EG4ALL PAD 20170316 FINAL.pdf

PDF 3 MB Posted Dec 12, 2019

Attached to: Senegal Entrepreneurship Promotion and Business Investment Activity
Solicitation number: 72068520R00001
Issued by: US Agency for International Development Senegal

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Written by GovTribe AI · Dec 28, 2023

This Project Appraisal Document describes a proposed $210 million project called Economic Growth For All (EG4ALL) to be implemented in Senegal from 2018 to 2023. The project aims to sustainably reduce poverty and undernourishment through five activities: value chain services, nutritious food system services, entrepreneurship and vocational development services, policy systems services, and sustainable ecosystem and fisheries management services.

Value chain services will focus on developing technical packages, strengthening market linkages for micro, small and medium enterprises, and expanding innovative financing approaches in agricultural value chains. Nutritious food system services will analyze nutrition issues, strengthen local private sector capacity in food security, and facilitate access to and use of nutritious foods. Entrepreneurship and vocational development services will support business and technical skills. Policy systems services will work to advance reforms and strengthen implementation. Sustainable ecosystem services will promote sustainable fisheries management and related livelihood opportunities.

The project will operate in Senegal's Feed The Future Zone of Influence, engaging 150,000 households and potentially benefiting 1.5 million people. It aims to increase average incomes by 20% and reduce poverty and stunting by 15% through integrated, market-based interventions linking agriculture, nutrition, jobs and policy goals. The proposed implementing period is 2018-2023 with a budget range of $176-210 million.

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USAID Senegal – Economic Growth For All

(FY2018‐2023)

Project Appraisal Document

25 Feb 2017

PROCUREMENT SENSITIVE

USAID SENEGAL EG4ALL PAD i

USAID SENEGAL EG4ALL PAD ii

LIST OF ACRONYMS

AAD Activity Approval Memos

ACF Action Contre la Faim

AETR

Agriculture Education Training Research

AGCLIR	Agricultural	Commercial,	Legal,	and
Institutional	Reform

AMEP

Activity Monitoring and Evaluation Plans

ANCAR

Agence	Nationale	de	Conseil	Agricole
et	Rural

ANIDA	Agence	Nationale	d’Insertion	et	de
Développement	Agricole

ANPEJ

Agence	Nationale	pour	la	Promotion
de	l’Emploi	des	Jeunes

ANSD

Agence	nationale	de	la	statistique	et
de	la	démographie

AOR Assistance Office Representative

ASPRODEB

Association	Sénégalaise	pour	la
Promotion	du	Développement	à	la

Base

BDS Business Development Services

CBSP Community Based Service Provider

CCIR Cross‐cutting Intermediate Result

CDCS

Country Development Cooperation Strategy

CFA West African Francs

CGER

Centres de Gestion et d’Economie Rurale

CIFA	Centre	Interprofessionnel	de
Formation	des	Agriculteurs

CINSERE

Climate	Information	Services	for
Increased	Resilience	and

Productivity

CIS Climate Information Services

CLM

Cellule de Lutte contre la Malnutrition

CLPA Commité Locale de Peche Artisinal

CNCAS Credit Agricole du Sénégal

CNCR	Conseil	National	des	Concertations	et
de	Coopération	Ruraux

COMFISH

Collaborative	Management	for	a
Sustainable	Fisheries	Future	in

Senegal

CONGAD

Conseille	des	organization	non‐
governement	d’appuyi	au

Développement

COR Contract Office Representative

CRODT Oceanographic Research Center

DAP Dept of Analysis Forecasting and Statistics

DCA Development Credit Authority

DO Development Objective

DPM Directorate of Marine Fisheries

DPSP

Directorate	for	Surveillance	and	the
Protection	of	Surveillance

ECOWAS

Economic	Community	Of	West
African	States

EG4ALL Economic Growth for All

EGO Economic Growth Office

ENSA

Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agriculture

ERA Education, Research, Agriculture

ESPS

L’Enquete de Suivi de la Pauvreté au Sénégal

FTF Feed the Future

FY Financial Year

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GFSS Global Food Security Strategy

GIS Geographic Information System

GLAAS Global Acquisition & Assistance System

GOLD Govt for Local Development

GOS Govt of Senegal

GTDRSA

Donors	Group	on	Rural	Development
and	Food	Security

HR Human Resources

ICT

Information Communication Technology

IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute

IP Implementing Partner

ISDP Integrated Service Delivery Project

ISFAR

L'Institut de Formation Agricole et Rurale

ISRA Institut Senegalaise de Recherche Agricole

ITA Institut de Technologie Alimentaire

IUUF Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported Fishing

JICA

Japanese International Cooperation Agency

LEO Leveraging Economic Opportunities

LOASP Agro‐Sylvo Pastoral Orientation Law

USAID SENEGAL EG4ALL PAD ii

LTAEB

Lycée Technique Agricole Émile Badiane

M&E Monitoring and Evaluation

MAER

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Equipment

MCC Millenium Challenge Corporation

MEL Monitoring Evaluation and Learning

MPA Marine Protected Areas

MSME Micro, Small, Medium Enterprise

NERICA New Rice (variety) for Africa

NFSS Nutritious Food System Services

NGO Non Govt Organization

NOAA

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

OSC Office of Security Cooperation

PAD Project Appraisal Document

PAPA Projet d'Appui aux Politiques Agricoles

PBS Population Based Survey

PCE Projet de Croissance Économique

PD Project Description

PDIDAS

Projet	de	Développement	Inclusif	et
Durable	de	l’Agribusiness	au	Sénégal

PDP Project Design Plan

PERA

Public Expenditure Review in Agriculture

PMP Project Management Plan

POPAS

La	Plateforme	des	organisations
professionnelles	de	l'agroalimentaire
du	Sénégal

PPP Public Private Partnership

PPR Performance Plan and Report

PRACAS

Programme	de	relance	et
d’accélération	de	la	cadence	de
l’agriculture	au	Sénégal

PRN Nutrition Strengthening Project

PRODAC Programme des Domaines Agricoles Communautaires

PSE Plan Senegal Emergent

PYD Positive Youth Development

ReSAKSS

Regional	Strategic	Analysis	and
Knowledge	Support	System

SAED

Société	d'aménagement	et
d'exploitation	des	terres	du	delta

SAGIC

Accelerated	Growth	and	Increased
Competitiveness	Economic	Growth

Project

SBCC

Social & Behavior Change Communications

SEM

Sustainable Ecosystems Management

SENWASH Senegal Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

SFZ Southern Forest Zone

SGO Sabadola Gold Organization

SISMAR

Société	Industrielle	Sahélienne	de
Mécaniques,	Matériels	Agricoles	et
de	Représentations

