18. DRAFT_Attachment 6 - Timber Cruising Handbook.pdf

Forest Service Handbook National Headquarters - Washington Office

Washington, DC

Forest Service Handbook 2409.12 – Timber Cruising Handbook Chapter 60 - Quality Control

Amendment: 2409.12-2000-6

Effective date: April 20, 2000

Duration: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.

Approved by: Mike Dombeck

Date approved:

Responsible Staff:

Last Change: 2409.12-2000-5 to FSH 2409.12,60 Contents.

Superseded Document(s): Amendment 2409.12-93-1 to chapter 60

Digest: Following is an explanation of the changes throughout the directive by section.

This amendment extensively revises the entire chapter 60 to establish check cruising standards.

This amendment also recodes and reorganizes direction and makes minor editorial and formatting changes throughout the chapter.

60.4: Adds a responsibility section incorporating direction formerly in section 61.

61: Sets up qualified cruiser and advanced cruiser as separate levels of cruiser competency, instead of production cruiser sublevels of certification.

61.3: Adds requirements for check cruisers to maintain an active field check cruising program and retain sufficient records to verify cruiser certification levels and competency. Requires that check cruise results must be filed in the sale folder (FSH 6209.11).

61.4: Eliminates the previous requirement for master cruisers to have all the skills required of check cruisers.

61.5: Provides for check cruiser and master cruiser certification as indefinite, provided there is evidence that the cruiser's performance continues at a satisfactory level. (1) For all levels of cruisers, sets minimum requirements for refresher training before a cruiser may resume cruising, if inactive for a period of more than one year, and (2) Continuing education

USDA Forest Service

Amendment: 2409.12-2000-6 Effective date: April 20, 2000 requirements. Loss of check cruiser certification may occur based on unsatisfactory performance.

62: Sets out evaluation and documentation requirements for inspections, as well as actions necessary in the event of unsatisfactory work.

62.1: Requires the use of a field measurement evaluation for qualified cruisers and sets out a sample evaluation format in exhibit 01.

62.2: Eliminates the previous requirement for inspections of an advanced cruiser to be performed by a certified check or master cruiser. Provides an exhibit of a checklist of elements to be used by an advanced cruiser in designing cruises, in addition to the scorecard required for qualified cruisers.

62.3: Adds requirements for inspection of check cruisers.

62.4: Sets the minimum frequency for cruiser inspections.

63: Requires sale inspections to evaluate cruising procedures and sales volume determinations, and provides a sample check sheet and evaluation report format.

Amendment: 2409.12-2000-6

Table of Contents

60.2 - Objective

60.4 - Responsibility

61 - Cruiser Training and Certification Standards

61.1 - Qualified Cruiser

61.2 - Advanced Cruiser

61.3 - Check Cruiser

61.4 - Master Cruiser

61.5 - Maintenance of Certification

62 - Inspecting Individual Cruiser Performance

62.1 - Qualified Cruiser

62.2 - Advanced Cruiser

62.3 - Check Cruiser

62.4 - Cruiser Inspection Frequency

63 - Inspecting Sales

63.1 - Inspection Elements

63.11 - Check Cruise Field Measurement Inspection

63.12 - Other Elements

63.2 - Sale Inspection Frequency

63.3 - Certification of Sale

60.2 - Objective

To ensure accurate, objective, and uniform measurement and estimates of product volume and value of National Forest System timber through quality control that includes:

1. Cruiser training and certification.

2. Inspection of cruiser performance.

3. Inspection of timber sale cruises.

60.4 - Responsibility

(FSM 2442.04). Cruise assistants may be used to help in the collection of cruise data. Assistants must complete appropriate training and must be capable of operating necessary measurement equipment. They must be personally supervised on-site by a certified cruiser when collecting data. The certified cruiser in charge remains accountable for the accuracy of work done by assistants.

The Forest Supervisor certifies qualified, advanced, and check cruisers (FSM 2442.04b).

61 - Cruiser Training and Certification Standards

This section specifies the minimum levels of experience, technical knowledge, and field ability a cruiser must have to be certified. The Regional Forester has overall responsibility for the quality control program for cruising in the Region (FSM 2442.04a).

Minimum national standards provide for four levels of cruiser competency: qualified cruiser (sec. 61.1), advanced cruiser (sec. 61.2), check cruiser (sec. 61.3), and master cruiser (sec. 61.4).

Standards and requirements for each of the certification levels are specified in the following sections 61.1 to 61.4.

61.1 - Qualified Cruiser

A qualified cruiser is responsible for applying a variety of volume determination techniques.

Working alone, as a crew member, or as a crew leader, a qualified cruiser must ensure all necessary field work is completed in compliance with cruise plan instructions. This includes, but is not limited to, preparation of data for computer compilation.

Amendment: 2409.12-2000-6

The knowledge and training requirements for qualified cruiser certification are:

1. Proficiency in timber cruising fundamentals, including as a minimum:

a. Tree measurement (diameters and heights).

b. Species identification.

c. Defect recognition and determination.

d. Quality determination.

e. Use of timber cruising tools.

f. Map reading and compass use.

g. Traverses.

h. Elementary use of aerial photography.

2. A working knowledge of the cruise systems (ch. 30) expected to be used.

3. Demonstrated ability to interpret and follow the timber cruise plan and cruise data recording instructions.

4. Passing scores on both a Regionally approved written test and a Regionally approved field test conducted on prepared certification test areas. Topics tested shall include species, measurements, defects, and grading information representative of what the cruiser normally encounters.

61.2 - Advanced Cruiser

An advanced cruiser is fully qualified to perform measurements, train prospective cruisers, conduct all types of timber cruises, and design and implement cruises. Experience, technical interest, training ability, and initiative characterize this classification.

The knowledge and training requirements for advanced cruiser certification are:

1. Documented experience as a qualified cruiser.

2. Training in cruise design, sampling theory, sale preparation, data collection, and cruise processing.

3. Passing score on a Regionally approved written examination. Topics tested shall include elementary statistics, sampling design, and impacts of biased and/or imprecise data on the measurements.

61.3 - Check Cruiser

A check cruiser is responsible for check cruising, cruiser training, and conducting evaluations to recommend certification of qualified and advanced cruisers. The check cruiser must maintain an active field check cruising program and retain records sufficient to verify cruiser certification levels and competency; check cruise results must be filed in the sale folder (FSH 6209.11).

