WASH IEE.pdf

Senegal WASH IEE — May 2016 — pg 1

SENEGAL ECONOMIC GROWTH

WATER, SANITATION & HEALTH (WASH)

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

FACESHEET

Activity/Project Title: Water, Sanitation and Health (WASH) IEE Solicitation Number: [As assigned by contracting office]

Contract/Award Number (if known):

Geographic Location: Senegal

Originating Bureau: Africa Bureau

Supplemental IEE: Yes No

Amendment: Yes No

Programmatic IEE: Yes No

DCN and date of Original document:

DCN and ECD link(s) of Amendment(s):

Amendment No.:

Funding Amount: $ Life of Project Amount: $48.2 million

Implementation Start/End: FY 2016–FY 2020

IEE Preparers: Ashley Fox, Mike Minkoff

IEE Submitter: Oumou K. Ly Date Submitted: April 5, 2016

Expiration Date: September 30, 2020 Reporting due dates (if any): [exact dates] or frequency:

yearly

Environmental Media and/or Human Health Potentially Impacted (check all that apply):

None Air Water Land Biodiversity Human Health Other

Recommended Threshold Determination (check all that apply):

Negative Determination with conditions

Categorical Exclusion

Positive Determination

Deferral

Exemption

USG Domestic NEPA action

Senegal WASH IEE — May 2016 — pg 2

SUMMARY

Program Description and Scope of IEE. The USAID/Senegal WASH program supports two Country Development Cooperation Strategy (CDCS) Development Objectives (DOs), DO 1: Increased inclusive economic growth and DO 2: Improved health status of the Senegalese population. The program contributes to DO 1 by improving access to clean water and sanitation quality services, and improved hygiene, as well as by strengthening private sector WASH actors and increasing access to multiple-use systems. The program supports DO 2 by stimulating sanitation and hygiene behavior change, reducing the prevalence of diarrheal disease, and improving the body’s intake and use of nutritious food.

This IEE, along with the in-progress USAID/Senegal Health PAD IEE, replaces the Water and Sanitation section of the Economic Growth Office IEE of FY 2010-2015 (found on the USAID Environmental Compliance Database (ECD) here:

http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/egat/envcomp/repository/pdf/38003.pdf).

This IEE supplements the in-progress USAID/Senegal Health PAD IEE, which replaces the FY 2011-2016 DO: Improved Health Status of the Senegalese Population IEE (found on the ECD here:

http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/egat/envcomp/repository/pdf/38003.pdf).

Recommended Determinations. The following table summarizes the determinations recommended by this IEE by activity. The entailed activity descriptions, analysis of potential environmental impacts, and activity-by-activity determinations and conditions are found in Section 3 of the IEE.

Upon approval of this IEE, these recommendations become affirmed Categorical Exclusions and Threshold Decisions, and implementation of recommended conditions becomes mandatory.

Activity Categorical Exclusion(s) from T.D.

Negative Determination(s)

Positive Determination(s)

Deferral of Threshold Decision

Additional Elements

Conditions EMMP WQAP Pesticides Deferred (Water infrastructure, fecal sludge management and related facility construction) Other_________

Climate Change:

GCC/Adaption GCC/Mitigation Climate Change Vulnerability Analysis (included)

Adaptation/Mitigation Measures: See Section 4 for a “marker” on E.O. 13677 on Climate-Resilient International Development.

Other Relevant Environnemental Compliance Documentation:

• USAID/Senegal Improved Health Status of the Senegalese Population Senegal_IHP_Improved

Health (DOCX) (PDF) (2011-2016).

• USAID/Senegal Food Security & NRM IEE (2016-2020). (DOCX) (PDF) http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/egat/envcomp/repository/pdf/38003.pdf http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/egat/envcomp/repository/pdf/38003.pdf javascript:%20f_open_document(45926);

javascript:%20f_open_document(45926);

http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/egat/envcomp/repository/doc/45926.docx http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/egat/envcomp/repository/pdf/45926.pdf http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/egat/envcomp/repository/doc/47126.docx http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/egat/envcomp/repository/pdf/47126.pdf

Senegal WASH IEE — May 2016 — pg 3

Activity Categorical Exclusion(s) from T.D.

Negative Determination(s)

Positive Determination(s)

Deferral of Threshold Decision

1. A. Construction or rehabilitation of small scale water and sanitation infrastructure, including protection and maintenance of existing water sources.

X

B. Water supply infrastructure activities that are not small-scale (i.e., equal to or greater than a total investment in a given community of $250,000)

X

2. Expansion of Multiple-use Water Systems (MUS) for agriculture, livestock rearing, and horticulture.

3. Point-of-use water treatment (e.g. use of Aquatabs under Yaajeende and CARITAS DGP 3 project)

4. Capacity-building for communities in equipment/system maintenance.

X

5. Behavior change communication, community mobilization and education/outreach for WASH services and Community-led Total Sanitation (CLTS)

6. Improved enabling environment for WASH services X

7. Studies, surveys, and other data-gathering assessments and models in support of WASH programs and activities

X

8. Grant or PPP to provide Fecal Sludge Management (FSM) services in the town of Tambacounda

X X X

General Implementation & Monitoring Requirements. In addition to the specific conditions enumerated in Section 3, the negative determinations recommended in this IEE are contingent on full implementation of general monitoring and implementation requirements set forth in Section 4 of this

IEE.

