19. DRAFT_Attachment 7_General Requirements For Heritage Survey.pdf

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CONDUCTING

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY ON

THE COCONINO NATIONAL FOREST

(March 12, 2010)

Principal Investigator, project supervisors and crew leaders must have the following minimum qualifications:

1. A graduate degree in anthropology, specializing in archaeology, or equivalent archaeological experience.

2. At least 16 months of professional experience and/or specialized training in archaeological field work, artifact analysis, and administration.

3. At least three months experience in archaeological survey or excavation on the Coconino National Forest.

4. Demonstrated competence in collecting, handling, analyzing, evaluating, and reporting archaeological data.

5. A demonstrated ability to plan, equip, staff, organize, and supervise a cultural resources survey.

6. The demonstrated ability to accurately locate archaeological sites on U.S.G.S. 1:24,000 maps, aerial photographs, in addition to demonstrated ability in the use of GPS units.

7. Demonstrated competence in identifying the prehistoric ceramics found within the Coconino National Forest, using the type names defined in the Museum of Northern Arizona Ceramic Series publications and as additionally described in the references listed below.

Each crew member must have the following minimum qualifications:

1. At least 12 semester hours of credit in archaeology, anthropology, and/or history courses.

Courses must include information on the conduct and theory of archaeological survey and excavation.

2. At least three months field experience in archaeological survey.

3. Crew members not meeting these requirements must work under the direct field supervision of a crew leader or project supervisor.

COORDINATION WITH ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERMIT REQUIREMENTS

All individuals proposed to work as principal investigators, project directors, or in other supervisory capacities must be approved by the Forest Archaeologist before that person may direct archaeological work.

Individuals, institutions, groups, and agencies applying for an archaeological permit will submit the Vitae of all persons who may work under the permit to the Forest Archaeologist. If additional individuals are recruited to work under the permit after its issuance, Vitae of these additional individuals must also be submitted to the Forest Archaeologist. Information in the Vitae will be used to verify that individuals meet the requirements listed above.

FIELD EXAMINATION IN LIEU OF EDUCATION/EXPERIENCE REQUIREMENTS

Individuals who do not meet the requirements listed above may demonstrate their competency in those areas by successfully surveying, documenting, and reporting a 40-acre test plot as per the requirements of this document.

Upon request, the Forest Archaeologist will assign a 40-acre test plot and will determine the adequacy of the survey and reporting results. Upon successful completion of the test, individuals will be approved by the Forest Archaeologist to survey under the conditions of an archaeological permit.

GENERAL SURVEY STANDARDS

1. Before beginning work, the District Archaeologist and/or Forest archaeologist are to be consulted regarding the 1. Forest Geospatial databases for previous site and survey data; 2. Infra database for site record and eligibility information; 3. Hard copy or digital records to determine the extent of previous survey work and recorded sites are known or reported in the survey area.

2. Minimum Survey Sizes: To maximize meaningful survey results, economy of effort, and minimize reporting error, the minimum acceptable survey unit size is 3 acres, centered on the project location.

For roads and other linear projects that are 30 ft. or less in width, surveyors shall survey a minimum of 132 ft. (66ft on either side of the center line) along the center line of the project. For linear projects with widths greater than 33 ft., the right-of-way plus 66 ft. on both sides of the right-of-way shall be surveyed. Having standard survey widths makes survey record checks more efficient to do, maximizes field survey efficiency, and provides a buffer that can accommodate most ancillary project activities and minor realignments.

3. Each crew must be directly supervised in the field by a crew leader who meets the supervisory requirements listed above. Individual survey crews may be no larger than five people.

4. In order to ensure complete, intensive coverage of survey areas, surveyors should be spaced no more than 20 meters (66 ft) apart. Spacing should be reduced as needed by vegetation and ground cover to ensure complete, intensive coverage. Map, compass, aerial photographs, and GPS units shall be used as needed to ensure systematic, even coverage of survey areas.

5. For areas other than linear projects, survey beginning, and end points shall be easily relocatable on the ground – such as washes, roads, meadow edges, timber sale boundaries, etc.

6. All work conducted under permit is subject to inspection and approval by the District and/or Forest Archaeologist. Geospatial extent of survey should be captured using GPS equipment.

ASSIGNMENT AND USE OF FOREST SERVICE SITE NUMBERS

Because of land exchange programs, Congressional and administratively determined land-management authorizations, and federal responsibilities for sites on non-federal lands when they are part of a federally authorized or assisted project (as per 36 CFR 800.16(y), all sites within the boundaries of the Coconino National Forest may be assigned a Forest site number.

Archaeological permittees will request Forest site number and site tags from District or Forest archaeologists.

Forest site number will be used as the primary site reference number in reports, forms, correspondence, records, and other documentation resulting from the project. The Forest site number must appear in reports each time a site is referenced.

DEFINITION OF “SITE” AND “ISOLATED OCCURRENCES”

Site

All cultural resources sites encountered are to be identified and recorded. For general purposes, a cultural resource site is defined as a locus of prehistoric or pre-1960**historic human activity at a level of intensity normally involving evidence of purposeful behavior beyond the level of one or a few (less than

25) accidentally deposited artifacts.

**Concern regarding unassociated trash dumps… Bottom line….when do we call a trash dump a property/site inversely when it is an IO.