Check cruisers inspect timber sale cruises and recommend acceptance or identify necessary corrective actions. In addition, with the assistance of a master cruiser, the check cruiser establishes Forest certification test areas as needed.

The knowledge and training requirements for a check cruiser are:

1. Must be currently certified as an advanced cruiser and have at least two years of experience as an advanced cruiser.

2. Must be thoroughly familiar with all aspects of timber cruising, including cruise design, sampling theory and systems, statistical analysis, log and tree grading, defects, and use of cruising tools.

3. Must demonstrate training and leadership ability and be capable of setting up continuing training, certification testing, and check cruising programs.

61.4 - Master Cruiser

The level of master cruiser is certified by the Regional Forester. The master cruiser serves as the Regional representative for cruising and coordinates the Regional quality control program.

This assigned responsibility is based on demonstrated ability in all aspects of cruising and varying timber sale situations common to the Region.

61.5 - Maintenance of Certification

Certification of all levels of cruisers is indefinite, provided there is evidence (sec. 62) that the cruiser's performance continues at a satisfactory level.

1. If the cruiser has been inactive for a period of more than one year, refresher training is required prior to resuming cruising. This should include, as a minimum, a session in fundamentals, together with field measurement of a sufficient number of plots and trees to update skills.

2. All levels of cruisers, whether inactive or active, must attend formal training or workshops intended to update their skills at least once every four years to maintain knowledge appropriate to the level of certification.

3. Check cruisers may recommend loss of a cruiser's certification to the certifying official based on unsatisfactory performance.

62 - Inspecting Individual Cruiser Performance

Inspection of the cruiser's performance includes all components of the timber cruise relevant to the level of certification. Cruiser performance is evaluated from office checks and field measurement checks of the sale. Evaluate and document physical measurements on a timely and continuing basis as each sale check is made; results shall also be reviewed on an annual basis. In the event of unsatisfactory work, take immediate corrective action such as retraining.

Continued unsatisfactory performance shall result in loss of certification. Check cruisers shall maintain a historical record of office and field measurement checks identified by each cruiser.

62.1 - Qualified Cruiser

The performance check of a qualified cruiser's work must:

1. Assess compliance with the cruise plan instructions.

2. Validate the field work by conducting a check cruise that includes:

a. Accuracy of tree measurements and species identification.

b. Accuracy and lack of bias in sample selection.

c. Defect estimates.

b. Tree and log grading (quality or product identification).

e. Area determination measurements.

f. Tree counts for plots on area-based samples.

g. Quality of timber designation.

h. Sample (tree/plot/point) identification.

i. Locally required items.

3. Assess data recording for legibility and accuracy, including timber measurement and area-determination data.

4. Review the care and use of cruising tools.

5. Verify use of appropriate volume and product estimators.

6. Assess knowledge and correct use of marking paint and paint security measures.

7. Use a scorecard for evaluating individual performance on field measurements. The Regional Foresters shall establish:

a. The items to be checked;

b. Tolerances;

c. Error weights; and

d. Acceptable scores with format similar to that shown in exhibit 01.

Assess the cruiser's measurements and judgments by comparative analysis of check cruise data versus original data.

62.1 - Exhibit 01

Sample Format for Field Measurement Evaluation

Check Cruise Elements

Tolerance Total Possible Correct Answers

Number of Incorrect Answers

Error Weight

Total Error (bxc)

Percent Correct (1-(d/a))x100

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) In/out trees none 123 3 5 15 88 Species none 123 1 5 5 96 DBH ± 0.2 in. 123 2 1 2 98 Height ± 4 ft. 123 3 1 3 97 Defect ± 10% 123 5 1 5 96 Region Item 1 Region Item 2 Overall

Percent Correct

Overall Percent Correct = Total of (e) ÷ number of items about which information is checked.

Note: To pass this check, each item checked must have at least 80 percent correct and the overall accuracy must be at least 85 percent.

The "Total Possible Correct Answers" (a) is the number of trees measured by the check cruiser.

For plot or point cruises, the "Total Possible Correct Answers" of "in/out trees" is the number of trees identified by the check cruiser; for all other elements, it is the number of correctly identified in/out trees.

Recommendation:

Measurements ok at 95%, passed check__

Tom Short (Certified Check Cruiser) Jan. 1, 2000 Signature Date

62.2 - Advanced Cruiser

When an advanced cruiser is designing cruises, check the cruise design and other applicable elements from section 63.1, exhibit 01. For production cruising, check the field cruising procedures as listed under qualified cruiser (sec. 62.1).

62.3 - Check Cruiser

Each check cruiser shall be periodically reviewed by an authorized official at a higher administrative level. Evaluate the check cruiser on the basis of the following items:

1. Maintenance of training records for qualified and advanced cruisers.

2. Maintenance of cruiser roster and individual performance checks.

3. Comprehensive sale inspections.

4. All inspection items listed for the performance check of the advanced cruiser if the check cruiser is also designing sales or production cruising.

Check cruisers need not be checked on a fixed schedule unless they are working as qualified cruisers. If this is the case, check cruises should be performed by a check cruiser from another administrative unit.

62.4 - Cruiser Inspection Frequency

Review qualified or advanced cruiser records for the past year to ensure the following minimum of work checked: 5 plots for plot-based cruises, 25 trees for tree-based cruises, or an equivalent combination of trees and plots for a combination of cruising methods. These annual minimums should be used when checking measurement technique and sample application for an individual, and they constitute a qualified check cruise. The minimum number of plots or trees need not be from a single sale, but can be from several sales. When the minimum has not been checked, either schedule the individual for a check, or consider the cruiser as inactive.

Inactive cruisers must demonstrate proficiency prior to resuming production cruising.

63 - Inspecting Sales

Conduct sale inspections to evaluate cruising procedures and sale volume determination. Sale inspections also serve to monitor cruiser performance. Indicate when results of a sale inspection are unsatisfactory and recommend corrective action needed to make the cruise acceptable. Inspections shall not be used to adjust sale volumes, but to indicate potential problems that need further investigation. Problems identified in the check cruise must be addressed and the resolution documented in the sale folder.

Regional Foresters shall establish the methods and standards for what constitutes an acceptable or satisfactory evaluation.