These require, in summary: (1) IP Briefings on Environmental Compliance Responsibilities; (2) Development of environmental mitigation and monitoring plans (EMMPs) and Water Quality Assurance Plans (WQAPs); (3) Integration and implementation of EMMPs and WQAPs in work plans and budgets;

(4) Integration of compliance responsibilities in prime and sub-contracts and grant agreements; (5) Assurance of sub-grantee and sub-contractor capacity and compliance; (6) EG and Health Teams’ environmental compliance monitoring; (7) 22 CFR 216 documentation coverage for new or modified activities; and (8) compliance with host country requirements. (9) No activities for which a Deferral has been recommended may be undertaken until the Deferral is resolved through development of a new IEE, or amendment to this IEE, and appropriate clearance is provided.

APPROVA 0 NV RONMENTA ACT ON RECOMMENDED

SA SEN GA ECONOM C GROWT WAS

CLEARANCE:

M ission (USAID/W OF.ice) Director:

USAID/Senegal Lisa Fram:heft

CONCURRENCE:

Bureau E1vironmental Officer:

Africa Burea;.i B:-ian Hirsch

FILE N2: Senegal WASH Portfolio IEE 2016-2020

ADDITIONAL CLfARANCES:

Deputy Mission Erviror.mentaf Officer: 0 Uh) 0 \) ~. l'1 USAID/Se;'legaf Oumou K. Lv

Mission Erviro1:renta: Officer USAID/Se:'legal

Office Director/Tea-n Leader:

EGO/USA

D/Senega~

COR/AOR/Act Mngr:

Office Director/Tea-n Leader HEAL TH/USA; D/Senega I

Regional Environmenta l Officer:

USAID/West Africa

Resident Lega: Officer:

USAID/Senega '

Distribution List:

Mission/Op Unit to insert

----- ane Ndiaye

.f'\ t , , .1 / '. ~1..-C'(.., ~'\~£..---..'

Anne Williams

,QcrJar~ Bryn Sakagawa ~

Camilien Saint-Cvr

Daniele Jean-Pier-e

·--Date: _ _ _

Date:

Approved : ,gj.

Disapproved D

Da~e: !B / 0 I / W 1 6.

Da~e:

Date:

Date: 3/3/l~

Date: 3.lv-1~ l b

Date: ---- --''Ct..,.

s~~cgal WASH IE.£ - "'~ 2016 - pg 4

Senegal WASH IEE — May 2016 — pg 5

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

PROGRAM/ACTIVITY DATA:

Program/Activity Number: AA-685-012

Program/Activity Title: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

Country/Region: Senegal

USG Foreign Assistance Framework Functional Objective

Foreign Assistance Objective: Economic Growth

Program Area: A11 Water

Development Objective 1: Increased Inclusive Economic Growth

IR 4: Improved nutritional status, especially among women and children (with the Health DO).

4.1 Essential nutrition actions

4.2. Integrating nutrition into the agriculture value chains

4.3 Water management

USG Foreign Assistance Framework Functional Objective

Foreign Assistance Objective: Investing in People

Program Area: A11 3.1. Health

Development Objective 2: Improved Health Status of the Senegalese Population

Period covered: FY 2016-2020

Life of Project Amount: $48.2 million

Senegal WASH IEE — May 2016 — pg 6

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FACESHEET

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

SUMMARY

APPROVAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION RECOMMENDED: SENEGAL WASH IEE

PROGRAM/ACTIVITY DATA:

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 BACKGROUND AND ACTIVITY/PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

1.1 Purpose and Scope of IEE

1.2 Background (Context and Justification)

1.3 Summary of Activities (and Implementation Mechanisms)

2.0 BASELINE INFORMATION AND APPLICABLE HOST COUNTRY REQUIREMENTS

2.1 Locations Affected

2.2 Applicable Host Country Environmental and Social Laws, Regulations, and Policies

2.2.1 National Environmental Policies and Regulations

2.2.2 Government Institutions

2.2.3 Institutions and Regulations related to Water Management in Senegal

3.0 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND RECOMMENDED DETERMINATIONS,

INCLUDING CONDITIONS

3.1 General Environmental Impacts of WASH Activities

3.2 Recommended Determinations, Including Conditions

4.0 GENERAL IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING REQUIREMENTS

Senegal WASH IEE — May 2016 — pg 7

1.0 BACKGROUND AND ACTIVITY/PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

1.1 Purpose and Scope of IEE

The purpose of this document, in accordance with Title 22, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 216 (22 CFR 216), is to provide a preliminary review of the reasonably foreseeable effects on the environment of activities under the USAID/Senegal Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) portfolio, and on this basis, to recommend determinations and, as appropriate, attendant conditions, for these activities. Upon final approval of this IEE, these recommended determinations are affirmed as 22 CFR 216 Threshold Decisions and Categorical Exclusions, and conditions become mandatory elements of project/program implementation.

This IEE is a critical element of a mandatory environmental review and compliance process meant to achieve environmentally sound activity design and implementation.

The USAID/Senegal WASH program supports two Country Development Cooperation Strategy (CDCS) Development Objectives (DOs), DO 1: Increased inclusive economic growth and DO 2: Improved health status of the Senegalese population. The program contributes to DO 1 by improving access to better clean water and sanitation services, and improved hygiene, as well as by strengthening private sector WASH actors and increasing access to multiple-use water points. The project supports DO 2 by stimulating sanitation and hygiene behavior change, reducing the prevalence of diarrheal disease, and improving the body’s intake and use of nutritious food.

This IEE, along with the in-progress USAID/Senegal Health PAD IEE, replaces the Water and Sanitation section of the Economic Growth Office IEE of FY 2010-2015 (found on the ECD here:

http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/egat/envcomp/repository/pdf/38003.pdf).