SME Small medium Enterprise

SMS Short Message Service

SODEFITEX

Societé	de	Développement	des
Fibres	Textiles

SOW Scope of Work

SPRING

Strengthening	Partnerships,	Results,
in	Nutrition	Globally

SRV Senegal River Valley

TBD To Be Decided

UCAD Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar

UNICEF

United	Nations	International
Children’s	Emergency	Fund

USAID

US Agency for International Development

USD US dollar

USG US Govt

VC Value Chain

WASH Water Sanitation and Hygiene

WHO World Health Organization

WTO World Trade Organization

ZOI Zone of Influence

USAID SENEGAL EG4ALL PAD iii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

Youth

Unemployment

rates

(GlobalEconomy.com,

WorldBank)

.....................................................

Figure

Cost

Starting

Business

(Global

Economy.com,

World

Bank).

....................................................

Figure

Project

Results

Framework

............................................................................................................................

Figure

FTF

Zone

Influence,

including

coastal

COMFISH

zones.

................................................................

Figure

USAID

Senegal

EG4ALL

PAD

Activities.

.....................................................................................................

Figure

Critical

interlinking

components

effect

MSME

development.

...............................................

Figure

Precipitation

variability

over

the

period

2000‐2015

(Badiane,

2016).

.......................................

Figure

Youth

Unemployment

rates

(GlobalEconomy.com,

WorldBank)

...................................................

Figure

Cost

Starting

Business

(Global

Economy.com,

World

Bank)

...................................................

Figure

10.

Strategic

Framework

for

MSME

Growth

and

Development

...........................................................

LIST OF TABLES

Table	1.	Aspects	of	Plan	Senegal	Emergent	addressed	by	EG4ALL.	.................................................................	55
Table	2.	Activity	Transitions	and	Proposed	Procurement	Mechanisms	.........................................................	56
Table	3.	Non‐competitive	mechanisms	to	be	procured	under	this	PAD	.........................................................	57
Table	4.	Current	and	future	activity	costs	(Low	Budget	Scenario).	..................................................................	68
Table	5.	Current	and	future	activity	costs	(High	Budget	Scenario).	.................................................................	69
Table	6.	Traditionnal	Filiere	system	approach	versus	Naatal	Mbay	contracting	agriculture	approach
(source:	LEO	report	49,	Case	studies	on	facilitating	systemic	change)	..........................................................	80

USAID SENEGAL EG4ALL PAD iv

Contents

1 Purpose

2 Context

2.1 Political, Social, Commercial

2.2 USAID/EGO Engagement

3 Problem Statement

4 Project Approach

4.1 Theory of Change

4.2 Project Principles

4.3 Assumptions/Risks

4.4 Geographic Approach

5 Project Description

5.1 Activity 1: Value Chain Services

5.2 Activity 2: Nutritious Food System Services

5.3 Activity 3: Entrepreneurship and Vocational Development Services

5.4 Activity 4: Policy Systems Services

5.5 Activity 5: Sustainable Ecosystem and Fisheries Management Services

6 Alignment with United States Government and GOS Priorities

6.1 Relationship to GFSS and CDCS

6.2 Linkages with USAID Activities

6.3 Linkage with GOS Priorities

7 Project Management Approach

7.1 Project activities and procurement plan

7.2 Management and Staffing

7.3 Summary Financial Plan and Cost Estimate

8 Project Monitoring Evaluation and Learning Plan (PMELP)

9 References

10 Annexes

10.1 Financial Plan

10.2 Climate Risk Analysis

10.3 Project Logic Model

USAID SENEGAL EG4ALL PAD v

10.4 Summary of Analyses

10.4.1 Senegal ‐ Country Overview

10.4.2 Agriculture Sector Analysis

10.4.3 FTF Value Chain Activities, Achievements and Remaining Challenges

10.4.4 Water Management Schemes in Senegal

10.4.5 MSME Study

10.4.6 Environment

10.4.7 Agriculture Sector Climate Vulnerability Assessment and Options Analysis

10.4.8 Gender Analysis Study

10.4.9 Expanding and Enhancing Nutrition‐Sensitive Agriculture

10.4.10 Youth in Agriculture Assessment

10.5 EGO Policy Matrix

10.6 Business Enabling Environment and Competitiveness Program (PREAC)

10.7 Climate Risk Screening Matrix

10.8 PDP Approval Memo

1 Purpose

The	following	USAID	Senegal	–	Economic	Growth	Office
Project	Appraisal	Document	(PAD)	describes	Economic
Growth	For	All	(EG4ALL)	2018‐2023,	an	integrated
investment	that	will	aid	Senegal,	as	a	focus	country	under
the	United	States	Government’s	(USG)	Feed	the	Future
Initiative	(FTF),	to	make	further	advancements	along	its
food	security	and	agricultural	development	trajectory.

The	purpose	of	the	USAID	Senegal	–	Economic	Growth
For	All	(EG4ALL)	2018‐2023	$210	million	Project	is	to
sustainably	reduce	poverty	and	undernourishment	by
among	beneficiaries	(See	Annex	10.3).

EG4ALL	is	consistent	with	the	current	Government	of
Senegal	(GOS)	medium	and	long‐term	economic	and
social	policy	framework,	called	the	Plan	Senegal	Emergent
(PSE).	In	particular,	it	responds	to	the	PSE’s	first	thrust	–
structural	transformation	of	the	economy	and	growth.

EG4ALL

will

contribute

USAID/Senegal

Country

Development

Cooperation

Strategy

(CDCS)

Development

Goal

sustainably

reduce

poverty

and

malnutrition

the

Zone

Influence

(ZOI)1.

designing

the

activities

achieve

the

purpose,

the

agricultural

economy

recognized

the

most

immediate

means

generating

income

and

employment

for

large

numbers

young

people.

Thus,

alignment

with

the

U.S.

Government

Global

Food

Security

Strategy

(GFSS),

the

project

builds

resilience

through

linking

efforts

accelerate

agricultural

growth

and

improve

nutrition,

and

deliberately

create

jobs

for

young

people

and

opportunities

for

women.

Sustainable

ecosystem

services

are

also

recognized

foundation

for

economic

growth.

