 (Coordinate system WGS, UTM Zone 38N)

The surface of the Southern BMA is 4498.17 km2, including the Vorotan, Voghji and Meghriget River Basins.

The BMA lies at a latitude of 39052′–38050′ north and at a longitude of 45042′-46032′ east. The total reach of the basin is 123 km from east to west and 128 km from north to south. The lowest point is at the crossroads of the Araks River and eastern border of the Republic of Armenia (374 meters above sea level

(m. a.s.l.)), and the highest point is Kaputjugh peak of the Zangezur Mountain Range (3904 m a.s.l.).

1.1.2. Topography, Geology and Hydrogeology

Topography: The Southern BMA is characterized by highly complex and diverse topography, where the variations in altitude are greater than 3000 m. It combines fold, coulisse-shaped and linearly stretched mountain ranges, volcanic massifs, upland plateaus, intermountain concavities, and river valleys (Figure 1.2).

Figure 1.2: Topography of the Southern BMA

Source: RA Digital Elevation Model (NASA SRTM, coordinate system WGS, UTM Zone 38N)

Two orographic zones are distinguished in the Southern BMA: fold mountain ranges and a volcanic mountain ridges.

The Syunik Volcanic Mountain Range extends for 60 km across the northeast of the Southern BMA, with its peaks ascending over 3500 m (Tsghuk - 3581 m, Mets Ishkhanasar - 3550 m). It passes amid the Vorotan, Tartar and Hagari Rivers, extending from northwest to southeast. In the north it embraces a large hilly plateau at an altitude of 2400-2800 m, with numerous cone-shaped slaggy hills. In the south, the mountain ridge is fractured and is formed by 3200-3500 m high volcanic massifs (Tsghuk, Mets Ishkhanasar, etc.). The gradient and fractured slopes of the massifs descend into Angeghakot, Tsornasar, Goris and Tegh plateaus, comprised of an enormous lacustrine sedimentary layer. There are also other plateaus in the Southern BMA, namely Aknashat or Gorhayk, Sisian and Shamb.

The Zangezur Mountain Range is the largest orographic unit of the Southern BMA, extending for 130 km along the western and northwestern part of the basin. It starts at the juncture of the Vardenis and Arevelyan Sevan Mountain Ranges (Qeti Mountain) and stretches to the Araks River, Meghri Canyon.

The peaks of central and southern parts of the mountain range are sharp and rough, reaching altitudes of 3700-3900 m (Kaputjugh - 3904 m, Sisakapar - 3826 m, Gazana - 3856 m, Nahapet - 3506 m, and Parakan - 3826 m.a.s.l). The slopes are highly gradient (35° and more), and they are fragmented by the Voghji and Meghriget River Valleys. There are few mountain passes; the most important ones are Vorotan (2344 m) and Meghri (2583 m) that provide a passage for the interstate road between Armenia and Iran.

Subapical sections are characterized by snow-glacial topography - carrs, troughs (particularly in Kaputjugh, Geghi, Kajaran and Meghriget) and moraines, with snow heaps and firn fields preserved as part of it. The area is frequently exposed to frost weathering and erosions. There are a number of glacial lakes, including Gazana, Kaputan (Gogi), Tsakqar and Ananun. The northern part of the Zangezur Mountain Rabge is characterized by relatively lower altitudes (up to 2800 m), and “reversed” topography, which is particularly noticeable in the section between the Ayrisar and Salvard mountain peaks.

The fold Bargushat Mountain Range, located in the hillside of the Zangezur Mountain Range, extends for 42 km amid the Vorotan and Voghji River Basins. The peaks reach over 3000 m, particularly Aramazd - 3392 m, Geghaqar – 3343 m, and Tarkatar - 3277 m. The slopes of the Bargushat Mountain Range are gradient and short; they are fragmented by the Vorotan and Geghi River Valleys. The mountain Range descends south-east (near Kapan).

The topography of the Southern BMA is characterized by great slopes and fragmentation. Some parts of the Vorotan, Voghji and Meghriget River Valleys reach a depth of 700-800 m. Small karst landforms can be observed in the Vorotan Canyon near Tatev settlement, such as travertine made “Satanayi Kamurj” (Satan’s Bridge) in Cretaceous limestones. About 20% of the Southern BMA is covered with slopes of 0-150 that are primarily located in volcanic plateaus and intermountain concavities. The Vorotan Canyon, the hilltops of the Zangezur Mountain Range and central part of the Meghri Mountain Range have exceptionally steep slopes (350 and more). Slopes of 16-30° constitute about 60% of the Southern BMA.

Meghri Mountain Range, an eastern part of the Zangezur Mountain Range, extends for 59 km between the Voghji and Meghriget River Basins. The slopes are fragmented by the Meghriget and Voghji Rivers and their tributaries. The Armenia-Ira interstate highway passes along the Meghri Mountain Pass of the Meghri Mountain Range. Baghasar is the highest peak of the mountain range (3266 m).

The Khustup-Katar Massif extends for 38 km between the Voghji and Tsav River Basins. Its hilltops are peaked, and fragmented by the valleys of tributaries of the Tsav and Voghji Rivers.

