1_ AE 50620 Building Information Model User G.pdf

BIM User Guide

MARTA BIM User Guide

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS

1 Introduction

2 BIM for Project Managers

2.1 Project BIM Manager

2.2 BIM Execution Plan

2.3 Project Planning and BIM Goals

2.4 Project Planning Check List

2.5 Detailed BIM Goals

2.5 Level of Development Defined

3 MARTA Standards

3.1 Content Locations

3.2 Project Templates

3.3 Creating a Revit Central File

3.4 Naming Conventions

3.5 Worksets and Categories

3.6 Usernames

3.7 View Naming

3.8 Exported View Naming Convention

3.9 Sheet Organization

3.10 Phases

3.11 Revisions

3.12 Plotting/Printing

3.13 Insertion of Images: JPG, TIF, etc

4 Component Standards

4.2 Family Libraries

4.3 Outside Family Resources

4.4 Family Creation Guidelines

5 Shared Coordinate System

6 Drawing Standards

6.1 Line Styles

6.2 Font

6.3 Schedules

6.3 Title Block

7 Information Exchange

7.1 Revit to Revit

7.2 Revit to DWG

7.3 DWG to Revit

7.4 Export to MicroStation DGN

7.5 Cloud-Based Collaboration

8 Quality Control

8.1 Model Checks

8.2 Clash Detection

9 BIM and Point Clouds

10 Archiving and Project Close-Out

APPENDIX A

BIM EXECUTION GUIDE

ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS

AIA American Institute of Architects BEP BIM execution plan BIM Building information model(ing) PIM Project information model RTE Revit template file RFA Revit family file RVT Revit project file LOD Level of detail/development Central File The master file located on the server or cloud Local File An individual’s file located on their computer, used to do work Workset A collection of elements. All elements are on a workset. A workset can be used to control visibility, ownership, or permissions. Example worksets include Furniture, Structural Link, Shared Levels and Grids, and Exterior.

Family Each element in a file, including doors, walls, and tags, is a family.

Parameter Parameters are created to make a family flexible and include dimensions, elements, and directions.

Type Families can have multiple types, such as several sizes of the same family or different styles. A family uses parameters to create types. A type parameter will change all instances of that family type in the model.

Instance Each element/family placed in the model is an instance. An instance parameter will change only that one element.

3D Three-dimensional geometry 4D Time; construction sequencing information 5D Cost 6D Project lifecycle information Detail Component A 2D family used for detailing Schedule Schedules use families to create a smart schedule Drafting View This is a view for drawing details using 2D elements such as lines. They are not related to any 3D elements or views.

Legend A view that can be placed on more than one sheet. A 2D version of a family, annotations and detail components can be placed in a legend.

1 Introduction

Building information modeling (BIM) is not a technology but a process that applies to all aspects of the architecture/engineering/construction (AEC) industry. While BIM is not limited to one software package, for the purposes of this manual, MARTA has adopted the use of Autodesk Revit software for its production of BIM construction documents. This document will serve as a guide for facilitating BIM projects at MARTA and should be reviewed and used on every project with BIM requirements. This document is not a replacement for MARTA’s Criteria for Drawings;

it is a supplement addressing the implementation of Revit as a project design and management tool at MARTA.

The intent of the MARTA BIM User Guide is to assist project managers, consultants, and internal team members to collaborate more effectively using BIM as a project design tool. The guide is divided into two sections; the first section should be used to guide project management while the second section details how the teams can work together using Revit specifically for collaboration and project documentation (using MARTA workflows).

2 BIM for Project Managers

A key component of a successful BIM integration is initial project planning. Planning for the incorporation of BIM into a project is a significant yet fairly new step in the project planning process. The adoption of BIM adds a new level of complexity to the project planning process.

A BIM model is not only a design tool, but it is also useful in a variety of capacities. As a deliverable, a BIM must clearly define, how the model is to be utilized by MARTA, the contractor and the design team will determine the level of detail required in the modeling process and influence the project schedule and cost.

In the following sections, we will describe how to determine BIM project goals and plan for the effects of including BIM as a design tool for projects.

Figure 1

Figure 1 - Taken from BluEnt

2.1 Project BIM Manager

When assembling a project team, it is imperative for the Project Manager (PM) to assign a Project BIM Manager. The PM and the BIM PM will collaborate throughout the life of the project starting in the early planning stages. In cases where project team leaders are inexperienced with BIM project management, project efficiencies may be achieved by assigning BIM management to another party, such as the architect or construction manager. In this case, MARTA will deliver this BIM User Guide, along with templates and families, to the project team leaders to ensure that project deliverables comply with MARTA standards. MARTA representation will play a major role in the BIM management of the project to confirm that management is executed in line with MARTA standards.

Duties of the BIM PM include but are not limited to:

• Guiding the project planning team through BIM goal definitions

• Scheduling BIM deliverable deadlines

• Delivering and updating the BIM execution plan

• Managing the project design team’s BIM project schedule

• Establishing the BIM model according to MARTA standards

• Collaborating with internal MARTA BIM management staff

• Coordinating with internal and external BIM managers

• Ensuring consistent best practices are used in the models

• Providing quality control to ensure MARTA standards are met

• Providing modeling support and troubleshooting services to team

• Performing clash detection

• Keeping the model clean of extraneous families, views, objects, errors, and styles

• Managing families, shared parameters, and keyed notes

2.2 BIM Execution Plan

The attached BIM execution plan will guide the project team leaders in managing the BIM workflow. The plan should be completed by core team members and continually developed and monitored by the BIM PM. The plan should define the scope of BIM implementation on the project, identify the process flow for BIM tasks, define the information exchanges between parties and describe the required project infrastructure needed to support the implementation.