EG4ALL

essential

step

expanding

group

current

activities

that

will

improve

household

incomes,

consumption

nutritious

diets,

and

environmental

outcomes.

EG4ALL

built

upon

the

premise

that

order

sustainably

reduce

poverty

and

malnutrition,

these

activities

must

advanced

concurrently

order

ensure

that

each

develop

complementary

synergistic

fashion.

Undertaken

separately,

lack

one

stream

could

undercut

potential

for

success

others.

1 The current CDCS is valid through October 2, 2017. Under this CDCS, the Development Goal 1 is: Increased Inclusive Economic Growth. USAID/Senegal is in the process of developing a new CDCS. The new Goal 1 will be revised to something similar to what is included in this PAD.

Project	Purpose:
Sustainably	reduce	poverty	and
undernourishment	among	beneficiaries.

Coverage:

Senegal	River	Valley,	Southern	Forest
Zone,	Coastal	Artisanal	Fisheries	–	9
Administrative	Regions

Priority	Crops:
Cereals,	Horticulture,	Fishers,	Livestock

Priority	Populations:
Children	under	5
Women	of	reproductive	age	(15‐49)
Youth	(15	upwards)
Farmers	(male	and	female)

Methods:

Agricultural	productivity	improvement,
MSME/Employment	creation,

Technical/Vocational/organizational

development	training,
Food	system	development,
Nutrition	Behavior	change,
Policy	strengthening/implementation,
Sustainable	management	of	threatened

ecosystems

Major Implementing Instruments: 5

Budget Range: $176M – $210M

approved

Project

Design

Plan

(PDP)

(Annex

10.5)

outlined

the

broad

approach

that

both

builds

on,

and

better

integrates

the

current

portfolio

Economic

Growth

Office

activities,

based

the

following

principles:

a. Market‐based

solutions

that

target

youth

and

women

for

income‐generating

opportunities

on‐farm,

and

off‐farm

along

the

value

chain

(VC),

while

reliably

supplying

nutritious

foods.

b. Public/private

institutions,

local

management

groups,

and

commercial

entities,

strengthened

and

empowered

manage

proactively,

based

increasingly

strong

data,

and

better

linked

with

end‐users’

market

requirements.

c. Sustainable	and	inclusive	land	and	water	management	that	conserves	ecosystem	services	and
functions,	while	promoting	viable	livelihoods.

d. Policies

that

improve

the

business

climate

for

targeted

sectors,

inclusive

local

stakeholders,

and

attract

greater

private

sector

investment.

The

presence

large

(and

increasing)

population

un‐

and

underemployed

youth

can

seen

both

opportunity

and

threat.

Therefore,

youth

engagement

priority

the

commercial

functions

the

value

chains

key

focus

the

project.

Women’s

engagement

also

priority,

given

women’s

propensity

spill

over

their

families

and

households

any

social

and

economic

gains

that

accrue

them

(better

education,

enhanced

nutrition,

etc.).

Wherever

possible

the

project

will

take

‘service

development’

view

value

chain

functions

key

sustainability.

There

will

strong

focus

commercially

viable

products

and

services

derived

from

scalable

local

solutions

that

add

value

and

enhance

competitiveness.

These

will

build

existing

systems

and

opportunities

resulting

effective

local

actors,

institutions

and

systems.

Environmental

sustainability

will

addressed

all

activities,

from

resilient

agricultural

practices

better

fish

stock

management.

the

end

EG4ALL

there

will

place

strongly

integrated

innovation

system

that

better

able

exploit

its

potential

contribute

economic

growth,

employment,

and

food

security

environmentally

sustainable

way.

This

system

will

link

public

and

private

sectors

and

founded

growing,

dynamic,

network

Micro,

Small,

Medium

Enterprise

(MSMEs)

offering

essential

business

services

response

market

needs.

Small

farm

productivity,

profitability

and

sustainability

will

grow

based

improved

availability

inputs,

markets

and

services.

2 Context

2.1 Political, Social, Commercial

Senegal

one

the

most

stable

countries

Africa,

and

has

considerably

strengthened

its

democratic

institutions

since

its

independence

from

France

1960.

All

three

presidential

transitions

since

independence

have

been

peaceful,

and

President

Macky

Sall

overseeing

further

legislative

strengthening,

including

the

policy

decentralization

government

functions

which

will

enable

greater

responsibility

for

decision‐making

local

areas.

Senegal’s

macroeconomic

performance

continuing

strongly

with

2015

growth

rate

6.5%,

rate

that

hasn’t

been

achieved

since

2003,

making

Senegal

the

second

fastest

growing

economy

West

Africa,

behind

Côte

d’Ivoire

(World

Bank,

2016).

The

primary

sector

the

fastest

growing

sector

boosted

extractives

and

agriculture

(terrestrial

crops

and

wild

fisheries).

agriculture,

good

rainfall

and

strong

outcomes

from

sectors

targeted

government

programs

(including

groundnuts,

rice,

and

horticulture)

explain

this

outcome.

Over

the

past

ten

years

the

Agricultural

Production

Index

has

increased

25%,

mainly

supported

improvements

rice

yield

(doubled

metric

tons

per

hectare

(MT/ha)),

and

large

increase

horticultural

production

(mainly

beans,

tomatoes,

and

mangoes)

(Badiane

al,

2016).

Millet,

sorghum

and

maize

have

all

remained

constant.

From

export

value

perspective,

the

horticultural

crops

have

seen

marked

growth

importance,

now

moving

into

second

place

behind

groundnuts.

This

period

has

also

seen

Senegal

move

from

net

importer

exporter

fish

and

animal

products

(despite

the

country's

fishers

losing

estimated

300,000

fish

each

year

illegal

fishing).

Economic

modelling

Badiane

(2016)

has

also

identified

horticulture

significant

future

opportunity.

Senegal’s

2015

Environmental

Threats

and

Opportunities

Assessment

(ETOA)

detailed

variety

threats

affecting

biodiversity

and

ecosystems.

Senegal

has

significant

amount

(1.6

million

hectares)

protected

areas

featuring

national

parks,

forest

reserves,

bird

reserves

and

Ramsar

wetlands

sites.

Many

these

are

under

challenge

from

overexploitation,

and

around

40,000

forest

are

lost

every

year

over

and/or

alternative

use.

Significant

water

resources

are

available,

estimated

4,700

m3/capita/year,

split

between

surface

and

groundwater

sources.

The

groundwater

portion

supplied

deep

aquifers

that

cover

four

fifths

the

land

mass.