Geology: The Southern BMA is distinguished by diversity of geology. Tectonic movements, which have been experienced since the Precambrian period, have led to geological developments.

The Syunik Volcanic Plateau mainly consists of late Pliocene-Eopleistocene volcanogenic formations. The highly cracked rocks allow for infiltration of precipitation and generation of a significant amount of ground water and confined groundwater, which then discharge as springs (Zor-zor, Zuigaghbyur, Katnaghbyur, Yotnaghbyur, Mukhuturyan, Shaqi, etc.).

The Zangezur Mountain Range has a diverse geological structure. It is formed by Neogene (andesite -basalt, andesite, dacite, rhyolite, obsidian, perlite, pumice sand, tuff-sandstone, and tuff-breccia), Paleogene (volcanogenic-sedimentary rocks, clay, sandstone, marlstone, conglomerate, limestone, brown coal, tuff, and tuff-breccia), and Cretaceous rocks (basalt, andesite-basalt, tuff-sandstone, limestone, clay slate and dolomite).

The Bargushat Mountain Range is formed by Paleozoic, Cretaceous and Paleogene volcanogenic-sedimentary and sedimentary rocks, which are fractured by granitoid intrusive formations.

The fold structures of the mountain Range are disjointedly fragmented.

The Meghri Mountain Range is formed by granitoid intrusions, except the eastern edge where altered Paleozoic rocks extend.

There are many tectonic faults in the Southern BMA. The fault lines pass through the Vorotan River Valley, the section from Gorhayk to Ltsen, as well as Voghji, Meghriget and Nrnadzor River Valleys. A number of spring discharges are related to these faults.

Quaternary alluvial-prolluvial (boulder, gravel, detritus, and sand) and fluvial-lacustrine sediments, and sandy clay formations are common in the zone of the riverbeds in the Southern BMA.

The evolution of complex geotectonic of the Southern BMA has contributed to formation of its current topography, river network, land and vegetative covers.

Hydrogeology: Groundwater resources occur in the weathering crust of various geological rocks and deep cracks, as well as in the pores of alluvial-prolluvial formations along the riverbeds in the Southern BMA (Figure 1.3).

Hydrogeological complexes of volcanogenic-sedimentary, intrusive and sedimentary rocks, as well as fluvial-lacustrine aquifers of intermountain concavities widely occur in the Vorotan River Basin.

Slightly water-bearing volcanogenic, volcanogenic-sedimentary and intrusive rocks, water-bearing sedimentary rock complexes, and alluvial-prolluvial aquifers at narrow river valleys widely occur in the Voghji River Basin.

In the Meghriget River Basin, groundwater resources occur in the weathering crust of rock matrix, and alluvial-prolluvial sediments along riverbeds. They can also be found in tectonic fault zones, where they relate to both fresh and mineral water.

Main 4 groundwater bearing units of the Southern BMA are presented in Table 1.1 below.

Figure 1.3: Hydrogeological map of the Southern BMA

Source: Schematic map of hydrogeology of the Republic of Armenia; edit. S Mkrtchyan, 1974 (Coordinate system WGS, UTM Zone 38N)

Table 1.1: Hydrogeological characteristics of the Southern BMA Hydrogeological complex Lithological composition of water-bearing rocks Location Relating water sources

1. Water-bearing volcanogenic rock complex

Fractured andesite-basalt, andesite, basalt

On the left bank of the upper and middle reaches of the Vorotan River Basin.

Locally distributed in the Meghriget River Basin - in the vicinity of Tashtun, Lichk, Vank and Kaler settlements.

Large springs upstream and midstream the Vorotan River, including Gorhayk - 170 l/sec, Sarnakunk – 40.5 l/sec, Spandaryan - 200 l/sec, Angeghakot – 40.5 l/sec, Shaqi – 1160 l/sec, and Vaghatin 243 l/sec.

Springs are characterized by a flow rate of 3-5 l/sec, and occasionally 8 l/sec in the Meghriget River Basin.

2. Low capacity water-bearing volcanogenic, volcanogenic-sedimentary and intrusive rock complex

Porphyrite, tuff-sandstone, tuff-conglomerate, tuff- diorite, granodiorite, monocyte and their other varieties

On the right bank of the middle and lower reaches of the Vorotan River Basin.

Locally distributed in the Voghji and Meghriget River Basins – in the dominant part of the Voghji catchment, as well as in the vicinity of Meghri, Vardanidzor and Agarak settlements.

Springs are characterized by a highly fluctuating flow rate – up to 1 l/sec, and water temperature is in the range of 8-120C.

There are around 251 springs in the Vorotan River Basin, 531 in the Voghji, and about 40 in the Meghriget.

3. Water-bearing sedimentary rock complex

Limestone, limestone sandstone, and marlstone

In the surroundings of Shinuhayr-Tatev settlements in the Vorotan River Basin;

at altitudes of 2500 m and higher in the Voghji River Basin;

Limited distribution in the Meghriget River Basin - the southwestern slopes of the Meghri Mountain Range.

