SVR_Part_3_e-July17.pdf

P a r t 3 : H u l l C o n s t r u c t i o n a n d E q u i p m e n t

RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING

STEEL VESSELS

PART 3

HULL CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT

(Updated July 2017 – see next page)

American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of Legislature of the State of New York 1862

2016 American Bureau of Shipping. All rights reserved.

ABS Plaza 16855 Northchase Drive Houston, TX 77060 USA

Updates

July 2017 consolidation includes:

• April 2017 version plus Notice No. 1

April 2017 consolidation includes:

• January 2017 version plus Corrigenda/Editorials

R u l e C h a n g e N o t i c e ( 2 0 1 7 )

Rule Change Notice (2017) The effective date of each technical change since 1993 is shown in parenthesis at the end of the subsection/paragraph titles within the text of each Part. Unless a particular date and month are shown, the years in parentheses refer to the following effective dates:

(2000) and after 1 January 2000 (and subsequent years) (1996) 9 May 1996 (1999) 12 May 1999 (1995) 15 May 1995 (1998) 13 May 1998 (1994) 9 May 1994 (1997) 19 May 1997 (1993) 11 May 1993

Listing by Effective Dates of Changes from the 2016 Rules

Notice No. 1 (effective on 1 July 2016) to the 2016 Rules, which is incorporated in the 2017 Rules, is summarized below.

EFFECTIVE DATE 1 July 2016 – shown as (1 July 2016) (based on the contract date for new construction between builder and Owner)

Part/Para. No. Title/Subject Status/Remarks 3-2-13/5.5 (New)

Rudder Horn Plating To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-13/5.7 (New)

Welding and Connection to Hull Structure

To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-13/Figure 4 (New)

Connection of Rudder Horn to Aft Ship Structure

To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-14/1.1 Application To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-14/Table 1B Coefficient kc for High-Lift/ Performance Rudders

To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-14/7.5 Rudder Trunk and Rudder Stock Sealing

To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-14/Figure 2 (New)

Fillet Shoulder Radius To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-14/9.3.3 (New)

Joint between Rudder Stock and Coupling Flange

To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-14/Figure 3 (New)

Welded Joint Between Rudder Stock and Coupling Flange

To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-14/9.5.1 Coupling Bolts To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-14/9.5.3 (New)

Joint between Rudder Stock and Coupling Flange

To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2017 iii

Part/Para. No. Title/Subject Status/Remarks 3-2-14/11.1 Coupling Taper To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-14/11.3 Keyed Fitting To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-14/11.5 Keyless Fitting To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-14/13 Pintles To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-14/15.1.5 (New)

Liners and Bushes To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-14/15.3 Rudder Carrier To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-14/Table 6 Allowable Bearing Surface Pressure To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-14/17.3 Side, Top and Bottom Plating To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-14/17.5 Diaphragm Plates To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-14/17.7 (New)

Connections of Rudder Blade Structure with Solid Parts

To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-14/Figure 6 (New)

Cross-section of the Connection Between Rudder Blade Structure and Rudder Stock Housing

To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-14/Table 7 (New)

Thickness of Side Plating and Vertical Diaphragm Plates

To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-14/17.9 (New)

Welding and Design Details To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-14/17.11 Watertightness To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-A5/9 (New)

Rudders Supported by a Horn Arranged with Two Pintles (Supports)

To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-A5/Figure 4 (New)

Rudder Supported by a Horn Arranged with Two Pintles (Supports)

To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S10, which includes the improvements introduced by IACS in the Common Structural Rules for Bulk Carriers. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-15/Figure 1 Positions 1 and 2 To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S21A, which includes changes for the partial loading of containers on hatches.

(Incorporates Notice No. 1) iv ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2017

3-2-15/Figure 2 Positions 1 and 2 for an Increased

Freeboard To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S21A, which includes changes for the partial loading of containers on hatches.

(Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-15/3.5 Horizontal Weather Design Pressures To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S21A, which includes changes for the partial loading of containers on hatches.

(Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-15/9.1.1 Stresses To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S21A, which includes changes for the partial loading of containers on hatches.

(Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-15/9.1.3 Material To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S21A, which includes changes for the partial loading of containers on hatches.

(Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-15/9.3 Local Net Plate Thickness To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S21A, which includes changes for the partial loading of containers on hatches.

(Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-15/9.3.2 Lower Plating of Double Skin Hatch Covers and Box Girders

To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S21A, which includes changes for the partial loading of containers on hatches.

(Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-15/9.5 Net Scantlings of Secondary Stiffeners

To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S21A, which includes changes for the partial loading of containers on hatches.

(Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-15/9.9 Cargo Loads To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S21A, which includes changes for the partial loading of containers on hatches.

(Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-15/9.11 Container Loads To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S21A, which includes changes for the partial loading of containers on hatches.

(Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-15/Figure 5 Partial Loading of a Container Hatch Cover

To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S21A, which includes changes for the partial loading of containers on hatches.

(Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-15/9.15 Strength Calculations To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S21A, which includes changes for the partial loading of containers on hatches.

(Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-15/9.17.3(a) Longitudinal and Transverse Secondary Stiffeners

To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S21A, which includes changes for the partial loading of containers on hatches.

(Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-15/9.21.2 Net Scantlings of Secondary Stiffeners of Coamings

To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S21A, which includes changes for the partial loading of containers on hatches.

(Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-15/9.21.3 Coaming Stays To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S21A, which includes changes for the partial loading of containers on hatches.

(Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-15/Figure 10 (New)

Examples for Typical Coaming Stay Configurations

To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S21A, which includes changes for the partial loading of containers on hatches.

(Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-15/9.21.4(d) Extend of Coaming Plates To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S21A, which includes changes for the partial loading of containers on hatches.

(Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-15/Figure 11 Example for Arrangement of Coaming Plates

To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S21A, which includes changes for the partial loading of containers on hatches.

(Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-15/9.23.1(e) Anti Lifting Devices To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S21A, which includes changes for the partial loading of containers on hatches.

ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2017 v

3-2-15/9.23.2(a) Horizontal Mass Forces To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S21A, which includes changes for the partial loading of containers on hatches.

(Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-15/9.23.2(b) Hatch Cover Supports To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S21A, which includes changes for the partial loading of containers on hatches.

(Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-15/9.25.2 Steel Renewal To align the requirements with the updated IACS UR S21A, which includes changes for the partial loading of containers on hatches.

EFFECTIVE DATE 1 January 2017 – shown as (2017) (based on the contract date for new construction between builder and Owner)

Part/Para. No. Title/Subject Status/Remarks 3-1-2/Table 1 Material Grades To clarify that even if A36 is used it should be produced by a steel mill approved by ABS.

3-1-2/Table 2 Material Class or Grade of Structural Members

To clarify that even if A36 is used it should be produced by a steel mill approved by ABS. To permit the application of non-Class grades without necessarily being from an ABS steel mill, in locations that are not part of the hull structural envelope.

3-1-2/3.5 Structures Exposed to Low Air Temperatures

To clarify material class requirements for plating attached to hull envelope plating exposed to low air temperature and to address the relationship between the design temperatures, in line with IACS UR S6.

3-1-2/Table 3 Application of Material Classes and Grades – Structures Exposed at Low Temperatures

To clarify material class requirements for plating attached to hull envelope plating exposed to low air temperature and to address the relationship between the design temperatures, in line with IACS UR S6.

3-1-2/3.7 Design Temperature tD To clarify material class requirements for plating attached to hull envelope plating exposed to low air temperature and to address the relationship between the design temperatures, in line with IACS UR S6.

3-1-2/Figure 2 Commonly Used Definitions of Temperatures

To clarify material class requirements for plating attached to hull envelope plating exposed to low air temperature and to address the relationship between the design temperatures, in line with IACS UR S6.

3-2-A2/7.1 Required Information To specify that forward draft information is to be reviewed in the loading manual.

3-2-4/9.5 Under Boilers To be consistent with the bottom clearance as per 4-4-1/19.3.

3-2-9/7.5 End Connections To provide an option of direct strength analysis.

3-2-10/3.1 Plating To address the calculation of the design head for tanks where rupture disks or pressure/vacuum valves are fitted.

3-2-11/1.3.1 Superstructures To clarify superstructure deck requirements.

3-2-11/5.3 Doors for Access Openings To clarify the requirements for weathertight doors located on exposed bulkheads of superstructures and deckhouses.

3-2-12/3.3 Boiler Foundations To be consistent with the bottom clearance as per 4-4-1/19.3.

3-2-13/9 Propulsion Improvement Devices (PID) as Hull Appendages

To eliminate confusion from the use of “ESD”, which is used elsewhere in the Rules and Guides for “Emergency Shutdown”.

3-2-13/9.7 (New)

Structural End Connection To address the risk of cracks developing at the welded end connection of the device to the hull.

3-2-14/23.1 Application Scope To clarify that some of the prescriptive formulas in the following sections are related to vessel’s maximum speed; as such they may not applicable for the azimuthal thrusters are exclusively used for DP.

3-2-14/23.3 Plans and Documents To specify only structural components related plans and documents.

3-2-14/23.7 Design Force To add illustrations of nozzle supporting struts.

3-2-14/Figure 8 An Illustration of Azimuthal Thruster To add illustrations of nozzle supporting struts.

vi ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2017

3-2-14/23.19 (New)

Thruster Nozzle Top Connections To address potential cracks and vibration in the nozzle connection structure.

3-2-14/23.21 (New)

Nozzle Strut To add a requirement with a simplified approach for verification of the nozzle strut.

3-2-14/23.23 (New)

Direct Analysis To clearly define the data, the plans, and the acceptance criteria for azimuth thruster direct analysis.

3-2-14/23.25 Welding and NDT Testing To add requirements for the component connections in the azimuthal thruster.

3-2-14/25.7 Material Requirements To refer to 3-2-14/23.25 for further detailed and clear welding requirements.

3-2-14/25.13 Direct Analysis Strength Criteria To take into account research, review of clients’ FE analysis reports, and clients’ years of satisfactory service experience.

3-2-14/Table 9 Permissible Stress Level To take into account research, review of clients’ FE analysis reports, and clients’ years of satisfactory service experience.

3-2-14/25.15 Additional Requirements To clarify why there are additional requirements are need after the FE analysis has already performed.

3-2-14/25.15.5 (New)

Connections To add requirements for pod connections.

3-2-14/25.15.6 (New)

Pod Web To add requirements for pod webs.

3-2-A5/3.3.2 Bending Moment at Neck Bearing To specify that in any case that the rudder is not fully submerged in seagoing conditions, rudder stock should also have sufficient strength for such case.

3-2-15/3.3.1 Cargo Hatch Covers in Position 1 To align the requirements with Regulation 16, Annex I of Load Lines.

3-2-17/1.1 Height on Manned Vessels To align the requirements with IACS UI LL14 which says “A guard rail should also be required for first tier deckhouses and for superstructures' ends”.