The

main

threats

water

quantity

and

quality

are

climate

change

and

increased

rainfall

variability

that

also

exacerbating

soil

salinization

areas

estuaries,

and

pollution

from

agriculture,

industrial

and

domestic

waste.

Poverty

remains

high

Senegal,

affecting

46.7%

the

population.

Gross

Domestic

Product

(GDP)

growth

well

below

the

rates

necessary

for

significant

poverty

reduction,

and

growing

reliance

capital‐intensive

exports,

rather

than

labor‐intensive

sectors,

limits

the

creation

new

jobs.

Repeated

shocks

recent

years

have

further

hampered

progress,

with

poverty

decreasing

only

1.8

between

2006

and

2011,

and

the

number

poor

increasing,

reaching

6.3

million

2011.

Inequality

Senegal

moderate,

and

slightly

lower

than

the

Sub‐Saharan

African

average.

However,

geographic

disparities

are

very

pronounced,

with

almost

two

out

three

poor

residents

rural

areas,

especially

the

south,

versus

one

four

Dakar.

Likewise,

there

still

marked

inequality

gender

roles.

Women

have

far

lower

access

productive

resources

(land,

labor,

finance,

water,

and

other

infrastructure)

and

opportunities

enhance

their

skills

(time

resource,

access

training,

extension

services

and

technologies).

significant

percentage

youth

(52.2

live

rural

areas

(ANSD,

2014),

and

according

the

most

recent

national

poverty

survey,

rural

youth

experience

higher

levels

extreme

poverty,

illiteracy

and

inactivity

than

urban

youth

(ANSD,

2006).

The

percentage

youth

rural

areas

with

least

primary

school

education

low,

less

than

(ANSD,

2014).

Each

year,

300,000

new

young

job

seekers

enter

the

labor

market,

and

are

rural

areas.

The

rural

economy

offers

national

employment

opportunities

youth

(ANSD,

2014).

The

national

youth

employment

promotion

agencies

Agence

Nationale

d’Insertion

Développement

Agricole

(ANIDA)

and

Programme

des

Domaines

Agricoles

Communautaires

(PRODAC)

still

struggle

attract

youth

and

provide

them

with

permanent

jobs.

Over

MSMEs

are

youth

owned,

and

employment

quality

control

and

quality

assurance

line

with

world‐class

commodity

value

chains.

However,

young

Senegalese

looking

for

agriculture

sector

employment

entrepreneurial

opportunity

face

very

limited

access

land,

finance,

and

continued

training

compete

for

the

few

jobs

that

are

available

(USAID

Senegal,

2016b).

Senegal

also

leads

its

peers

the

region

youth

unemployment

evidenced

Figure

below.

Figure 1. Youth Unemployment rates (GlobalEconomy.com, World Bank)

nutrition,

Senegal

lags

achieving

the

World

Health

Assembly

2025

goals.

During

the

period,

2005‐14,

the

children‐under‐5

stunting

rate

remained

constant

around

19%.

However,

this

masks

regional

disparities,

with

Dakar

and

central

regions

improving,

while

the

south

has

worsened.

Over

the

same

period,

the

prevalence

exclusive

breastfeeding

worsened

from

37.5%

32.4%.

Senegal

has

the

highest

prevalence

women

anemia

and

the

fifth

highest

prevalence

women

underweight

sub‐Saharan

Africa.

Over‐nutrition

and

its

non‐communicable

diseases

are

the

rise,

with

21.3%

women

over

age

overweight

obese.

Senegal

lags

behind

its

peers

the

region

business

climate

improvement.

According

the

World

Bank’s

Doing

Business

2016

report,

Senegal

has

taken

important

steps

improve

its

business

enabling

environment

with

the

creation

the

Presidential

Council

Investment,

the

establishment

one

stop‐shop

for

business

registration

and

the

reduction

corporate

tax

rates.

However,

sustained

efforts

are

still

needed

improve

the

regulatory

climate:

contract

enforcement,

the

time

and

cost

involved

registering

property

aspect

business,

and

other

constraints

increase

the

costs

and

risks

businesses

and

hinder

access

world‐class

services,

investment

and

competitive

business

performance

(Figure

2).

weak

business

enabling

environment

has

discouraged

entrepreneurship

and

new

business

formation

and

resulted

large

numbers

informal

firms,

which

have

labor

productivity

levels

that

are

only

10%

that

formal

ones.

Figure 2. Cost of Starting a Business (Global Economy.com, World Bank).

2.2 USAID/EGO Engagement

the

cereal

crops

sub‐sector

agriculture,

the

flagship

FTF

Senegal

Value

Chain

Activity,

known

Naatal

Mbay,

was

built

upon

successes

and

learning

from

earlier

investments,

notably

Wula

Nafaa

and

Senegal

Accelerated

Growth

and

Increased

Competitiveness

Activity

(SAGIC),

followed

the

Economic

Growth

Project

(PCE).

Naatal

Mbay

has

catalyzed

productivity

and

market

linkages

the

rice,

maize

and

millet

value

chains.

Over

the

period

2013/15,

adoption

the

improved

technical

packages

developed

the

project

increased

irrigated

rice

yields

from

5‐6

MT/ha,

leading

than

$15M

incremental

sales.

Irrigated

rice

yields

are

poised

increase

even

further.

Regarding

maize,

supply

certified

seed

trebled

from

3,000

10,000

the

2014

2016

period

‐

outcome

facilitated

partnerships

among

USAID,

Senegalese

companies,

and

farmers’

groups.

For

financial

risk‐reduction

support

greater

agricultural

investment

smallholders,

innovative

insurance

instruments

were

tested

the

maize

and

millet

zones

with

good

results

(USAID

Senegal,

2015b).

2015,

1,470

maize

and

millet

growers

purchased

rain‐

index

insurance

packages,

and

450

were

paid

out

due

drought.

the

subsequent

season,

14,350

farmers

bought

insurance

that

covered

4,000

ha.

For

the

advanced

producers,

working

capital

issues

are

being

addressed

through

equipment

leasing

schemes

and

warehouse

receipts

–

both

modern

methods

for

addressing

the

liquidity

needs

growing

industry

(USAID

Senegal,

2013).

the

fisheries

sector,

through

the

Collaborative

Management

for

Sustainable

Fisheries

Future

Senegal

(COMFISH),

reforms

are

contributing

sustaining

the

productivity

marine

fisheries

ecosystems,

reducing

post‐harvest

losses,

promoting

international

trade

through

eco‐labeling

and

connecting

artisanal

fishers

fully

the

fisheries

value

chains,

with

innovative

products

such

fisheries

insurance.