63.1 - Inspection Elements

Cruises should be systematically reviewed for completeness. Exhibit 01 includes a list of office and field components that should be examined as appropriate; the list also includes cross-references to the sections or chapters in this Handbook and other Handbooks containing related direction. Use this list to develop a unit checklist similar to the sample shown in exhibit 02 that can be initialed, dated, and filed in the sale folder after the inspection has been completed.

63.1 - Exhibit 01

Timber Sale Preparation and Check-Cruise Elements

Element (Cross-References Are to FSH 2409.12 or Other Directives)

A. CRUISE DESIGN PLAN

1. Harvest Guidelines

a. Stand Marking Guide (sec. 41)

b. Minimum Product Merchantability Specifications (sec. 41)

2. Sample Method Analysis

a. Population Stratification Identification (sec. 31.5, 41.4)

b. Precruise Documentation (sec. 41.31)

c. Sampling Intensity and Allocation Documentation (sec. 33.2, 34.3, 35.3, 36.3)

d. Sample Error Standards (sec. 41.1)

3. Sampling Controls

a. Sample Tree/Plot Distribution and Location (sec. 33.11, 34.21, 35.21)

b. Plot Monumentation (sec. 34.21, 35.21 )

c. Cruise Trees Numbered (sec. 33.11, 34.21, 35.21 )

d. Supplemental Samples (sec. 41.32)

e. Limiting Distance/Mirage Method (Plot Edge Effect) (sec. 35.22)

f. 3P KPI Estimates and Random Number List (sec. 36.2)

B. TREE VOLUME DETERMINATION

1. Volume Estimators (sec. 22)

2. Form Class (sec. 14.3)

3. Visible Defect Deduction Instructions (sec. 22.3, 22.31a-d)

4. Hidden Defect and Breakage Instructions (sec. 22.31e)

5. Tree Height Instructions (sec. 14.2)

6. Special Measurement Techniques (ch. 10)

C. TIMBER DESIGNATION AND PRODUCT ACCOUNTABILITY

1. Unit Boundary Instructions/Applications (sec. 71.22, 71.4)

2. Tree Designation Instructions/Applications (sec. 71.3, 72.2)

3. Tracer Paint Testing and Security (sec. 72.11, 72.12, 72.6)

D. TREE VALUE DETERMINATION

1. Approved Log/Tree Grade Instructions

63.1 - Exhibit 01--Continued

E. AREA DETERMINATION

1. Traverse Notes Security (sec. 50)

2. Traverse Maps Available (sec. 50)

3. Area Determination Standards (sec. 50)

4. First Station Marked with Stake (sec. 52.12)

F. FINAL CRUISE PRINTOUT AUDIT

1. Sample Error Standards Met (sec. 41.1)

2. Validation of Cruise Data and Reports (sec. 65, 66)

G. SALE AREA MAP

1. Unit and Road Locations (FSH 2409.18, sec. 53.24, 54.2)

2. Unit Designation (CC, ITM, LTM) (Timber Sale Contract Provision B&C Sale Area Map)

H. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

1. Tailgate Safety Meetings Prior to Cruising (FSH 6709.11, Health and Safety Code Handbook, sec. 04.2, 05, and 22.4)

2. Local Safety Issues (for example, paint safety films)

I. CRUISED BY CERTIFIED CRUISERS (FSM 2442.03)

J. TIMBER SALE MEASUREMENTS EVALUATION (sec. 41.1)

K. JUSTIFICATION DOCUMENTATION FOR NOT SELLING TREE MEASUREMENT TIMBER

SALES (TMS)

L. CERTIFICATION OF CRUISE STANDARDS DOCUMENTED AND SIGNED (sec. 43.5)

M. DOCUMENTATION OF CRUISE PLAN CHANGES

Amendment: 2409.12-2000-6 Effective date: April 20, 2000

63.1 - Exhibit 02 Timber Sale Evaluation Report

TIMBER SALE CRUISE EVALUATION REPORT - PAGE 1

FOREST: My Forest CHECK CRUISER: Joe DISTRICT: My District DATE INSPECTED: Jan. 1, 2000 SALE NAME: My Sale CRUISE METHOD(S): Sample Tree TYPE OF SALE: SCALE | | TMS |x| DATE CRUISED: Nov. 5, 1999

SALE PREPARATION ELEMENTS O F SATIS UNSAT NA

OFFICE-FIELD

A. CRUISE DESIGN PLAN

1. Harvest Guidelines

a. Stand marking guide X

b. Minimum product merchantability specifications X

X X X

X X X X

X X X X X

X

X X

X

X

X X X X

X X X X

2. Sample Method Analysis

a. Population stratification identification X

b. Precruise sample documentation X

b. Precruise sample documentation

c. Sampling intensity and allocation documentation

d. Cost analysis of cruise methods

e. Sample error standards X

3. Sample Controls

a. Sample tree/plot distribution and location X

b. Plot monumentation X

c. Cruise trees numbered

d. Supplemental samples

e. Plot/point edge effect (Mirage Method)

f. Guide for KPI estimates

B. TREE VOLUME DETERMINATION

1. Volume Estimators

2. Form Class

3. Visible Defect Deduction Instructions

4. Hidden Defect and Breakage Instructions

5. Tree Height Instructions

6. Special Measurement Techniques

C. TIMBER DESIGNATION AND PRODUCT ACCOUNTABILITY

1. Unit Boundary

2. Quality of Tree Designation

3. Tracer Paint Analysis X

4. Documentation for Sale Modifications X

D. TREE VALUE DETERMINATION

1. Approved Log/Tree Grade Instructions

E. AREA DETERMINATION

1. Traverse Notes Available/Secure

2. Traverse Maps Available

3. Error of Closure (N/A for GPS)

4. First Station Marked with Stake

5. Traverse Boundary follows Posted Unit Boundary

F. FINAL CRUISE PRINTOUT AUDIT

1. Data Recorded Accurately

2. Sample Error Standards met

3. Validate Volume Reports

4. Validate Species

63.1 - Exhibit 02--Continued

TIMBER SALE CRUISE EVALUATION REPORT - PAGE 2

SALE PREPARATION ELEMENTS OFFICE-FIELD O F SATIS UNSAT NA

G. SALE AREA MAP

1. Unit Locations X

2. Road Locations X

3. Unit designation (CC, ITM, LTM) X

H. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

1. Local Safety Issues (for example, Paint Safety Films) X

2. Tailgate Safety Meeting Prior to Cruising X

I. CRUISED BY CERTIFIED CRUISERS X

J. TIMBER SALE CHECK CRUISE

1. Met Gross Volume Standards X

2. Met Net Volume Standards X

3. Met Value Standards X

4. Met Field Measurement Evaluation Standards X

K. CERTIFICATION OF CRUISE STANDARDS DOCUMENTED AND SIGNED X

L. DOCUMENTATION OF CRUISE PLAN CHANGES/ACCOMPLISHMENTS X

Following are: comments on the performance or unsatisfactory work under the above cruise plan elements. Make reference in Item No. below for the element listed above.