3-2-17/1.5.2 <No Title> To align the requirements with IACS UI LL47 (g) Fig. 1 and ABS practice.

3-3-A3/Table 1 Acceptable Tolerances To clearly indicate the meaning “slash /” in accordance with ABS internal process instructions.

3-5-2 Mooring of Vessels at Single Point Moorings

To align the requirements with IACS Rec. No. 13 - Standards for Ship Equipment for Mooring at Single Point Moorings, in which requirements from OCIMF are recommended to vessels not limited to conventional Oil Carriers only, as other types of tankers such as gas carriers, etc., may also have single point mooring operation to work with floating offshore liquefied gas terminals.

3-6-1/Figure 5 <No Title> To align with the wording “Main Steering Position” as indicated in 3-6-1/1.1.3.

Listing by Effective Dates of Changes from the 2017 Rules

Notice No. 1 (effective on 1 July 2017) to the 2017 Rules is summarized below.

EFFECTIVE DATE 1 July 2017 – shown as (1 July 2017) (based on the contract date for new construction between builder and Owner)

Part/Para. No. Title/Subject Status/Remarks 3-2-14/17.1 Strength To reflect current practice for cover plates and address vortex shedding for spade rudders with embedded trunks. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-14/Figure 5 (New)

<No Title> To reflect current practice for cover plates and address vortex shedding for spade rudders with embedded trunks. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2017 vii

3-2-14/Figure 6 (New)

<No Title> To reflect current practice for cover plates and address vortex shedding for spade rudders with embedded trunks. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-14/Figure 7 (New)

<No Title> To reflect current practice for cover plates and address vortex shedding for spade rudders with embedded trunks. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-2-14/17.1.2 In way of Cutouts To reflect current practice for cover plates and address vortex shedding for spade rudders with embedded trunks. (Incorporates Notice No. 1)

3-5-1/1 General To inform owners, operators, and designers of the optional DWA notation. (Incorporates Notice No. 1) viii ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2017

P A R T T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s

Hull Construction and Equipment

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 General

Section 1 Definitions Section 2 General Requirements

CHAPTER 2 Hull Structures and Arrangements

Section 1 Longitudinal Strength Section 2 Shell Plating Section 3 Decks Section 4 Bottom Structures Section 5 Frames Section 6 Web Frames and Side Stringers Section 7 Beams Section 8 Pillars, Deck Girders and Transverses Section 9 Watertight Bulkheads and Doors Section 10 Deep Tanks Section 11 Superstructures, Deckhouses and Helicopter Decks Section 12 Machinery Space and Tunnel Section 13 Stems, Stern Frames and Rudder Horns Section 14 Rudders and Steering Equipment Section 15 Protection of Deck Openings Section 16 Protection of Shell Openings Section 17 Bulwarks, Rails, Freeing Ports, Portlights and

Ventilators Section 18 Ceiling, Sparring and Protection of Steel Section 19 Weld Design

Appendix 1 Calculation of Shear Stresses for Vessels Having

Longitudinal Bulkheads Appendix 2 Loading Manuals and Loading Instruments Appendix 3 Loading Manuals and Loading Instruments: Additional

Requirements for Bulk Carriers, Ore Carriers and Combination Carriers 150 meters (492 feet) and Above in Length (Lf)

Appendix 4 Buckling Strength of Longitudinal Strength Members Appendix 5 Guidelines for Calculating Bending Moment and Shear

Force in Rudders and Rudder Stocks Appendix 6 Portable Beams and Hatch Cover Stiffeners of Variable

Cross Section

ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2017 ix

CHAPTER 3 Subdivision and Stability Section 1 General Requirements

Appendix 1 Intact Stability of Tankers During Liquid Transfer

Operations Appendix 2 Subdivision and Damage Stability Requirements for

Bulk Carriers Appendix 3 Onboard Computers for Stability Calculations

CHAPTER 4 Fire Safety Measures

Section 1 Structural Fire Protection

Appendix 1 Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Gratings

CHAPTER 5 Equipment

Section 1 Anchoring, Mooring and Towing Equipment Section 2 Mooring of Vessels at Single Point Moorings

CHAPTER 6 Navigation

Section 1 Visibility

CHAPTER 7 Testing, Trials and Surveys During Construction – Hull

Section 1 Tank, Bulkhead and Rudder Tightness Testing Section 2 Trials Section 3 Surveys x ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2017

P A R T C h a p t e r 1 : G e n e r a l

C H A P T E R 1 General

CONTENTS

SECTION 1 Definitions

1 Application 3 Length

3.1 Scantling Length (L)

3.3 Freeboard Length (Lf)

5 Breadth (B) 7 Depth

7.1 Molded Depth (D)

7.3 Scantling Depth (Ds)

9 Draft (d) 11 Molded Displacement and Block Coefficient

11.1 Molded Displacement (∆)

11.3 Block Coefficient (Cb)

13 Decks

13.1 Freeboard Deck

13.3 Bulkhead Deck

13.5 Strength Deck

13.7 Superstructure Deck

15 Deadweight (DWT) and Lightship Weight 17 Units

FIGURE 1

SECTION 2 General Requirements

1 Material and Fabrication

1.1 Material

1.3 Application

3 Application of Steel Materials 100 mm (4.0 in.) and Under in Thickness

3.1 Selection of Material Grade

3.3 Note for Users

3.5 Structures Exposed to Low Air Temperatures

3.7 Design Temperature tD

5 Scantlings

5.1 General

5.3 Dynamic Loading Approach

7 Proportions

ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2017 1

9 Workmanship 11 Drydocking 13 Structural Sections

13.1 General

13.3 Deep Supporting Members

13.5 Frames, Beams and Stiffeners

15 Structural Design Details

15.1 General

15.3 Termination of Structural Members

15.5 Fabrication

TABLE 1 Material Grades TABLE 2 Material Class or Grade of Structural Members TABLE 3 Application of Material Classes and Grades – Structures