Springs are characterized by a temporary or highly fluctuating flow rate. It is up to 1.0 l/sec in summer and 3-5 l/sec in the period of spring floods.

There are 60 such springs in the Vorotan River Basin, and 43 in the Voghji.

4. Alluvial-prolluvial and fluvial-lacustrine sediment aquifers at river valleys and intermountain concavities

Boulder, gravel, sand, clay sand, sandy clay

In the middle and lower reaches of the Vorotan River and intermountain concavities;

In the areas adjacent to Vardanidzor, Alvank, Shvanidzor and Nrnadzor villages;

In the lower reaches of the Voghji River, as well as in the areas adjacent to Geghi, Geghanush villages and Kapan town in the Voghji River Basin.

Groundwater recharge from surface flows and drainage water from rock matrix and aquifers lying under riverbeds – Sisian, Tolors, Vorotan, etc.

Springs are characterized by a flow rate of 1.5-5 l/sec and higher.

Source: Hydrogeological Monitoring Center SNCO under the RA MNP, 2013

1.1.3. Climate

The Southern BMA is distinguished by diverse climate, which is mainly due to the highly fragmented topography and variation in altitudes. The area is influenced from east to west movement of air masses and has characteristics of continental climate. When intrusion of humid air masses occurs, they highly transform and dry in the process of overcoming the Zangezur Mountain Range.

There are 7 climatic zones in the Southern BMA (Figure 1.4).

Figure 1.4: Climatic zones of the Southern BMA

Source: National Atlas of Armenia, Volume A, 2007 (Coordinate system WGS, UTM Zone 38N)

The description of climatic conditions in the Southern BMA is given based on the data provided by the Armenian State Hydrometeorological and Monitoring Service SNCO under the RA Ministry of Territorial Administration and Emergency Situations (MTAES).

Meteorological observations were made at 38 meteorological stations and observations posts in the Southern BMA. There were 6 operational observation posts as of January 2014.

Thermal conditions normally decrease in the Southern BMA as altitude increases. Multiyear annual average air temperature is in the range of 14.2-2.7°C (Table 1.2). The absolute minimum air temperature is observed to be -34.4°C (Vorotan Pass), and absolute maximum temperature - +43.4°C (Meghri).

Temperature inversion is observed in Sisian and Goris that are located in intermountain concavities.

Table 1.2: Annual and monthly average air temperatures in the Southern BMA, 1961-2011, օC

Meteorological station

Absolute altitude (m)

Month

Ye ar

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

Goris 1398 -0.5 0.1 3.2 8.5 12.6 16.3 19.1 18.5 14.7 9.9 5.5 1.9 9.1 Sisian 1615 -4.3 -3.1 1.4 7.0 11.4 15.3 18.2 17.8 14.1 8.6 2.9 -1.7 7.3 Vorotan Pass 2387 -8.7 -7.8 -4.3 1.3 6.4 10.5 13.3 13.4 10.7 5.3 -0.9 -6.0 2.8 Kajaran 1980 -3.4 -3.0 0.5 5.7 10.2 14.2 17.1 16.6 13.3 8.2 3.2 -1.0 6.8 Kapan 704 0.8 2.4 6.3 12.3 16.1 20.4 23.7 23.1 19.0 13.0 7.5 2.9 12.3 Meghri 627 1.7 3.8 8.7 14.3 18.9 23.4 26.6 26.0 21.6 15.4 9.5 4.7 14.5

Source: Armenian State Hydrometeorological and Monitoring Service SNCO, RA MTAES

The annual distribution of precipitation is highly uneven in the Southern BMA. The amounts of precipitation by altitude are in the range of 250-900 mm (Table 1.3). Most precipitation occurs in the period of March-June.

Table 1.3: Intra-annual distribution of atmospheric precipitation in the Southern BMA, 1961-2011, mm

Meteorological station Absolute altitude

(m)

Month

Goris 1398 31 42 71 91 111 91 49 46 62 68 47 30 740 Sisian 1615 16 24 36 55 69 50 26 16 22 34 25 17 391 Vorotan Pass 2387 46 50 62 88 93 68 47 31 28 58 46 47 675 Kajaran 1980 44 51 74 84 85 49 23 21 31 52 49 41 605 Kapan 704 25 31 59 75 94 66 31 28 41 49 40 25 565 Meghri 627 14 17 32 45 49 28 11 8 14 25 23 14 281

Rainfall generally increases by altitude in the basin. Reduction of rainfall is observed only in the section from the Vorotan River Valley to Sisian.

The average annual relative humidity is 50-60% in the Southern BMA, and less than 30% at low altitudes (up to 1000 m). Frost-free days vary by altitude – annually from 260 (at the altitude of 600 m) to 50 days (higher than 3000 m). The annual average relative humidity is 60-80% (over 2600 m), and at lower altitudes

- up to 30% (up to 1000 m).

Most clear days are observed in the Sisian region of the Southern BMA, resulting in a high radiation balance

- 60-62 kcal/cm2. The longest multiyear annual average sunshine period is also observed in Sisian - 2660 hours.