A team BIM kick-off meeting should be scheduled by the BIM PM for the purpose of sharing the BIM execution plan with the team.

The BIM PM will schedule follow-up meetings with necessary team members to further develop the BIM execution plan. To have a successful project using BIM, full coordination and collaboration by all parties is an absolute necessity. On most projects, a minimum of two or three meetings will be needed to develop the overall, detailed BIM plan.

The information defined in the BIM execution plan should include the following:

Define the project goals for BIM implementation.

● The plan should include critical project information such as project team members and contact information, project numbers, project location, project description, and critical schedule dates for future reference.

● The goals and objectives for the use of BIM on each project should be defined. The document should include the strategic value and specific uses for BIM on the project as defined by the project team in the initial step of the planning procedure.

● The model elements and level of detail required to implement each BIM use should be clearly defined in the information exchange requirements.

● One of the primary tasks of the BIM execution plan is to define the coordinator of the BIM planning and execution process throughout the various stages of the project.

● MARTA’s requirements for the BIM must be documented and understood.

● The team should develop electronic and collaborative activity procedures. This includes the definition of model management procedures (file structures and permissions) as well as typical meeting schedules and agendas.

● The hardware, software and network infrastructure required to execute the plan should be defined.

● The team should discuss and document items such as model structure, file naming structure, coordinate system and modeling standards as per MARTA standards.

● The deliverables will be clearly defined by MARTA.

The BIM execution plan is attached as Appendix A.

2.3 Project Planning and BIM Goals

The first step in managing a project with BIM is defining the BIM goals. This step should take place before a request for proposal is ever issued. A clearly defined scope of work as it relates to BIM use on the project will ensure that submitted bids will be comparable and confirm that submitting teams have the appropriate skillsets to deliver the model as required by MARTA.

In the early planning stages, a meeting that includes project stakeholders, project managers and most importantly, a BIM PM, should be held to discuss the modeling potential and determine the project’s BIM goals. The BIM goals will determine the level of complexity required in the modeling phase and have influence on project schedule and design fee. A clearly defined BIM scope of work is also critical for the internal design team. It is crucial to build a BIM-savvy team with the ability to efficiently build a model to the required level of detail (LOD).

The following section contains the project planning checklist included in the BIM execution plan. This tool should be utilized by the project planning team. Detailed descriptions of each goal, as well as the LOD, follow the table and should be referenced in the project planning meeting. In the future, it is likely that MARTA will utilize BIM models to the greatest extent possible as an asset and/or facility management tool; descriptions of advanced model potential usage are described.

2.4 Project Planning Check List

The project planning checklist below is to be utilized by the project planning team while defining the project’s BIM goals. A detailed description of each goal follows this table.

PROJECT PLANNING CHECKLIST

GOAL LOD DESIGNER YES/NO

Building Maintenance Scheduling 500 MARTA Building Systems Analysis 500 Design team Asset Management 500 MARTA Space Management and Tracking 400/500 MARTA Disaster Planning 500 MARTA Record Modeling 500 MARTA Site Utilization Planning 200 Contractor Construction Systems Design 200 Contractor Digital Fabrication 200 Design team/contractor 3D Control Planning 200 Contractor 3D Coordination 200 Design team Design Authoring 350 Design team Engineering Analysis 350 Design team Sustainability 350 Design team Design Review 200 Design team Programming 200 Design team Phase Planning 200 Contractor Cost Estimation 500 Contractor

Existing Conditions Modeling As required MARTA/design team

2.5 Detailed BIM Goals

In the following goal descriptions, potential value, resources required, and team competencies required are defined.

B

Building (Preventative) Maintenance Scheduling Description:

A process in which the functionality of the building structure (walls, floors, roof, etc.) and equipment serving the building (mechanical, electrical, plumbing, etc.) are maintained over the operational life of a facility. A successful maintenance program will improve building performance, reduce repairs, and reduce overall maintenance costs.

Potential Value:

Plan maintenance activities proactively and appropriately allocate maintenance staff Track maintenance history Reduce corrective maintenance and emergency maintenance repairs Increase productivity of maintenance staff because the physical location of equipment/system is clearly understood Evaluate different maintenance approaches based on cost Allow facility managers to justify the need and cost of establishing a reliability-centered maintenance program

Resources Required:

Design review software to view record model and components Building automation system (BAS) linked to record model Computerized maintenance management system (CMMS) linked to record model User-friendly dashboard interface linked to record model to provide building performance information and/or other information to educate building users

Team Competencies Required:

Ability to understand and manipulate CMMS and building control systems with record model Ability to understand typical equipment operation and maintenance practices Ability to manipulate, navigate and review a 3D model

Selected Resources:

Campbell, D.A. (2007). BIM – Web Applications for AEC, Web 3D Symposium.

Fallon, K. (2008). “Interoperability: Critical to Achieving BIM Benefits”. AIA Edges Website: Singh, H.; W.H. Dunn (2008).