Exposed at Low Temperatures TABLE 4 Material Grade Requirements for Classes I, II and III at Low

Temperatures

FIGURE 1 Typical Deck Arrangement for Membrane Type Liquefied

Gas Carriers FIGURE 2 Commonly Used Definitions of Temperatures

2 ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2017

P A R T S e c t i o n 1 : D e f i n i t i o n s

C H A P T E R 1 General

S E C T I O N 1 Definitions

1 Application The following definitions of symbols and terms are to be understood (in the absence of other specifications) where they appear in the Rules.

3 Length

3.1 Scantling Length (L) (1997)

L is the distance in meters (feet) on the summer load line from the fore side of the stem to the centerline of the rudder stock. For use with the Rules, L is not to be less than 96% and need not be greater than 97% of the length on the summer load line. The forward end of L is to coincide with the fore side of the stem on the waterline on which L is measured.

3.3 Freeboard Length (Lf) (2002)

Lf is the distance in meters (feet) on a waterline at 85% of the least molded depth measured from the top of the keel from the fore side of the stem to the centerline of the rudder stock or 96% of the length on that waterline, whichever is greater. Where the stem is a fair concave curve above the waterline at 85% of the least molded depth and where the aftermost point of the stem is above the waterline, the forward end of the length, Lf, is to be taken at the aftermost point of the stem above that waterline. See 3-1-1/Figure 1.

FIGURE 1

0.85D D

Lf

FBD Deck

F.P.

5 Breadth (B) B is the greatest molded breadth in meters (feet).

ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2017 3

Part 3 Hull Construction and Equipment Chapter 1 General Section 1 Definitions 3-1-1

7 Depth

7.1 Molded Depth (D) (1997)

D is the molded depth at side in meters (feet) measured at the middle of L from the molded base line to the top of the freeboard-deck beams. In vessels having rounded gunwales, D is to be measured to the point of intersection of the molded lines of the deck and side shell plating. In cases where watertight bulkheads extend to a deck above the freeboard deck and are to be recorded in the Record as effective to that deck, D is to be measured to the bulkhead deck.

7.3 Scantling Depth (Ds) (1997)

The depth Ds for use with scantling requirements is the distance in meters (feet) from the molded base line to the strength deck as defined in 3-1-1/13.5.

9 Draft (d) d is the molded draft, and is the distance in meters (feet) from the molded base line to the summer load line.

11 Molded Displacement and Block Coefficient (1997)

11.1 Molded Displacement (∆)

∆ is the molded displacement of the vessel in metric tons (long tons), excluding appendages, taken at the summer load line.

11.3 Block Coefficient (Cb)

Cb is the block coefficient obtained from the following equation:

Cb = ∆/1.025LBwl d (SI & MKS units)

Cb = 35∆/LBwl d (US units) where

∆ = molded displacement, as defined in 3-1-1/11.1.

L = scantling length, as defined in 3-1-1/3.1 d = draft, as defined in 3-1-1/9

Bwl = the greatest molded breadth at summer load line

13 Decks

13.1 Freeboard Deck

The freeboard deck normally is the uppermost continuous deck having permanent means for closing all openings. Where a vessel is designed for a special draft, considerably less than that corresponding to the least freeboard obtainable under the International Load Line Regulations, the freeboard deck, for the purpose of the Rules, may be taken as the actual lowest deck from which the draft can be obtained under those regulations.

13.3 Bulkhead Deck

The bulkhead deck is the highest deck to which the watertight bulkheads extend and are made effective.

13.5 Strength Deck

The strength deck is the deck that forms the top of the effective hull girder at any part of its length. See 3-2-1/11.1.

4 ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2017

Section 1 Definitions 3-1-1

13.7 Superstructure Deck

A superstructure deck is a deck above the freeboard deck to which the side shell plating extends. Except where otherwise specified, the term “superstructure deck” where used in the Rules refers to the first such deck above the freeboard deck.

15 Deadweight (DWT) and Lightship Weight (1997) For the purpose of these Rules, deadweight, DWT, is the difference in metric tons (long tons) between the displacement of the vessel at its summer load line in water having a specific gravity of 1.025 and the lightship weight. For the purpose of these Rules, lightship weight is the displacement of the vessel in metric tons (long tons) with no cargo, fuel, lubricating oil, ballast water, fresh water nor feed water in tanks, no consumable stores, and no passengers or crew nor their effects.

17 Units These Rules are written in three systems of units, viz., SI units, MKS units and US customary units. Each system is to be used independently of any other system.

Unless indicated otherwise, the format of presentation in the Rules of the three systems of units is as follows:

SI units (MKS units, US customary units)

ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2017 5

P A R T S e c t i o n 2 : G e n e r a l R e q u i r e m e n t s

C H A P T E R 1 General

S E C T I O N 2 General Requirements

1 Material and Fabrication

1.1 Material

1.1.1 Steel

These Rules are intended for vessels of welded construction using steels complying with the requirements of Part 2, Chapter 1. Use of steels other than those in Part 2, Chapter 1 and the vessels’ corresponding scantlings will be specially considered.