Item No. Description

63.11 - Check Cruise Field Measurement Inspection

Measurement checks should be designed to obtain a representative sample of the original number of sample units and not to concentrate on individual cruisers. The sample should be dispersed throughout the cutting units in the sale area to determine if all significant variables, including measurement problems, species, larger trees, or defect, have been identified.

Consider the amount of time required to conduct a check cruise, and vary requirements depending on the sampling system being used, the number of cruisers, and the complexity of the particular sale being checked.

On a sale check, 25 to 150 trees may need to be checked, depending on the number of cruise methods used and other factors. Take a reasonable, quantitative sample of all conditions.

Compare the measurements and results against the original cruise data to determine accuracy.

If fundamental errors are noted on an individual cruiser's measurements during a sale check, such as incorrect species identification or missing trees on plots, all of the individual's work on the sale may need to be examined.

63.12 - Other Elements

When data are being entered from handwritten cruise cards, make a 10 percent minimum spot comparison between the computer output and the information on the cards. If errors are found, perform a 100 percent audit.

Check the management of data recorded by the cruiser. The cruiser should follow a system designed to prevent loss of recorded data; for example, each day's data should be stored in the timber sale file. Electronic field data recorder files should be deleted only after the data manager has ensured that all data have been successfully transferred to the personal computer.

63.2 - Sale Inspection Frequency

As a minimum, conduct sale cruise inspections at the following target frequencies. Perform office checks on all sales. Office checks ensure that the cruise was performed according to direction in this Handbook. Perform field measurement checks with the following frequencies and use a random draw to determine each sale in the sample to be checked:

Sale Size Scaled Sales Tree Measurement Sales

> $10,000 and ≤ 2000 CCF

≥ 2000 CCF

Not applicable 1:4 (25 %)

1:10 (10 %) 1:1 (100 %)

63.3 - Certification of Sale

Each sale cruise must be certified by the District Ranger or Forest Supervisor (see the sample certification in sec. 43.5). Do not advertise a timber sale for bid if the cruise inspection indicates that the timber sale does not meet sampling error standards (sec. 41.1).

2409.12_60

FOREST SERVICE HANDBOOK

SOUTHWESTERN REGION (R3)

ALBUQUERQUE, NM

FSH 2409.12 – TIMBER CRUISING HANDBOOK

CHAPTER 60 – QUALITY CONTROL

Supplement No.: 2409.12-2016-2

Effective Date: December 1, 2016

Duration: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed.

Approved: SANDRA L. WATTS Deputy Regional Forester

Date Approved: 12/1/2016

Posting Instructions: Supplements are numbered consecutively by Handbook number and calendar year. Post by document; remove entire document and replace it with this supplement.

Retain this transmittal as the first page(s) of this document. The last supplement to this Handbook was 2409.12-2006-1 to 2409.12_10.

New Document(s):

2409.12_60 3 Pages

Superseded Document(s) by Issuance Number and Effective Date

2409.12-2004-5, 10/27/2004 2 Pages

Digest:

61.1 – Adds the designation of and requirements for Utilization Cruiser which is secondary to Qualified Cruiser.

61.2 – Adds knowledge and training requirements for Advanced Cruiser.

62.1 – Updates Tolerance for Region 3 in Exhibit 01

The direction included in this chapter has been developed through the coordinated efforts of Regions 1, 2, 3, and 4. This coordination was initiated by the leadership of each Region under the concept of shared services. All four Regions must concur on future changes to this direction.

R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.12-2016-2

EFFECTIVE DATE: 12/1/2016

DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed.

61 – CRUISER TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION STANDARDS

61.1 - Qualified Cruiser

4. The minimum passing score for the written examination is 80 percent.

5. Utilization Cruiser. Certified sale administrators, contract inspectors or harvest inspectors who add or delete volume to tree measurement and stewardship contracts at a minimum level of Utilization Cruiser, which is secondary to a Qualified Cruiser.

Reserve the Utilization Cruiser level for personnel adding or deleting small volume during the life of tree measurement timber sale and stewardship contracts.

The requirements for Utilization Cruiser Certification are:

a. Proficiency in timber cruise fundamentals, including, as a minimum:

1) Measuring trees (diameter and heights)

2) Species identification

3) Defect recognition and deductions

4) Use of timber cruising equipment

b. Passing a Utilization Level written test, which includes accuracy standards relating to the determination of gross and net volume.

c. Passing a field exam of twenty-five trees conducted on Regional Certified plots.

Utilization cruisers shall become certified for all major species on the forest.

61.2 - Advanced Cruiser

3. The minimum passing score on the written Advanced Cruiser test is 80 percent.

Design and implement two timber sale cruise plans that have been approved by a Certified Check Cruiser.

62 - INSPECTING INDIVIDUAL CRUISER PERFORMANCE

Complete a written evaluation for each sale and cruiser inspected, include a summary in the appropriate sale folder, and forward a copy to the Regional Office.

62.1 - Qualified Cruiser

7. Standards and elements for field measurement evaluation are shown in exhibit 01.

R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.12-2016-2

EFFECTIVE DATE: 12/1/2016

DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed.