This IEE supplements the in-progress USAID/Senegal Health PAD IEE, which replaces the FY 2011-2016 DO: Improved Health Status of the Senegalese Population IEE (found on the ECD here:

http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/egat/envcomp/repository/pdf/38003.pdf).

1.2 Background (Context and Justification)

The percentage of the population with access to improved drinking water and sanitation facilities in Senegal varies greatly depending on the urban or rural setting. Almost 93 percent of the urban population has access to improved drinking water, contrasted against only 60.3 percent of the rural population having similar access. For sanitation, 67 percent of the population has access to improved facilities in urban areas, while 40.5 percent of the rural population has access to improved facilities.1

The 2000-2015 Millennium Development Goal (MDG) for water and sanitation was to decrease the number of people without access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation infrastructure by 50 percent. Senegal has reached these goals for urban areas, but rural areas lag behind, especially with regards to access to rural sanitation. A joint WHO-UNICEF monitoring program found that, while Senegal has not met the MDG for water and Sanitation in rural and urban areas at the national level, there has been substantial increase in overall coverage.

1 CIA World Factbook, Senegal http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/egat/envcomp/repository/pdf/38003.pdf http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/egat/envcomp/repository/pdf/38003.pdf

Senegal WASH IEE — May 2016 — pg 8

The regions of the country with the lowest access rates to safe drinking water and improved sanitation are also the poorest regions with the highest malnutrition rates. These areas are mostly remote and difficult to access. Livelihoods in these areas depend primarily upon farming and livestock herding, which are restricted by variable rainfall and poor infrastructure for accessing markets, inputs and information. The Casamance, Matam, Kedougou and Tambacounda regions are the target regions for the USAID WASH project based on the above factors. The goal is to improve access to quality multiple use water services (drinking, washing, small scale agriculture, livestock) to improve their health, but also to improve their livelihoods.2

Both the water and sanitation sectors in Senegal are heavily financed by the GOS, mostly under concessional lending. The GOS so far, has subsidized access, but it is now moving towards a more-market oriented approach, seeking private sector involvement in easing access to quality water and sanitation services. In 2013, total funding for water was $446 million and total funding for sanitation was $128 million. Although these funding levels are significant, they are still insufficient to meet safe drinking water and sanitation needs of rural communities. Funding and coverage has increased over time, but population growth has increased at a higher rate, leading to an increase in the number of people that remain unserved. 3

1.3 Summary of Activities (and Implementation Mechanisms)

Based on the WASH context described above, USAID/Senegal aims to increase sustainable access to quality water and sanitation services while also improving hygiene practices in target communities. To this extent, the following Intermediate Results are expected:

IR 1) Demand generated for WASH products and services

a. Increased use of innovative financing mechanisms to increase purchasing power for water and sanitation services and increased economic productivity IR 2) Increased market-based provision of WASH products and services IR 3) Improved provision and management of multiple use water systems

a. Increased capacity to manage water systems

b. A more strategic multiple-use service (MUS) approach to water supply

IR 4) Improved enabling environment for equitable delivery of WASH services.

a. Increased managerial, financial and technical capacity at the local level and at the central level of the Office of Rural Boreholes (OFOR).

The main challenges anticipated in reaching these results is the underdeveloped private sector, weak governance and management capacity for water systems and weak policy environment. 4

1.4 Intervention Categories for Purposes of Environmental Review

The IR’s listed immediately above do not directly constitute conducive activity categories for environmental review. Organizing environmental analysis either by IRs or program areas would entail

2 Water, Sanitation and Health (WASH) Project Appraisal Document, Economic Growth Office, USAID/Senegal, December 11, 2014 3 Ibid.

4 Ibid.

Senegal WASH IEE — May 2016 — pg 9 significant repetition of analysis for similar activities in different categories, and thus a long and unwieldy document.

Accordingly, for purposes of environmental review and compliance, this IEE organizes interventions in the USAID/Senegal WASH portfolio into the following categories:

1. A. Construction or rehabilitation of small-scale water and sanitation infrastructure, including protection and maintenance of existing water sources. This may include boreholes, shallow wells, latrines, and spring capping and conversion of open wells to pumps, including associated infrastructure such as towers/tanks/standpipes.

B. Water supply infrastructure activities that are not small-scale (i.e., equal to or greater than a total investment in a given community of $250,000)

2. Expansion of Multiple-use Water Systems (MUS) for agriculture, livestock rearing, and horticulture.

3. Point-of-use water treatment (e. g., use of Aquatabs under Yaajeende and CARITAS DGP 3 project)

4. Capacity-building for communities in equipment/system maintenance.

5. Behavior change communication, community mobilization and education/outreach for WASH services and Community-led Total Sanitation (CLTS)

6. Improved enabling environment for WASH services

A. Use of Public Private Partnerships (PPP), Development Credit Authority (DCA) mechanisms, revolving grants funds and microfinance mechanisms to increase purchasing power of communities and the private sector for WASH infrastructure and services

B. Government to Government (G2G) grant to OFOR and follow-on award for capacity building to implement and manage office responsibilities (including medium to large scale rehabilitation of water systems)

C. Capacity building, Technical Assistance (TA) and policy support for Government of Senegal (including OFOR), local institutions and Local Water Users’ Associations (ASUFOR) in best practices in WASH service provision, business development, financial and operational management, product marketing, contract management, planning and other support.