The

activity

has

made

striking

gains

improved

governance

through

local

councils

for

artisanal

fishing.

conjunction

with

the

Climate

Information

Services

for

Increased

Resilience

and

Productivity

(CINSERE)

activity,

which

emphasizes

strategic

use

climatic

information,

resilience

and

productivity

targeted

communities

fishers,

herders

and

farmers

are

being

promoted

means

confronting

climate

variability

and

change.

Concerning

nutrition,

nutrition‐led

agriculture

approach

was

employed

through

the

Yaajeende

activity

reduce

malnutrition

Matam,

Kedougou,

Kolda,

and

Bakel

Department

(Tambacounda).

Tools

deployed

this

approach

include

promoting

the

emergence

community‐based

agribusinesses

that

facilitate

availability

and

accessibility

agriculture

goods

and

services

isolated

and

vulnerable

communities.

These

businesses

support

improved

production,

trade

and

local

consumption

quality,

nutritious

foods,

such

orange

fleshed

sweet

potato,

bio‐fortified

grains,

meat

and

dairy.

Results

under

Yaajeende

include

30%

drop

stunting

rates,

from

23%

2011

16%

2015;

decrease

poverty

2.5

2.9

and

increase

the

proportion

women

practicing

exclusive

breast

feeding

from

2011

24%

2015.

hallmark

this

activity

its

work

with

local

government

bodies

maximize

the

numbers

people

who

are

exposed

the

benefits.

The

Education

and

Research

Agriculture

(ERA)

Activity

the

primary

vehicle

for

helping

develop

the

human

and

institutional

capacity

among

the

Senegalese

public

and

private

sectors

spur

value

chain

productivity,

and

undergird

sustainable

production

systems.

Under

ERA,

“4‐H

Senegal”

Positive

Youth

Development

Program

focuses

agriculture

and

entrepreneurship

for

sustainable

community

development.

now

has

over

clubs

three

regions

Senegal,

reaching

hundreds

youth.

ERA

supporting

academic

programs

ranging

from

Masters

Degrees

U.S.

universities

degrees

and

certificates

for

104

scholars

Senegalese

universities

and

technical

training

institutes.

the

policy

realm,

through

the

FTF

Senegal

Agricultural

Policy

Project/Projet

d'Appui

aux

Politiques

Agricoles

(PAPA)

and

the

FTF

Senegal

Policy

for

Agriculture

Investments

Activity

(P4I)

strides

are

being

made

address

policies

that

impede

progress

the

agriculture,

fisheries,

and

business

enabling

environment.

Fisheries

laws

have

been

strengthened

and

fisheries

codes

introduced

improve

enforcement

measures.

3 Problem Statement

Exhaustive

analyses

have

been

either

performed

commissioned

the

USAID/Senegal

Economic

Growth

Office

(EGO)

the

areas

gender,

youth

employment

agriculture,

MSME

situation,

policy,

energy

and

water

for

agriculture,

fisheries

political

economy,

and

nutrition.

addition,

multiple

engagements

were

undertaken

with

range

government

departments,

institutions,

other

donors,

and

formal

and

informal

producer

and

advocacy

groups

deepen

EGO’s

understanding

remaining

constraints,

specifically:

Lagging

agricultural

productivity:

the

whole,

food

production

Senegal

not

efficient

due

availability

and

access

issues

secure

land,

water,

credit,

fertilizers,

pesticides,

seeds,

equipment,

and

proven

techniques

for

increased

agricultural

production.

The

very

structure

the

input

sectors

and

various

distortions

the

market

limit

private

sector

investment

the

cereal

seeds

sector.

Pressure

land

and

water

resources

country

where

population

growth

and

urbanization

outpace

gains

food

system

functionality,

make

gains

productivity

all

the

urgent.

Access

technologies

and

innovation

diffusion

limited

the

weakness

the

government

research

and

extension

services

system

and

the

lack

linkages

with

the

private

sector.

Water

and

energy

infrastructure

are

wanting

remote

areas:

Although

public

investments

water

management

technologies

and

irrigation

systems

have

contributed

increased

rice

production

the

Senegal

River

Valley

(SRV)

and

lowland

areas

Southern

Forest

Zone

(SFZ),

Senegalese

agriculture

still

mostly

dependent

rainfall.

The

recurring

incidence

extreme

weather

with

irregular

rainfall,

flooding,

and

drought,

bears

increased

risks

both

farming

businesses

and

food

security.

Expansion

processing

facilities

hampered

the

low

access

energy

and

the

higher

cost

electricity

and

fuel

rural

areas.

Increasing

the

availability

water

and

energy,

improved

seeds

and

fertilizers,

are

critical

improved

agricultural

productivity.

Land

Tenure:

Secure

land

tenure

creates

favorable

environment

for

agricultural

growth

through

smallholders

(men,

women,

and

young

people)

and

other

responsible

investment.

Access

and

control

land

limited

for

women

and

young

people.

There

recognition

the

need

reform

the

laws

governing

land

tenure

and

improve

implementation

existing

laws

ways

that

support

greater

inclusion

women

and

young

people.

Transparent

land

rights

information,

including

maps,

areas

targeted

for

investment

critical.

Given

that

existing

projects

map

and

record

land

rights

(Millennium

Challenge

Corporation

[MCC]

and

World

Bank

Projet

Développement

Inclusif

Durable

l’Agribusiness

Sénégal

[PDIDAS])

only

cover

part

the

SRV,

where

most

investment

concentrated,

there

considerable

need

adapt

and

apply

tools

for

improved

land

documentation

and

management

broadly.

Weak

private

sector

investments

agriculture:

Financial

resources

dedicated

the

agriculture

sector

have

been

limited.

Based

the

Senegal

Public

Expenditure

Review

Agriculture

(PERA),

agriculture

investments

account

for

percent

the

national

investment

portfolio.

Recurrent

interventions

the

government

the

financial

and

inputs

sectors

distort

markets

and

increase

the

risks

for

the

private

sector.

Low

private

sector

investment

agriculture

major

contributing

factor

the

weak

competitiveness

the

sector,

negatively

impacting

poverty,

food

insecurity,

and

overall

economic

growth.

Lagging

formation

and

growth

MSMEs:

range

social

and

economic

factors

prevent

robust

development

MSMEs

Senegal.