-Down in the Dumps other context documents -Previous SHPO consultation (meetings and recent reports) -FS/CNF Perspective….

-Time depth…..

-These are being documented (as IOs) in the CNF geospatial database.

Minimal site identification criteria include at least one of the following:

(a) One or more features,

(b) One formal tool if associated with other cultural material or more than one formal tool,

(c) an occurrence of three or more types of artifacts or materials,

(d) two types of artifacts or material in a density of at least ten items per square meter

(e) a single type of artifact or material in a density of at least 25 artifacts.

Add in document: - For any questions or clarification on site/IO definition please contact the District and/or Forest Archaeologist.

Isolated Occurrences

Occurrences of artifacts at less than the above shall be classified as “Isolated Occurrences”. Three classes of Isolated Occurrences are recognized – Features, Scatters, and Isolated Artifacts:

A “Feature” is a construction that due to its recent nature or lack of association is not designated as a “site”. Examples would be an abandoned road, old fence line, or a recent campfire ring. Isolated trash dumps in excess of +25 artifacts may be called a feature…. Features may or may not be recommended for protection from project activities. Isolated prehistoric features, such as grinding slicks, pecked hand and toeholds, or bedrock mortars, will normally be recorded as a site.

Trash Dumps

Isolated historic period trash dumps without a known source or context, particularly post-1940, will generally be considered to be “Features” rather than “sites”, regardless of artifact density and diversity. (See Down in the Dumps) When reporting historic period trash scatters and dumps, descriptions should include the size of the dump or trash concentration, estimate the numbers of different types of trash items present, a possible date for the trash, and suggest the activity(ies) the trash represents. Also, discuss implications for age, gender, and ethnicity suggested by the trash.

“Scatters” (less than 25 artifacts). However, a “pot bust” is considered to be a scatter, even if it contains more than 25 sherds.

“Isolated Artifacts” (an occurrence of ONE single item)

GENERAL SITE LOCATION AND RECORDING STANDARDS

1. All cultural resource features, sites, scatters, and isolated artifacts encountered are to be identified and recorded.

2. Each site discovered shall be plotted and identified with its Forest site number at the time it is recorded on USGS topographic maps. The use of a Global Positioning System (GPS) unit to delineate survey areas and site locations is required. Reports and site cards will identify the GPS unit model used to plot project and site areas. At a minimum, the location of the site tag (datum), preferably near the center of the site or by the most obvious feature, must be taken. In addition, site boundaries must be captured using GPS. Locations will be reported using Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates, North American Datum (NAD) 1983.

Geospatial data shall be submitted in an NRM Heritage Mobile format, consistent with CNF standards. A blank geodatabase template may be provided for collection of data for input into the NRM Heritage Mobile application.

3. From 1975 until about 2000, before reliable, inexpensive Global Positioning units were available, aerial photographs and acetate overlays were routinely used to plot the locations of archaeological sites. These aerial photographs and acetates are often invaluable for re-locating sites recorded before 2000. They may be borrowed from the Forest to assist in locating survey and site areas as well as a backup method, other than GPS, for locating sites and survey areas.

4. Digital Photos Digital Standards: Minimum 1600 x 1200 at 5 megapixel Digital photographs will be provided on a CD or another electronic transfer device as part of the project electronic documentation submitted with the final report. Alternative formats for electronic data submission should be agreed upon with the District or Forest archaeologists before field work begins.

Photographs should show site features, diagnostic pottery, projectile points, and other artifacts, as well as identifying site characteristics and important landmarks for relocating the site. The use of a mug board with the site identification number clearly visible in the photograph is desirable. File

Photographs will use the following digital naming format: District prefix followed by site number followed by a number, and descriptive information. For example, 02-2491. 01.site overview.north.date.jpg OR include a photo log (provided by CNF) to detail photo information. Photo logs are required for ‘detailed’ projects such as data recovery. Photo logs are to be provided in the same data folder as the digital photos when provided to the CNF. Other photos, such as scenic, project, etc, titled as descriptive.

5. Each newly discovered site shall be entered into the USFS NRM electronic site recording system by the contractor/researcher or any other permittee through the NRM Heritage Mobile application, available for Windows or Android. Final site forms are exported from the NRM database. Information and downloads of the requisite formats can be obtained from the District and/or the Forest Archaeologist.

In addition, hard copy site forms covering information listed on the Coconino National Forest site form must also be provided. In some special cases, with the permission of the Forest Archaeologist, another form may be used in an electronic MS WORD format (available from the Forest Archaeologist on request). Except for site plans and locational maps, handwritten cards will not be accepted. Information contained on the site form is to be consistent with the “Instructions for Completing Site Inventory Forms” in the Coconino National Forest’s Archaeological Procedural Manual (Attachment

Other instructional site forms may be acceptable for certain specific projects. The Forest Archaeologist should be consulted if it is desired to use other site forms. Both hard copies, as well as electronic copies, of site forms will be provided to the District or Forest Archaeologist upon completion of the project.

6. Isolated Occurrences: There are three types of Isolated Occurrences- Features, Artifact Scatters, and Isolated Artifacts. They shall be plotted through use of GPS and included on report maps.

