Attach__No__1B_-_DoDEnviro_FieldSamplingHandbook.pdf

DoD Environmental Field Sampling Handbook

Revision 1.0

April 2013 http://www.navy.mil/view_ggsingle.asp?id=208

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DoD Environmental Field Sampling Handbook Revision 1

Preface i

Preface

This handbook provides basic guidance for working-level environmental field sampling personnel to ensure the integrity of monitoring activities tied to regulatory reporting requirements. The handbook was developed as a tool for Department of Defense (DoD) personnel. In cases where a contractor provides environmental sampling and field testing services, the contractor is responsible for ensuring self-compliance with all environmental and occupational safety and health laws and regulations. In certain instances, special requirements may dictate a more rigorous detail, depending on federal, state, and local regulations. Local field sampling procedures should be compatible with the contents of this handbook. However, there is no intent for guidance herein to replace standard operating procedures, which may exist at the local level.

Issues regarding the contents of this handbook should be brought to the attention of the DoD Environ-mental Data Quality Workgroup, Field Sampling and Testing Subgroup.

The DoD Environmental Data Quality Workgroup (EDQW) developed this handbook to provide guid-ance for environmental field sampling personnel and laboratories performing services for the DoD. It is based on the Navy Environmental Compliance Sampling and Field Testing Procedures Manual (August 2009), and is expanded to incorporate DoD-wide field sampling and testing guidance. Nothing in this document relieves any field or laboratory personnel from complying with more stringent contract speci-fications, host-nation final governing standards, or federal, state, and local regulations. This handbook can and should be supplemented by project-specific requirements. The DoD EDQW strongly encou-rages project teams to involve laboratories, project chemists, and field personnel during project-planning activities. The involvement of the laboratories, field personnel, and project chemists is critical to the development of project-specific measurement performance criteria (MPC) and to the selection of methods capable of satisfying the MPC.

Table of Contents ii

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Table of Contents iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface ....................................................................................................................................................................... i

Chapter 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1-1

1.1. Purpose ................................................................................................................................................. 1-1

1.2. Scope .................................................................................................................................................... 1-1

1.3. Background .......................................................................................................................................... 1-1

1.4. Requirements for Laboratory Testing .................................................................................................. 1-1

1.4.1. Compliance Testing ......................................................................................................................... 1-2

1.4.2. Restoration Testing .......................................................................................................................... 1-2

1.5. Handbook Overview ............................................................................................................................ 1-2

Chapter 2. Sampling and Field Testing Program Overview ................................................................................ 2-1

2.1. Purpose ................................................................................................................................................. 2-1

2.2. Need for Proper Planning ..................................................................................................................... 2-1

2.3. Systematic Planning and the Conceptual Site Model (CSM) ............................................................. 2-1

2.4. Aerial Photo and Map Analysis ........................................................................................................... 2-2

2.5. Fate and Transport ................................................................................................................................ 2-3

2.6. Geophysical Exploration ...................................................................................................................... 2-3

2.7. Data Quality Objectives (DQO) Process ............................................................................................. 2-3

2.7.1. Sampling Strategy ............................................................................................................................ 2-4

2.7.2. Selecting a Sampling Design ........................................................................................................... 2-5

2.7.3. Background Samples ....................................................................................................................... 2-7

2.7.4. Collecting Effective Data ................................................................................................................ 2-9

2.8. Selecting the Project Team .................................................................................................................. 2-9

2.9. Developing a SAP .............................................................................................................................. 2-10

2.10. Health and Safety Plan ....................................................................................................................... 2-11

2.10.1. Service-Specific Safety and Occupational (SOH) Health Program ........................................... 2-11

Chapter 3. Common Sampling Procedures .......................................................................................................... 3-1

3.1. Purpose ................................................................................................................................................. 3-1

3.2. Preparations for Field Sampling .......................................................................................................... 3-1

3.2.1. Preparing for a Sampling Event ...................................................................................................... 3-2

3.2.2. Preliminary On-Site Evaluation ...................................................................................................... 3-3

3.2.3. Preliminary Site Safety Evaluation ................................................................................................. 3-3

3.2.4. Explosive Safety Evaluation ............................................................................................................ 3-4

3.2.5. Preliminary Sampling Evaluation ................................................................................................... 3-4

3.3. The Sampling Event ............................................................................................................................. 3-4