7. Studies, surveys, and other data-gathering assessments and models in support of WASH programs and activities A. Mapping existing water/sanitation facilities B. WASH needs assessments/surveys and feasibility analysis to identify target communities and current behaviors and attitudes C. WASH value chain analysis D. Evaluation to identify the best mobile-based ICT system to support management and monitoring of small-scale water and sanitation systems

8. Grant or PPP to provide Fecal Sludge Management (FSM) services in the town of Tambacounda.

A1. Training of laborers to construct sanitation structures A2. Sensitization Program for Households B1. Promotion of Good Desludging Practices B2. Transporting of sludge, Developing Parking areas for Desludging Operators and cleaning of desludging and transporting equipment

Senegal WASH IEE — May 2016 — pg 10

B3. Supporting the municipality in planning and developing a pricing structure for desludging and transportation B4. Enhancing the Financial Management Skills of the Private Businesses B5. Reskilling Manual Desludging Operators for Sanitation Jobs C1. Design and Construction of the Fecal Sludge Treatment Plant (FSTP) C2. Viability study for Energy Production from Fecal Sludge Treatment Plant C3. Establish a Management Mechanism for the FSTP D1. Restore WASH Platform for consultation and harmonization of water and sanitation projects and programs D2. Advocacy for establishment of Local ONAS Branch in Tambacounda D3. Appointment of Technical Team within the Municipality D4. Development and Adoption of Local Regulatory Framework for the Desludging Sector D5. Establishing Licensing Process for Desludging Operators D6. Capacity Building for FSM actors E1. Construction of 5,000 On-Site Sanitation Structures

Each category, along with its recommended threshold determination and conditions (as applicable) are described in Section 3 of this IEE.

2.0 BASELINE INFORMATION AND APPLICABLE HOST COUNTRY

REQUIREMENTS

2.1 Locations Affected

Geography Senegal is the western-most country in Africa, with 2,684 km of coastline along the Atlantic Ocean.

Senegal is bordered by Mauritania to the North, Mali to the East, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south and southeast. The Gambia is completely enclosed by Senegal. Senegal’s total area is 196,722 km2.

Senegal mainly consists of low, rolling plains but rises to foothills in the southeast (Kedougou). 5

Demographics Senegal’s population growth rate is 2.45 percent.

Dakar is the capital city, and also the largest city, located on the Cap-Vert peninsula with a population of 3.52 million.6 Together with its peri-urban neighborhoods of Pikine, Guediawaye and Rufisque Bargny, Dakar is home to almost 50 percent of the urban population. Dakar experiences a population growth of about four percent, and is home to over 60 percent of the population below the age of 25, two-thirds of the country’s workforce, and more than 80 percent of infrastructure and services. Dakar is a fast-

5 (CIA 2015)

6 (CIA 2015)

Figure 1: Map of Senegal

Senegal WASH IEE — May 2016 — pg 11 growing city as the main economic hub of Senegal, coupled with high population growth and high migration rates.7 The majority ethnic group in Senegal is the Wolof, at 43.3 percent, followed by Pulaar at 23.8 percent, Serer at 14.7 percent, and various others (Jola, Mandinka, Soninke, European and Lebanese, other) comprising the rest of the population. French is the official language, but Wolof is more widely spoken.

Pulaar, Jola and Mandinka are also spoken in Senegal. Ninety-four percent of the population is Muslim, adhering to one of the four main Sufi brotherhoods, and five percent of the population is Christian (mainly Roman Catholic). Only one percent follow indigenous beliefs. 8

Climate Senegal’s climate can generally be considered tropical, but weather varies in different parts of the countries. The coastal region along the Atlantic is cooler than inland. Winter temperatures range from 18-26 °C and summer temperatures average 31°C. The rainy season along the coast is from July to October, bringing around 550 mm of rain annually. The northern Sahel region is semi-arid and temperatures can drop at night to around 14 °C. During the day, temperatures can reach 40 °C and rainfall is below 400 mm annually. The southern half of the country is generally hot and humid. The average high temperature is above 30 °C and rainfall can reach over 1,500 mm annually. 9

Senegal’s climate is affected by the country’s tropical latitude as well as by the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The ITCZ migrates seasonally, bringing a low pressure front of hot continental air to meet moist oceanic air, which in turn, produces heavy rainfall. Winds in Senegal primarily originate in the interior of the continent (dry winds) or from the sea (moist, maritime winds). The dry winds consist of the northeast trade winds (also known as the harmattan) and are strongest in the winter and spring. The moist winds arrive primarily from the west and northwest beginning in June and ending in September, and usher in the summer monsoon season. May to November is usually hot, humid and rainy with strong southeast winds, while December to April months are dominated by the hot and dry Harmattan. 10

Ecoregions

1. Broadly, the Senegal climate can be attributed to four ecosystems: the Coastal, the Sahel, the

Sudanian and the Sub-Guinean regions. The Sahel comprises of the Sahelian - arid, Sahelo- Sudanian semi-arid zones. The Sudanian zone, located at the central and western part of the country, covers nearly 40% of the national territory. The Southern region includes Sudano- Guinean sub-humid and Sub-Guinean - humid climates. Sahelian. This region is dominated by steppe shrubs and shrub lands, but has suffered loss of productivity and diversity in the past few decades due to recurring droughts, bush fires, overgrazing and pressure on marginal resources.

2. Sudanian. The Sudanian zone is characterized by a mix of shrub savanna, wooded grassland, and savanna woodlands. The central and western part used to carry dense vegetation, but is now a manmade park dominated by acacias. The southern and eastern zones now have heterogeneous vegetation due to colonization and agriculture.