Each Feature, Scatter or Isolated artifact is to be described using the format provided in the geodatabase template that will be provided. This table should be included in the final report. – e.g. Scatter 1, 2, 3, etc.:

Isolated Artifact 1, 2, 3, etc. that includes a description of the feature or artifacts and the UTM coordinates for their location. When possible, isolated occurrence descriptions will include associated dates, cultural affiliation, material type, ceramic type, and other information relating to the context of the isolated occurrence to be described in the Comments field.

ARTIFACT COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Collections may not be made under the authority of Non-disturbing Permits. Collections may only be made under Disturbing Permits, when working under a direct contract to the Forest (prime contractors only, not sub-contractors), or unless arrangements are worked out in advance with the Forest Archaeologist.

When artifact collection is allowed:

1. Collections may be made by the archaeologist in the field at the direction of the District and/or Forest. Instances would include rare finds, such as whole or nearly whole vessels, jewelry, diagnostic projectile points, etc., will be collected. Any artifact collected must first be located using a GPS unit.

Collections remain the property of the U.S. Government and will be submitted to the Smithsonian Approved Repository listed in the permit or to the Forest Archaeologist upon completion of the project unless otherwise agreed to.

If found on a site, such rare finds are to be plotted on the site sketch with UTMs listed. If within a scatter or an isolated artifact, they are to be GPS plotted and included on a USGS topographic map in the report.

UTM coordinates and related information will be provided to the Forest and listed in the report. The report will also specifically state when individual artifacts are collected.

2. Ceramic Analysis: Archaeologists should expect to encounter ceramic types in the Alameda Brown Ware, Tusayan White Ware, Tusayan Gray Ware, Tsegi Orange Ware, Little Colorado White Ware, Little Colorado Gray Ware, San Francisco Mountain Gray Ware, and Mogollon Brown series.

Other types may also be present in small numbers. Sherds shall be identified to the type level according to the standard type descriptions in Carlson (1970), Hays-Gilpin and van Hartesveldt (1998), Henderson (1979), and the Museum of Northern Arizona Ceramic series (Abel 1955, Colton 1955, 1956, 1958;

Colton and Hargrave 1937) unless otherwise agreed to with the Forest Archaeologist.

3. Lithic Analysis: Archaeologists should expect to encounter artifacts manufactured from sandstone, quartzite, rhyolite, obsidian, chert, petrified wood, and other siliceous and igneous materials.

The typology used in classifying lithic artifacts shall be explained in the final report and the lithic material type identified for each artifact or class of artifacts observed or collected. At a minimum manos should be identified by material and whether they are “one-hand” (“basin”) or “two-hand” (“trough”) in size, and whether they are unifacially or bifacially worked. Metates should be identified as being a grinding slick, a basin metate, or a trough metate. (See Adams1996, Haury 1950, Woodbury 1954)

SITE TAGS

All sites found during the project must be marked with the Forest’s aluminum site tags, unless other arrangements have been agreed to by Forest Archaeologist. Before beginning field work, the archaeological permittee should obtain a supply of aluminum site tags from the District or Forest Archaeologist which will be used to mark all sites recorded. Tags that are not used shall be returned to the District or Forest Archaeologist at the end of the project.

The aluminum site tag will be nailed on the south side of a tree near the center of the site, no more than 6

in. above the ground. If no tree is available, the site tag will be attached to the end of a metal wire or stake, driven into the ground at the center of the site, and a small rock cairn erected around the wire or stake. Suggested cairn height is 1 ft.

SITE MARKING STANDARDS

When sites must be marked for avoidance from project activities, they shall be marked on the ground in the following manner:

(A) The perimeter of the site will be marked by spraying a white horizontal band, at least two inches wide, at a height of approximately 6 ft. above the ground, around trees that circle the site. In addition, a spot above 6 in. in diameter will be painted at the base of each tree so banded with the spot facing into the site.

(B) The perimeter of the site will be additionally marked by tying pink fluorescent flagging tape at chest height on the painted trees with the knot and a trailing strand of flagging tape on the outside of the tree, facing away from the center of the site.

(C) Both painted bands and flagging tape must be inter-visible and not obstructed by branches or foliage. White painted stakes, posts, or lathe that are clearly visible may be used to identify site boundaries when tree trunks are difficult to mark, there are no trees to paint, or there are no shrubs or rocks present to which the flagging tape can be attached.

GENERAL SURVEY REPORT STANDARDS

As a minimum, reports resulting from the project shall provide the following information:

(A) Legal location of the project area, identified by reference to a USGS map and the ` Township(s) Range (s), and Section (s) examined by the project.

(B) Identify the Ranger District (s) on which the survey was done by District name(s).

(C) Provide the dates during which the survey was done.

(D) Identify by name and position the people who performed the survey and who directed or otherwise had administrative responsibility for the project and survey work.

(E) Describe the manner in which the survey was conducted and the spacing between surveyors or survey transects.

(f) State any factors influencing survey type or ground visibility.

(G) If less than 10 acres, state approximate dimensions of survey area in feet and provide total acreage surveyed for each survey unit as well as total area surveyed.

(H) Provide summary information of number of sites, Isolated Occurrences (sub-divided under the headings of Features, Scatters, and Isolated Artifacts) that were identified. All maps will include a north arrow (indicating true north) and must accurately depict areas surveyed and locations of sites and Isolated Occurrences. For the report, 1:24,000 scale maps shall be cut, printed, or otherwise reproduced onto 8 ½ x 11-inch paper to facilitate making future copies of the report. If sites are shown on the maps, the map must contain the statement “For Official Use Only. Disclosure of Site Locations is Prohibited (36-CFR-296.18)”.