Permanent snow cover starts at altitudes of 1200 m.a.s.l. and it lasts for 35-165 days. The snow depth is 15-180 cm. It lasts 1-1.5 months at altitudes of up to 1500 m, and 6.5-7 months at altitudes of 3000 m and higher. The depth of snow cover is 15-20 cm at altitudes of 1300-1500 m and 120-180 cm at altitudes of 3000 m and higher (from place to place a 300 cm thick snow cover is formed, due to winds occurring in concavities).

The wind regime, including direction and velocity, mainly depends upon topography; mountain-valley breezes are observed on clear days. The annual average wind velocity reaches 1.3-4.2 m/sec, and the maximum velocity is 23 m/sec in the Southern BMA. Strong winds are observed in all mountain passes, particularly in Sisian Mountain Pass where the annual average velocity reaches 7.7 m/sec, the highest value for Armenia.

Evaporation drops to 482-220 mm as altitude increases in the Southern BMA (Table 1.4). The highest value of evaporation, 500-480 mm. is observed at altitudes up to 800 m (486 mm is observed in Meghri meteorological station) (Table 1.5).

Table 1.4: Cumulative evaporation in the Southern BMA, according to altitude zones

Altitude zones, m Cumulative evaporation, mm Up to 1000 482 1000-1500 438 1500-2000 382 2000-2500 328 2500-3000 270

3000 and higher 220 Source: Armenian State Hydrometeorological and Monitoring Service SNCO, RA MTAES

Table 1.5: Estimated data on cumulative evaporation in the Southern BMA, 1961-2011, mm

Meteorological station Absolute altitude (m)

Month

Goris 1398 16 23 32 37 46 54 51 53 49 44 32 17 454 Sisian 1615 11 16 24 29 45 51 48 46 40 34 25 13 382 Vorotan Pass 2387 6 7 13 22 36 45 38 36 30 27 15 6 281 Kajaran 1980 9 11 18 27 42 48 51 55 36 24 18 11 350 Kapan 704 14 16 32 44 55 59 61 65 52 45 33 18 494 Meghri 627 17 21 34 48 53 60 62 59 44 38 27 23 486

Source: Armenian State Hydrometeorological and Monitoring Service” SNCO, RA MTAES

1.1.4. Landscapes (types of ecosystems)

There are 8 vertical landscape zones throughout the Southern BMA: submontane semidesert, low and middle mountain beyond forest, low and middle mountain forest, middle mountain steppe, middle mountain meadow steppe, high mountain subalpine, high mountain alpine and high mountain sub-nival (Figure 1.5).

The submontane semidesert zone covers the lower reaches of the Karchevan, Meghriget, Astghadzor, Shvanidzor and Nrnadzor Rivers. Arid subtropical climate is typical for this zone, with a small amount of precipitation (250-300 mm), very dry air, and intensive evaporation. The aridity index is 5. Winters are mild, with little snow. Atmospheric precipitation occurs as rainfall. The number of frost-free days is 250. The average air temperature is 25°C in July and 0.9°C in January. This zone is poor in river waters and springs.

Due to the highly rugged topography and physical weathering, brown skeletal rocky soils predominate here.

Soils are shallow and do not contain organic substances.

Having been affected by Iranian desert landscape, this zone is poor in vegetation. There are phryganoid plants, such as phrygana, tragacanth and tomillares. The submontane semidesert zone is rich in reptile species, including Macrovipera lebetina, Armenian Viper (Montivipera raddei), Schneider's skink (Eumeces schneideri), cat snake (Telescopus fallax), Transcaucasian rat snake (Elaphe hohenackeri), dice snake (Natrix tessellata), and grass snake (Natrix natrix). Badger is the typical mammal in this zone. Other mammals include jackal (Canis aureus), fox (Vulpes) and striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena).

The low and middle mountain after forest zone extends at altitudes of up to 1000 m. The quantity of precipitation is 300-400 mm, and evaporation amounts to 400-450 mm, thus creating an irrigation demand here. This zone is poor in springs and ground waters. Skeletal brown and chestnut soils prevail here. The vegetation predominantly consists of thin xerophilous bushes (Christ’s thorn (Paliurus spina-christi) and sibljak). Forest parks are common on the northward slopes (Arax oak (Q. araxina)). The grass cover mainly consists of cereals. Nettle tree (Celtis) predominates among tree species and Christ’s thorn (Paliurus spina-christi) among bushes.

Figure 1.5: Landscape zones in the Southern BMA

Source: National Atlas of Armenia”, Volume A, 2007 (Coordinate system WGS, UTM Zone 38N)

The common bird species include Persian robin, Eastern rock-nuthatch (Sitta tephronota), and Syrian woodpecker (Dendrocopos syriacus). This zone is inhabited by mammals, such as wild boar (Sus scrofa), predators, such as golden jackal and bear commonly observed in river valleys, and wild goat (Capra aegagrus), mouflon (Ovis aries orientalis) and striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) in rocky areas.