Constraints

preventing

them

from

contributing

effectively

economic

development

include:

poor

access

credit,

inadequate

managerial

and

technical

skills,

insufficient

access

information,

limited

competitiveness,

high

regulatory

burdens,

and

limited

formalization.

Due

these

challenges,

MSME

sustainability

low

(60%

fail

within

two

years).

employment

creation

and

income

expansion

remain

critical

for

poverty

reduction,

addressing

challenges

for

the

MSME

sector

provides

opportunities

pursue

these

goals.

Low

resilience

climate

and

economic

shocks:

Senegal’s

population

increasing

faster

than

agricultural

output

and

agriculture

highly

vulnerable

climate‐related

risks.

These

risks

include:

variable

and

increasingly

extreme

rainfall

levels,

and

extreme

temperatures;

delayed

onset

and

dry

spells

during

rainy

season;

floods

from

heavy

rainfall

events;

sea‐level

rise

and

coastal

erosion,

that

are

having

impact

crop,

livestock

and

fisheries

sectors,

threatening

the

country’s

development

goals.

When

erratic

rains,

frequent

dry

spells,

and

variations

the

timing

and

length

the

rainy

season

occur,

lives

are

put

risk,

assets

are

damaged,

productivity

falls

and

incomes

fail.

This

traps

people

cycle

food

insecurity

and

poverty.

Rainfall

variability

likely

continue,

with

increase

severe

weather

events.

Proactive

and

integrated

risk

management

strategies

are

needed

build

farmers’

and

fishers’

resilience

climate‐related

shocks

and

improve

livelihoods.

Despite

progress

developing

economic

potential

and

introducing

innovations

for

climate

adaptability,

resilience

community

levels

remains

weak

due

lack

effective

mechanisms

generate

group

responses

unexpected

shocks.

Thus,

greater

organizational

capacity

produce

unified

community

responses

major

shocks

needed.

Senegal

needs

identify

and

apply

full

set

policies

and

actions

for

achieving

national

food‐

system‐resilience.

Low

levels

youth

integration

modern

agriculture:

number

issues

constrain

youth

integration

modern

agriculture,

and

off

farm

Senegal.

For

youth

interested

farming,

the

two

main

problems

are

access

land

ownership

and

access

credit.

number

government

and

donor‐financed

programs

are

attempting

address

the

credit

issue

with

mixed

results.

There

vast

array

institutions

aiming

support

directly

indirectly

business

development

opportunities

agriculture

and

provide

training

for

youth

(Domaines

Agricoles

Communautaires,

ANIDA,

Agence

Nationale

pour

Promotion

l’Emploi

des

Jeunes

[ANPEJ],

various

donors),

but

efforts

lack

coherence

and

are

often

stand

alone

one

‐off

endeavors.

Stimulating

jobs

for

young

people

the

agriculture

sector,

areas

such

processing,

machinery/equipment

rental,

operation

and

repair,

and

logistics,

can

integrated

and

linked

deliberately

with

MSME

development

and

other

efforts

accelerate

agricultural

growth

and

improve

food

security.

Information

and

Communication

Technologies

(ICT)

with

digital

tools’

hold

great

potential

enhance

agricultural

productivity

through

innovative

value‐added

services

along

the

value

chains

and

provide

job

opportunities

youth.

Slow

pace

implementation

agricultural

policy

reforms:

Closely

tied

Senegal’s

low

agricultural

productivity

and

limited

private

sector

investment,

constrained

agricultural

policy

environment,

the

national

and

local

levels

detrimental

the

competitiveness

the

agriculture

sector.

Implementation

policy

reforms

was

highlighted

multiple

strategies

(Agro‐Sylvo

Pastoral

Orientation

Law

‐

LOASP,

New

Alliance

for

Food

Security

and

Nutrition

Cooperation

Framework,

and

Plan

Senegal

Emergent)

essential

for

modernizing

and

increasing

sector

performance.

The

LOASP

was

enacted

expression

Senegal’s

aspiration

make

agriculture

engine

economic

growth,

yet

implementation

has

slowed.

Both

the

national

and

local

levels,

considerable

work

remains

advance

reforms

areas

such

land

tenure,

women’s

empowerment,

youth

inclusion,

water

rights,

the

enabling

environment

for

increased

private

sector

investment

and

reduction

the

government

intrusions

that

distort

agricultural

input

and

equipment

markets.

the

same

time,

there

are

important

institutional

and

human

resource

capacity

gaps

within

the

cognizant

Ministries

that

constrain

them

from

effectively

formulating,

implementing

and

monitoring

the

needed

reforms.

Hence,

focused

attention

strengthening

the

underlying

policy

architecture

required.

Unsustainable

ocean

fisheries:

Wild

fisheries

are

critical

the

socio‐economic

development

Senegal,

yet

the

sector

the

whole

characterized

overexploitation,

inadequate

regulation

and

monitoring,

weak

stakeholder

consultation

mechanisms,

and

overall

poor

management.

Overfishing

key

species

and

declining

fish

size

and

abundance

push

Senegalese

fishers

fish

further

offshore.

Illegal,

unreported

and

unregulated

fishing

(IUU)

and

the

re‐emergence

large

fishing

vessels

illegally

harvesting

fish

within

the

Economic

Exclusive

Zone

Senegal

deplete

the

resource

base

and

lower

natural

productivity,

negatively

affecting

fishers’

livelihoods

and

national

wealth.

The

situation

compounded

the

consequences

warming

climate

the

marine

and

coastal

resources

and

environment,

namely

changing

fish

stock

migration

habits

and

spatial

and

temporal

abundance.

Despite

these

threats

sustainable

ocean

fisheries,

the

policy

response

does

not

yet

provide

sufficient

incentive

for

change.

Insufficient

multi‐sectoral

integration

for

nutrition

and

poor

understanding

the

causes

driving

malnutrition

Senegal’s

various

agro‐ecological

zones:

Bringing

about

improved

nutrition

calls

for

interventions

the

agriculture,

health

and

education

sectors,

along

with

improvements

people’s

economic

status.

Yet,

efforts

address

nutrition

gaps

have

been

largely

embedded

and

led

the

health

sector.

While

rising

GDP

per

capita

and

increasing

proximity

markets

are

associated

with

declines

underweight,

they

are

also

linked

with

worsening

rates

over

nutrition

and

its

non‐communicable

diseases.