(J) All typing and illustrations used in the report must be of suitable quality to provide a clear, legible copy when used on a monochrome duplicating machine. Alternatively, report copies in an electronic format may be submitted.

(K) When sites have multiple site numbers, the Forest site number will be the primary reference used in the report. Other site numbers will be listed following the Forest site number or, if more than five sites are contained within the project, a concordance table listing all site numbers will also be included in the report.

(L) Culture History and Environmental sections should be kept minimal, unless such information is vital to later sections of the report, or if this information is specifically addressed in later sections. Referencing existing reports and sources providing such overview information is preferred.

(M) Only discuss sites that are within or immediately adjacent to the project area. Do not reference sites outside the project area. For overview sections of reports, or for reporting previous surveys and sites in the vicinity of the project. DO NOT provide any GPS information or precise site plots on maps. Site numbers may be printed in their general vicinity, but precise plots or locational information for sites outside of project areas are not allowed unless prior arrangements have been made with the Forest Archaeologist.

Exhibit 4 provides an outline of the minimal information required for all reports.

DOCUMENTS TO BE PROVIDED TO THE FOREST ARCHAEOLOGIST

One original of all reports prepared from data originating from the survey, completed original site inventory forms, completed computerized site cards, photographs (if used in the report), site digital photographs, and USGS maps, as above, showing all sites and Isolated Occurrences.

Unused tags shall be returned to the District or Forest Archaeologist upon completion of the project or submission of the final report. The report will be reviewed by the District and/or Forest Archaeologist and, if needed, returned with comments and suggestions for revision. Revisions will be made within a mutually agreed upon time frame, and the final report submitted to the Forest Archaeologist.

Copies of site records for sites not on Forest land, but located within the boundaries of the Forest, will also be provided as above.

FUTURE USE OF DATA COLLECTED UNDER PERMIT

The permittee may use archaeological data resulting from this survey for future research purposes.

However, as per conditions of Forest Service archaeological permits, the permittee agrees to provide three copies of any manuscripts, reports, and publications pertaining to the survey data to the Forest Supervisor within one month of its completion and/or publication. Manuscripts prepared for possible publication will be submitted once they have been completed in addition to any published versions that may be produced at a later date.

CONDITIONS OF USE OF DATA PROVIDED BY CNF

Disclosure of site locations is prohibited by 36-CFR-800-296.18. These files and scans are the property of the USFS and are being loaned to you solely for official use for this project. They may not be duplicated to anyone outside your organization without written permission, and the precise locations of these sites are not to be disclosed in reports unless they are within the area of direct project impacts (the area identified in the project permit application.) Upon completion of the project, you agree to destroy all copies and versions of this information and will notify The Forest and/or District Archaeologist when this has been done.

Included in Exhibit 5 are the specifics regarding the sharing and disposition of geospatial data.

By accessing these files, you are acknowledging your acceptance of these conditions.

STANDARDS FOR ACCEPTANCE OF WORK

Pre-field and field research, laboratory analysis, and reports are to meet professional archaeological standards determined through review by the Forest Archaeologist.

Pre-field research should be adequate to identify previously known or suspected locations of prehistoric and historic archaeological sites. At a minimum, this includes the permittee’s inspection of the Forest Archaeological Atlas, Historic Maps, and Logging Railroad Maps.

Field research should be adequate to identify and properly located 95% of all sites, and 75% of all Isolated Occurrences in the survey transects.

Laboratory analyses must correctly identify 75% of artifacts encountered, including ceramic types, artifact types, and the material from which artifacts were made. If artifact nomenclature is different from standard terminology (e.g. Adams 1996; Haury 1950; Gillio, Levine, and Scott 1980; Rock 1980; Sliva 1997) this is to be defined and explained in the final report.

Reports must contain the information mentioned above and must be written in a style that is clear, concise, and, most importantly, well organized and easy to use. Poor writing, organization, production, etc. are grounds for rejection of the report. There should be no more than three errors in spelling, grammar, punctuation, and typing per page of the report. Legal descriptions in the report must agree with those shown in maps and figures. All sites, scatters, isolated artifacts and features mentioned in the report must be shown on the report maps and vice versa.

All site information is to be on the site card, or a site card addendum, if needed. Reports should not contain any information about a site that is not also included on the site form. If information is found in the report that is not on the site cards, the report and site cards will be returned for revision.

Appropriate knowledge of the prehistory and history of the Forest must be demonstrated by use of correct terminology, dating, and citations of primary references (e.g. Colton 1946), as well as the most recent publications pertinent to the cultural resources of the Forest.

Additional standards and requirements may be established for specific projects and will be discussed by the Forest Archaeologist and permittee at the time the permit is issued or prior to beginning fieldwork for a specific project.

REFERENCES CITED

Abel, Leland J.

1955 Pottery Types of the Southwest: Wares 5A, 10A, 10B, and 12A – San Juan Red Ware, Mesa Verde Gray, and White Ware, San Juan White Ware. Museum of Northern Arizona Ceramic Series No.3, Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff. Edited by Harold S.

Colton.

Adams, Jenny L.

1996 Manual for a Technological Approach to Ground Stone Analysis. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson.