7 (Toure, et al. 2010) 8 Ibid 9 Climate & Agriculture, Our Africa; accessed via the internet on 26 August 2015 at: http://www.our-africa.org/senegal/climate-agriculture 10 (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/534445/Senegal/55044/Climate) http://www.our-africa.org/senegal/climate-agriculture http://www.our-africa.org/senegal/climate-agriculture

Senegal WASH IEE — May 2016 — pg 12

3. Sub-Guinean. This zone is characterized by wooded savannas, woodlands, dry forests (currently being degraded) and riparian forests near the Gambia River and Niokolo River. This region is one of the most biodiverse in Senegal.

4. Coastal, Estuarine and Marine. Coastal, estuarine and marine resources are under threat of human activities, drought, and over exploitation. The Saloum estuary in Senegal already experiences land losses due to coastal zone inundation. Due to the low altitude of the estuary, a one-meter rise in sea level can result in 27 percent of the land area flooding, of which 50 percent is covered by mangroves11. The degradation of the mangroves has in turn led to salinization of the Saloum Delta and coastal ecosystems of the Casamance region.

Biodiversity Senegal’s wild fauna can currently only be found in national parks and reserves, which total 10 percent of the country’s territory. The Niokolo Koba National Park is home to 330 species of birds, 80 species of mammals, 60 species of fish, 36 species of reptiles and 20 species of amphibians. The Senegal River Delta is a highly diverse site, and is the only ecosystem affected by invasive species. Mangrove ecosystems and the Niaye (inter-dune depressions) and Djoudj area are particularly fragile, and also have high biodiversity and important ecological roles. Senegal has 2,500 species of flower plants, over 2,000 species of insects, and more than 1,000 species of mollusks and fish. This is an example of the marine biodiversity of Senegal, which remains largely unknown. Certain animals and plants in Senegal benefit from strict protection, including elephants, sea turtles, Derby élans and bamboo.12

Senegal is signatory to all international biodiversity conventions, including the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora13, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the Convention on Biological Diversity.14

According to the IUCN Red List, one species in Senegal is extinct in the wild, nine are critically endangered, 26 are endangered, 71 are vulnerable, and 54 are near threatened. The damma gazelle and giraffe were extinct, but were then reintroduced.15 The total number of plant species listed (14) is less than one percent of total plant diversity. However, the number of animal species listed (147) is about 27 percent of all animal life.

Water Resources Senegal has four major surface water systems, most of which are transnational: the Senegal River, the Gambia River, the Saloum River and the Casamance River. Part of the Kayanga River is also in Senegal before it enters Guinea Bissau. The two main dams on the Senegal River (Senegal’s Northern border with Mauritania) have altered the hydrology of the Senegal River and its basin. The Manantali dam (located in Mali) supplies hydropower to Senegal (hydropower contributes to more than 10 percent of electricity generated in the country). The Diama Dam serves as a regulator of water level in the Senegal River delta and protection against sea water intrusion. Freshwater resources, as well as the endemic plants and animals located therein, have been seriously degraded due to drought and human activities, 11 Climate Change and Water Resources in West Africa: Coastal Biophysical and Institutional Analysis, July 2014 12 (Convention on Biological Diversity n.d.)

13 (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) n.d.)

14 (Convention on Biological Diversity n.d.)

15 (ECODIT 2008)

Senegal WASH IEE — May 2016 — pg 13 and therefore are home to some of the more rare and/or endangered species. 16 Along the Senegal River, the Acacia nilotica, which used to form a large riparian forest, has faced severe deforestation.

The major groundwater resources come from the Senegalese-Mauritanian sedimentary basin and the Precambrian basement. The Senegalese-Mauritanian basin covers 80 percent of the country and includes shallow aquifers, an intermediate aquifer system and a deep system of Maestrichtian limestone and sand. The Precambrian basement in the southeast contains granite and greenstone belts and metasedimentary rocks.17 The rate of freshwater withdrawal in Senegal, over 2 billion m3 annually, is extremely high in comparison with total available renewable freshwater resources, 25.8 billion m3 per year.18

Figure 2. Major River Basins and Wetlands in Senegal19

Groundwater faces challenges from a changing climate and limited precipitation, leading to increased salinization, and also from excessive levels of minerals found in groundwater, causing the water to be unsuitable for human consumption or agricultural use. Nitrate pollution is also occurring in certain areas. Groundwater sources are suffering from over exploitation in the west along the coast, salinization in the north and south, and low recharge rates in the center of the country, partially due to limited precipitation.20,21. The Diass horst aquifer located 50 km east of Dakar is a prime example. This system

16 Senegal River, Encyclopedia Britannica; accessed via the internet on 25 August 2015 at:

http://www.britannica.com/place/Senegal-River#ref418217 17 Dia, A., Water Resources Issues in Senegal, International Symposium in Sao Carlos, Brazil, 17 September 2010;

accessed via the internet on 25 August 2015 at: http://www.abc.org.br/IMG/pdf/doc-246.pdf 18 Sector Study: Water Resources in Senegal, Green Economy; accessed via the internet on 25 August 2015 at:

http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/documents/GE_Water_Senegal_Final.pdf 19 Source: Ramsar, USGS HydroSHEDS 20 Barron, J., Fox, P., Koudeoukpo, J.B., Water and Poverty Linkages in Africa: Senegal Case Study, Stockholm Environment Institute, accessed via the internet on 28 December 2015 at: http://www.sei-http://www.britannica.com/place/Senegal-River#ref418217 http://www.abc.org.br/IMG/pdf/doc-246.pdf http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/documents/GE_Water_Senegal_Final.pdf http://www.sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Water-sanitation/AfDB-Water-and-Poverty-Senegal-FINAL.pdf

Senegal WASH IEE — May 2016 — pg 14 has experienced intensive extraction in the past 50 years to meet growing agricultural and industrial demands for water (the Diass system contributes to 36 percent of Dakar’s water supply distribution). An extraction rate of about 109,000 m3/day between 1989 and 2009 has caused a decline of up to 30m in groundwater level and has also modified groundwater flow and salinization in parts of the aquifer. The high levels of demand for this system also coincided with drought conditions in the 1970s, which exacerbated the deficit in groundwater recharge.22.