Integrating Facilities Stovepipes for Total Asset Management (TAM). Journal of Building Information Modeling, Spring 2008. http://www.aia.ord/nwsltr_tap.cfm?pagename=tap_a_0704_interop

ASHRAE (2003). HVAC design Manual for Hospitals and Clinics. Atlanta, GA. (2004). Federal energy Management Program. O&M Best Practices: A Guide to Achieving Operational Efficiency, Release 2.0. July 2004.

www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pds.OM_5.pdf

Piotrowski, J. (2001). Pro-Active Maintenance for Pumps. Archives, February 2001, Pump-Zone.com

©2010 The Computer Integrated Construction Research Group

The Pennsylvania State University

Maintenance Scheduling: Tracking and maintaining lifecycle information about the building structure (wall, floors, roof, etc.) as well as the equipment serving the building (mechanical, electrical, plumbing, etc.) to plan and schedule a program of maintenance activities that will improve building performance, reduce repairs, and reduce overall maintenance costs http://www.aia.ord/nwsltr_tap.cfm?pagename=tap_a_0704_interop

Building Systems Analysis Description:

A process that measures how a building's performance compares to the specified design. This includes how the mechanical system operates and how much energy a building uses. Other aspects of this analysis include, but are not limited to, ventilated facade studies, lighting analysis, internal and external computational fluid dynamics (CFD) airflow, and solar analysis.

Potential Value:

Ensure building is operating to specified design and sustainable standards Identify opportunities to modify system operations to improve performance Create a "what if" scenario and change different materials throughout the building to show better or worse performance conditions

Resources Required:

3D model manipulation Building systems analysis software (energy, lighting, mechanical, other)

Team Competencies Required:

Ability to manipulate, navigate and review a 3D model Ability to understand building systems and typical operations Ability to assess building systems using analysis software

Selected Resources:

Ayat E. Osman, Robert Ries. " Optimization for Cogeneration Systems in Buildings Based on Life Cycle

Assessment" May 2006, http://itocn.org/2006/20/

"Building Performance Analysis Using Revit" 2007 Autodesk Inc., http://images.autodesk.com/adsk/files/building_performance_analysis_using_revit.pdf

©2010 The Computer Integrated Construction Research Group

The Pennsylvania State University

Building Systems Analysis: Measuring how a building's actual performance compares to design model predictions http://itocn.org/2006/20/ http://images.autodesk.com/adsk/files/building_performance_analysis_using_revit.pdf

Asset Management Description:

A process in which an organized management system will efficiently aid in the maintenance and operation of a facility and its assets. These assets, consisting of the physical building, systems, surrounding environment and equipment, must be maintained, operated, and upgraded at an efficiency which will satisfy both the owner and users at the lowest appropriate cost. It assists in financial decision-making, as well as short-term and long-term planning. Asset management uses the data contained in a record model to determine cost implications of changing or upgrading building assets, segregate costs of assets for financial tax purposes and maintain a current comprehensive database that can produce the value of a company's assets.

Potential Value:

Store operations, maintenance owner user manuals and equipment specifications.

Perform and analyze facility and equipment condition assessments Maintain up-to-date facility and equipment data including, but not limited to, maintenance schedules, warranties, cost data, upgrades, replacements, damages/deterioration, maintenance records, manufacturer's data, equipment functionality and others required by owner

Provide one comprehensive source for tracking the use, performance, and maintenance of a building's assets for the owner, maintenance team and financial department

Produce accurate quantity takeoffs of current company assets to aid in financial reporting, bidding, and estimating the future cost implications of upgrades or replacements of specified assets

Allow for future updates of the record model to show current building asset information after upgrades, replacements, or maintenance by tracking changes

Aid financial department in efficiently analyzing different types of assets through an increased level of visualization

Increase the opportunity for measurement and verification of systems during building occupation

Resources Required:

3D model manipulation Asset management system

Team Competencies Required:

Ability to manipulate, navigate and review a 3D model Ability to manipulate an asset management system Knowledge of tax requirements and related financial software Knowledge of the assets requiring tracking, whether the building is dynamic or static, and the end needs of the building to satisfy the owner Selected Resources:

GSA Energy Performance and Operations:

http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/contentView.do?programId=12122&channelId=- 8161&ooid=20917&contentId=21770&pageTypeId=8195&contentType=GSA_BASIC&programPage=%2Fep%2 Fprogram%2FgsaBasic.jsp&P=PMBIM

GSA Commissioning Overview: http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/channelView.do?pageTypeId=8195&channel Page=%2Fep%2Fchannel%2FgsaOverview.jsp&channelId=-15163

NIST General Buildings Information Handover Guide: Principles, Methodology and Case Studies http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build07/PDF/b07015.pdf

©2010 The Computer Integrated Construction Research Group

The Pennsylvania State University http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/contentView.do?programId=12122&channelId=-8161&ooid=20917&contentId=21770&pageTypeId=8195&contentType=GSA_BASIC&programPage=%2Fep%2Fprogram%2FgsaBasic.jsp&P=PMBIM http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/contentView.do?programId=12122&channelId=-8161&ooid=20917&contentId=21770&pageTypeId=8195&contentType=GSA_BASIC&programPage=%2Fep%2Fprogram%2FgsaBasic.jsp&P=PMBIM http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/contentView.do?programId=12122&channelId=-8161&ooid=20917&contentId=21770&pageTypeId=8195&contentType=GSA_BASIC&programPage=%2Fep%2Fprogram%2FgsaBasic.jsp&P=PMBIM http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/channelView.do?pageTypeId=8195&channel%20Page=%2Fep%2Fchannel%2FgsaOverview.jsp&channelId=-15163 http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/channelView.do?pageTypeId=8195&channel%20Page=%2Fep%2Fchannel%2FgsaOverview.jsp&channelId=-15163 http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build07/PDF/b07015.pdf