1.1.2 Aluminum Alloys

The use of aluminum alloys in hull structures will be considered upon submission of a specification of the proposed alloys and their proposed method of fabrication.

1.1.3 Design Consideration

Where scantlings are reduced in association with the use of higher-strength steel or where aluminum alloys are used, adequate buckling strength is to be provided. Where it is intended to use material of cold flanging quality for important longitudinal strength members, this steel is to be indicated on the plans.

1.1.4 Guidance for Repair

Where a special welding procedure is required for special steels used in the construction, including any low temperature steel and those materials not encompassed in Part 2, Chapter 1, a set of plans showing the following information for each steel is to be placed aboard the vessel:

• Material Specification

• Welding procedure

• Location and extent of application

These plans are in addition to those normally placed aboard the vessel, and are to show all material applications.

1.3 Application

The requirements of the Rules apply to steel vessels of all welded construction. Riveted hull construction, where used, is to comply with the applicable parts dealing with riveting in the 1969 edition of the Rules.

6 ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2017

Section 2 General Requirements 3-1-2

3 Application of Steel Materials 100 mm (4.0 in.) and Under in Thickness (2014)

3.1 Selection of Material Grade

Steel materials for particular locations are not to be of lower grades than those required by 3-1-2/Table 1 for the material class given in 3-1-2/Table 2.

3.3 Note for Users

The attention of users is drawn to the fact that when fatigue loading is present, the effective strength of higher-strength steel in welded construction may not be greater than that of ordinary-strength steel.

Precautions against corrosion fatigue may also be necessary.

TABLE 1

Material Grades (2017)

Plate Thickness t mm (in.)

Material Class

I II III

t ≤ 15 (t ≤ 0.60) A(2), AH A, AH A, AH

15 < t ≤ 20 (0.60 < t ≤ 0.79) A, AH A, AH B, AH

20 < t ≤ 25 (0.79 < t ≤ 0.98) A, AH B, AH D, DH

25 < t ≤ 30 (0.98 < t ≤ 1.18) A, AH D, DH D (1), DH

30 < t ≤ 35 (1.18 < t ≤ 1.38) B, AH D, DH E, EH

35 < t ≤ 40 (1.38 < t ≤ 1.57) B, AH D, DH E, EH

40 < t ≤ 100 (1.57 < t ≤ 4.00) D, DH E, EH E, EH

Notes 1 Grade D, of these plate thicknesses, is to be normalized.

2 (2017) ASTM A36 steel otherwise manufactured by an ABS approved steel mill, tested and certified to the satisfaction of ABS may be used in lieu of Grade A for a thickness up to and including

12.5 mm (0.5 in.) for plate and up to and including 19 mm (0.75 in.)

for sections.

ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2017 7

TABLE 2

Material Class or Grade of Structural Members (2017)

Line No. Structural Members

Within 0.4L Amidships Outside 0.4L amidships Material Class(8) or Grade Material Class or Grade

A Secondary A1 Longitudinal bulkhead strakes, other than those belonging to the

Primary category I A(10)/AH A2 Deck plating exposed to weather, other than that belonging to the Primary or Special category A3 Side plating (12) B Primary B1 Bottom plating, including keel plate

II A(10)/AH

B2 Strength deck plating, excluding that belonging to the Special category (13)

B3 (1 July 2015) Continuous longitudinal plating of strength members above strength deck, excluding hatch coamings (13, 14)

B4 Uppermost strake in longitudinal bulkhead B5 Vertical strake (hatch side girder) and uppermost sloped strake in top wing tank C Special C1 Sheer strake at strength deck (1, 9, 13)

III

II

(I outside 0.6L amidships)

C2 Stringer plate in strength deck (1, 9, 13) C3 Deck strake at longitudinal bulkhead (2, 9, 13) C4 Strength deck plating at outboard corners of cargo hatch openings in container carriers and other ships with similar hatch opening configurations (3, 13)

C5 Strength deck plating at corners of cargo hatch openings in bulk carriers, ore carriers, combination carriers and other ships with similar hatch opening configurations (4, 13)

C6 (1 July 2015) Trunk deck and inner deck plating at corners of openings for liquid and gas domes in membrane type liquefied gas carriers (4, 13)

C7 Bilge strake (5, 6, 9) C8 (1 July 2015) Longitudinal hatch coamings of length greater than 0.15L including coaming top plate and flange (7)

C9 End brackets and deck house transition of longitudinal cargo hatch coamings (7)

D Other Categories D1 (1 July 2015) Plating materials for stern frames supporting rudder and propeller boss, rudders, rudder horns, steering equipment (15), propeller nozzles, and shaft brackets

- II(11)

D2 Strength members not referred to in A to C and D1 A(10)/AH A(10)/AH D3 (2017) Equipment foundations, Non-hull structure, Appurtenant structures

(16) (16)

8 ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2017

TABLE 2 (continued) Material Class or Grade of Structural Members (2017)

Notes:

1 Not to be less than grade E/EH(9) within 0.4L amidships in ships with length exceeding 250 m (820 ft).

2 Excluding deck plating in way of inner-skin bulkhead of double hull ships.

3 Not to be less than class III within the length of the cargo region.

4 Not to be less than class III within 0.6L amidships and class II within the remaining length of the cargo region.

5 May be of class II in ships with a double bottom over the full breadth and with length less than 150 m (492 ft).

6 Not to be less than grade D/DH within 0.4L amidships in ships with length exceeding 250 m (820 ft).

7 Not to be less than grade D/DH.

8 Special consideration will be given to vessels of restricted class.

9 Single strake required to be class III or E/EH are to have breadths not less than 800 + 5L mm (31.5 + 0.06L in.), but need not exceed 1800 mm (71 in.), unless limited by the geometry of the vessel’s design.