Brugge, David M.

1963 Navajo Pottery and Ethnohistory. Navajoland Publications, Series 2, Navajo Tribal Museum, Window Rock

Carlson, Roy L.

1970 White Mountain Red Ware: A Pottery Tradition of East-central Arizona and Western New Mexico. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona 19. Tucson

Colton, Harold S.

1955 Pottery Types of the Southwest: Wares 8A, 9A, 9B-Tusayan Gray, and White Ware, Little Colorado Gray, and White Ware. Museum of Northern Arizona Ceramic Series No. 3, Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff.

1956 Pottery Types of the Southwest: Wares 5A, 5B, 6A, 7A, 7B, 7C-San Juan Red, Tsegi Orange Ware, Homolovi Orange Ware, Winslow Orange Ware, Awatobi Yellow Ware, Sichomovi Red Ware. Museum of Northern Arizona Ceramic Series No. 3C, Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff.

1958 Pottery Types of the Southwest: Wares 14,15,16,17,18-Alameda Brown ware, Tizon Brown Ware, Lower Colorado Buff Ware, Prescott Gray Ware, San Francisco Mt. Gray Ware. Museum of Northern Arizona Ceramic Series No. 3D, Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff.

Colton, Harold S. and Lyndon L. Hargrave 1937 Handbook of Northern Arizona Pottery Wares. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 11, Northern Arizona Society of Science and Art, Flagstaff.

Gillio, David, Frances Levine, and Douglas Scott 1980 Some Common Artifacts Found at Historical Sites. USDA Forest Service, Southwestern Region, Cultural Resource Report No. 31. Albuquerque.

Hays-Gilpin, Kelley, and Eric van Hartesveldt, editors

1998 Prehistoric Ceramics of the Puerco Valley, Arizona: The 1995 Chambers-Sanders Trust Lands Ceramic Conference. Museum of Northern Arizona Ceramic Series No. 7, Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff.

Haury, Emil W.

1950 The Stratigraphy and Archaeology of Ventana Cave. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Henderson, T. Kathleen 1979 Archaeological Survey at Chavez Pass Ruin, Coconino National Forest, Arizona: The 1978 Field season. Ms. on file, Coconino National Forest Supervisor’s Office, Flagstaff.

Rock, Jim 1987 A Brief Commentary on Cans. Ms. Klamath National Forest, Cultural Resource Management Division.

Sliva, Jane 1997 Introduction to the Study and Analysis of Flaked Stone Artifacts and Lithic Technology.

Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson.

Stein, Pat H.

2006 Logging Railroads of the Coconino and Kaibab National Forests: Supplemental Report To a National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form.

USDA Forest Service, Southwestern Region, Cultural Resources Report No. 19, Albuquerque.

Van Kuren, Scott

1999 Ceramic Design Structure and the Organization of Cibola White Ware Production in the Grasshopper Region, Arizona. Arizona State Museum Archaeological Series 191, Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson.

Woodbury, Richard B.

1954 Prehistoric Stone Implements of Northeastern Arizona. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology No. 34, Harvard University, Cambridge.

Exhibit 1

INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SITE INVENTORY FORMS

The site card used on the Coconino National Forest is a modification of the Museum of Northern Arizona (MNA) site card and is our primary documentation for archaeological sites. The USDA Southwestern Region CRAIS/INFRA site form is considered supplemental to the Forest’s site card. The revised MNA card is used because they are permanently filed at the Museum as part of their site inventory records, and through the Museum they will be entered into the Arizona State Museum’s AZSITE system. We maintain Xerox copies in the Supervisor’s Office and District Offices for our use. By filing our cards with the Museum, we also have a back-up in case our files become lost or destroyed.

USFS SITE NUMBER: The site numbering system used in the US Forest Service is based upon the boundaries of our administrative units as they existed in the 1970’s – e.g. AR-03-04-06-356 is AR – “Archaeological Site” 03 - Region 3, the Southwestern Region in Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Oklahoma 04 - Forest 4, the Coconino National Forest 06 - District 6, the Sedona Ranger District 356 - The 356th site recorded within District 6.

However, in recent years the seven Ranger Districts we had in the 1970’s have been combined into three Districts, so Forest and District numbers today no longer reflect the administrative and locational aspects of sites they once did. However, since thousands of sites had already been recorded on the Forest at the time Districts were combined, it would have introduced considerable chaos to switch to the new District boundaries and subsequent site numbers. Consequently, site numbers for the Forest are still based upon the old District boundaries and numbers used in 1975. The original seven districts at that time are correlated with the new Districts as follows:

District 1 – Beaver Creek Ranger District, now the east side of Red Rocks RD District 2 - Elden Ranger District, now the east side the Peaks RD District 3 - Flagstaff Ranger District, now the west side of the Peaks RD District 4 – Long Valley Ranger District, now the west side of the Mogollon Rim RD District 5 - Mormon Lake Ranger District, being subsumed into the Peaks RD District 6 - Sedona Ranger District, now the west side of the Red Rocks RD District 7 - Blue Ridge Ranger District, now the east side of the Mogollon RD

Site numbers are reserved for a project before field work begins by referring to the Forest’s common computerized Site Log that all Districts and the Supervisor’s Office can access.

NA NUMBER: This number will be assigned at MNA

ASM QUAD NUMBER: This number may or may not be assigned at the Arizona State Museum.