3.4. Sampling Procedures ............................................................................................................................ 3-4

3.4.1. Sampling Strategies ......................................................................................................................... 3-5

3.4.2. Sampling Procedure Checklist ........................................................................................................ 3-5

3.5. Sample Documentation and COC Procedures..................................................................................... 3-6

3.5.1. Pre-Assigned Sample Numbers ....................................................................................................... 3-6

3.5.2. Sample Container Labeling ............................................................................................................. 3-7

3.5.3. FLB/FN ............................................................................................................................................ 3-7

3.5.4. Field Notes/Field Sampling Forms ................................................................................................. 3-9

3.5.5. Chain of Custody (COC) ............................................................................................................... 3-10

3.5.6. Request for Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 3-16

3.6. Sample Packaging, Handling, and Transportation ............................................................................ 3-16

3.6.1. Sample Packaging Requirements .................................................................................................. 3-17

3.6.2. Marking and Labeling.................................................................................................................... 3-23

Table of Contents iv

3.6.3. Shipping Papers ............................................................................................................................. 3-23

3.7. QA/QC Protocol ................................................................................................................................. 3-23

3.7.1. Decontamination of Sampling Equipment .................................................................................... 3-24

3.7.2. Sample Container Cleanliness Requirements ............................................................................... 3-24

3.7.3. Sample Container Type and Size Requirements ........................................................................... 3-24

3.7.4. Sample Preservation and Storage Requirements .......................................................................... 3-25

3.7.5. Sample Holding Time Limits ........................................................................................................ 3-25

3.7.6. Laboratory and Field Analytical Procedures ................................................................................ 3-25

3.7.7. QC Samples ................................................................................................................................... 3-25

3.7.8. Field Audits .................................................................................................................................... 3-27

3.8. Generic Sampling Equipment List ..................................................................................................... 3-28

Chapter 4. Soil Sampling ...................................................................................................................................... 4-1

4.1. Purpose ................................................................................................................................................. 4-1

4.2. Scope .................................................................................................................................................... 4-1

4.3. Project Planning ................................................................................................................................... 4-1

4.3.1. Sampling Strategy ............................................................................................................................ 4-1

4.3.2. Site-Specific SAP ............................................................................................................................ 4-3

4.3.3. QA .................................................................................................................................................... 4-4

4.4. Hazards and Safety Precautions ........................................................................................................... 4-5

4.4.1. General Safety .................................................................................................................................. 4-5

4.4.2. Subsurface Hazards ......................................................................................................................... 4-6

4.4.3. Explosive Hazards ........................................................................................................................... 4-7

4.5. Principles of Sample Collection........................................................................................................... 4-7

4.5.1. Preparation of Site Map ................................................................................................................... 4-9

4.5.2. Preliminary Tests and Observations .............................................................................................. 4-10

4.6. Methods of Accessing Soils ............................................................................................................... 4-14

4.6.1. Surface Samples ............................................................................................................................. 4-14

4.6.2. Subsurface Samples ....................................................................................................................... 4-14

4.6.3. Subsurface Geological/Geotechnical Characterization ................................................................ 4-18

4.6.4. Use of Soil Sampling Equipment .................................................................................................. 4-19

4.7. Soil Sampling Procedures .................................................................................................................. 4-23

4.7.1. Preparation ..................................................................................................................................... 4-23

4.7.2. Sample Collection .......................................................................................................................... 4-24

4.7.3. Composite Sampling ...................................................................................................................... 4-26

4.7.4. Sample Handling and Preparation ................................................................................................. 4-27

4.8. Restoration of Sample Locations ....................................................................................................... 4-29

4.8.1. Backfill Sample Holes ................................................................................................................... 4-29

4.8.2. Grouting Boreholes ........................................................................................................................ 4-29

4.8.3. Replace Sod ................................................................................................................................... 4-29

4.8.4. Replace Pavement .......................................................................................................................... 4-29

4.9. Decontamination ................................................................................................................................ 4-29

4.9.1. Decontamination Solutions and Supplies...................................................................................... 4-30

4.9.2. Procedure ....................................................................................................................................... 4-30

4.9.3. Preparation of Equipment Rinsate Blanks .................................................................................... 4-33

4.10. Waste Material Storage and Disposal ............................................................................................... 4-33