B B B

Asset Management: Linking data in a BIM record model to a database of building assets to assist in efficiently maintaining and operating the facility

Space Management and Tracking Description:

A process in which BIM is utilized to effectively allocate, manage and track assigned workspaces and related resources. A BIM model will allow the facility management team to analyze the existing use of the space and appropriately manage changes in clientele and use of space, as well as future changes throughout the facility's life. Space management and tracking is an application of the record model.

Potential Value:

Identify and allocate space for appropriate building use Track current use of space Ensure optimum use of the facility's space resources Assist in planning future space needs for the facility

Resources Required:

3D model manipulation Content management application

Team Competencies Required:

Ability to manipulate, navigate and review record model Ability to assess current space and assets and manage appropriately for future needs

Selected Resources:

Valcik, Nicolas A. and Patricia Huesca-Dorantes. “Building a GIS Database for Space a n d Facilities

Management.” New Directions for Institutional Research, n120 p53-61 2003.

©2010 The Computer Integrated Construction Research Group

The Pennsylvania State University

Management and Tracking: Allocating, managing, and tracking spaces and related resources within a facility

B B

Disaster Planning Description:

A process in which emergency responders would have access to critical building information in the form of a model and information system. The BIM would provide critical building information to the responders to improve the efficiency of the response and minimize safety risks. The dynamic building information would be provided by a BAS while the static building information, such as floor plans and equipment schematics, would reside in a BIM model. These two systems would be integrated via a wireless connection and emergency responders would be linked to an overall system. The BIM coupled with the BAS would be able to clearly display where the emergency was located within the building, possible routes to the area and any other harmful locations within the building.

Potential Value:

Provide police, fire, public safety officials and first responders access to critical building information in real time Improve the effectiveness of emergency response Minimize risks to responders

Resources Required:

3D model manipulation BAS knowledge Emergency response knowledge

Team Competencies Required:

Ability to manipulate, navigate and review BIM model for facility updates Ability to understand dynamic building information through BAS Ability to make appropriate decisions during an emergency

Selected Resources:

Building Information for Emergency Responders. Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, 11th World Multi-

Conference (WMSCI 2007). Proceedings. Volume 3. Jointly with the Information Systems Analysis and Synthesis: ISAS 2007, 13th International Conference. July 8-11, 2007, Orlando, FL, Callaos, N.; Lesso, W.; Zinn, C. D.; Yang, H., Editor(s) (s), 1-6 pp, 2007. Treado, S. J.; Vinh, A.; Holmberg, D. G.; Galler, M.

Disaster Planning and Response: Using a BIM model to give emergency responders access to critical building information to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their response and minimize the safety risks.

Record Modeling Description:

A process in which a 3D model contains an accurate depiction of the physical conditions and environment of a facility and its assets. This has potential to contain information relating to the main architectural and mechanical/electrical/plumbing (MEP) elements and equipment and asset information. Furthermore, with the continuous updating and improvement of the record model and the capability to store more information, the model contains a true depiction of space with a link to information such as serial codes, warranties, and maintenance history of all the components in the building. The record model also contains information linking pre-build specification to as-built specifications. This allows the owner to monitor the project relative to the specifications provided.

Potential Value:

Aid in future modeling and 3D design coordination for renovation Provide documentation of environment for future uses, e.g., renovation or historical documentation Aid in the permitting process (e.g., continuous change versus specified code) Dispute elimination (e.g., link to contract with historical data highlights expectations and comparisons drawn to final product) Solid understanding of project sequencing by stakeholders leads to reduced project delivery times, risk, cost, and lawsuits

Resources Required:

3D model manipulation

Team Competencies Required:

Ability to manipulate, navigate and review 3D model Ability to use BIM modeling application for facility updates Ability to thoroughly understand site processes to ensure correct input

Selected Resources:

http://www.bimforum.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19#Q6 http://bentleybim.wordpress.com/2007/11/13/bentleys-bim-preferred-58-to-revit-38-executive-briefing/ http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=19&C=213&P=1 http://www.aecbytes.com/buildingthefuture/2006/Expotitions_meeting.html

©2010 The Computer Integrated Construction Research Group

The Pennsylvania State University

Record Modeling: Creating an accurate depiction of the physical conditions, environment, and assets of a facility http://www.bimforum.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Q6 http://bentleybim.wordpress.com/2007/11/13/bentleys-bim-preferred-58-to-revit-38-executive-briefing/ http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=19&C=213&P=1 http://www.aecbytes.com/buildingthefuture/2006/Expotitions_meeting.html

Site Utilization Planning Description:

A process in which a 4D model is used to graphically represent both permanent and temporary facilities on site along with the construction activity schedule. Additional information incorporated into the model can include labor resources, materials and associated deliveries, and equipment location. Because the 3D model components are directly linked to the schedule, site management functions such as visualized planning, short-term re-planning and resources can be analyzed over different spatial and temporal data.