Contractors will usually supply ASM with site records for work they on the Forest, but this is not a permit required. However, to provide some consistency between agencies, DO complete the first two ASM identifiers of the map quadrangle and rectangle in which the site is located (e.g. “I:15:__”). Other site number designations should be recorded in the “Reference/Publications/Other Site Numbers” section of the card.

PROJECT: this is the name of your survey project.

CNF PROJ. NO: is the Forest’s project number and is based on the calendar year in which a project is initiated. It should be assigned before field work begins, preferably at the time the site file search is made at the start of the project.

STATE: Will always be Arizona

COUNTY: will either be Coconino or Yavapai

TOWNSHIP, RANGE, SECTION: 1/4, 1/4, 1/4,1/4: Site locations will be determined through a combination of topographic maps, aerial photographs, and GPS units. Once this is done, determine the legal description of the site. We determine 1/4, 1/4,1/4 1/4 to the nearest sixteenth quarter of a section.

List this with the smallest division FIRST and then largest division LAST - e.g. “the SW ¼ OF the SE ¼ Of the NE ¼ Of the SW ¼.” Use the sectional template to assist in determining quarters.

UTM ZONE: Will always be Zone 12 for the Coconino National Forest.

UTM COORDINATES: For ease of use, always reference UTM coordinates with spaces or slashes between the different components of the coordinate. e.g. “ 4 90 520 East, 38 35 406 North.”. NOT:

“490520 E, 3835406 N”.

It is expected that UTM coordinates will be made by using a GPS unit. However, if a GPS unit was not available at time the site was recorded in the field, and it would be difficult to return to the site to obtain coordinates, extrapolating coordinates from a topographic map is acceptable. Indicate which technique was used in the next section – “FROM”. Indicate if the UTM plot comes from hand extrapolation from a topographic map or if it is from a GPS unit. Circle the appropriate source or, if using computerized site form, delete the inappropriate one.

If UTM reading was made from a GPS unit, identify the manufacturer and model of the GPS unit used.

GPS DATUM: Identify the UTM datum used. This standard used by the Forest is NAD-1983 North American Datum. Check with the Forest Archaeologist if there is a need to use NAD-27, and be sure your GPS unit is set to the correct datum before taking readings.

COMMENTS: Include any information here regarding the accuracy and reliability of the GPS reading, such as if reading was differentially corrected, if satellite coverage was minimal or dubious, weak batteries, etc. If site is in a location where satellite coverage is spotty or inadequate, such as inside a steep canyon, try to obtain a reading nearby, such as the middle of the canyon, but indicate under comments when the coordinates reflect something other than the actual site location.

LAND STATUS: Add the appropriate District name in the space provided. District boundaries can be found in the master USGS Inventory Atlas and on the USFS modified USGS maps.

ROAD ACCESS: Describe how to drive as close to the site as possible. Cite mileage in tenths of a mile and reference points along the way so others can coordinate their odometer reading with yours. From a primary highway, provide mileage from a mile post or road intersection of major roads to where you leave the highway. Then, provide mileages between the various roads used to reach the site as well as important geographic reference points. Use USFS road numbers, but remember that these numbers are subject to change, so provide destination information for roads, not only road numbers – eg. “FR 214 (Bald Hill Road)”. Continue making a mileage map to bring a person to the site, or to the point where they will need to park their vehicle and begin walking to the site.

ADDITIONAL LOCATION DATA: If site is not accessible by vehicle alone, this part of the site card provides information needed to walk from where the vehicle has been parked to the site. Add any additional information that will assist someone return to the site with a minimum of effort. Always state distance and direction and use compass bearings when appropriate. Use prominent terrain features that will help an individual return to the site. Do not use general references that are not directly useful to relocating the site – e.g. do NOT state “Mormon Mountain 2 mi. to northeast”. Use only features in the immediate vicinity – e.g. “Prominent spike-top clump of dead ponderosa 200 m. NE”. The only time to use distant features is when you have taken a compass bearing on it as an aid to relocating a site – e.g.

“Hutch Mountain lookout tower at bearing of 240 degrees true north.” Do not provide driving information in this section of the card. That belongs in the previous section.

Do not assume such detailed information is superfluous because you are using a GPS unit. Document terrain reference points in your sketch map to help guide a person to the site, using traditional map navigating skills. We want a person to be able to find a site as easily as possible, and additional locational information of this sort, in addition to the UTM location of a site, is always helpful.

MAP REFERENCE: State name and scale of the USGS quadrangle on which the site is located – e.g.

“Sunset Crater East 1:24,000”.

ELEVATION: After site is plotted on the map, determine the elevation of the site from contour lines.

Many GPS units do not provide accurate readings of elevations, so unless you are certain of the accuracy of your unit, this is best obtained from the USGS maps. Extrapolate between contour lines when possible.

AERIAL PHOTO REF: Before inexpensive GPS units became available, aerial photos were used to accurately plot the location of a site, and this can still be useful for providing locational information.

Since there are numerous aerial photo flights available, photographs must be identified correctly as follows: Identify the year of the flight (upper left corner of most photos) and the individual photo number (usually in the upper right corner) – e.g. “USFS ERZ-4-17, 1967 Flight”. Photos can be borrowed from the District or Forest Supervisor’s Office.