4.10.1. Soil Cuttings ................................................................................................................................. 4-33

4.10.2. Used Disposable PPE .................................................................................................................. 4-33

4.11. Sampling Equipment List .................................................................................................................. 4-33

4.12. References .......................................................................................................................................... 4-34

Chapter 5. Aquatic Sediment Sampling ............................................................................................................... 5-1

5.1. Purpose ................................................................................................................................................. 5-1

Table of Contents v

5.2. Scope .................................................................................................................................................... 5-1

5.3. Project Planning for Sediment-Related Sampling ............................................................................... 5-1

5.3.1. Identify Project Goals ...................................................................................................................... 5-1

5.3.2. Determine Data Needs ..................................................................................................................... 5-2

5.3.3. Develop Data Collection Options.................................................................................................... 5-3

5.4. Developing a Sampling Strategy ......................................................................................................... 5-6

5.5. Methods for Bulk Sediment Sampling ................................................................................................ 5-7

5.5.1. Sediment Grab Sampling Methods ................................................................................................. 5-7

5.5.2. Sediment Core Sampling Methods .................................................................................................. 5-8

5.6. Bulk Sediment Handling and Analysis .............................................................................................. 5-10

5.7. Methods for Collection of Pore Water ............................................................................................... 5-11

5.8. Benthic Macroinvertebrate Investigations ......................................................................................... 5-16

5.8.1. Benthic Habitat Mapping............................................................................................................... 5-23

5.8.2. Toxicity Testing in Microcosms or Mesocosms ........................................................................... 5-23

5.9. References .......................................................................................................................................... 5-26

Chapter 6. Surface Water Sampling ..................................................................................................................... 6-1

6.1. Purpose ................................................................................................................................................. 6-1

6.2. Scope .................................................................................................................................................... 6-1

6.3. Project Planning ................................................................................................................................... 6-1

6.3.1. Sampling Strategy ............................................................................................................................ 6-1

6.3.2. Site-Specific SAP ............................................................................................................................ 6-1

6.3.3. QA .................................................................................................................................................... 6-2

6.4. Hazards and Safety Precautions ........................................................................................................... 6-2

6.5. Field Preparation .................................................................................................................................. 6-3

6.5.1. Representative Sampling Considerations ........................................................................................ 6-3

6.5.2. Point Source Investigations ............................................................................................................. 6-4

6.5.3. Nonpoint Source Investigations ...................................................................................................... 6-4

6.5.4. Leachate ........................................................................................................................................... 6-5

6.5.5. Wetland Sampling ........................................................................................................................... 6-6

6.6. Sampling Procedures ............................................................................................................................ 6-6

6.6.1. Operation of Sample Collection Devices ........................................................................................ 6-7

6.6.2. Sample Collection Procedures ....................................................................................................... 6-12

6.7. Sampling Equipment List................................................................................................................... 6-13

Chapter 7. Storm Water Sampling ....................................................................................................................... 7-1

7.1. Purpose ................................................................................................................................................. 7-1

7.2. Storm Water Program Overview ......................................................................................................... 7-1

7.2.1. Regulatory Summary ....................................................................................................................... 7-1

7.2.2. Permitting Requirements ................................................................................................................. 7-3

7.3. Storm Water Compliance ..................................................................................................................... 7-4

7.3.1. Development of a SWPPP ............................................................................................................... 7-5

7.3.2. Compliance Monitoring at Industrial Sites ..................................................................................... 7-6

7.4. Visual Monitoring of Storm Water from Industrial Facilities ............................................................ 7-8

7.5. Collection of Storm Water Samples .................................................................................................... 7-8

7.5.1. Sampling Locations ......................................................................................................................... 7-9

7.5.2. Staffing Considerations ................................................................................................................. 7-10

7.5.3. Sample Type: Grab and Composite Storm Water Samples......................................................... 7-12

7.5.4. Storm Water Sampling from Retention Ponds.............................................................................. 7-13

7.6. Obtaining Flow Data .......................................................................................................................... 7-15

7.6.1. Measuring Flow Rates ................................................................................................................... 7-15

7.7. Compliance Monitoring at Construction Sites .................................................................................. 7-17

7.7.1. “Known or Should Be Known Pollutants” at Construction Sites ................................................ 7-17