Senegal

the

midst

nutrition

transition

marked

the

coexistence

over

and

undernutrition

the

population,

household

and

individual

levels.

get

out

front

this

looming

double

burden,

deliberate

coordination

drive

development

multi‐sectoral

nutrition

policy

and

strategy

are

needed.

The

specific

drivers

malnutrition

agro‐climatic

zones

are

unknown

interventions

tend

based

UNICEF’s

general

malnutrition

framework,

anecdotal

evidence,

and

assumptions.

causal

study

Burkina

Faso

revealed

that

while

nutrition

interventions

focused

food

shortages

during

the

lean

(rainy)

season,

main

trigger

acute

malnutrition

was

the

spike

infantile

diarrhea

occurring

months

earlier

during

the

dry

season

due

unavailability

sufficient

water

for

good

hygiene.

Gaining

nuanced

understanding

the

causal

factors

work

the

different

geographical

zones

where

malnutrition

persists

critical

optimally

targeting

USAID,

GOS

and

others’

resources

achieve

the

greatest

impact.

Significant

gender

gaps

agriculture

and

food

security:

There

has

been

steady

progress

socio‐economic

conditions

for

Senegalese

women.

Interventions

under

Yaajeende

and

COMFISH

have

helped

women

diversify

their

incomes,

improve

their

nutrition

status

and

take

leadership

roles

important

community

activities.

Still,

less

than

half

those

surveyed

for

the

FTF

Senegal

2015‐16

ZOI

Interim

Assessment,

reported

having

ownership,

access

to,

and

decision‐making

power

over

the

purchase,

sale

transfer

productive

resources

such

land,

livestock,

agricultural

equipment,

consumer

durables

and

credit.

While

there

tremendous

potential

for

entrepreneurship

and

employment

the

value‐added

segments

value

chains,

creative

approaches

will

need

deployed

successfully

address

persistent

cultural

and

institutional

biases.

final

area

concern

the

need

for

men’s

engagement

and

active

participation

household

nutrition,

supporting

women

reducing

their

labor

burden

and

increasing

time/resources

available

for

key

practices,

such

exclusive

breastfeeding,

continued

breastfeeding

beyond

six

months,

proper

complementary

feeding,

and

seeking

healthcare.

Low

capacity

knowledge

management

systems

for

evidence‐based

decision‐making:

Relevant,

timely

and

accurate

agricultural

data

and

statistics

are

needed

support

analysis

producer

decision‐making

and

the

impact

government

policies

all

aspects

agriculture

–

trends

trade,

progress

towards

food

security,

impact

farmer

outreach

programs,

status

fisheries

stocks,

etc.

Timely,

accurate

and

relevant

information

also

needed

for

efficient

functioning

agricultural

markets,

and

monitoring

progress

towards

hindrances

food

security

and

economic

growth.

The current suite of EGO projects is addressing aspects of each of the above gaps.

EG4ALL

represents

new

generation

activities,

building

evidence

and

lessons

learned

from

earlier

accomplishments.

4 Project Approach

4.1 Theory of Change

The Project is based upon the following theory of change:

If productivity and resilience of food production systems are enhanced;

If access to markets and trade is increased;

If employment and enterprise development are increased;

If nutrition behaviors are improved; and

If sustainable ecosystem management is improved;

Then

incomes

will

increase;

consumption

nutritious

diets

will

increase;

and

natural

capital

will

enhanced.

Achievement

all

three

these

intermediate

results

will

contribute

ultimately

the

sustainable

reduction

poverty

and

undernourishment

among

EG4ALL

beneficiaries.

This logic is represented graphically in Figure 3.

The achievement of the Sub‐IRs will also be supported by seven cross‐cutting intermediate results

(CCIR).

Figure 3. Project Results Framework

2023,

USAID

will

invest

approximately

US$210

million

reach

150,000

households

order

impact

the

lives

1,500,000

people

and

increase

the

2015

average

household

income

the

FTF

ZOI

20%.

This

investment

will

also

allow

project

activities

reach

70%

all

children

under

five,

and

increase

consumption

minimum

acceptable

diet

for

children

6‐23

months

from

35%,

each

focus

community.

Further,

there

will

increases

three

key

domains

the

Women's

Empowerment

Agriculture

2015

score:

asset

ownership,

access

credit,

and

workload

17%,

47%

and

14%,

respectively.

the

FTF

ZOI,

this

will

ultimately

contribute

reducing

poverty

and

stunting

15%

synergy

with

the

health

and

WASH

projects.

4.2 Project Principles

EG4ALL

builds

strong

sequence

and

current

activities.

such,

the

proposed

activities

are

designed

according

principles

that

will

continue

push

results

deeper

and

wider.

The

principles

are

grouped

around

the

themes

key

focus

areas

such

integrated

value

chain

approaches,

entrepreneurship

and

market

drive,

women

and

youth

empowerment

leading

scaled

technologies

and

good

practices,

systemic

change,

and

sustainability.

Youth

engagement

should

underpin

all

project

activities

line

with

USAID’s

2012

Youth

Development

Policy

using

the

Positive

Youth

Development

(PYD)

approach

that

seeks

build

the

four

domains

youth

assets,

youth

agency,

youth

leadership

and

participation

and

strong

youth

enabling

environment

the

family,

community

and

national

levels.

The

goal

make

agriculture

fun

and

lucrative

for

many

young

people,

cement

their

long

term

contribution

Senegalese

agriculture

extending

every

opportunity

improve

employment

options

for

youth

and

women,

owners

and/or

employees

the

service

providers

the

expanding

rural

market.

Empowerment

underpins

the

EG4ALL

approach,

access

information

alone

insufficient

ensure

adoption

best

practices.

Ultimately,

successful

behavior

change

contingent

upon

agency,

individual’s

power

ability

and

willingness,

both

economic

and

social,

transform

their

knowledge

best

practices

into

action.

The

Project

will

promote

gender

equality

and

women’s

empowerment

actively

engaging

men

and

women

all

ages

increase

their

capacity

good

environmental

stewards,

better

business

people,

engaged

citizens,

and

proponents

good

nutrition

and

childcare.

recognized

that

when

power

dynamics

shift,

for

example

when

women

generate

income,

there

impact

men

well.

Therefore,

the

project

must

actively

engage

both

men

and

women

ensure

that

gains

are

maintained

and

advanced

societal

level,

rather

than

undermined

taken

over

individuals

who

may

not

feel

included.

harm.

All

proposed

activities

will

screened

and

assessed

avoid

undermining

existing

functioning

systems.