The most common reptiles include blunt-nosed viper (Macrovipera lebetina), dice snake (Natrix tessellata), and grass snake (Natrix natrix), European legless lizard (Pseudopus apodus), and Armenian mountain steppe viper. Twin-striped skink (Ablepharus bivittatus), cat snake, and Transcaucasian rat snake (Elaphe hohenackeri) can be observed in the lower section of the Tsav River Basin. The common rodents include long-tailed white-toothed shrew (Crocidurinae), small horseshoe bat (Rhinolophidae), and Persian jird (Meriones persicus). There are 5 reptile species listed in the RA Red Book, namely Armenian tortoise (Testudo graeca armeniaca), Schneider's skink (Eumeces schneideri), cat snake, Transcaucasian rat snake (Elaphe hohenackeri), and Vipera raddei (Armenian vipera).

The low and middle mountain forest zone embraces river valleys and the areas among tributaries in the Southern BMA, lying at altitudes of up to 2400 m. Moderately cold and semi-humid climatic conditions are typical of this zone. Annual precipitation is 500-750 mm. Average annual relative air humidity is 70-80%, and the number of frost-free days - 160-280. The average air temperature is in the range of (-2)-(-4)° in January, and 16-18° in July.

Relict maple and hornbeam forests are preserved in the Shurnukh River Basin. Hornbeam and oak forests are common on the northern slopes, at altitudes of 1200-1300 m, and Georgian oak on the southern slopes. Forests mainly consist of hornbeam and oak (Georgian and Oriental) species; ash, maple, walnut, and wild pear can also be observed. Hawthorns (Crataegus), medlars (Mespilus germanica), plum trees and apple trees are observed in the oak woods extending on drier slopes. The southern slopes of the mountain forest zone are mainly covered with thin xerophilous forests and shibliak bushes.

Thick forests are common on the northern slopes of the Tsav River Basin, at altitudes of 1800-2000 m.

Virgin oak wood is preserved in the area of Mtnadzor. The upper forest area is thin (at the altitude of up to 2400 m), comprising of Caucasian oaks (Quercus macranthera), and the lower one is thick with dense foliage.

The soil cover is thin; carbonate and lime-free brown soils, with humus composition of 3.6%, are prevalent here. The flora mainly consists of bushes (briar) and tree-bushes (oriental hornbeam, Christ's thorn, almond tree, cherry tree, mountain ash, hornbeam). Forests contain many boscages though oak and hornbeam are the prevalent tree species. The zone is also covered with tragacanth plants and cereals.

The forest zone is rich in fauna. The mammals include buck, boar, bear, wildcat (Felis silvestris), Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica), wolf, fox, gray rabbit, long-eared hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus), and occasionally wild goat (Capra aegagrus) and leopard. The common bird species include Caspian snowcock (Tetraogallus caspius), blue-cheeked bee-eater (Merops persicus), black woodpecker (Dryocopus martius), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus), partridge, whitethroat, Caucasian grouse (Tetrao mlokosiewiczi), tit, bustard, blue rock thrush (Monticola solitarius) and redstart. Forest owlet (Athene blewitti), eagle-owl, buzzard, black grouse (Tetrao tetrix) and hawk are also widespread.

There are few reptile species in the forest zone; only the legless snake lizard can be observed and the tree-frog from amphibians.

There are many insects in the forest, such as green dragonflies, several species of beetles, and shrews. The rodents include Major's pine vole (Microtus majori), Persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus) and dormouse.

Weasels, martens, badgers, wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) and moles are also observed in this zone.

The middle mountain steppe zone embraces altitudes of 1000-2300 m. The zone is characterized by temperate semiarid climate. The annual number of frost-free days varies by altitude, ranging from 120 to 160 days. Average annual precipitation is 500-650 mm, and average annual relative air humidity - 50-60%.

Mountain steppes are covered with brown and gray-shade mountain soils, which are cloddy, with 2-3.5% humus content. The vegetation is xerophilous, consisting of couch-grass, mat grass and fescue grass.

Relatively high-power black earth, with 6.5% humus content, appears on the northward slopes of the mountain steppe zone. Cereal herbs and feather grass (mat grass) are most common here. Alluvial, marshy and marshy-meadow soils (with a high content of organic substances) are common in concavities. These soils are covered with dense meadow vegetation.

The mountain steppe is the main agricultural zone in the Southern BMA.

The middle mountain meadow steppe zone covers altitudes of up to 2300 m. Average annual precipitation is 550-750 mm, and average annual relative air humidity - 60-70%. Mountain meadow steppes are covered with dark brown and black-gray mountain soils, with 2-3% humus content. From place to place black earth appears on the northward slopes, with 5-6% humus content. Cereals consisting of motley grass (forbs) and feather grass predominate here. Couch-grass vegetation is most common in the mountain meadow steppe zone. Meadow steppe soils are characteristic of this zone, with chestnut and black earth-like subtypes.

Alluvial sedimentary and marshy-meadow soils, with prairie vegetation, randomly occur in the ravines along the middle and upper reaches of the rivers.