Table of Contents vi

7.7.2. Deciding When Sampling Is Required at Construction Sites ....................................................... 7-17

7.7.3. When Sampling and Analysis May Not Be Required at Construction Sites ............................... 7-18

7.7.4. When Sampling and Analysis May Be Required at the Construction Site .................................. 7-18

7.7.5. Deciding Where to Sample at a Construction Site ........................................................................ 7-19

7.7.6. Collection of Construction Storm Water Samples ........................................................................ 7-22

7.7.7. Coupling Visual Observations with Sampling Results ................................................................. 7-22

7.7.8. Retention of Data ........................................................................................................................... 7-23

7.8. Storm Water Sampling Equipment .................................................................................................... 7-23

7.9. Hazards and Safety Pre-Warnings ..................................................................................................... 7-23

7.10. QA/QC ............................................................................................................................................... 7-23

7.11. Sampling Equipment List .................................................................................................................. 7-24

Chapter 8. Groundwater Sampling ....................................................................................................................... 8-1

8.1. Purpose ................................................................................................................................................. 8-1

8.2. Scope .................................................................................................................................................... 8-1

8.3. Project Planning ................................................................................................................................... 8-1

8.3.1. Sampling Strategy ............................................................................................................................ 8-1

8.3.2. Site-Specific SAP ............................................................................................................................ 8-1

8.3.3. QA .................................................................................................................................................... 8-2

8.4. Hazards and Safety Precautions ........................................................................................................... 8-4

8.4.1. General Safety .................................................................................................................................. 8-4

8.4.2. Subsurface Hazards ......................................................................................................................... 8-4

8.5. Field Preparation .................................................................................................................................. 8-5

8.5.1. Access and Identification ................................................................................................................. 8-5

8.5.2. Sampling Equipment Selection ....................................................................................................... 8-5

8.5.3. Equipment Cleaning and Decontamination .................................................................................... 8-6

8.6. Sampling Monitoring Wells ................................................................................................................. 8-7

8.6.1. Field Measurements ......................................................................................................................... 8-7

8.6.2. Well Development and Purging ...................................................................................................... 8-8

8.6.3. Pumps ............................................................................................................................................. 8-12

8.6.4. Groundwater Sampling Procedures Using Monitoring Wells ...................................................... 8-15

8.6.5. Overview of Passive Groundwater Sampling in Monitor Wells .................................................. 8-16

8.7. In Situ Groundwater Sampling Using Probes ................................................................................... 8-20

8.7.1. In situ Well Installation.................................................................................................................. 8-21

8.7.2. Point-in-Time Sampling ................................................................................................................ 8-21

8.7.3. DPT Monitoring Well Installation ................................................................................................ 8-22

8.8. Sample Handling and Collection ....................................................................................................... 8-23

8.8.1. Sampling for Metals ...................................................................................................................... 8-23

8.8.2. Sampling for VOCs ....................................................................................................................... 8-24

8.8.3. Sampling for Extractable Organics ............................................................................................... 8-24

8.8.4. Sampling for Cyanide .................................................................................................................... 8-24

8.8.5. Sampling for Conventional Parameters and Nutrients ................................................................. 8-25

8.8.6. Sampling for Radioactive Elements .............................................................................................. 8-25

8.8.7. Sampling for Light, Non-aqueous Phase Liquids ......................................................................... 8-26

8.8.8. Sampling for Dense, Non-aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs) ..................................................... 8-27

8.9. Sampling Industrial Wells .................................................................................................................. 8-27

8.10. Aquifer Testing .................................................................................................................................. 8-27

8.11. Well Decommissioning or Abandonment ......................................................................................... 8-28

8.12. Sampling Equipment List .................................................................................................................. 8-28

Chapter 9. Drinking Water Sampling ................................................................................................................... 9-1

9.1. Purpose ................................................................................................................................................. 9-1

9.2. Background .......................................................................................................................................... 9-1

Table of Contents vii

9.3. Scope .................................................................................................................................................... 9-2

9.4. Project Planning ................................................................................................................................... 9-3

9.4.1. Sampling Strategy ............................................................................................................................ 9-3

9.4.2. Site-Specific SAP ............................................................................................................................ 9-3

9.4.3. Certification ..................................................................................................................................... 9-3

9.4.4. Analytical Methods .......................................................................................................................... 9-4