Potential Value:

Generate site usage layout for temporary facilities, assembly areas and material deliveries for all phases of construction Identify potential and critical space and time conflicts Select a feasible construction scheme Update site organization and space usage as construction progresses

Resources Required:

3D model manipulation Design authoring software Scheduling software

Team Competencies Required:

Ability to manipulate, navigate and review 3D model Ability to manipulate and assess construction schedule with 3D model Ability to understand typical construction methods

Selected Resources:

Chau, K.W.; M. Anson, and J.P. Zhang. “Four-Dimensional Visualization of Construction Scheduling and Site

Utilization.” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. (July/August 2004): 598-606. ASCE. 5 September 2008. http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?0410956.

Dawood, Nashwam et al. “The Virtual Construction Site (VIRCON) Tools: An Industrial Evaluation.” ITcon. Vol. 10 (2005): 43-54. 8 September 2008. http://www.itcon.org/cgi-bin/works/Show?2005_5.

Heesom, David and Lamine Mahdjoubi. “Trends of 4D CAD Applications for Construction Planning.”

Construction Management and Economics. (February 2004). 22 171-182. 8 September 2008.

http://www.tamu.edu/classes/choudhury/articles/1.pdf.

http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?0410956 http://www.itcon.org/cgi-bin/works/Show?2005_5 http://www.tamu.edu/classes/choudhury/articles/1.pdf

Construction System Design (Virtual Mockup) Description:

A process in which 3D system design software is used to design and analyze the construction of a complex building system (e.g., form work, glazing, tiebacks, etc.) to increase planning.

Potential Value:

Increase constructability of a complex building system Increase construction productivity Increase safety awareness of a complex building system Decrease language barriers

Resources Required:

3D system design software

Team Competencies Required:

Ability to manipulate, navigate and review 3D model Ability to make appropriate construction decisions using a 3D system design software Knowledge of typical and appropriate construction practices for each component

Selected Resources:

Leventhal, Lauren.” Delivering Instruction for Inherently-3D Construction Tasks: Lessons and Questions for Universal

Accessibility”. Workshop on Universal Accessibility of Ubiquitous Computing: Providing for the elderly.

Khemlano (2007). AECbytes: Building the Future (October 18, 2007).

Digital Fabrication

A process that utilizes machine technology to prefabricate objects directly from a 3D model. The 3D model is spooled into appropriate sections and input into fabrication equipment for production of system assemblies.

Potential Value:

Automate building component fabrication Minimize tolerances through machine fabrication Maximize fabrication productivity

Resources Required:

3D model manipulation Fabrication equipment Fabrication methods

Team Competencies Required:

Ability to manipulate, navigate and review a 3D model Ability to manufacture building components using digital information Ability to understand typical fabrication methods

Selected Resources:

Rundell, Rick. “BIM and Digital Fabrication (1-2-3 Revit Tutorial).” http://www.cadalyst.com/aec/bim-and-digital-fabrication-1-2-3-revit-tutorial-3707. 8 February 2008.

http://www.cadalyst.com/aec/bim-and-digital-fabrication-1-2-3-revit-tutorial-3707 http://www.cadalyst.com/aec/bim-and-digital-fabrication-1-2-3-revit-tutorial-3707

3D Control and Planning (Digital Layout) Description:

A process that utilizes a model to lay out the building assemblies and produce lift drawings. Lift drawings are 2D/3D component drawings used by foremen during on-site construction.

Potential Value:

Decrease layout error by producing control directly from the 3D construction model Increase communication between office and field personal Decrease/eliminate language barriers

Resources Required:

3D model manipulation

Team Competencies Required:

Ability to manipulate, navigate and review a 3D model Ability to understand and interpret lift drawings

Selected Resources:

http://www.construction-planning-and-control.com/ http://www.construction-planning-and-control.com/

3D Coordination Description:

A process in which clash detection software is used during the coordination process to determine field conflicts by comparing 3D models of building systems. The goal of clash detection is to eliminate the major system conflicts prior to installation.

Potential Value:

Coordinate building project through a model Reduce and eliminate field conflicts, thus reducing requests for information (RFIs) significantly compared to other methods Visualize construction Increase productivity Reduced construction cost for potentially less-cost growth (i.e., fewer change orders) Decrease construction time Increase productivity on site More accurate as built drawings

Resources Required:

3D model manipulation Model review application

Team Competencies Required:

Ability to deal with people and project challenges Ability to manipulate, navigate and review a 3D model Knowledge of BIM model applications for facility updates Knowledge of building systems

Selected References:

Staub-French S and Khanzode A (2007) **3D and 4D Modeling for design and construction coordination:

issues and lessons learned** ITcon Vol. 12, pg. 381-407, http://www.itcon.org/2007/26 Khanzode A, Fischer M, Reed D (2008) **Benefits and lessons learned of implementing building virtual design and construction (VDC) technologies for coordination of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems on a large healthcare project**, ITcon Vol. 13, Special Issue Case studies of BIM use , pg. 324-342, http://www.itcon.org/2008/22

AECbytes.com – venderhub http://www.itcon.org/2007/26 http://www.itcon.org/cgi-bin/works/Show?2008_22 http://www.itcon.org/cgi-bin/works/Show?2008_22 http://www.itcon.org/cgi-bin/works/Show?2008_22 http://www.itcon.org/cgi-bin/works/Show?2008_22 http://www.itcon.org/cgi-bin/works/Show?2008_22 http://www.itcon.org/cgi-bin/special/Show?2007bim_use http://www.itcon.org/2008/22

Design Authoring Description:

A process in which 3D software is used to develop a BIM based on criteria that is important to the translation of the building’s design. Two groups of applications are at the core of BIM-based design process: design authoring tools and audit and analysis tools.