10 (2017) ASTM A36 steel otherwise manufactured by an ABS approved steel mill, tested and certified to the satisfaction of ABS may be used in lieu of Grade A for a thickness up to and including 12.5 mm (0.5 in.) for plates and up to and including 19 mm (0.75 in.) for sections.

11 For rudder and rudder body plates subjected to stress concentrations (e.g., in way of lower support or at upper part of spade rudders), class III is to be applied.

12 (1 July 2009) Single side strakes for ships exceeding 150 m (492 feet) without inner continuous longitudinal bulkheads between bottom and the single strength deck are not to be less than grade B/AH within cargo region in ships.

13 (1 July 2015) Not to be less than grade B/AH for members contributing to the longitudinal strength within 0.4L amidships in ships with length exceeding 150 m (492 feet) and single strength deck.

14 (1 July 2015) Not to be less than grade B/AH for inner deck plating and plating between the trunk deck and inner deck for members contributing to the longitudinal strength within 0.4L amidships in membrane type liquefied gas carriers and other similar ship types with a double deck arrangement above the strength deck and with length exceeding 150 m (492 feet). See 3-1-2/Figure 1.

15 (1 July 2015) Steering equipment components other than rudders, as described in Section 3-2-14.

16 (2017) ASTM A36 steel otherwise tested and certified to the satisfaction of ABS may be used in lieu of Grade A for a thickness up to and including 12.5 mm (0.5 in.) for plates and up to and including 19 mm (0.75 in.) for sections.

ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2017 9

FIGURE 1

Typical Deck Arrangement for Membrane Type Liquefied Gas Carriers (1 July 2015)

Strength Deck

Inner Deck

Trunk Deck

3.5 Structures Exposed to Low Air Temperatures (2017)

For ships intended to operate in areas with low air temperatures [below and including –20°C (–4°F)], the materials in exposed structures are to be selected based on the design temperature tD, to be taken as defined in 3-1-2/3.7.

Materials in the various strength members above the lowest ballast water line (BWL) exposed to air are not to be of lower grades than those corresponding to Classes I, II and III, as given in 3-1-2/Table 3, depending on the categories of structural members (secondary, primary and special). For non-exposed structures (except as indicated in Note 5 of 3-1-2/Table 3) and structures below the lowest ballast water line, see 3-1-2/3.1.

The material grade requirements for hull members of each class depending on thickness and design temperature are defined in 3-1-2/Table 4. For design temperatures tD < –55°C (–67°F), materials are to be specially considered.

Single strakes required to be of Class III or of Grade E/EH or FH are to have breadths not less than 800 + 5L mm, maximum 1800 mm.

Plating materials for sternframes, rudder horns, rudders and shaft brackets are not to be of lower grades than those corresponding to the material classes given in 3-1-2/3.1.

10 ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2017

TABLE 3

Application of Material Classes and Grades – Structures Exposed at Low

Temperatures (2017) Structural Member Category Material Class

Within 0.4L Amidships Outside 0.4L Amidships Secondary

I I Deck plating exposed to weather, in general Side plating above BWL Transverse bulkheads above BWL (5) Primary

II I

Strength deck plating (1) Continuous longitudinal members above strength deck, excluding longitudinal hatch coamings Longitudinal bulkhead above BWL (5) Top wing tank bulkhead above BWL (5) Special

III II

Sheer strake at strength deck (2) Stringer plate in strength deck (2) Deck strake at longitudinal bulkhead (3) Continuous longitudinal hatch coamings (4)

Notes:

1 Plating at corners of large hatch openings to be specially considered. Class III or Grade E/EH to be applied in positions where high local stresses may occur.

2 Not to be less than Grade E/EH within 0.4L amidships in ships with length exceeding 250 meters (820 feet).

3 In ships with breadth exceeding 70 meters (230 feet) at least three deck strakes to be Class III.

4 Not to be less than Grade D/DH.

5 (2017) Applicable to plating attached to hull envelope plating exposed to low air temperature.

At least one strake is to be considered in the same way as exposed plating and the strake width is to be at least 600 mm (24 in.).

ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2017 11

TABLE 4

Material Grade Requirements for Classes I, II and III at Low Temperatures (2015)

Class I

Thickness, in mm (in.) –20 to –25°C (–4 to –13°F)

–26 to –35°C (–14 to –31°F)

–36 to –45°C (–32 to –49°F)

–46 to –55°C (–50 to –68°F) t ≤ 10 (t ≤ 0.39) A, AH B, AH D, DH D, DH

10 < t ≤ 15 (0.39 < t ≤ 0.60) B, AH D, DH D, DH D, DH

15 < t ≤ 20 (0.60 < t ≤ 0.79) B, AH D, DH D, DH E, EH

20 < t ≤ 25 (0.79 < t ≤ 0.98) D, DH D, DH D, DH E, EH

25 < t ≤ 30 (0.98 < t ≤ 1.18) D, DH D, DH E, EH E, EH

30 < t ≤ 35 (1.18 < t ≤ 1.38) D, DH D, DH E, EH E, EH

35 < t ≤ 45 (1.38 < t ≤ 1.80) D, DH E, EH E, EH -, FH

45 < t ≤ 50 (1.80 < t ≤ 1.97) E, EH E, EH -, FH -, FH

Class II

Thickness, in mm (in.) –20 to –25°C (–4 to –13°F)