9.4.5. Quality Assurance ............................................................................................................................ 9-4

9.5. Hazards and Safety Precautions ........................................................................................................... 9-4

9.6. General Sampling Procedures .............................................................................................................. 9-5

9.6.1. General Tap Sampling ..................................................................................................................... 9-5

9.6.2. Service Line Sampling ..................................................................................................................... 9-6

9.6.3. First-Draw Sampling ....................................................................................................................... 9-7

9.6.4. Source Water Sampling (Surface Water) ...................................................................................... 9-7

9.6.5. Source Water Sampling From a Well ............................................................................................. 9-8

9.7. Parameter-Specific Sampling Procedures ........................................................................................... 9-9

9.7.1. Field Data ......................................................................................................................................... 9-9

9.7.2. Microbiological .............................................................................................................................. 9-10

9.7.3. Metals ............................................................................................................................................. 9-14

9.7.4. Nitrates/Nitrites. ............................................................................................................................. 9-16

9.7.5. Pesticides and Synthetic Organic Chemicals ................................................................................ 9-17

9.7.6. DBPs .............................................................................................................................................. 9-18

9.7.7. Radionuclides ................................................................................................................................. 9-19

9.8. Sampling Equipment List................................................................................................................... 9-21

Chapter 10. Waste Sampling .............................................................................................................................. 10-1

10.1. Purpose ............................................................................................................................................... 10-1

10.2. Scope .................................................................................................................................................. 10-1

10.2.1. USTs ............................................................................................................................................. 10-1

10.2.2. PCBs ............................................................................................................................................. 10-2

10.2.3. Containers and Drums ................................................................................................................. 10-2

10.2.4. Oil Spills ...................................................................................................................................... 10-3

10.2.5. Solid and Hazardous Waste Characterization ............................................................................. 10-3

10.2.6. Sewage Sludge ............................................................................................................................. 10-5

10.2.7. IDW .............................................................................................................................................. 10-5

10.3. Hazard and Safety Precautions .......................................................................................................... 10-5

10.3.1. Container Hazards ....................................................................................................................... 10-5

10.3.2. USTs and Other Confined Spaces ............................................................................................... 10-5

10.3.3. Explosive Hazards ....................................................................................................................... 10-6

10.4. Preparation ......................................................................................................................................... 10-6

10.4.1. Preparation for UST Sampling .................................................................................................... 10-6

10.4.2. Preparation for PCB Sampling .................................................................................................... 10-6

10.4.3. Preparation for Drum Sampling .................................................................................................. 10-6

10.4.4. Preparation for Cylinder Sampling ............................................................................................. 10-8

10.4.5. Preparation for Storage Tank, Vacuum Truck, Process Vessel, and Similar Large Container

Sampling ................................................................................................................................................... 10-8

10.5. Sample Collection Procedures ........................................................................................................... 10-9

10.5.1. Large Tanks ................................................................................................................................. 10-9

10.5.2. Secondary Containment Sampling .............................................................................................. 10-9

10.5.3. Surficial Sampling ....................................................................................................................... 10-9

10.5.4. Transformers .............................................................................................................................. 10-12

10.5.5. Containerized Liquids ................................................................................................................ 10-12

10.5.6. Waste Pile Sampling .................................................................................................................. 10-16

10.5.7. Containerized Solids .................................................................................................................. 10-18

Table of Contents viii

10.5.8. Sampling for Lead in Paint ........................................................................................................ 10-19

10.5.9. Ashore Oil Spill Sampling ......................................................................................................... 10-20

10.6. QA/QC ............................................................................................................................................. 10-21

10.7. Sampling Equipment List ................................................................................................................ 10-21

Chapter 11. Air Sampling ................................................................................................................................... 11-1

11.1. Purpose ............................................................................................................................................... 11-1

11.2. Scope .................................................................................................................................................. 11-1

11.3. Background ........................................................................................................................................ 11-1

11.3.1. Air Matrices ................................................................................................................................. 11-1

11.3.2. Objectives of Air Sampling and Monitoring............................................................................... 11-1

11.4. General Classification of Air Pollutants ............................................................................................ 11-2

11.5. Factors Affecting Ambient Air Sampling and Monitoring .............................................................. 11-4

11.5.1. Meteorological ............................................................................................................................. 11-4

11.5.2. Topographical Factors ................................................................................................................. 11-5