Figure 3. Aquifers in Senegal23

Surface water is threatened from unplanned development of dams and barrages, heavy use of water for irrigation, and agricultural and industrial runoff and pollution. In the 1970’s when precipitation declined from between 15-30 percent across the region, declines in surface water ranged from between 30 percent and 50 percent across West Africa. The Senegal River flow saw a decline of about 60 percent. 24 Rainfall has increased since the 1980’s, likely due to the warming of the North Atlantic Ocean, and Senegal has also experienced greater variability of rainfall, including shifts in the onset and duration of the rainy season as well as the occurrence and frequency of dry spells during the rainy season.

The World Bank identifies rising population and the agriculture sector, in particular, as the leading demand for water resources among all sectors in Senegal; Ninety three percent of surface and underground water is used for agriculture. However, irrigated agriculture only accounts for four percent of total cultivated land, meaning that water resource management is inefficient. 25 The UNEP Green Economy analysis of Senegal’s water sector suggests that the GoS focus on maintaining and enhancing international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Water-sanitation/AfDB-Water-and-Poverty-Senegal- FINAL.pdf 21 Sector Study: Water Resources in Senegal, Green Economy, 2015; accessed via the internet on 28 December 2015 at: http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/documents/GE_Water_Senegal_Final.pdf 22 Madioune, D., Faye, S., Orban, P., Brouyère, S., Dassargues, A., Mudry, J., . . . Maloszewski, P. (n.d.). Application of isotopic tracers as a tool for understanding hydrodynamic behavior of the highly exploited Diass aquifer system (Senegal). Journal of Hydrology, 443-459 23 Source: DGPRE 24 Regional Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment for West Africa, December 2012 25 Ibid http://www.sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Water-sanitation/AfDB-Water-and-Poverty-Senegal-FINAL.pdf http://www.sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/Water-sanitation/AfDB-Water-and-Poverty-Senegal-FINAL.pdf

Senegal WASH IEE — May 2016 — pg 15 natural infrastructure (aquifers, watersheds, lakes and wetlands) as well as improving the livelihoods of the poorest people, who are likely to be the most vulnerable to water resources degradation. The paper encourages policy makers to take an interdisciplinary approach that aims to strengthen monitoring systems; educate and train farmers on efficient irrigation, water management and drainage systems;

adopt regulatory measures to govern the application of fertilizers and pesticides; impose taxes on farmers and industrial polluters; and provide incentives for sound agricultural and industrial practices.

Rainwater harvesting and storage should also be promoters for domestic sanitation.26

The Directorate for the Management and Forecast of Water Resources (DGPRE) requires that all boreholes be subject to testing of initial rate of flow to enable monitoring and sustainable management of groundwater resources. Subsequently, ASUFORs (Borehole Water User Associations) conduct monthly measurements and recordings of withdrawals, and they provide annual assessments of the status of water resources. (USAID/Senegal)

DGPRE has performed numerous monitoring studies through PAGIRE for the protection of groundwater aquifers and the regulation of groundwater withdrawal. As a result, piezometers have been installed across the country to monitor the hydrogeological and hydrodynamic characteristics as well as the physiochemical and bacteriological quality of groundwater aquifers. It is also important to note that the groundwater studies to monitor salt water intrusion along the coast led to the cessation of drilling campaigns and the closing of several wells. In a similar manner, monitoring of groundwater nitrate contamination due to illegal discharges of fecal sludge and the proliferation of latrines in the peri-urban areas of Dakar has resulted in the shutdown of well drilling operations in Thiaroye by the local drinking water provider, “Senegalaise Des Eaux.” The rise of the water table and the soil saturation in these areas, has led to flooding in the informal/unplanned residential areas of the suburbs of Pikine Thiaroye (Dakar) throughout the year.

Protected Areas Senegal has a large protected area network with six national parks, six bird reserves, and 213 forest reserves27 . In addition, rural populations retain many sites as places of worship.

National Parks

1. Le Parc National du Niokolo Koba, 913,000 ha. This UNESCO World Heritage site and biosphere reserve is located in the southeastern part of the country. It was created to preserve large fauna and their habitat. The vegetation consists of woodlands, savanna woodlands, brush savannah and gallery forests.

2. Le Parc National du Delta du Saloum, 76,000 ha. See below section on Ramsar sites.

3. Le Parc National de Basse Casamance, 5,000 ha. This park was created in 1970 to safeguard

Guinean flora and fauna. The park consists mainly of dry forest and contains more than 50 mammal species as well as over 200 species of birds. 28

4. Le Parc National des Oiseaux du Djoudj, 16,000 ha. See below section on Ramsar sites.

26 Sector Study: Water Resources in Senegal, Green Economy, 2015; accessed via the internet on 28 December 2015 at: http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/documents/GE_Water_Senegal_Final.pdf 27 Forests reserves are designated due to fragile soils, preservation of flora and fauna (raise or diversified) and to preserve energy reserves (wood) 28 Ibid.