Examples

are

those

commercial

systems

organized

through

the

current

projects,

ongoing

government

efforts,

and

other

donor

programs

working

under

similar

principles.

avoided

are

subsidies,

donor‐dependent

practices,

other

approaches

that

undermine

the

development

local

solutions

and

engender

culture

dependence

disempowerment.

Working

with

partners

should

involve

true

sense

engagement,

rather

than

unduly

imposing

activities

that

the

project

deem

beneficial.

Closely

the

issue

sustainability.

Implementation

will

require

continuous

focus

markets

and

agricultural

value

chains

the

basis

for

demand‐driven

activities.

Local

actors,

including

farmers,

private

sector,

producer

organizations,

business

organizations,

local

government,

and

community

groups,

should

the

principal

actors,

with

services

developed

responsive

their

needs

and

facilitate

their

ability

meet

market

demands.

Support

the

area

financial

services,

input

supply

and

market

development

will

generally

transactional,

responding

needs

and

interests

individual

firms

producer

groups.

Support

training,

information,

and

technology

providers

will

facilitate

better

and

responsive

service

their

clients

constituents.

The

Project

aims

facilitate

the

functioning

local

systems

rather

than

become

actor

the

system

itself.

will

seek

the

extent

possible

facilitate

linkages

among

service

providers,

businesses

and

other

institutions,

help

them

achieve

their

objectives.

Here

the

term

‘service’

refers

all

the

functions

that

enable

actors

with

vested

interests

operate

efficiently.

These

functions

include

technical

and

business

training,

extension

and

behavior

change

communication,

research

and

development

support,

fisheries

and

natural

resources

management,

business/marketing

information

and

support

and

quality

assurance

systems.

the

maximum

extent

possible,

the

Project

will

embrace

local

solutions

foster

and

enhance

local

ownership

and

sustainability.

Building

the

rural

population’s

access

wide

range

income

generating

activities,

with

the

confidence

rapidly

change

between

them

depending

prevailing

climatic/economic

situations,

plus

increased

health

status

and

strong

local

governance,

all

combine

improve

resilience

potential

shocks.

Targeting

investments

will

occur

geographic

areas

that

have

the

greatest

potential

sustainably

improve

food

security

and

nutrition,

using

those

approaches

and

interventions

that

evidence

shows

will

reduce

extreme

poverty,

hunger,

and

malnutrition

scale.

The

major

lesson

from

the

preceding

Projet

Croissance

Économique

(PCE)

activity

was

that

sufficient

proof‐of‐concept

had

been

demonstrated

shift

the

implementation

focus

the

ensuing

Naatal

Mbay

activity

scale‐up.

Again,

every

effort

and

innovation

will

employed,

every

entity

energized,

and

every

constraint

analyzed,

maximize

the

scaling‐up

potential

the

project.

Science

and

innovation

important

area

investment

that

can

help

scale

and

accelerate

impact

targeted

technologies

food

security.

When

considering

scaling

successful

pilot,

rigorous

analyses

and

research

the

pathways

uptake

technology

and

innovative

practices,

well

how

trigger

behavior

change,

will

undertaken.

Furthermore,

identifying,

characterizing

and

isolating

those

factors

that

influence

uptake

and

seeking

identify

those

solutions

practices

that

show

promise

for

scaling

that

they

are

harnessed

during

and

beyond

the

life

the

project,

should

become

mainstream.

EG4ALL

will

encourage

implementing

entities

scientific,

rigorous

and

yet,

pragmatic

and

actionable

their

recommendations.

Making

data‐and‐evidence‐based

decisions

should

the

norm,

and

part

any

capacity

development

program.

There

wealth

international

and

local

partners

developing

new

technologies

suit

project

clients

all

levels

development.

ICT

has

suite

technology

offerings

increase

the

efficiency

implementation,

while

upgrading

the

management

systems

the

entities

involved

the

program.

Specifically,

ICT

offers

ways

multiply

the

use

scarce,

high‐level

technical

expertise,

larger

and

dispersed

client

groups

–

for

example,

through

the

use

social

media

for

group

problem

solving,

video

instruction,

and

expert

decision

support

systems.

Similarly,

ICT

enabling

high

resolution

management,

based

real‐time

data

collection.

Partnering

with

local

private

sector

and

local

institutions

unlock

opportunities,

mitigate

risks

and

secure

investment

also

key.

Naatal

Mbay,

Yaajeende,

COMFISH,

ERA

and

CINSERE

are

all

supporting

organizational

capacity

development

targeted

local

organizations

that

will

partnered

scale

and

sustain

the

activities.

4.3 Assumptions/Risks

The

theory

change

logic

assumes

that

certain

contextual

and

macroeconomic

trends

will

remain

stable.

The

specific

assumptions

are

listed

below.

Dramatic

shifts

any

these

could

potentially

derail

achievement

the

intermediate

results

and

overall

goal

EG4ALL.

● Input	prices	remain	on	current	trends	or	improve;
● Weather	and	climate	patterns	remain	on	current	trends;
● Global	food	prices	remain	relatively	stable;
● Commitment	to	market	liberalization	continues	(Senegal	continues	to	fulfill	World	Trade

Organization	[WTO]	&	regional	agreements);
● Demand	for	target	sector	products	remains	stable	or	improves;
● Ease	of	doing	business	remains	the	same	or	improves;
● Political	receptivity	to	pro‐business	labor	law	(labor	market….)	remains	the	same	or

improves;

● Population	and	leadership	remain	generally	receptive	(to	change,	new	information);
● Effectiveness	of	local	populations’	engagement	in	decision	making	remains	the	same	or

improves;

● Revenues from oil and gas do not influence investments and purchasing power until after

the

completion

period

this

PAD

(2023).

They

are

said

not

accrue

Senegal

until

around

2021;

● Budgets from USG don’t drastically decrease.

4.4 Geographic Approach

The

Project

will

continue

operations

the

same

Feed‐the‐Future

(FTF)

Zone

Influence

(ZOI)

the

current

EGO

activities

(Figure

4).

There

are

significant

reasons

for

not

changing.

First,

many

these

activities

are

still

‘forming’

mode,

gaining

traction

and

confidence

with

local

stakeholders.

New

systems

have

been

tested,

and

are

still

being

adapted.

There

also

sense

that

there

much

potential

for

‘filling‐in’

the

areas,

people

experience

the

benefits.

The

Project

will

leverage

and

capitalize

EGO’s

successful

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