62.1 - Exhibit 01

Field Measurement Evaluation

Check Cruise Element

Tolerance or

Weight

Region

1 2 3

In/out Trees Tolerance Weight

None

None

None

None

Species Tolerance Weight

None

None

None

None d.b.h. Tolerance Weight

+ .2 inches or

3% Whichever >

+ 0.2 Inches

+ 0.2 Inches

+ 0.2 Inches

Height <= 100 Feet

Tolerance Weight

4 feet or

7% Whichever >

4 feet

4 feet

4 feet

Height > 100 Feet

Tolerance Weight

7%

4 feet + 1 per 25’ > 100’

4 feet + 1 per 25’ > 100’

4 feet + 1 per 25’ > 100’

Defect Tolerance

Weight + 10 %

+ 10 %

+ 10 %

+ 10 %

Height to First Live Limb

Tolerance Weight

N/A N/A

N/A N/A

N/A N/A

N/A N/A

Product Tolerance Weight

N/A N/A

None

N/A N/A

N/A N/A

Clear Face Tolerance N/A N/A N/A 20% 3rd-Par. Volume Tolerance N/A 5% Gross N/A N/A

TIMBER CRUISE REFERENCE GUIDE

(FSH 2409.12)

ENDORSEMENT

Measurements for volume determination

For current Region Three

Cruising Standards.

Name: _______________________________

Phone Number: ________________________

Forest: _______________________________

District: ______________________________

USDA – Forest Service R3-2400-28A (Rev 1/5/2025)

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Merchantability Specifications

The regional timber sale product specifications are defined in regional supplements to FSH 2409.12, Ch-10, as well as supplements to FSH 2430. For Region-3 there is some flexibility on applying these specifications. Timber marking guides and cruise instructions should provide the specific merchantability specifications applied to a given project. Use specific project merchantability specifications when assessing defect on cruise trees.

Current Region-3 volume estimators, for both products listed below, exclude the volume in a 1-ft stump (or ½ -foot). Do not include defect for any part of the stump, or for the stem above the product minimum merchantability specification ( above

DIB). For sawtimber, do not include defect for portions of the stem above the 6.0-inch DIB.

• Sawtimber o Tree: 14-inch DBH and greater, (but may vary on contract type), having at least one "piece".

o Top DIB is 6.0-inches o Minimum Piece: one 10-ft straight piece, at least 1/3-sound (actual specification is 6.67 Merch-Factor, but this is not practical for cruising application).

• Non Sawtimber:

o Tree: 9.0 – 13.9-inch DBH (DBH may vary depending on contract type), must have at least one piece.

o Top DIB is 6.0-inches.

o Minimum Piece: one 10-ft straight piece. (No Merch-

Factor assigned)

• POL (Product Other than Log):

o Tree: 6.0 to 8.9 DBH (DBH may vary depending on contract type), having at least one piece.

o Top DIB is 4-inch, P a g e | 4 o Minimum Piece: one 10-foot length to 4-inch DIB of

Gross material, unless otherwise specified in Cruise

Plan.

• Biomass o Tree: 2.0 -5.9-inch o Top DIB is 1-inch o Minimum piece: 6-foot length, gross volume

Cruise Method Codes:

100 = Classic 100%

3P = Classic 3P

3PPNT = 3P Point

FIX = Fixed Plot

F3P = Fixed Plot, 3P Subsample

PNT = Point (Variable Plot)

P3P = Point, 3P Subsample

STR = Sample Tree

S3P = Sample tree, 3P Subsample

FCM = Fixed Plot Count/Measure

PCM = Point Count/Measure

FIXCNT = Fixed Count (stem count)

FSH 2409.11a – National Forest Cubic Scaling Handbook

Chapter 60- Appendixes 10 – Solid wood content of

Miscellaneous Products

Cord, standard 4’x4’x 8’ FT3

Pulpwood, rough, conifer 85

Fuelwood, hardwood and conifer 75

R3 Using the average cord standard 80

Comparison of Codes in Different Systems

The following table provides specific guidance on cruise codes, while providing only a general description of the corresponding codes used in TEA and TIM-ATSA. These other systems offer options that are beyond the scope of this document. Consult with specialists for those systems when designing a cruise.

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Volume Equation Table

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Volume Equations Continued

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Weight Equation Table (For ALL Forests)

BASAL AREA FACTOR (BAF) and PLOT RADIUS FACTOR

BAF PRF to face PRF to center.

5 3.847 3.889

10 2.708 2.750

15 2.203 2.245

20 1.902 1.944

25 1.697 1.739

30 1.546 1.588

40 1.333 1.375

50 1.188 1.230

60 1.081 1.123

70 0.997 1.039

75.62 1.000

To calculate other PRFs: PRF(Center) = 8.696

BAF

PRF (Face) = PRF (Center) - 0.042

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Plot Limiting Distance Calculations

Fixed Plot Limiting Slope Distance

SLD = ((DBH÷24)-Plot Radius) +/- x Slope Correction Factor

Or

SLD = Plot Radius – (DBH/24) x Slope Correction Factor

Variable Plot Limiting Slope Distance

SLDs = DBH X PRF X SCF

OR

SLDs = DBH X BAF’s Plot radius Factor

See page 10

SLDs = Limiting Slope Distance

DBH = Diameter at Breast Height

PRF = Plot Radius Factor

SCF = Slope Correction Factor

BAF= Basel Area Factor

Notes: Logger’s tape measurement (tree face to top-of-stake) must be less than or equal to your “calculated” Slope Limiting Distance to be

“IN”.

P a g e | 10

Face of Tree

Variable Plot Limiting distance slope correction table- 6/3/2013.