CULTURE: Cultural identifications follow the traditional Southwestern concepts, based upon the artifacts and architecture of a site. – e.g. Northern Sinagua, Southern Sinagua, Kayenta Anasazi, Basque, etc. These traditional names must be used when completing site cards to maintain consistency in the Forest’s Site Inventory. If data is inadequate to determine cultural affiliation, state “Unknown” in this space, rather than leaving it blank.

PHASE(S): State the phase designation of the site, based upon artifacts present. DO NOT use Pecos classification terms (e.g. “Pueblo II”) unless it is an Anasazi site. Use appropriate phase designations when they exist – e.g. “Padre Phase”, “Honanki Phase”. Use estimated dates when dealing with historic period sites. If data is insufficient to determine this information, state “Unknown” in this space, rather than leaving it blank.

DATES: provide an estimate B.C./A.D. date range for the site, based on diagnostic artifacts, ceramics, or historic trash assemblage.

BASIS FOR CULTURE, PHASE, & DATES: Indicate how you determined these – e.g. “ceramics”, “projectile point types”, “tin cans”, “architecture”, “general regional pattern”, “guess”, etc.

SITE TYPE: this provides the Forest’s list of standardized site “types” than can be used for initial computer sorting. Use the “Site Type” term below that best characterizes the site. Trash is considered a by-product of human activity and as such should not be used to identify the primary site type when other features are present. Hence, a site type would not be “an artifact scatter with a structure” but rather “a “field house with a [sparse/moderate or /abundant] artifact scatter.” See published summaries of the archaeology of the area reconstructions of these past systems (Baldwin and Bremer 1986; Fish and Fish 1977; Fish, Pilles, and Fish 1980; Pilles 1978, 1979, 1981; Wilcox 1996, 1987.)

Rock shelter. A shallow overhang –usually not high enough to stand upright. (no structures) Cave. A deep overhang – deeper than it is wide – in which one can usually stand upright. No structures.

Cavate. Sides of the cave have been modified or carved out by humans. Typically with a wall built across the mouth of the cave.

Community Room: An unusually large pit house or room, typically 2-4 times larger than a “typical” pit house or room. Functionally, they are probably equivalent to a “Great Kiva”, but do not have traditional Great Kiva features.

Lithic Scatter: Flaked and ground stone. No pottery.

Sherd Scatter: Sherds only.

Artifact Scatter: Sherds, flakes, and ground stone present.

Pit House Site, 1-2 depressions present: Depressions are evident, or density and diversity of trash suggests pit houses are present.

Pit House Site, 3-4 depressions evident Pit House Site, 5-8 depressions evident Pit House Site, 9-12 depressions evident Pit House Site, 13-20 depressions evident Pit House Site, 20+ depressions evident Field House: A structure utilized seasonally, typically during planting , harvesting, or for other temporary uses. Characterized by low walls with insufficient rock fall to provide full-height walls. Sparse artifacts, few decorated/trade ware sherds, no exotic materials such as jewelry, points rare, few artifacts other than ground stone tools or fragments.

Pueblo, 1-2 Room Habitation: Distinguished from a field house by having sufficient wall fall to have had full height walls, diverse artifact assemblage, moderate number of decorated/intrusive pottery, variety of lithic material, etc.)

Pueblo, 3-4 Rooms Pueblo, 5-8 Rooms Pueblo, 9-12 Rooms Pueblo, 13-20 Rooms Pueblo, over 20 Rooms Agricultural Site: Evidence of agricultural features only, such as rock piles, linear borders, or grid borders. If a field house is also present, it has precedence over an “agricultural site” site type identification.

Historic Site (specify type of historic site present. There is not currently a standardized historic site typology).

Rock Art Site: (Specify if petroglyphs, pictographs, intaglios, terraforms, dendroglyphs, etc. are present).

Roasting Pit Ball Court Other

Multi-property terms, such as “fort” or “cliff dwelling” may also be used as a secondary level of “site type”.

Multiple site types may be present on a single site; however, determine the most appropriate primary site type designation. Except for “scatters”, a secondary site type may also be added, e.g. “Pueblo, 9-12 rooms / agricultural”, “field house/agricultural”.

NOTE: The Forest is currently in the process of refining these site types, so please coordinate with the District or Forest Archaeologist to be sure you have the most current list of accepted site types.

STRUCTURES: Indicate number of visible pit house depressions, estimated number of pit houses, number of room blocks, (with number of rooms per room block), etc.

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE: When masonry sites are present, describe the wall construction method, if this can be determined. Watch for differences between basal courses and upper courses. – e.g.

“Double coursed wall, filled with fist-sized rocks. Basal course of upright slabs, upper courses are evenly spaced. No shaping. All limestone”.

The following observations have been found useful for distinguishing seasonally used field houses from permanent habitation pueblos. All are “best guess” estimates.

RUBBLE HEIGHT NOW: How high (metric) is the mounded wall fall now?

NO. COURSES HIGH: From the amount of stone present, roughly, how many courses high could the wall have been?

ESTIMATED ORIGINAL HEIGHT: How high (in meters) could the wall have stood originally?

STONE: Identify stones used and, if multiple stone types present, indicate which is dominant.

The next section of the site card is for information about the site itself. Do not just say “yes” in any of these spaces. Instead of saying “yes”, provide information about each category. Otherwise, use “No” or “N/A” (not applicable).