–26 to –35°C (–14 to –31°F)

–36 to –45°C (–32 to –49°F)

–46 to –55°C (–50 to –68°F) t ≤ 10 (t ≤ 0.39) B, AH D, DH D, DH E, EH

10 < t ≤ 20 (0.39 < t ≤ 0.79) D, DH D, DH E, EH E, EH

20 < t ≤ 30 (0.79 < t ≤ 1.18) D, DH E, EH E, EH -, FH

30 < t ≤ 40 (1.18 < t ≤ 1.57) E, EH E, EH -, FH -, FH

40 < t ≤ 45 (1.57 < t ≤ 1.80) E, EH -, FH -, FH -, -

45 < t ≤ 50 (1.80 < t ≤ 1.97) E, EH -, FH -, FH -, -

Class III

Thickness, in mm (in.) –20 to –25°C (–4 to –13°F)

–26 to –35°C (–14 to –31°F)

–36 to –45°C (–32 to –49°F)

–46 to –55°C (–50 to –68°F) t ≤ 10 (t ≤ 0.39) D, DH D, DH E, EH E, EH

10 < t ≤ 20 (0.39 < t ≤ 0.79) D, DH E, EH E, EH -, FH

20 < t ≤ 25 (0.79 < t ≤ 0.98) E, EH E, EH E, FH -, FH

25 < t ≤ 30 (0.98 < t ≤ 1.18) E, EH E, EH -, FH -, FH

30 < t ≤ 35 (1.18 < t ≤ 1.38) E, EH -, FH -, FH -, -

35 < t ≤ 40 (1.38 < t ≤ 1.57) E, EH -, FH -, FH -, -

40 < t ≤ 50 (1.57 < t ≤ 1.97) -, FH -, FH -, - -, -

3.7 Design Temperature tD (2017)

The design temperature tD is to be taken as the lowest mean daily average air temperature in the area of operation.

• Mean: Statistical mean over observation period

• Average: Average during one day and night

• Lowest: Lowest during year

For seasonally restricted service the lowest value within the period of operation applies.

For the purpose of issuing a Polar Ship Certificate in accordance with the Polar Code, the design temperature tD shall be no more than 13°C (23.6°F) higher than the Polar Service Temperature (PST) of the ship.

12 ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2017

In the Polar Regions, the statistical mean over observation period is to be determined for a period of at least 10 years.

3-1-2/Figure 2 illustrates the temperature definition.

FIGURE 2

Commonly Used Definitions of Temperatures (2017)

J JF M A M J J A S O N D

Month

Ai r T em p

MDHT

MDAT

MDLT

Lowest mean daily average temperature Lowest mean daily low temperature

MDHT = Mean Daily High (or maximum) Temperature

MDAT = Mean Daily Average Temperature

MDLT = Mean Daily Low (or minimum) Temperature

5 Scantlings (2013)

5.1 General

The midship scantlings specified in the Rules are to apply throughout the midship 0.4L. End scantlings are not to extend for more than 0.1L from each end of the vessel. Reduction in scantlings from the midship to the end scantlings is to be effected in as gradual a manner as practicable. Sections having appropriate section moduli or areas, in accordance with their functions in the structure as stiffeners, columns or combinations of both, are to be adopted, due regard being given to the thickness of all parts of the sections to provide a proper margin for corrosion. It may be required that calculations be submitted in support of resistance to buckling for any part of the vessel’s structure.

5.3 Dynamic Loading Approach

The symbols SH-DLA are assigned to vessels which have been reviewed based upon an acceptable load and structural analysis procedure, taking into consideration the dynamic load components acting on the vessel.

The dynamic load components considered are to include the external hydrodynamic pressure loads, dynamic loads from cargoes and inertial loads of the hull structure. The magnitude of the load components and their combinations are to be determined from appropriate ship motion response calculations for loading conditions which represent the envelope of maximum dynamically induced stresses in the vessel.

The adequacy of the hull structure for all combinations of the dynamic loadings is to be evaluated using an acceptable finite element analysis method.

In no case are the structural scantlings to be less than those obtained from other requirements in the Rules.

ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2017 13

7 Proportions In general, these Rules are valid for all vessels not exceeding 500 m (1640 ft) in length, L, and having a breadth, B, not exceeding one-fifth of the length, L, nor 2.5 times the depth, Ds, to the strength deck.

Vessels beyond these proportions will be specially considered.

9 Workmanship (2008) All workmanship is to be of commercial marine quality and acceptable to the Surveyor. Welding is to be in accordance with the requirements of Part 2, Chapter 4. See also 3-7-3/1.

11 Drydocking Consideration is to be given to drydocking the vessel within twelve months after delivery. For vessels

228.5 m (750 ft) in length, L, and over, information indicating docking arrangements is to be prepared and furnished onboard the vessel for guidance.

13 Structural Sections (1993)

13.1 General

The scantling requirements of these Rules are applicable to structural angles, channels, bars, and rolled or built-up sections.

13.3 Deep Supporting Members (1993)

The required section modulus of members such as girders, webs, etc., supporting frames, beams and stiffeners, is to be obtained on an effective width of plating basis in accordance with this subsection. The section is to include the structural member in association with an effective width of plating not exceeding one-half of the sum of the spacing on each side of the member or 33% of the unsupported span , whichever is less. For girders and webs along hatch openings, an effective breadth of plating not exceeding one-half of the spacing or 16.5% of the unsupported span , whichever is less, is to be used.