Authoring tools create models while audit and analysis tools study or add to the richness of information in a model. Most of audit and analysis tools can be used for design review and engineering analysis BIM uses.

Design authoring tools are a first step towards BIM; a key step is connecting the 3D model with a powerful database of properties, quantities, means and methods, costs, and schedules.

Potential Value:

Transparency of design for all stakeholders Better control and quality control of design, cost, and schedule Powerful design visualization True collaboration between project stakeholders and BIM users Improved quality control and assurance

Resources Required:

3D model manipulation

Team Competencies Required:

Ability to manipulate, navigate and review a 3D model Knowledge of construction means and methods Design and construction experience

Selected References:

Tardif, M. (2008). BIM: Reaching Forward, Reaching Back. AIArchitect This Week. Face of the AIA.

AIArchitect http://info.aia.org/aiarchitect/thisweek08/0321/0321rc_face.cfm

Engineering Analysis (Structural, Lighting, Energy, Mechanical, Other) Description:

A process in which intelligent modeling software uses the BIM model to determine the most effective engineering method based on design specifications. Development of this information is the basis for what will be passed on to the owner and/or operator for use in the building's systems (i.e., energy analysis, structural analysis, emergency evacuation planning, etc.). These analysis tools and performance simulations can significantly improve the design of the facility and its energy consumption during its lifecycle.

Potential Value:

Automating analysis and saving time and cost Analysis tools are less costly than BIM authoring tools, easier to learn and implement, and less disruptive to established workflows Improve specialized expertise and services offered by the design firm Achieve optimum, energy-efficient design solution by applying various rigorous analyses Faster return on investment with applying audit and analysis tools for engineering analyses Improve the quality and reduce the cycle time of the design analyses

Resources Required:

3D model manipulation Engineering analysis tools and software

Team Competencies Required:

Ability to manipulate, navigate and review a 3D model Ability to assess a model through engineering analysis tools Knowledge of construction means and methods Design and construction experience

Selected References:

Malin, N. (2008). BIM Companies Acquiring Energy Modeling Capabilities.

http://greensource.construction.com/news/080403BIMModeling.asp Marsh, A. (2006). Ecotect as a Teaching Tool. http://naturalfrequency.com/articles/ecotectasteacher Marsh, A. (2006). Building Analysis: Work Smart, Not Hard. http://naturalfrequency.com/articles/smartmodelling Novitzki, B. (2008). Energy Modeling for Sustainability.

http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=5&C=399 Stumpf, A., Brucker, B. (2008). BIM Enables Early Design Energy Analysis.

http://www.cecer.army.mil/td/tips/docs/BIM-EnergyAnalysis.pdf PIER Building Program (2008). Estimating Energy Use Early and Often.

www.esource.com/esource/getpub/public/pdf/cec/CEC-TB-13_EstEnergyUse.pdf Ecotect - Building Analysis for Designers. http://www.cabs-cad.com/ecotect.htm Khemlani (2007). AECbytes: Building the Future (October 18, 2007).

http://bimex.wikispaces.com/Engineering%2BAnalysis#%23 http://greensource.construction.com/news/080403BIMModeling.asp http://naturalfrequency.com/articles/ecotectasteacher http://naturalfrequency.com/articles/smartmodelling http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=5&C=399 http://www.cecer.army.mil/td/tips/docs/BIM-EnergyAnalysis.pdf http://www.esource.com/esource/getpub/public/pdf/cec/CEC-TB-13_EstEnergyUse.pdf http://www.cabs-cad.com/ecotect.htm

Sustainability (LEED®) Evaluation Description:

A process in which a project is evaluated based on LEED® or other sustainable criteria. This can refer to materials, performance, or a process. Sustainability evaluations can be applied across all four phases of a construction project: planning, design, construction, and operation. Sustainability evaluation is most effective when it is done in planning and design stages and then applied in the construction and operations phases.

Model all sustainable aspects of a project throughout its lifecycle to obtain the desired LEED certification in the most efficient manner by condensing design analyses into a single database.

Potential Value:

Accelerate design review and LEED certification process with efficient use of a single database with all the sustainable features present and archived Improved communication between project participants to achieve LEED certification and decreased redesign efforts as a result Align scheduling and material quantities tracking for more efficient material use and better cash flow analysis Optimize building performance by tracking energy use, indoor air quality and space planning for the adherence to LEED standards leading to integrated facility management

Resources Required:

3D model manipulation LEED certification knowledge

Team Competencies Required:

Ability to manipulate, navigate, and review a 3D model Knowledge of current LEED certification information

Selected Resources:

Building Information Modeling for Sustainable Design: http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199- 7985352/Building-information-modeling-for-sustainable.html

Sustainable Perspectives: Building Information Modeling for Sustainable Design:

http://www.edcmag.com/Articles/Featured_Special_Sections/BNP_GUID_9-5-2006_A_10000000000000214529