SLOPE

PERCENT

Slope

Correction

Factor

Variable plots = DBH X BAF’s Plot radius Factor

BAF

BAF

BAF

BAF

BAF

BAF

1-9 1.00 3.847 2.708 2.203 1.902 1.546 1.333

10-17 1.01 3.885 2.735 2.225 1.921 1.561 1.346

18-22 1.02 3.924 2.762 2.247 1.940 1.577 1.359

23-26 1.03 3.962 2.789 2.269 1.959 1.592 1.373

27-30 1.04 4.001 2.816 2.291 1.978 1.608 1.386

31-33 1.05 4.039 2.843 2.313 1.997 1.623 1.399

34-35 1.06 4.078 2.870 2.335 2.016 1.639 1.413

36-39 1.07 4.116 2.897 2.357 2.036 1.654 1.426

40-42 1.08 4.155 2.924 2.379 2.055 1.670 1.439

43-44 1.09 4.193 2.951 2.401 2.074 1.685 1.453

45-47 1.10 4.232 2.979 2.423 2.093 1.701 1.466

48-49 1.11 4.270 3.006 2.446 2.112 1.716 1.479

50-51 1.12 4.308 3.033 2.468 2.131 1.732 1.493

52-54 1.13 4.347 3.060 2.490 2.150 1.747 1.506

55-56 1.14 4.385 3.087 2.512 2.169 1.762 1.519

57-59 1.15 4.424 3.114 2.534 2.188 1.778 1.533

60-61 1.17 4.501 3.168 2.578 2.226 1.809 1.559

62-63 1.18 4.539 3.195 2.600 2.245 1.824 1.573

64-66 1.19 4.578 3.222 2.622 2.264 1.840 1.586

67-69 1.21 4.655 3.276 2.666 2.302 1.871 1.613

70-71 1.22 4.693 3.304 2.688 2.321 1.886 1.626

72-74 1.24 4.770 3.358 2.732 2.359 1.917 1.653

75-76 1.25 4.809 3.385 2.754 2.378 1.932 1.666

77-79 1.27 4.886 3.439 2.798 2.416 1.963 1.693

80-82 1.29 4.963 3.493 2.842 2.454 1.994 1.719

83-85 1.31 5.039 3.547 2.886 2.492 2.025 1.746

86-88 1.33 5.116 3.601 2.930 2.530 2.056 1.773

89-91 1.35 5.193 3.656 2.974 2.568 2.087 1.799

92-94 1.37 5.270 3.710 3.018 2.606 2.118 1.826

95-98 1.39 5.347 3.764 3.063 2.644 2.149 1.853

99-100 1.41 5.424 3.818 3.107 2.682 2.180 1.879

P a g e | 11

Relaskop

Diameter Bar Scale

Relaskop bar guide

6 SMALL Bars 2 WIDE Bars All Bars

Horz Each Top Top

Dist. Bar dib dib

= 4” 6“

Dia. Dia.

Total Total

0-10 10-a

Dia.

Total

0-d

16.5’ 1” 4 6

33.0’ 2” 2 3

49.5’ 3” -- 2 66.0’ 4” 1 --

6” 6”

12” 12”

18” 18” 24” 24”

18”

36”

54” 72”

P a g e | 12

Circular Plot Measurement Radius

Acre Feet 1/100 11.78

1/50 16.65

1/40 18.62

1/30 21.50

1/25 23.55

1/20 26.33

1/15 30.40

1/10 37.24

1/ 5 52.66

1/ 4 58.88

1/ 3 67.98

1/ 2 83.26

PLOT RADIUS = (in feet)

Example: 1/20-acre plot radius = = 26.33

Finding plot spacing:

PLOT RADIUS = ACRE*13865 (in feet)

Example: 1/20-acre plot radius = 20/1*13865 = 26.33

Finding plot spacing:

)43560*/#(# plotsacres

P a g e | 13

Prism

Keep the prism over the point, position its face so it is perpendicular to the tree being measured. When more than 10% slope is involved between tree and prism, rotate the prism around the line of sight by exactly the angle of slope between the prism and the tree’s DBH.

P a g e | 14

Techniques for Measuring trees with Abnormalities at DBH

Relaskop:

Although any Basal Area Factor (BAF) can be used,the 75.6 Basal

Area Factor (BAF) is the most convenient and is located approximately in the middle of the fifth white bar to the right of

“0” on the scale (see diagram on page 6 for approximate location).

Attach measuring tape to the center of the tree and while viewing through the relaskop, back away until the tree is centered and touching between “0” on left side of the scale and the middle of the fifth white bar to the right. At this point, the distance in feet away from the tree equals the Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) in inches.

For example, a 24.3 foot distance equates to a 24.3 inch DBH.

The relaskop adjusts for slope when measuring diameters at any height above the ground. When measuring diameter, take two measurements at the same hight and at right angles (90 degrees) to each other and average those values. Add the appropriate taper to estimate DBH. Use the relaskop for abnormal diameters by shooting above DBH and adjusting for taper. Use this method only if the point on the stem where the diameter resumes normal taper cannot be measured with a tape.

Note: if representative tree taper samples are measured, the measured tree taper will prevail.

Prism

Consider slope correction to accurately determine diameters.

Measure from center of tree to a point where the measured tree appears borderline through the prism. Divide that distance by the

Plot Radius Factor (PRF) for the Basal Area Factor (BAF) used.

Example: BAF= 20

PRF to face of tree = 1.902

Borderline Distance = 35 feet as viewed through prism.

35/1.902 = 18.40 est. diameter = 18.4 inches

P a g e | 15

Leaning Trees:

Trees leaning 25 percent (about 15 degrees) or more from vertical require special height measuring techniques. Two options for estimating leaning tree heights are listed below.

Slope Correction Factor Method:

1. Measure vertical height to tree tip from a point perpendicular to tree lean.

2. Measure angle of tree lean, reading from the side of clinometer (in Degrees).

3. Subtract the degree reading from 90

4. Find slope correction factor for step 3 angle.

5. Multiply vertical height by slope correction factor.

Example:

Vertical height = 100 ft. Clinometer reading = 61° (a = 61)

90° - 61° = 29° Slope Correction Factor for 29°= 1.14

Corrected height = 100 * 1.14 = 114 ft

P a g e | 16

Pythagorean Theorem

1. Determine the horizontal distance by measuring from the tree bole to a point directly under the tip of the leaning tree (a).

2. Determine the vertical distance from the ground to the tip of the tree (b).

3. Determine the actual tree height by using the Pythagorean theorem.

Tree Height = 22 ba +

Example 1:

22 ba + a = 20 b = 75

Tree Height = 5625400 +

Tree Height = 6025 = 77.6 or 78 feet.

P a g e | 17

Methods for Reducing Bias when Sampling Close to Boundaries

There are four methods approved for use in R3 when trees within the population being sampled lie close to the boundary of the tract. The

Mirage method has been used extensively but has limitations with irregular boundaries and other settings such as pockets of inclusion.

The Walk-through method has fewer limitations. Consistently use one of these methods in plot sampling when points fall inside, but near the unit boundary. Consider only trees INSIDE the unit for cruise trees.

If you are near the boundary and a fixed plot radius is fully within the sale, you do not complete a mirage or walk-through.