13.5 Frames, Beams and Stiffeners (1993)

13.5.1 Section Modulus

The required section modulus is to be provided by the stiffener and a maximum of one frame space of the plating to which it is attached.

13.5.2 Web Thickness

The depth to thickness ratio of the web portion of members is not to exceed the following:

Members with flange 50C1C2

Members without flange 15C1C2 where

C1 = 0.95 (horizontal web within a tank)

= 1.0 (all other cases)

C2 = 1.0 (ordinary strength steel)

= 0.92 (HT32)

= 0.90 (HT36)

14 ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2017

15 Structural Design Details

15.1 General

The designer is to give consideration to the following:

i) The thickness of internals in locations susceptible to rapid corrosion.

ii) The proportions of built-up members for compliance with established standards for structural stability. See 3-1-2/13.5.2 and Appendix 3-2-A4.

iii) The design of structural details, such as noted below, against the harmful effects of stress concentrations and notches:

• Details of the ends, at the intersections of members and associated brackets.

• Shape and location of air, drainage, and/or lightening holes.

• Shape and reinforcement of slots or cut-outs for internals.

• Elimination or closing of weld scallops in way of butts, “softening” of bracket toes, reducing abrupt changes of section or structural discontinuities.

iv) Proportions and thickness of structural members to reduce fatigue response due to engine, propeller or wave-induced cyclic stresses, particularly for higher-strength steels.

A booklet of standard construction details based on the above considerations is to be submitted for review and comment.

15.3 Termination of Structural Members (1998)

Unless permitted elsewhere in the Rules, structural members are to be effectively connected to adjacent structures in such a manner as to avoid hard spots, notches and other harmful stress concentrations.

Where load-bearing members are not required to be attached at their ends, special attention is to be given to the end taper, by using a sniped end of not more than 30°.

Where the member has a face bar or flange, it is to be sniped and tapered not more than 30°.

The end brackets of large primary load-bearing members are to be soft-toed. Where any end bracket has a face bar it is to be sniped and tapered not more than 30°.

Bracket toes and sniped end members are to be kept within 25 mm (1.0 in.) of the adjacent member, unless the bracket or member is supported by another member on the opposite side of the plating. The depth of toe or sniped end is generally not to exceed 15 mm (0.60 in.).

Where a strength deck or shell longitudinal terminates without an end attachment, the longitudinal is to extend into the adjacent transversely framed structure, or stop at a local transverse member fitted at about one transverse frame space (see 3-2-5/1.5) beyond the last floor or web that supports the longitudinal.

The end attachments of non-load bearing members may, in general, be snipe ended. The sniped end is to be not more than 30° and is to be kept generally within 40 mm (1.57 in.) of the adjacent member unless it is supported by a member on the opposite side of the plating. The depth of the toe is generally not to exceed 15 mm (0.6 in.).

15.5 Fabrication (1 July 2011)

Structural fabrication is to be carried out in accordance with a recognized standard to the satisfaction of the attending Surveyor. If a recognized national standard or an appropriate shipbuilding and repair standard is not available, the latest version of IACS Recommendation No. 47 “Shipbuilding and Repair Quality Standard”, may be used. See Part 5C, Appendix 1 “SafeHull Construction Monitoring Program”.

ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2017 15

P A R T C h a p t e r 2 : H u l l S t r u c t u r e s a n d A r r a n g e m e n t s

C H A P T E R 2 Hull Structures and Arrangements

CONTENTS

SECTION 1 Longitudinal Strength

1 Application 3 Longitudinal Hull Girder Strength

3.1 Sign Convention of Bending Moment and Shear Force

3.3 Still-water Bending Moment and Shear Force

3.5 Wave Loads

3.7 Bending Strength Standard

3.9 Shearing Strength

5 Longitudinal Strength with Higher-Strength Materials

5.1 General

5.3 Hull Girder Moment of Inertia

5.5 Hull Girder Section Modulus

5.7 Hull Girder Shearing Force

7 Loading Guidance

7.1 Loading Manual and Loading Instrument

7.3 Allowable Stresses

9 Section Modulus Calculation

9.1 Items Included in the Calculation

9.3 Effective Areas Included in the Calculation

9.5 Section Modulus to the Deck or Bottom

9.7 Section Modulus to the Top of Hatch Coamings

11 Strength Decks

11.1 Definition

11.3 Tapering of Deck Sectional Areas

13 Continuous Longitudinal Hatch Coamings and Above Deck Girders

15 Effective Lower Decks 17 Longitudinal Deck Structures Inboard of Lines of Openings

17.1 General

17.3 Effectiveness

19 Buckling Strength

FIGURE 1 Sign Convention FIGURE 2 Distribution Factor M FIGURE 3 Distribution Factor F1 FIGURE 4 Distribution Factor F2 FIGURE 5 Shear Force Distribution FIGURE 6 Effective Area of Hull Girder Members

16 ABS RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS . 2017

SECTION 2 Shell Plating 1 Application 3 Shell Plating Amidships

3.1 Vessels with No Partial Superstructures Above Uppermost

Continuous Deck

3.3 Superstructures Fitted Above Uppermost Continuous Deck

(Side Plating Extended)

3.5 Superstructures Fitted Above Uppermost Continuous Deck

(Side Plating Not Extended)

3.7 In Way of Comparatively Short Superstructures

3.9 Side Shell Plating

3.11 Sheer Strake

3.13 Bottom Shell Plating…