Mountain meadow steppes are rich in birds, rodents and reptiles. The bird species include hen-harrier, partridge, wild duck, etc. The rodents include blind mountain mouse and Turkish hamster (Mesocricetus brandti). Hares and wild boars are also widespread in this zone.

The high mountain subalpine zone lies at altitudes of 2300-2500 m. The temperate cold climate is typical of this zone. It is a transition from steppe to alpine zones and occupies small areas.

Wet and black earth-type subalpine mountain-meadow soils commonly occur in the upper parts of this zone. The vegetation predominantly consists of Bromus and fescue species. The lower part of the zone is covered with meadow steppe soils, with chestnut and black earth subtypes.

The high mountain alpine zone extends at altitudes of 2300-3300 m. Cold humid mountainous climate is typical of this zone. The amount of precipitation is larger than evaporation, 700-800 mm (in some places - 900 mm) and 250-300 mm, respectively. Excess moisture generates surface flow, which in its turn causes spatial and linear erosion. The average air temperature is -10°C in January and 10-12°C in July. The length of the frost-free period in a year is 50-80 days. Frosty weathering processes prevail in this zone, causing formation of stone deposits.

The zone is widely covered with black earth-type, and sometimes turf and humus rich mountain steppe soils. Alpine meadows are typical here, with a vegetation cover consisting of cereals, forbs and carices.

Fescue species can also be observed on steep slopes.

Small rodents, particularly field mice inhabit the high-mountain subalpine and alpine zones. Bezoar goats and wild sheep can also be observed in the uplands of the Zangezur Mountain Range. There are also many bird species here, such as Caspian snowcock, whitethroat, etc.

The high-mountain sub-nival zone extends over the hilltops of mountain ranges – at altitudes of over 3200-3500 m. Despite of the intensity of solar radiation and long-lasting sunshine, the solar radiation balance is mostly negative during the year. The climate is severe and cold, with winters lasting 6 months and longer. Annual rainfall is over 800-900 mm. These provide favorable conditions for accumulation of moisture (in form of snow, firn, or ice). Average snow cover is 2 m deep, and annual average days with snow cover amount to 270. Snow cover is preserved all year long in form of snow, firn or ice in specific landforms of periapical and apical areas. Short and cold summers do not provide adequate thermal conditions for the growth of a vegetative cover. Land cover does not form here as only the initial stage of soil formation occurs.

Frosty weathering processes highly occur here, and stone deposits are widespread. As a result, soil cover is thin; only the initial stage of soil formation occurs.

Chionophilous and chomophyte (adapted to rock cracks and stones) vegetation is typical of this zone. The common plant species include Senecio, Pyrethrum, etc.

Agricultural lands do not occupy a large area in this zone; only the lower parts of the zone are used as pastures in summer.

1.1.5. Specially Protected Natural Areas

There were 1 reserve, 1 national park and 6 sanctuaries in the Southern BMA as of January 2014 (Figure 1.6). These areas constitute about 14.3% of the total area of the Southern BMA.

Figure 1.6: Specially protected areas of the Southern BMA

Source: Syunik marz Administration, 2013 (Coordinate system WGS, UTM Zone 38N)

State Reserves

Shikahogh State Reserve was established as a sanctuary based on the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) Board of Ministers’ Decree No. P-341, dated 13 September 1958, and obtained the status of a reserve based on ASSR Board of Ministers’ Decree No. 728, dated 27 October 1975. The reserve occupies 12137 hectares of area and covers the Tsav and Shikahogh River Basins, northern slopes of the Meghri Mountain Range, at altitudes of 700-2400 m. The main subjects of protection include the broadleaf forests (oak and hornbeam), unique plant communities (yew, oriental plane, and oriental beech), their flora and fauna (porcupine, leopard, mouflon, and wild goat).

National Parks

Arevik National Park was established based on the RA Government Decree N 1209-N, dated 15 October 2009. It embraces the upper and middle reaches of the Meghriget, Nrnadzor and Shvanidzor Rivers, the areas of Lichk (11914 ha) and Shvanidzor (14512 ha) state forests at Meghri forestry, including the area of Boghakar (2728 ha) Sanctuary (26426 ha in total), and state-owned watershed areas of the Shvanidzor and Nyuvadi River Valleys (7975.8 ha) located beyond the administrative boundaries of the communities in Syunik Marz (34401.8 ha in total).

State Sanctuaries

Sev Lich (Lake Sev) State Sanctuary was established according to the RA Government Decree N-975, dated 12 October 2001. It is located at the foothill (around the crater) of Mets Ishkhanasar Mountain, at the altitude of 2658 m, and occupies 185 hectares of area. The purpose of creation of this sanctuary was to preserve the unique mountainous volcanic basin and its adjacent natural areas, with 102 species of vascular plants, and alpine flora and fauna.

Goris State Sanctuary was founded in 1972 and encompasses 1850 hectares of land. It is located in the basin of the Vararakn River, tributary of the Vorotan River, at altitudes of 1400-2800 m above sea level. It conserves forest landscapes and their typical fauna.