Procedure for Using the Mirage Method:

1. Determine “in” trees from the original sample point and list them (inside unit only).

2. Measure the shortest perpendicular distance to the unit boundary from the sample point.

3. Measure (extend) an equal distance beyond the boundary

(outside unit).

4. Establish a “correction point” to determine “in” trees.

5. Determine “in” trees from the “correction point” and record those trees inside the unit and previously selected in the original point. Trees that fall in this area will be recorded twice.

P a g e | 18

Procedure for Using the Walkthrough Method:

1. Determine “in” trees from the original sample point and record them (inside unit only).

2. Measure the distance and direction from the sample point to the center of each “in” tree.

3. “Walkthrough” the same distance and direction past the center of the tree.

4. If the point so located falls outside of the unit boundary, tally that tree twice.

5. Document Azimuth and distance in data.

In the above example, trees 1 and 2 would be tallied twice.

P a g e | 19

Virtual boundaries Sampling Close to Boundaries Half

Plots and Quarter Plots. (Use along Geo-Fence sale boundaries)

For half plots, an imaginary line is drawn through the center of the plot parallel to the tract boundary in such a way it does not cross the boundary (exhibit 01). A 180-degree sweep is made of the half plot falling completely within the stand boundary. Since this plot represents only half the area of a regular plot, the “in” trees in are recorded twice.

If a sample plot falls in a corner or where the boundary forms an angle such that a half plot cannot be used, then a quarter plot should be used. For a quarter plot, two imaginary lines are placed through the center of the plot, so the lines form a 90-degree angle (exhibit 02). A 90-degree sweep is made on the quadrant existing entirely within the stand boundary. As a quarter plot contains one fourth the area of a regular plot, each

“in” tree is recorded four time.

Document in plot information when used.

P a g e | 20

Taper Rule

One –half diameter method

Make two marks opposite each other on the stem at 4.5 feet.

Measure the distance between the marks with a diameter tape;

double the measurement to determine DBH.

Average Diameter

• Measure equal distances above and below from DBH.

• Record distances in tree notes.

o Example AD 1.0’ 12” + 13” = 25 /2 = 12.5 DBH

P a g e | 21

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P a g e | 22

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P a g e | 23

Computing and Recording DRC:

For all tally trees requiring DRC, with at least one stem 1.0 inch in diameter or larger at the root collar, DRC is computed as the square root of the sum of the squared stem diameters. For a single-stemmed

DRC tree, the computed DRC is equal to the single diameter measured.

Use the following formula to compute DRC:

DRC = SQRT [SUM (stem diameter2)]

Round the result to the nearest 0.1 inch.

For example, A multi-stemmed woodland tree with stems of 12.2, 13.2, 3.8, and 22.1 would be calculated as:

DRC = SQRT (12.222 + 13.222 + 3.822 + 22.122)

= SQRT (825.93)

= 28.74

= 28.7

A Qualifying tree must have:

• at least one qualifying stem 3.0-inches DRC or greater

• and at least 8-ft of qualifying wood in qualifying stems or branches.

P a g e | 24

Cull Indicators and Suggested Deductions

Timber Cruising Handbook FSH 2409.12 Chapter 20

Note: Cruisers shall use the guidelines contained in this section unless documented local information is available.

Frost Crack

Information

A separation of the bark with no or very little loss of bark and a minimum of the outer wood (Cambium) exposed.

Deduction

Primarily on White fir and Spruce

➢ For frost cracks, extend the defect height an additional 2 feet above the last visible indicator.

➢ On frost cracks that are closed, with no moisture or pitch seeping out the crack, use a minimum ¼ pie cut for the length affected.

➢ If the frost crack is weeping moisture and/or pitch, or you can see any of the 4 indicators listed for fire scars and cat faces, double the fraction size.

➢ If there is more than one frost crack, cull the entire section of the tree plus two additional feet above the last visible indicator of the tallest crack.

KEY POINT

➢ For White fir, look closely for conks which are sometimes located on the underside of limbs directly above the frost crack.

Using the Regional Conk Guide, determine the type of fungus present.

➢ Carefully evaluate the conk and frost crack to see if 10-ft of recoverable lumber exists between the two. Remember to add the 2-ft length above the visible height of the frost crack.

➢ If there is no recoverable 10-ft piece, cull the entire length, from above the conk (see conk rules) all the way down the affected length of the frost crack. This is a severe deduction and could amount to a major part of the tree’s volume.

➢ For example, a 60’ tall White Fir with multiple frost cracks starting at 4’ extending to 9’. Cull 1’ to 11’ = 10’ x 3%= 30% defect.

P a g e | 25

Lightning Scar

The spiral effect of lightning which results in bark being stripped from the bole in a band, usually one to six inches wide.

Deductions

➢ Deduct the percent of a merchantable log affected by the scar.

Recent scars are superficial, look for sawdust, insect holes, or other signs of advanced deterioration to determine the need for a deduction.

➢ Extend the defect length 2 feet above and below the visible indicators.

➢ Pie cuts are commonly used.

Fire and Basal Scars (in contact with forest floor)

➢ Four indicators to look for in determining the seriousness of the defect.

o The wood is gray.

o Long continuous cracks.

o The wood has wormholes.

o The wood has visible rot, which usually indicates that the scar occurred quite some time ago and rot has probably penetrated the bole of the tree causing a fiber loss.

Need a minimum of three of these indicators for the visible defect to be serious enough for a deduction depending on species.

➢ For all deductible fire scars, cat faces, frost cracks, and lightning scars, extend the defect height an additional 2 feet above, and sometimes below, the last visible indicator. Apply this rule to all species.

➢ As a general rule, double the fraction affected for true firs (white fir and cork bark).

➢ Pie cuts are commonly used.

P a g e | 26

Scars Continued

Trunk Scars (do not extend to forest floor)

➢ An injury to a tree resulting in a loss of bark above the forest floor, not in contact with the ground, which exposes the cambium to the elements.

➢ The injury may be overgrown with bark or callus, bark will show ingrowth. Include ingrowth when measuring scar size.

True fir

Deduct 1-ft below and 2-ft above the scar indicator.

All other species

➢ Although there may be signs of sawdust, insect activity, or weathering additional deductions are not needed.

➢ Deduct to limits of scar and/or resulting swell use a wedge-shaped estimate of the portion of the tree affected for the length of the defect.