STORAGE: Indicate if there is any indication of storage rooms or features, such as cists or pits.

HEARTH/BURNING: Indicate if there is any evidence for burning on the site, such as a smudged walls or roof in an alcove, burned and/or fire-cracked rocks, burned beams, or edges of burned hearth slabs protruding through the ground. In particular, look for indications that structures may have been intentionally burned.

TRAILS: Indicate evidence for human-made trails or roads. If game trails are presently nearby, they should be indicated as “game trails”, since these often follow prehistoric trails.

ROCK ART: If rock art is present, specify if petroglyphs or pictographs, approximate number of panels, approximate number of elements. Under “Additional Site Information”, indicate what pecking techniques are present (Direct Percussion, Indirect Percussion, Sharpened Hammerstone, Scratched, Incised, Abraded, etc.) and colors present in pictographs.

TRASH: Indicate the nature and density of trash at the site. If artifacts are present at a site, you have “trash”. Specify the form of its distribution: In general, this will be in the form of a “trash mound”, “trash concentrations” (often indicating individual pit houses), or, most commonly, “sheet trash” (evenly spread over the entire site). Indicate if overall density of artifacts is “sparse”, “moderate”, or “abundant” and provide estimates of artifact density/sq. meter to better define these terms..

CERAMIC DENSITY: Based on what you’ve seen on other sites in the project locality, estimate the density of sherds on the site. Use the terms “sparse” (< 5 artifacts/sq. m.), “moderate” (6-10 artifacts/ sq.

m.), or “abundant” (> 10 artifacts /sq. m.). Do not use composite terms, such as “sparse to moderate”. Just decide which term is most appropriate. Identification of specific types is put on the back of the card, not in this section.

LITHIC DENSITY: Indicate density of flaked stone material at the site. Use the terms “sparse(< 1 artifacts/sq. m.), “moderate” (2-5 artifacts/ sq. m.), or “abundant” (> 5 artifacts /sq. m.). Do NOT use combinations like “Sparse – Moderate”. Information about specific artifact types and types of stone is put on the back of the card, not in this section.

GROUND STONE DENSITY: Based on what you’ve seen on other sites in the project locality, estimate the density of ground stone artifacts on the site, using the terms sparse, moderate or abundant, and estimate the number/sq. m. to further illustrate density. Information about specific artifact types and types of stone is put on the back of the card, not in this section. Use Adams (1996) or Haury (1950) for ground stone typology.

PERISHABLES: indicate if there are any –prehistoric items present, or what the potential is for perishables being preserved.

ADDITIONAL SITE DATA: Describe anything else you can about the site in this section. Give details on structure sizes, masonry techniques, similarity or differences of this site to others in the area, etc. Do not put more locational information in this section. Keep it in the “Additional Locational Data” section of the card, above.

CONDITION: If the site has been damaged, indicate the nature and severity of damage. For the purposes of this section, cattle grazing, tree growth, normal weathering, and erosion are not usually considered damage. Only indicate these types of condition if they have caused damage beyond that which would normally be expected, like if a tree is growing inside a pit house, an arroyo has cut through the site, or a major cattle drive has impacted the site.

RANK: On a 0-5 scale, rank the severity of damage done to the site. 0 is pristine, undisturbed, and 5 is completely destroyed, no longer useful for any archaeological study. Remember to consider the site as a whole for this ranking and don’t allow severe damage in one area color your perception of the entire site.

For example, if a burial area has been severely vandalized by pothunters, but the pueblo has not been pot hunted, do not rank the site as a 5, but, perhaps as 2 or 3. If any ranking other than 0 is used, you must indicate what the nature and cause of damage is.

SITE SIZE: Give the size of the site according to its short and long axes in meters and indicate the direction of these dimensions – e.g. “25 m. N-S x 45 m. E-W”.

HOW DETERMINED? Do not visually estimate distances. Either pace these dimensions or measure them with a tape, and indicate this on the card.

TOTAL AREA: Multiply the length by the width of the site to compute the site’s total area in square meters.

DISCUSS SITE RE: LOCAL/REGIONAL SETTLEMENT: From spending time in an area and recording its various sites, you should have formed some impressions about the archaeological settlement and land use pattern of the area. Summarize and interpret these impressions here. This section should discuss the site as it relates to other archaeological sites in the area. Try to relate this site to broader settlement and land use patterns and discuss its potential significance to regional archaeology. Indicate how typical or unique it is compared to other sites in the area. Infer site function.

OTHER COMMENTS: Use this space for additional information needed from any of the previous sections.

SITE TESTED/EXCAVATED/DOCUMENTED: If the site has been professionally investigated, indicate the level of work that has been done. “Testing” would include the digging of test squares or trenching to examine sub-surface remains and the site extent. “Excavation” would involve the excavation of 50% or more of the site. “Documented” does not mean completion of the site card. Rather, it means documentation beyond a basic recording level, such as would be done for mitigation from project impacts, or for research purposes. Examples would be documenting a historic structure by making measured drawings or through stereo photos. Or, in the case of a petroglyph site, when detailed descriptions, sketches, measurements, and photographs have been made of each element.

DATE, BY: Indicate when this work was done, and the name and institution and archaeologist who conducted the work.

CHRONOMETRIC DATES: Indicate if tree-ring, archaeomagnetic,…