Zangezur Sanctuary was founded based on the RA Government Decree No. 1187-N, dated 15 October 2009, and operates under the Shikahogh State Reserve SNCO of the RA MNP. The sanctuary covers

17368.77 hectares of area. It extends over the southern slopes of the Bargushat Mountain Range and eastern slopes of the Zangezur Mountain Range, at altitudes of 2600-3904 m.a.s.l. The aim of this sanctuary is to ensure normal development, conservation, protection, restoration, and reproduction of the landscape and biological diversity of subalpine meadow and meadow-steppe natural ecosystems, unique natural monuments, and natural resources, as well as sustainable use of natural and recreational resources.

Sosu Purak/ Plane Grove Sanctuary was founded based on ASSR Board of Ministers’ Decree No. 341, dated 13 September 1958, and operates under the Shikahogh State Reserve SNCO of the RA MNP. The sanctuary is located in the Tsav River Basin, at altitudes of 700-750 m, and occupies 60 hectares of area.

Khustup Sanctuary occupies 6946.74 hectares of area and includes the high mountainous section of the Khustup Massif - the southwestern extension of the Meghri Mountain Range.

Boghakar Sanctuary was founded based on ASSR Board of Ministers’ Decree No. 533, dated 27 October 1989. It is located in the Arevik National Park and occupies 2728 hectares of area.

Based on the RA Government Decree No. 1465-N, dated 19 December 2013, the Arevik National Park, Shikahogh State Reserve, Sosu Purak, Zangezur, Boghakar and Sev Lich State Sanctuaries, as well as Khustup state reserve which is in the process of establishment (the southwestern part of the Meghri Mountain Range and the upper forest zone on the slopes of the Khustup Massif, with total area of 6946.74 hectares), were reunited, thereby laying the foundation of the Zangezur Biosphere Complex SNCO of the RA MNP.

Natural Monuments

There are over 100 natural monuments in the Southern BMA, of which “Shaqi jrvezh” (Shaqi waterfall) and “Satanayi kamurj” (Satan’s bridge) are of particular significance.

“Shaqi jrvezh” (Shaqi waterfall) (18 m high) is situated in the Vorotan Canyon, 3 km northwest of Sisian, on Shake left-wing tributary of the Vorotan River. Shake is the highest and most beautiful waterfall in Armenia.

It constantly attracts visitors and remains in the center of tourists’ attention.

“Satanayi kamurj” (Satan’s bridge) is located on the Vorotan River, within Tatev-Halidzor settlements. It is considered a natural wonder in Armenia. The bridge has a width of about 150 m and a length of 200 m. It has a flat surface made up of limestone and travertine. Hot mineral springs bubble out of its various holes.

The two slopes of the gorge are also comprised of travertine and descend to the edge of the bridge from both sides of yellowish and reddish scars, with barriers of 250-300 m altitude. These two scars are so close to each other that they form a 180-200 m wide narrow passage. The bridge is approximately 100 m above the river level. Travertine poles and large stalactites hang over the river. They are yellow but tend to turn green at the bottom. These stalactites form when calcium and other salts dissolve in the mineral water flowing into the surrounding scars and land of the bridge.

There are mineral springs in the surroundings of Satan’s Bridge that generate 500-600 liters of water daily.

The water temperature is 25С°.

There are many other geological, hydrogeological, hydrographic, natural, historic, and biological monuments in the Southern BMA.

1.1.6. Water related Natural Disasters

The description of water related disasters in the Southern BMA was given based on data provided by the Armenian State Hydrometeorological and Monitoring Service SNCO under the RA MTAES

Landslides: Landslides are mainly common in the upper and middle reaches of the Gorisget, Sisian, Ayriget, Shaghat, Voghji, Geghi, Norashenik and Artsvanik Rivers, as well as in the areas of Karahunj, Balak, Shaghat, Kapan, Norashenik, Khalaj, Lichk, Tashtun, Vardanidzor, Vahravar, Tkhkut and Meghri communities. The presence of ground water is the primary cause of landslides.

The southern part of the Kapan town is a relatively active landslide zone. It intensified in 1994 and 1996, causing great damages and deaths. The landslide next to Angeghakot village in the Vorotan River Basin is considered to be active and threatens to obstruct certain parts of the Vorotan riverbed.

Mudflows: Mudflows are more active among the natural disasters in the Southern BMA. According to the data from the Armenian State Hydrometeorological and Monitoring Service SNCO under the RA MTAES, the tributaries in middle and lower reaches of the Vorotan River (left-bank tributary Gorisget, right-bank tributaries Sisian, Ashotavan, Loradzor and Tatev), middle and lower reaches of the Voghji and Meghriget Rivers, as well as left-bank tributaries Kavart, Barabatum, Norashenik, and Artsvanik and right-bank tributaries Geghanush and Vachagan of the Voghji River are prone to mudflows. Mudflows are mainly of pebble and pebble macadam composition.