Sweep and Crook

➢ Sweep is a gradual bow in the bole of the tree that leaves the merchantable log.

➢ Crook is an abrupt deflection in the stem.

➢ Sweep: deduct the portion of the log outside the bend of log’s merchantability.

➢ Take full length cuts, 1-ft minimum.

➢ Crook: deduct the portion of the log that is within the limits of the crook.

➢ Take full length cuts, 1-ft minimum.

P a g e | 27

Pistol Butt

A tree with a sharp crook near the butt; often caused by snow pressure on steep ground giving the appearance of a pistol grip.

➢ Project log cylinder down to stump height and deduct that portion of the log.

➢ If a pistol butt is over 6’ in length, consider it sweep and deduct that portion of the log.

➢ Take full length cuts 1-ft minimum.

Dead or Broken Top

➢ Ignore recently killed or broken tops and dead or broken tops where the defect deduction does not extend into the merchantable bole.

➢ Old tops must exhibit one or more of these characteristics.

o Fine limbs (1” and less in diameter) missing.

o Bark slipped from main stem.

o Woodpecker excavation.

o Wood fiber decayed or deeply weathered (checks or cracks wider than 1/10 the diameter of the stem).

PP, DF, WP

Deduct 2-ft length cut below break or first green limb.

True Firs/ES

Deduct 4-ft length cut below break or first green limb.

Sucker Limbs

➢ Does not always need a deduction.

➢ Minimum deduction is 1 foot, IF there is more than ¼ pie reduction of bole diameter above sucker limb.

P a g e | 28

Trees that Fork

Only using the main or dominant stem.

Simple Fork: all species

➢ Simple Forks: from genetics of the tree

➢ Simple forks are shaped like a “V”. For the “simple” fork, make a 2-ft length cut, 2 feet below the “V”.

Complex Forks: all species

➢ Complex Forks: the result of new leaders produced from an old broken top. This type of fork will show an “elbow” or “U” shaped curve where the new leaser(s) have turned out and up and often contain dead or dying sucker limbs. This result in more defect than genetically produced forks.

➢ Complex forks: make a 4-ft length cut, 4 feet below the “U”.

Trees Containing Foreign Material

➢ Treat all standing trees containing imbedded foreign material, such as insulators. Spikes, nails, or wires, that may create a safety hazard in the milling process or to logging equipment in the following manner.

➢ If the tree is to be removed, identify, and point to the object with a painted arrow. Preferably use a different color paint than that which the tree was marked with.

➢ If the tree is covered with foreign material and too costly to remove, it should be considered as a wildlife tree.

Examine each log to determine the following.

➢ Can the foreign material be readily removed? If so. Make no cruising deduction.

➢ If not, make a length deduction for the portion of the log affected in even 2’ multiples.

➢ In cruisers judgment, cull the entire log(s) if it would result in a safety hazard to individuals and or equipment.

P a g e | 29

Cankers

➢ Decay or evidence of dead wood must be associated with this indicator.

➢ No decay fungi are admitted if the bard is tight.

➢ Decay occurs when the bark slips and exposes the wood.

All species

Total length of the canker plus 1’ above and 1’ below.

Conks

Indian Paint (Echinodontium tinctorium) fungus – Red Stringy Rot (See photo 1 & 2 on page 37)

➢ Occurs mainly on true fir and occasionally Douglas-fir and Spruce.

➢ Conks occur mainly on trunk at limb stubs and knots. May occur on branches but rarely.

➢ Appears hoof shaped; upper surface rough, black, furrowed, and cracked; lower surface covered with coarse, hard grayish spines

(teeth); interior rust or brick red.

Deductions:

Deduct

Below Above

Indicator lowest highest TF, DF, Spruce 8’ 8’

P a g e | 30

Conks Continued

Red Ring Rot – Phellinus (Fomes) pini fungus

(See photo 3& 4 on page 38)

➢ Occurs mainly on Douglas fir and occasionally on Spruce causing white speck rot.

➢ Conks occur mainly on trunk at limb stubs and knots but may occur on branches.

➢ Appears bracket like to hoof shaped; brownish-black upper surface with concentric furrowed rings; lower surface brown.

➢ Size and condition of conk indicates age and extent of cull. The larger the conk the more related decay.

➢ A single, small conk or a concentrated group of conks indicate localized cull.

➢ A series of conks indicates extensive decay.

➢ Decay is more severe in pure stands, on show soils, and on steep slopes.

Below Above

DF, Spruce 8’ 4’

Red –Belted Polypore-Fomes Pincola

(See photo 7&8 on page 40)

➢ Most commonly found on dead decaying wood but can occur on some living trees.

➢ Over 100 tree species reported as hosts.

➢ Caps concentrically grooved (hoofed shaped); covered at least in part when young with red resin crust that becomes brown to blackish with age.

Deduction:

Below Above

TF, DF 3’ 3’

P a g e | 31

Conks Continued

False tinder Conk (Phellinus tremulae (Bondartsev))

(See Photo 9 on page 40)

➢ Occurs mainly on Aspen.

➢ Conks occur mainly on trunk at limb stubs and knots but may occur on branches.

➢ Appears bracket like to hoof shaped; brownish-black upper surface with a rough, cracked upper surface and tan to white pore surface.

➢ Is the most common cause of aspen stem decay in the

Southwest.

➢ The fungus decays the bad or injured area and then gains entry to the heartwood.

Below Above

Aspen 8’ 4’

Velvet Top (Phaelus schweinitzii) fungus

Red Brown Butt rot

(See Photos 5 & 6 see photo on page 39)

➢ Conks occur mainly on forest floor around base of tree, may occur on lower bole of tree.

➢ Upper surface red brown; velvety yellow when fresh; becoming corky with age.

➢ Conks resemble cattle dropping.

All Species

➢ Conk on base of stump, ground, or root o Scar: 2 feet above the scar o No scar: go just above butt swell.

o No butt swell: use 4 feet above the 1-ft stump.

➢ Conk is above the 1-ft stump: 8-ft. above, below all the way to the 1-ft stump height.

P a g e | 32

2010 R3 Seen Defect Chart

P a g e | 33

• Regional Conk Guide 2013

Type of Conk Species

Affected

Amount of Length Cut

Phellinus Fomes

Pini

(Red Ring Rot)

All

Species-

Mo…