Building Information for Sustainable Design (Revit White Paper) Building Information Modeling and the Adoption of Green Technologies:

http://www.triplepundit.com/2008/05/building-information-modeling-and-the-adoption-of-green-technologies/ Krygiel, E., and Brad N. (2008). Green BIM: Successful Sustainable Design with Building Information Modeling. San

Francisco: Sybex, 2008.

http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-http://www.edcmag.com/Articles/Featured_Special_Sections/BNP_GUID_9-5-2006_A_10000000000000214529 http://www.triplepundit.com/2008/05/building-information-modeling-and-the-adoption-of-green-technologies/

Design Reviews Description:

A process in which a 3D model is used to showcase the design to the stakeholders and evaluate meeting program and set criteria, such as layout, sightlines, lighting, security, ergonomics, acoustics, textures, and colors. Virtual mock-ups can be done in high detail even on building components like façades to quickly analyze design alternatives and solve design and constructability issues. If properly executed, these reviews can resolve design issues with different options to cut costs and time investments. Modifications can also be made after reviews and final demolition and removal expenses are calculated.

Evaluation of the designed space can be facilitated by a high degree of interactivity to get positive feedback from end users and owners. Some of the top evaluation criteria are sightlines, lighting, ADA compliance, safety, security, acoustics, HVAC, ergonomics, aesthetics, and millwork tolerances. Real-time modifications of design are enabled based on end user feedback. Therefore, decision-making time is cut in half since the attention focus is on one issue at a time until consensus is reached.

Potential Value:

Eliminate costly and timely traditional construction mock-ups Different design options and alternatives are easy to model and change in real-time during design review with end users and/or owners Create shorter and more efficient design reviews Resolve the conflicts that would arise in a mock-up and model the potential fixes in real-time along with revised tolerances and answered RFIs Preview space aesthetics and layout during design review in a virtual environment Evaluate effectiveness of design in meeting building program criteria and owner needs Create efficiencies in design process Easily communicate the design to the owner, construction team and end users. Get instant feedback on meeting program requirements, owner needs and building or space aesthetics

Resources Required:

3D model manipulation Design review software Interactive review space

Team Competencies Required:

Ability to manipulate, navigate and review a 3D model Ability to model photos realistically, to include textures, colors, and finishes, and make easily navigable with different software or plug-ins

Selected Resources:

Dunston, Phillip S., Arns, Laura L., and McGlothin, James D. (2007). "An Immersive Virtual Reality Mock-up for Design

Review of Hospital Patient Rooms," 7th International Conference on Construction Applications of Virtual Reality, University Park, Pennsylvania, October 22-23, 9 pages

Majumdar, Tulika, Fischer, Martin A., and Schwegler, Benedict R. (2006). "Conceptual Design Review with a Virtual Reality Mock-Up Model," Building on IT: Joint International Conference on Computing and Decision Making in Civil and Building Engineering, Hugues Rivard, Edmond Miresco, and Hani Melham, editors, Montreal, Canada, June 14-16, 2902- 2911.

Maldovan, Kurt D., Messner, John I., and Faddoul, Mera (2006). "Framework for Reviewing Mockups in an Immersive Environment," CONVR 2006: 6th International Conference on Construction Applications of Virtual Reality, R. Raymond Issa, editor, Orlando, Florida, August 3-4, on CD, 6 pages

Programming Description:

A process in which a spatial program is used to assess design performance efficiently and accurately in regard to spatial requirements. The developed BIM model allows the project team to analyze space and understand the complexity of space standards and regulations. Critical decisions are made in this phase of design and bring the most value to the project when needs and options are discussed with the client and the best approach is analyzed.

Potential Value:

Efficient and accurate assessment of design performance in regard to spatial requirements by the owner

Resources Required:

Design authoring software

Team Competencies Required:

Ability to manipulate, navigate and review a 3D model

Selected Resources:

GSA BIM Guide

©2010 The Computer Integrated Construction Research Group

The Pennsylvania State University

Programming: Using a spatial program to assess a design’s performance and effectiveness relative efficiently and accurately to the spatial requirements

Site Analysis Description:

A process in which BIM/GIS tools are used to evaluate properties in a given area to determine the most optimal site location for a future project. The site data collected is used to first select the site and then position the building based on other criteria.

Potential Value:

Use calculated decision making to determine if potential sites meet the required criteria according to project requirements, technical factors, and financial factors

Decrease costs of utility demand and demolition Increase energy efficiency Minimize risk of hazardous material Maximize return on investment

Resources Required:

GIS software 3D model manipulation

Team Competencies Required:

Ability to manipulate, navigate and review a 3D model Knowledge and understanding of local authority’s system (GIS, database information)

Selected Resources:

The Site Selection Guide. US General Services Administration (GSA) Public Building Service.

Optimal Site Selection for Military Land Management, R.M. Wallace, ASCE Conf. Proc. 138, 159 (2004). DOI: 10.

1061/40737(2004)159.

Farnsworth, Stephen J. “Site Selection Perspective.” Prospecting Sites. June 1995, 29-31.

WPBG Sustainable Committee. Optimizing Site Potential.

Suermann P.C. Leveraging GIS Tools in Defense and Response at the U.S. Air Force Academy. ASCE Conf. Proc.

179, 82 (2005) DOI: 10. 1061/40794(179)82.