Senegal WASH IEE — May 2016 — pg 16

5. Parc National de la Langue de Barbarie, 2,000 ha. This park includes the Langue de Barbarie peninsula, the estuary of the Senegal River (containing two small islands) and a section of the mainland on the opposite side of the estuary. The park is home to numerous water birds and from November to April, migrant birds from Europe. 29

6. Le Parc National des Iles de la Madeleine, 45 ha. This park consists of three rocky, volcanic islands about 4 km off of Senegal’s coast. The largest, “snake island” is about 15 ha. The islands are covered in steppe-grassland and contain breeding bird species as well as sea turtles, dolphins and tortoises. 30

The National Parks Service, incorporated within the National Parks Directorate, is primarily responsible for the protection of wildlife within national parks. It functions as a paramilitary organization and has trained armed guards for prevention of poaching. National Parks (Parc National) are areas where hunting, capturing animals or exploitation of flora, soil or subsoil is prohibited. In some locations public access for educational or recreational purposes is permitted.

Figure 4. Protected Areas and Ecoregions in Senegal 31

Ramsar Sites

29 Parc National de la Langue de Barbarie, Lonely Planet; accessed via the internet on 25 August 2015 at:

http://www.lonelyplanet.com/senegal/northern-senegal/sights/natural-parks-forests/parc-national-de-la-langue-de-barbarie 30 Parc National des Iles de la Madeleine, Birdlife International; accessed via the internet on 25 August 2015 at:

http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6849 31 Source: FAO, Anthony Medeiros, USAID http://www.lonelyplanet.com/senegal/northern-senegal/sights/natural-parks-forests/parc-national-de-la-langue-de-barbarie http://www.lonelyplanet.com/senegal/northern-senegal/sights/natural-parks-forests/parc-national-de-la-langue-de-barbarie http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6849

Senegal WASH IEE — May 2016 — pg 17

Senegal has four designated Ramsar sites, covering almost 100,000 ha, and a fifth site that has been submitted for the list. Ramsar sites signify designated wetlands of importance, as guided by the Ramsar Convention. In helping to maintain and preserve the biodiversity and productivity of wetlands, countries party to the Ramsar Convention must work to identify wetland areas—lakes and rivers, underground aquifers, swamps and marshes, wet grasslands, peatlands, oases, estuaries, deltas and tidal flats, mangroves and other coastal areas, coral reefs, and all human-made sites such as fish ponds, rice paddies, reservoirs and salt pans—to protect while pledging support for transnational wetlands.32

1. Gueumbeul. Designated September 29, 1985, Gueumbeul is an extensive saline lagoon surounded by Sahelian vegetation. It is fed by seasonfal rainfall and saltwater inflow from the Senegal River. Various waterbirds are supported by Gueumbeul, as well as Palearctic migrants and nesting Afrotropical species. The site also contains an experimental breeding center for Sahelian mammals and reptiles. Human activities in the area include nature conservation and education, tourism and recreation.33

2. Djoudj. Designated June 16, 1993, Djoudj is an inland delta with a complex system of brackish lakes and pools linked through channels of the Senegal River floodplain. Water levels are controlled artificially. Vegetation in the area consists of Sahelian Tamarix and savannah with herbs and grasses in dry areas and reedbeds in flooded areas. Up to 400,000 birds can be present in January for breeding, staging and wintering, making this site an internationally important bird area. The main human activities in the area are nature conservation and ecotourism, and in surrounding areas, rice cultivation, livestock rearing and hunting.34 The Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary is also a UNESCO Natural World Heritage site.35

3. Bassin du Ndiaël. Designated July 11, 1977, the Bassin du Ndiael is a basin of saline soil in the Senegal River floodplain. Vegetation is mostly annual grasses and Acacia scrub. In the 1960’s, the natural hydrology of the region was changed to improve agricultural conditions, leading to drought and its subsequent listing as a Ramsar site. A hydrological restoration plan is in place to return the site to its prior international importance. There are a large number of wintering migrant birds visiting the area now, highlighting the success of this restoration plan. 36

4. Delta du Saloum. Designated April 3, 1984, the Saloum Delta consists of mangrove forests dissected by saline channels, lagoons, islands and islets. The area also has dune areas with dry, open forest. The site is home to varied fauna, including breeding turtles and nesting water birds.

Human activities in the area include nature conservation, tourism and pastoralism. Surrounding areas are used for agriculture, livestock, fishing and hunting. Management issues in the area include illegal gathering of mollusk, bird and turtle eggs and exploitation of plant products.37

5. Reserve Naturelle Communautaire de Toc Tocc (tentative). This site is a permanent coastal freshwater lake that provides habitat for spawning, nursery and feeding for over 98 fish species, including species of significant nutritional and commercial value to surrounding communities.

32 (Ramsar n.d.)

33 Ibid 34 Ibid 35 Senegal, UNESCO; accessed via the internet on 25 August 2015 at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/sn 36 Ibid 37 Ibid http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/sn

Senegal WASH IEE — May 2016 — pg 18

The site is also home to a large colony of water birds and supports the hydrological balance of the Senegal River basin. 38

Climate Change The Senegal Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment and Options Analysis39 completed in October 2014 cites that rainfall models predict a reduction in rainfall consistent with the reduced rainfall period observed between 1970 and 1990. An increase in maximum and minimum temperature is also expected across the regions included in the study, ranging from 2 °C to over 5° C in certain months. Maximum temperatures are expected to increase the most from December to February and June to September which are currently the coldest months, but even a limited temperature increase from April-May would bring monthly averages closer to 45 °C rather than current averages of 40° C.