The frequency of mudflows is every 3-5 years for the Shaghat, Sisian, Ayriget, Voghji and Norashenik Rivers that are prone to mudflows, as well as small tributaries of the Araks River in the Meghriget River Basin. The frequency of mudflows is every 1-3 years in the Gorisget and tributaries flowing into the Hagari in the northeastern part of Goris region, Kavart and Norashenik tributaries of the Voghji River, Meghriget and Karchevan Rivers, and every 5-10 years in the rest of the mudflow-prone rivers.

Figure 1.7 illustrates the areas prone to landslides and mudflows.

Figure 1.7: Areas prone to landslides and mudflows in the Southern BMA

Source: Armenian State Hydrometeorological and Monitoring Service SNCO under the RA MTAES, 2012 (Coordinate system WGS, UTM Zone 38N)

Table 1.6 provides information on extensive mudflows recorded in the Southern BMA.

Table 1.6: Extensive mudflows recorded in the Southern BMA River Location Date of occurrence Driver Water discharge, m3/sec

Gorisget Goris town, Karahunj village 04.08.1957 rain 38.4 Urut River mouth 11.07.1965 rain 18.5 Vorotan Vorotan village 14.05.1967 rain, snowmelt 228 Sisian Arevis village 13.05.1967 rain, snowmelt 27.3 Ayriget Torunik village 13.05.1967 rain, snowmelt 16.5 Gorisget Goris town 18.06.1967 rain 46.8 Sisian 28 km downstream the Arevis village 18.04.1968 rain, snowmelt 49.7 Ayriget Torunik village 18.04.1968 rain, snowmelt 18.9 Gorisget Near Goris HPP 29.05.1972 rain, snowmelt 19.5 Khoznavar 1 km downstream the Khoznavar village 12.06.1972 rain 16.3 Gorisget 300 m upstream the bridge in Goris town 23.07.1987 rain 22.8 Gorisget Goris town 25.05.1997 rain, snowmelt 32.7 Sisian Ashotavan, Hatsavan, Tasik villages 28.04.1997 rain, snowmelt 60 Gorisget Vernishen, Akner, Karahunj villages and

Goris town

22.06.1997 rain 25.6

Gorisget Goris town 07.06.2013 rain 26.8 Voghji Kapan town 28.08.1972 rain, snowmelt 270 Kavart Kapan town 29.05.1972 rain 73.0 Vachagan Kapan town 20.07.1960 rain 47.9 Norashenik Achanan and Syunik village 21.07.1960 rain 65.8 Meghriget Meghri town 12.06.1956 rain, snowmelt 87.5 Meghriegt Meghri town 18.08.1972 rain 44.7 Meghriget Meghri town 01.05-1969 rain, snowmelt 75.7 Astazurget Shvanidzor 14.05.1967 rain 20.2

Source: Armenian State Hydrometeorological and Monitoring Service SNCO under the RA MTAES

Erosion: Erosions are mainly anthropogenic in the Southern BMA. Anthropogenic erosions due to operation of mines are observed in the surroundings of Kajaran town, Ajabaj village in the Geghi River Basin, Achanan village in the Kavart and Norashenik River Basins, as well as Kuris, Agarak, Vardanidzor and Tkhkut settlements in the Karchevan River Basin. During the recent years, primarily slopes have been exposed to erosion in the above mentioned areas.

Erosions caused by livestock breeding, irregular opening of earth roads, and use of fallow agricultural lands are observed in the section from Sisian town to Tolors reservoir in Sisian region, as well as in Sisian, Ayriget, Gorisget, Loradzor and Shaghat river basins. The slopes lying in the south and east of Dastakert settlement, and the ones surrounding Shenatagh village are exposed to erosion due to the density of earth roads. Slope erosion has recently intensified due to operation of the sand mine in the surrounding of Sisian airport.

Erosions are observed on the slopes close to almost all settlements, due to the density of earth roads used for livestock.

Bank erosion is observed in the middle reaches of rivers and riverbeds in the Southern BMA.

Snow slides: Snow slides are observed upstream the Meghriget, Voghji and Geghi rivers in the Southern BMA, at altitudes of 1400-3400 m. Over 80 snow slides occurred in these areas during 1974-2013, at an average volume of 80-100 m3. The most damaging snow slide was observed in the Vorotan River Basin in 1988, at a volume of 96 thousand m3.

1.1.7. Social and Economic Setting

Data presented in this section are based on the materials received from the National Statistical Service and the Syunik region (marz) Administration.

Demographics: there were 141000 people residing in the Southern BMA as of January, 2014, (de-jure population), including 49.2% male and 50.8% female.

There are 109 communities in the Southern BMA, 7 of which are urban and 102 rural. The urban population makes up the majority of the population, 67.2%. The nationality of the population is almost uniform in composition, foreigners make up about 0.26% of the entire population.

Although there has been a positive natural growth in population of the Southern BMA in 2013, the permanent population decreased due to migration (Table 1.7).

Table 1.7: Southern BMA population, 2010-2013, person

Population 2010 2011 2012 2013

Permanent population 141771 141747 141645 141001 Urban 95170 95196 95215 94732 Rural 46601 46551 46430 46269 Natural growth 239 236 234 212

Source: RA National Statistical Service, 2014

The age distribution and life expectancy:…