11.5.3. Extraneous Contaminant Sources ................................................................................................ 11-5

11.5.4. Response Time of Sensors ........................................................................................................... 11-5

11.5.5. Placement of Samplers and Monitors ......................................................................................... 11-5

11.6. General Terms .................................................................................................................................... 11-6

11.6.1. Whole Air versus Component Samplers ..................................................................................... 11-6

11.6.2. Real Time versus Integrated or Composite Samplers ................................................................. 11-6

11.6.3. Active Versus Passive Samplers ................................................................................................. 11-6

11.7. Strategies for Assessment of Air Pollution Emissions ..................................................................... 11-6

11.7.1. Direct Assessment ....................................................................................................................... 11-6

11.7.2. Indirect Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 11-6

11.7.3. Air Monitoring and Dispersion Modeling .................................................................................. 11-7

11.7.4. Predictive Modeling ..................................................................................................................... 11-7

11.8. Field Measurement Instruments ........................................................................................................ 11-7

11.8.1. Detection of Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) ..................................................................... 11-8

11.8.2. Explosimeter .............................................................................................................................. 11-10

11.8.3. Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) ....................................................................................... 11-11

11.8.4. Detection of Carbon Monoxide (CO) ....................................................................................... 11-11

11.8.5. Particulates ................................................................................................................................. 11-11

11.8.6. Mercury Vapor ........................................................................................................................... 11-11

11.9. Collecting Samples for Laboratory Analysis .................................................................................. 11-11

11.9.1. Whole Air Samples .................................................................................................................... 11-11

11.9.2. Air Component Samples ............................................................................................................ 11-13

11.10. Particulates ..................................................................................................................................... 11-17

11.10.1. Filtration ................................................................................................................................... 11-17

11.10.2. Centrifugal Collection and Impaction ..................................................................................... 11-17

11.11. Stationary Source Emission Samples ............................................................................................ 11-18

11.11.1. Special Problems with Stack Vent and Duct Sampling .......................................................... 11-18

11.11.2. Specified Procedures ............................................................................................................... 11-19

11.12. Measurement of Air Volume Sampled ......................................................................................... 11-19

11.12.1. Low Flow Rate Samples .......................................................................................................... 11-20

11.12.2. High Flow Rate Samples ......................................................................................................... 11-20

11.13. Hazard and Safety Precautions ...................................................................................................... 11-20

11.13.1. Environmental Hazards ........................................................................................................... 11-20

11.13.2. Stack, Vent, and Duct Sampling Safety .................................................................................. 11-20

11.13.3. Instrument Hazards .................................................................................................................. 11-20

11.14. Preparation for Sampling ............................................................................................................... 11-21

11.14.1. Role of the Sampler ................................................................................................................. 11-21

11.14.2. Guidelines for Air Sampling ................................................................................................... 11-21

Table of Contents ix

Chapter 12. Process Sampling ............................................................................................................................ 12-1

12.1. Purpose ............................................................................................................................................... 12-1

12.2. Scope .................................................................................................................................................. 12-1

12.3. Ex situ Groundwater Treatment ........................................................................................................ 12-1

12.3.1. Liquid-Phase Granular Activated Carbon ................................................................................... 12-1

12.3.2. Air Stripping ................................................................................................................................ 12-1

12.4. In situ Groundwater Treatment ......................................................................................................... 12-2

12.4.1. Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA) ...................................................................................... 12-2

12.4.2. Enhanced Anaerobic Bioremediation (EAB).............................................................................. 12-3

12.4.3. Aerobic Biodegradation via Oxygen-Releasing Chemicals ....................................................... 12-4

12.4.4. Air Sparging ................................................................................................................................. 12-5

12.4.5. In situ Thermal Remediation ....................................................................................................... 12-5

12.5. Ex situ Soil Treatment ....................................................................................................................... 12-5

12.5.1. Off-Site Disposal ......................................................................................................................... 12-5

12.5.2. Landfarming ................................................................................................................................. 12-6

12.5.3. Solidification/Stabilization .......................................................................................................... 12-6

12.5.4. Low-Temperature Thermal Desorption ...................................................................................... 12-6

12.6. In situ Soil Treatment ........................................................................................................................ 12-7

12.6.1. Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE) ....................................................................................................... 12-7

12.6.2. Bioventing ......................