One of the major climate change concerns in Senegal is sea level rise along the coast. The coastal zone is part of a regional sediment transportation corridor, which causes ongoing erosion. The Senegalese coastal zone already experiences acute erosion at a rate of close to 137 meters per year in the areas near the breach in the Sangomar sand spit.40 This, coupled with changes in rainfall patterns and saline intrusion, has reduced fresh water supply. It is likely that between 55 and 86 km of beach will disappear by 2100 if erosion continues to intensify. Low areas, namely estuaries, are at a very high risk of flooding.

However, it is important to note that inundation is predicted to cause higher land loss than erosion.

Implications. The transition to a warmer climate will likely reduce crop harvests and pasture availability, in turn exacerbating the impact of droughts. In areas that already have high average air temperatures, increased warming will increase water shortages. From the 1960’s to the 2000’s, the amount of farmland per person has declined by 300 percent, and yields only increased by about 70 percent. If these trends continue, food security will be seriously threatened. Given that rainfall is likely to decline, raising crop yields in wetter areas could be a more viable option then extending agriculture in more marginal areas that are typically dryer and warmer.41

In the fishing sector, climate change has a significant impact on coastal resources. Sea level rise not only increases erosion, but also causes loss of mangroves, salinity of land and water in estuaries and the degradation of coastal habitats and infrastructure. Further, changing ocean currents decrease the intensity of coastal upwelling and as a result, also decrease the productivity of fisheries. Distribution areas and cycles of migrating species are also affected by these changes in ocean currents, not to mention shifts in the onset of fishing season. These affects will continue to negatively impact coastal ecosystem services, including the fisheries that provide an important source of protein and revenues for the Senegalese population. 42In that regard, adaptation to climate change becomes an imperative for sustaining fisheries already under serious threat from overexploitation and excess capacity, and on the verge to collapse.

38 Ibid 39 This analysis focused on the departments of Matam, Kanel, Goudiry and Bakel in order to focus on a relatively coherent set of livelihood systems that are likely to be most vulnerable to climate change impacts 40 Climate Change and Water Resources in West Africa: Coastal Biophysical and Institutional Analysis, July 2014 41 A Climate Trend Analysis of Senegal, Famine Early Warning Systems Network, October 2012 42 Formation interactive sur la problématique du changement climatique, USAID/COMFISH

Senegal WASH IEE — May 2016 — pg 19

As the climate experiences greater variability and change however, the country’s water resources’ availability and quality are heavily impacted, and so is human health, given Senegal is both a coastal (700 km of coast) and Sahelian country.

Surface water and groundwater supplies are both affected. Global warming causes sea level rise.

Climate change has already caused the rise of surface water levels accompanied by potential flooding of major rivers and their tributaries which could result in the relocation of nearby populations. In order to forecast river flooding, hydrological stations need to be repaired to better monitor tidal changes and to measure estuarine flows.

Furthermore, there has been a reduction of rainfall in certain years, in addition to erratic rainfall patterns, largely due to:

• Shortened rainy seasons

• An increase in the frequency of dry spells as well as short periods of torrential rainfall

• Increased evapotranspiration

• Deforestation, which no longer attracts clouds and thereby reduces rainfall

• In addition, it should be noted that deforestation exposes large open spaces that are prone to flooding and erosion

This set of events substantially reduces the recharge rates of the groundwater table, leading to aquifer depletion. This, in turn leads to high concentrations of fluoride, chloride and nitrates in groundwater used for drinking water which are harmful to human health. The occurrence of for short duration, heavy rainfall events, in particular, results in stormwater runoff when the soil infiltration capacity is exceeded.

This also substantially increases the risk of flooding, which would result in soil erosion, loss of associated land, and also the accumulation of sediments in downstream drainage basins and flood works.

Global warming and glacial melting result in sea level rise and salt water intrusion in coastal aquifers.

This compromises the quality and composition of groundwater for drinking water, which affects water security as well as the nutritional health of the population. Salinization is a predominant public health concern, causing the resurgence of cardiovascular diseases in the central regions such as Kaolack and Fatick in particular, areas which have also been experiencing dental fluorosis. Salinization is also a serious threat in the southwest of the country (Casamance).

Generally, shifts in temperature and rainfall are likely to lead to increased conflict over natural resources. Decreasing rainfall and changes in rainfall patterns favor runoff, causing saltwater intrusion in aquifers which ultimately lowers reloading rates. In addition to affecting water security, changes in drinking water quality will also have nutrition and health impacts. Further, indirect impacts of coastal erosion, habitat loss, and soil salinization are predicted to drive people further inland, causing deforestation, while on the other side, food shortages from lowered crop yields could shift people towards the coast, leading to overexploitation of local fishery resources.43

43 USAID/Senegal Environmental Concept Note: GCC; Draft 10/29/2014

Senegal WASH IEE — May 2016 — pg 20

2.2 Applicable Host Country

Environmental and Social Laws, Regulations, and Policies

2.2.1 National Environmental Policies and Regulations

Senegal has had a Ministry of the Environment since 1981, and an Environmental act since 1983 (“Code de l’Environnement”). Senegal’s new constitution, adopted in 2001, includes an article related to the environment. The article states: "The Republic of Senegal guarantees all citizens basic individual freedoms, economic and social rights and collective rights. These rights and freedoms including the right to a healthy environment is carried out according to the conditions provided by law." 44

The “Code de l’Environnement” was updated in 2000 to account for new dimensions of environmental issues (the Stockholm convention, Rio conferences, etc.) The new code adopted strategic planning instruments such as the National Action Plan for the Environment, the National Action Plan to Combat Desertification, the Forestry Action Plan, the National Strategy for Implementing the Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Action Program for Biological Diversity, the Action Plan for the…