GIS – Based Engineering Management Service Functions: Taking GIS Beyond Mapping for Municipal Governments.

Phase Planning (4D Modeling) Description:

A process in which a 4D model (3D models with the added dimension of time) is utilized to effectively plan the phased occupancy in a renovation, retrofit or addition, or to show the construction sequence and space requirements of a building site. 4D modeling is a powerful visualization and communication tool that can give a project team, including the owner, a better understanding of project milestones and construction plans.

Potential Value:

Better understanding of the phasing schedule by the owner and project participants and showing the critical path of the project Dynamic phasing plans of occupancy offering multiple options and solutions to space conflicts Integrate planning of human, equipment, and material resources with the BIM model to better schedule and cost estimate the project Space and workspace conflicts identified and resolved ahead of the construction process Marketing purposes and publicity Identification of schedule, sequencing, or phasing issues More readily constructible, operable, and maintainable project Monitor procurement status of project materials Increased productivity and decreased waste on job sites Conveying the spatial complexities and planning information of the project and supporting conducting additional analyses

Resources Required:

3D model manipulation Scheduling software 4D modeling software

Team Competencies Required:

Knowledge of construction scheduling and general construction process. A 4D model is connected to a schedule, and therefore, is only as good as the schedule to which it is linked.

Ability to manipulate, navigate and review a 3D model.

Knowledge of 4D software: import geometry, manage links to schedules, produce and control animations, etc.

Selected Resources:

Dawood, N., and Mallasi, Z. (2006). Construction Workplace Planning: Assignment and Analysis Utilizing 4D

Visualization Technologies. Computer-aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Pgs. 498-513.

Jongeling, R., Kim, J., Fischer, M., Morgeous, C., and Olofsson, T. (2008). Quantitative analysis of workflow, temporary structure usage, and productivity using 4D models. Automation in Construction, Pgs. 780-791.

Kang, J. H., Anderson, S. D., and Clayton, M. J. (2007). Empirical Study on the Merit of Web-based 4D Visualization in

Collaborative Construction Planning and Scheduling. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Pgs.

447-461.

Cost Estimating

A process in which a BIM model can be used to generate an accurate quantity take-off and cost estimate early in the design process and provide cost effects of additions and modifications with potential to save time and money and avoid budget overruns. This process also allows designers to see the cost effects of their changes in a timely manner to help curb excessive budget overruns due to project modifications.

Potential Value:

Precisely estimate material quantities and generate quick revisions Stay within budget constraints with frequent preliminary cost estimates while the design progresses Better visual representation of project and construction elements that need to be estimated, taken off and priced Provide cost information to the owner during the early decision-making phase of design Focus on more value-adding activities in estimating, such as identifying construction assemblies, generating pricing and factoring risks, which are essential for high-quality estimates Exploring different design options and concepts within the owner’s budget Saving estimator time and allowing them to focus on more important issues in an estimate since take-offs can be automatically provided Quickly determine costs of specific objects

Resources Required:

Model-based estimating software Design authoring software Cost data

Team Competencies Required:

Ability to define specific design modeling procedures which yield accurate quantity take-off information Ability to identify quantities for the appropriate estimating level (e.g., ROM, SF, etc.) upfront

Selected Resources:

Lee, H., Lee, Kim, J. (2008). A cost-based interior design decision support system for large-scale housing projects, ITcon Vol. 13, Pg. 20-38, http://www.itcon.org/2008/2 Autodesk Revit. "BIM and Cost Estimating.” Press release. Jan. 2007. Autodesk. 11 Sept. 2008.

http://images.autodesk.com/adsk/files/bim_cost_estimating_jan07_1_.pdf Dean, R. P., and McClendon, S. (2007). "Specifying and Cost Estimating with BIM.” ARCHI TECH. Apr. 2007. ARCHI

TECH. 13 Sept. 2008. http://www.architechmag.com/articles/detail.aspx?contentid=3624.

Khemlani, L. (2006). "Visual Estimating: Extending BIM to Construction.” AEC Bytes. 21 Mar. 2006. 13 Sept. 2008.

http://www.aecbytes.com/buildingthefuture/2006/visualestimating.html Buckley, B. (2008). "BIM Cost Management.” California Construction. June 2008. 13 Sept. 2008.

Manning, R.; Messner, J. (2008). Case studies in BIM implementation for programming of healthcare facilities, ITcon Vol. 13, Special Issue Case studies of BIM use, Pg. 246-257, http://www.itcon.org/2008/18 http://www.itcon.org/cgi-bin/works/Show?2008_2 http://www.itcon.org/cgi-bin/works/Show?2008_2 http://www.itcon.org/cgi-bin/works/Show?2008_2 http://www.itcon.org/2008/2 http://images.autodesk.com/adsk/files/bim_cost_estimating_jan07_1_.pdf http://www.architechmag.com/articles/detail.aspx?contentid=3624 http://www.aecbytes.com/buildingthefuture/2006/visualestimating.html http://www.itcon.org/cgi-bin/works/Show?2008_18 http://www.itcon.org/cgi-bin/works/Show?2008_18 http://www.itcon.org/cgi-bin/special/Show?2007bim_use http://www.itcon.org/2008/18

Existing Conditions Modeling

A process in which a project team develops a 3D model of the existing conditions for a site, facilities on a site, or a specific area within a facility.